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Zouboulis CC, Coenye T, He L, Kabashima K, Kobayashi T, Niemann C, Nomura T, Oláh A, Picardo M, Quist SR, Sasano H, Schneider MR, Törőcsik D, Wong SY. Sebaceous immunobiology - skin homeostasis, pathophysiology, coordination of innate immunity and inflammatory response and disease associations. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1029818. [PMID: 36439142 PMCID: PMC9686445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1029818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents several aspects of the innovative concept of sebaceous immunobiology, which summarizes the numerous activities of the sebaceous gland including its classical physiological and pathophysiological tasks, namely sebum production and the development of seborrhea and acne. Sebaceous lipids, which represent 90% of the skin surface lipids in adolescents and adults, are markedly involved in the skin barrier function and perifollicular and dermal innate immune processes, leading to inflammatory skin diseases. Innovative experimental techniques using stem cell and sebocyte models have clarified the roles of distinct stem cells in sebaceous gland physiology and sebocyte function control mechanisms. The sebaceous gland represents an integral part of the pilosebaceous unit and its status is connected to hair follicle morphogenesis. Interestingly, professional inflammatory cells contribute to sebocyte differentiation and homeostasis, whereas the regulation of sebaceous gland function by immune cells is antigen-independent. Inflammation is involved in the very earliest differentiation changes of the pilosebaceous unit in acne. Sebocytes behave as potent immune regulators, integrating into the innate immune responses of the skin. Expressing inflammatory mediators, sebocytes also contribute to the polarization of cutaneous T cells towards the Th17 phenotype. In addition, the immune response of the perifollicular infiltrate depends on factors produced by the sebaceous glands, mostly sebaceous lipids. Human sebocytes in vitro express functional pattern recognition receptors, which are likely to interact with bacteria in acne pathogenesis. Sex steroids, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands, neuropeptides, endocannabinoids and a selective apoptotic process contribute to a complex regulation of sebocyte-induced immunological reaction in numerous acquired and congenital skin diseases, including hair diseases and atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos C. Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Li He
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Catherin Niemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CMMC Research Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Attila Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mauro Picardo
- San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sven R. Quist
- Department of Dermatology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Marlon R. Schneider
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Törőcsik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen and ELKH-DE Allergology Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sunny Y. Wong
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Yang F, Bettadapura SN, Smeltzer MS, Zhu H, Wang S. Pyroptosis and pyroptosis-inducing cancer drugs. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2462-2473. [PMID: 35288674 PMCID: PMC9525650 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00887-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of lytic cell death, is a type of cell death mediated by the gasdermin (GSDM) protein family. Upon recognizing exogenous or endogenous signals, cells undergo inflammasome assembly, GSDM cleavage, the release of proinflammatory cytokines and other cellular contents, eventually leading to inflammatory cell death. In this review, we discuss the roles of the GSDM family for anti-cancer functions and various antitumor drugs that could activate the pyroptosis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Healthville LLC, Little Rock, AR, 72204, USA
| | - Sahana N Bettadapura
- Biology Department, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, 72204, USA
| | - Mark S Smeltzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Chemistry Department, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, 72204, USA.
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Burdette BE, Esparza AN, Zhu H, Wang S. Gasdermin D in pyroptosis. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2768-2782. [PMID: 34589396 PMCID: PMC8463274 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is the process of inflammatory cell death. The primary function of pyroptosis is to induce strong inflammatory responses that defend the host against microbe infection. Excessive pyroptosis, however, leads to several inflammatory diseases, including sepsis and autoimmune disorders. Pyroptosis can be canonical or noncanonical. Upon microbe infection, the canonical pathway responds to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), while the noncanonical pathway responds to intracellular lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria. The last step of pyroptosis requires the cleavage of gasdermin D (GsdmD) at D275 (numbering after human GSDMD) into N- and C-termini by caspase 1 in the canonical pathway and caspase 4/5/11 (caspase 4/5 in humans, caspase 11 in mice) in the noncanonical pathway. Upon cleavage, the N-terminus of GsdmD (GsdmD-N) forms a transmembrane pore that releases cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18 and disturbs the regulation of ions and water, eventually resulting in strong inflammation and cell death. Since GsdmD is the effector of pyroptosis, promising inhibitors of GsdmD have been developed for inflammatory diseases. This review will focus on the roles of GsdmD during pyroptosis and in diseases.
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Key Words
- 7DG, 7-desacetoxy-6,7-dehydrogedunin
- ADRA2B, α-2B adrenergic receptor
- AIM, absent in melanoma
- ASC, associated speck-like protein
- Ac-FLTD-CMK, acetyl-FLTD-chloromethylketone
- BMDM, bone marrow-derived macrophages
- CARD, caspase activation
- CD, Crohn’s disease
- CTM, Chinese traditional medicine
- CTSG, cathepsin G
- Caspase
- DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern
- DFNA5, deafness autosomal dominant 5
- DFNB59, deafness autosomal recessive type 59
- DKD, diabetic kidney disease
- DMF, dimethyl fumarate
- Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)
- ELANE, neutrophil expressed elastase
- ESCRT, endosomal sorting complexes required for transport
- FADD, FAS-associated death domain
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FIIND, function to find domain
- FMF, familial Mediterranean fever
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GPX, glutathione peroxidase
- Gasdermin
- GsdmA/B/C/D/E, gasdermin A/B/C/D/E
- HAMP, homeostasis altering molecular pattern
- HIN, hematopoietic expression, interferon-inducible nature, and nuclear localization
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HMGB1, high mobility group protein B1
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IFN, interferon
- ITPR1, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1
- Inflammasome
- Inflammation
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LRR, leucine-rich repeat
- MAP3K7, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7
- MCC950, N-[[(1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-yl)amino]carbonyl]-4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-2-furansulfonamide
- NAIP, NLR family apoptosis inhibitory protein
- NBD, nucleotide-binding domain
- NEK7, NIMA-related kinase 7
- NET, neutrophil extracellular trap
- NIK, NF-κB inducing kinase
- NLR, NOD-like receptor
- NLRP, NLR family pyrin domain containing
- NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
- NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer
- NSP, neutrophil specific serine protease
- PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PKN1/2, protein kinase1/2
- PKR, protein kinase-R
- PRR, pattern recognition receptors
- PYD, pyrin domain
- Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
- Pyroptosis
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- STING, stimulator of interferon genes
- Sepsis
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- cGAS, cyclic GMP–AMP synthase
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon E. Burdette
- Biology Department, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA
| | - Ashley N. Esparza
- Biology Department, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Surgery, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Biology Department, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA
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Konger RL, Derr-Yellin E, Zimmers TA, Katona T, Xuei X, Liu Y, Zhou HM, Simpson ER, Turner MJ. Epidermal PPARγ Is a Key Homeostatic Regulator of Cutaneous Inflammation and Barrier Function in Mouse Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168634. [PMID: 34445339 PMCID: PMC8395473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Both agonist studies and loss-of-function models indicate that PPARγ plays an important role in cutaneous biology. Since PPARγ has a high level of basal activity, we hypothesized that epidermal PPARγ would regulate normal homeostatic processes within the epidermis. In this current study, we performed mRNA sequencing and differential expression analysis of epidermal scrapings from knockout mice and wildtype littermates. Pparg-/-epi mice exhibited a 1.5-fold or greater change in the expression of 11.8% of 14,482 identified transcripts. Up-regulated transcripts included those for a large number of cytokines/chemokines and their receptors, as well as genes associated with inflammasome activation and keratinization. Several of the most dramatically up-regulated pro-inflammatory genes in Pparg-/-epi mouse skin included Igfl3, 2610528A11Rik, and Il1f6. RT-PCR was performed from RNA obtained from non-lesional full-thickness skin and verified a marked increase in these transcripts, as well as transcripts for Igflr1, which encodes the receptor for Igfl3, and the 2610528A11Rik receptor (Gpr15). Transcripts for Il4 were detected in Pparg-/-epi mouse skin, but transcripts for Il17 and Il22 were not detected. Down-regulated transcripts included sebaceous gland markers and a number of genes associated with lipid barrier formation. The change in these transcripts correlates with an asebia phenotype, increased transepidermal water loss, alopecia, dandruff, and the appearance of spontaneous inflammatory skin lesions. Histologically, non-lesional skin showed hyperkeratosis, while inflammatory lesions were characterized by dermal inflammation and epidermal acanthosis, spongiosis, and parakeratosis. In conclusion, loss of epidermal Pparg alters a substantial set of genes that are associated with cutaneous inflammation, keratinization, and sebaceous gland function. The data indicate that epidermal PPARγ plays an important role in homeostatic epidermal function, particularly epidermal differentiation, barrier function, sebaceous gland development and function, and inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond L. Konger
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (E.D.-Y.); (T.K.)
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- The Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (T.A.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-317-274-4154
| | - Ethel Derr-Yellin
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (E.D.-Y.); (T.K.)
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Teresa A. Zimmers
- The Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (T.A.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Terrence Katona
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (E.D.-Y.); (T.K.)
| | - Xiaoling Xuei
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Center for Medical Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Yunlong Liu
- The Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (T.A.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Center for Medical Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hong-Ming Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (H.-M.Z.); (M.J.T.)
| | - Ed Ronald Simpson
- Center for Medical Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (H.-M.Z.); (M.J.T.)
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Matthew J. Turner
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (H.-M.Z.); (M.J.T.)
- Department of Dermatology, Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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5
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Zheng Z, Deng W, Lou X, Bai Y, Wang J, Zeng H, Gong S, Liu X. Gasdermins: pore-forming activities and beyond. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:467-474. [PMID: 32294153 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gasdermins (GSDMs) belong to a protein superfamily that is found only in vertebrates and consists of GSDMA, GSDMB, GSDMC, GSDMD, DFNA5 (a.k.a. GSDME) and DFNB59 (a.k.a. Pejvakin (PJVK)) in humans. Except for DFNB59, all members of the GSDM superfamily contain a conserved two-domain structure (N-terminal and C-terminal domains) and share an autoinhibitory mechanism. When the N-terminal domain of these GSDMs is released, it possesses pore-forming activity that causes inflammatory death associated with the loss of cell membrane integrity and release of inflammatory mediators. It has also been found that spontaneous mutations occurring in the genes of GSDMs have been associated with the development of certain autoimmune disorders, as well as cancers. Here, we review the current knowledge of the expression profile and regulation of GSDMs and the important roles of this protein family in inflammatory cell death, tumorigenesis and other related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengzhang Zheng
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity between Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wanyan Deng
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity between Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiwen Lou
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yang Bai
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Junhong Wang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Huasong Zeng
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity between Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Sitang Gong
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity between Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xing Liu
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity between Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Li ST, Suen WJ, Kao CH, Yang MK, Yang LT. Gasdermin A3-Mediated Cell Death Causes Niche Collapse and Precocious Activation of Hair Follicle Stem Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:2117-2128. [PMID: 32302611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicles undergo recurrent growth, regression, and resting phases throughout postnatal life, which is supported by hair follicle stem cells. The niche components of hair follicle stem cells are important to maintain their quiescence and stemness. Gsdma3 gain-of-function mutations in mice cause chronic skin inflammation, aberrant hair cycle, and progressive hair loss, reminiscent of scarring alopecia in humans. However, the mechanism underlying these defects remains elusive. Here, we used a combined Cre/loxP and rtTA/TRE system to study the spatiotemporal effect of Gsdma3 overexpression on distinct hair cycle stages. We found that Gsdma3-mediated cell death affects anagen initiation, anagen progression, and catagen-telogen transition. Induced Gsdma3 expression causes bulge inner layer collapse and precocious hair follicle stem cell activation, leading to subsequent hair follicle degeneration. Although macrophages and dendritic cells are recruited to the bulge region, in vivo depletion of these cells using a neutralizing antibody does not alleviate cell death in the bulge or hair germ, indicating that macrophages are less likely to cause immediate hair follicle deletion. Our data suggest that dysregulated Gsdma3 causes bulge inner layer necrosis to induce club hair shedding and immediate anagen reentry without going through telogen morphology, which implicates a role for Gsdma3 in hair follicle stem cell niche maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Ting Li
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jeng Suen
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Heng Kao
- Center of General Education, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Kai Yang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Liang-Tung Yang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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7
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Broz P, Pelegrín P, Shao F. The gasdermins, a protein family executing cell death and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 20:143-157. [PMID: 31690840 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 794] [Impact Index Per Article: 158.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gasdermins are a family of recently identified pore-forming effector proteins that cause membrane permeabilization and pyroptosis, a lytic pro-inflammatory type of cell death. Gasdermins contain a cytotoxic N-terminal domain and a C-terminal repressor domain connected by a flexible linker. Proteolytic cleavage between these two domains releases the intramolecular inhibition on the cytotoxic domain, allowing it to insert into cell membranes and form large oligomeric pores, which disrupts ion homeostasis and induces cell death. Gasdermin-induced pyroptosis plays a prominent role in many hereditary diseases and (auto)inflammatory disorders as well as in cancer. In this Review, we discuss recent developments in gasdermin research with a focus on mechanisms that control gasdermin activation, pore formation and functional consequences of gasdermin-induced membrane permeabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Broz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Pablo Pelegrín
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University Clinical Hospital 'Virgen de la Arrixaca', Murcia, Spain.
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Orning P, Lien E, Fitzgerald KA. Gasdermins and their role in immunity and inflammation. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2453-2465. [PMID: 31548300 PMCID: PMC6829603 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is an important component of the innate immune system. Gasdermin D, the mediator of pyroptosis, has been shown to be crucial for optimal defense against microbial infection. In this review, the authors discuss gasdermin D and its role in disease. The gasdermins are a family of pore-forming proteins recently implicated in the immune response. One of these proteins, gasdermin D (GSDMD), has been identified as the executioner of pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of lytic cell death that is induced upon formation of caspase-1–activating inflammasomes. The related proteins GSDME and GSDMA have also been implicated in autoimmune diseases and certain cancers. Most gasdermin proteins are believed to have pore-forming capabilities. The best-studied member, GSDMD, controls the release of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1ß and IL-18 and pyroptotic cell death. Because of its potential as a driver of inflammation in septic shock and autoimmune diseases, GSDMD represents an attractive drug target. In this review, we discuss the gasdermin proteins with particular emphasis on GSDMD and its mechanism of action and biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus Orning
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Egil Lien
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA .,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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9
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PPAR- γ Agonists and Their Role in Primary Cicatricial Alopecia. PPAR Res 2017; 2017:2501248. [PMID: 29333153 PMCID: PMC5733188 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2501248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor that regulates the transcription of various genes. PPAR-γ plays roles in lipid homeostasis, sebocyte maturation, and peroxisome biogenesis and has shown anti-inflammatory effects. PPAR-γ is highly expressed in human sebaceous glands. Disruption of PPAR-γ is believed to be one of the mechanisms of primary cicatricial alopecia (PCA) pathogenesis, causing pilosebaceous dysfunction leading to follicular inflammation. In this review article, we discuss the pathogenesis of PCA with a focus on PPAR-γ involvement in pathogenesis of lichen planopilaris (LPP), the most common lymphocytic form of PCA. We also discuss clinical trials utilizing PPAR-agonists in PCA treatment.
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10
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Gsdma3 is required for mammary gland development in mice. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 147:575-583. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1542-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Shi J, Gao W, Shao F. Pyroptosis: Gasdermin-Mediated Programmed Necrotic Cell Death. Trends Biochem Sci 2016; 42:245-254. [PMID: 27932073 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1792] [Impact Index Per Article: 224.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis was long regarded as caspase-1-mediated monocyte death in response to certain bacterial insults. Caspase-1 is activated upon various infectious and immunological challenges through different inflammasomes. The discovery of caspase-11/4/5 function in sensing intracellular lipopolysaccharide expands the spectrum of pyroptosis mediators and also reveals that pyroptosis is not cell type specific. Recent studies identified the pyroptosis executioner, gasdermin D (GSDMD), a substrate of both caspase-1 and caspase-11/4/5. GSDMD represents a large gasdermin family bearing a novel membrane pore-forming activity. Thus, pyroptosis is redefined as gasdermin-mediated programmed necrosis. Gasdermins are associated with various genetic diseases, but their cellular function and mechanism of activation (except for GSDMD) are unknown. The gasdermin family suggests a new area of research on pyroptosis function in immunity, disease, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjin Shi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Number 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wenqing Gao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Number 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Number 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China.
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12
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Ehrmann C, Schneider MR. Genetically modified laboratory mice with sebaceous glands abnormalities. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4623-4642. [PMID: 27457558 PMCID: PMC11108334 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sebaceous glands (SG) are exocrine glands that release their product by holocrine secretion, meaning that the whole cell becomes a secretion following disruption of the membrane. SG may be found in association with a hair follicle, forming the pilosebaceous unit, or as modified SG at different body sites such as the eyelids (Meibomian glands) or the preputial glands. Depending on their location, SG fulfill a number of functions, including protection of the skin and fur, thermoregulation, formation of the tear lipid film, and pheromone-based communication. Accordingly, SG abnormalities are associated with several diseases such as acne, cicatricial alopecia, and dry eye disease. An increasing number of genetically modified laboratory mouse lines develop SG abnormalities, and their study may provide important clues regarding the molecular pathways regulating SG development, physiology, and pathology. Here, we summarize in tabulated form the available mouse lines with SG abnormalities and, focusing on selected examples, discuss the insights they provide into SG biology and pathology. We hope this survey will become a helpful information source for researchers with a primary interest in SG but also as for researchers from unrelated fields that are unexpectedly confronted with a SG phenotype in newly generated mouse lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ehrmann
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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13
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Gaspar NK. DHEA and frontal fibrosing alopecia: molecular and physiopathological mechanisms. An Bras Dermatol 2016; 91:776-780. [PMID: 28099600 PMCID: PMC5193189 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20165029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFβ1) promotes fibrosis, differentiating epithelial cells and quiescent fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and increasing expression of extracellular matrix. Recent investigations have shown that PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor*) is a negative regulator of fibrotic events induced by TGFβ1. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an immunomodulatory hormone essential for PPAR functions, and is reduced in some processes characterized by fibrosis. Although scarring alopecia characteristically develops in the female biological period in which occurs decreased production of DHEA, there are no data in the literature relating its reduction to fibrogenic process of this condition. This article aims to review the fibrogenic activity of TGFβ1, its control by PPAR and its relation with DHEA in the frontal fibrosing alopecia.
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14
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Zulfakar MH, Porter RM, Heard CM. In vivo response of GsdmA3(Dfl)/+ mice to topically applied fish oil - effects on cellular markers and macrophages. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:827-34. [PMID: 27516961 PMCID: PMC4971838 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an incurable autoimmune disease characterized by patches of abnormal red, itchy and scaly skin. This work examined the modulation of inflammation, hyperproliferation and immune cell markers following topical application of fish oil (FO) in comparison to the antipsoriatic agents, betamethasone dipropionate (BD) and salicylic acid (SA), to GsdmA3Dfl/+ mice, a hair loss mutant which also exhibits epidermal hyperproliferation akin to psoriasis. The mice were dosed with 100 mg of the test formulation and after 10 days, the mice were sacrificed, skin sections excised and subjected to immunohistochemical determination of COX‐2, K17 and MAC‐1; and immunofluorescence of Ki‐67. Unchanged expression of the proinflammatory enzyme COX‐2 was observed in all treatments, suggesting the noninvolvement of COX‐2 in the aetiology of cutaneous aberration seen in GsdmA3Dfl/+ mice. Intense staining of K17 and MAC‐1 in the FO‐treated group mirrored the epidermal thickening seen observed in live mice by optical coherence tomography (OCT). The ratio of Ki‐67‐positive nuclei per 100 basal cells indicated that hyperproliferation of keratinocytes occurred in FO‐treated mice and the opposite was true for BD‐treated mice. There was a positive correlation (R2 0.995) between Ki‐67 and the epidermal thickness data observed previously. In all immunochemical procedures, the combined BD, SA and FO formulation did not show any significant difference with the control group, reflecting observations seen previously. In conclusion, the epidermal changes observed following topical FO treatment on GsdmA3Dfl/+ mice involves an increase in cellular proliferation and macrophages, although COX‐2 does not appear to play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Hanif Zulfakar
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Cardiff University UK; Centre for Drug Delivery Research, Faculty of Pharmacy Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Rebecca M Porter
- Department of Dermatology and Wound Healing School of Medicine Cardiff University UK
| | - Charles M Heard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Cardiff University UK
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15
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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16
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17
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Cleavage of GSDMD by inflammatory caspases determines pyroptotic cell death. Nature 2015; 526:660-5. [PMID: 26375003 DOI: 10.1038/nature15514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3738] [Impact Index Per Article: 415.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory caspases (caspase-1, -4, -5 and -11) are critical for innate defences. Caspase-1 is activated by ligands of various canonical inflammasomes, and caspase-4, -5 and -11 directly recognize bacterial lipopolysaccharide, both of which trigger pyroptosis. Despite the crucial role in immunity and endotoxic shock, the mechanism for pyroptosis induction by inflammatory caspases is unknown. Here we identify gasdermin D (Gsdmd) by genome-wide clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 nuclease screens of caspase-11- and caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis in mouse bone marrow macrophages. GSDMD-deficient cells resisted the induction of pyroptosis by cytosolic lipopolysaccharide and known canonical inflammasome ligands. Interleukin-1β release was also diminished in Gsdmd(-/-) cells, despite intact processing by caspase-1. Caspase-1 and caspase-4/5/11 specifically cleaved the linker between the amino-terminal gasdermin-N and carboxy-terminal gasdermin-C domains in GSDMD, which was required and sufficient for pyroptosis. The cleavage released the intramolecular inhibition on the gasdermin-N domain that showed intrinsic pyroptosis-inducing activity. Other gasdermin family members were not cleaved by inflammatory caspases but shared the autoinhibition; gain-of-function mutations in Gsdma3 that cause alopecia and skin defects disrupted the autoinhibition, allowing its gasdermin-N domain to trigger pyroptosis. These findings offer insight into inflammasome-mediated immunity/diseases and also change our understanding of pyroptosis and programmed necrosis.
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18
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Lin HY, Lin PH, Wu SH, Yang LT. Inducible expression of gasdermin A3 in the epidermis causes epidermal hyperplasia and skin inflammation. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:897-9. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Yi Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine; National Health Research Institutes; Zhunan Miaoli County Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine; National Health Research Institutes; Zhunan Miaoli County Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Wu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine; National Health Research Institutes; Zhunan Miaoli County Taiwan
| | - Liang-Tung Yang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine; National Health Research Institutes; Zhunan Miaoli County Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Molecular Systems Biomedicine; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan
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19
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Abstract
Gasdermin A3 (Gsdma3) was originally identified in association with hair-loss phenotype in mouse mutants. Our previous study found that AE mutant mice, with a Y344H substitution at the C-terminal domain of Gsdma3, display inflammation-dependent alopecia and excoriation [Zhou et al. (2012) Am. J. Pathol. 180, 763-774]. Interestingly, we found that the newly-generated null mutant of Gsdma3 mice did not display the skin dysmorphology, indicating that Gsdma3 is not essential for differentiation of epidermal cells and maintenance of the hair cycle in normal physiological conditions. Consistently, human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 and HaCaT cells transfected with wild-type (WT) Gsdma3 did not show abnormal morphology. However, Gsdma3 Y344H mutation induced autophagy. Gsdma3 N-terminal domain, but not the C-terminal domain, also displayed the similar pro-autophagic activity. The Gsdma3 Y344H mutant protein and N-terminal domain-induced autophagy was associated with mitochondria and ROS generation. Co-expression of C-terminal domain reversed the cell autophagy induced by N-terminal domain. Moreover, C-terminal domain could be co-precipitated with N-terminal domain. These data indicated that the potential pro-autophagic activity of WT Gsdma3 protein is suppressed through an intramolecular inhibition mechanism. Studies on other members of the GSDM family suggested this mechanism is conserved in several sub-families.
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Lin PH, Lin HY, Kuo CC, Yang LT. N-terminal functional domain of Gasdermin A3 regulates mitochondrial homeostasis via mitochondrial targeting. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:44. [PMID: 26100518 PMCID: PMC4477613 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidermis forms a critical barrier that is maintained by orchestrated programs of proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. Gene mutations that disturb this turnover process may cause skin diseases. Human GASDERMIN A (GSDMA) is frequently silenced in gastric cancer cell lines and its overexpression has been reported to induce apoptosis. GSDMA has also been linked with airway hyperresponsiveness in genetic association studies. The function of GSDMA in the skin was deduced by dominant mutations in mouse gasdermin A3 (Gsdma3), which caused skin inflammation and hair loss. However, the mechanism for the autosomal dominance of Gsdma3 mutations and the mode of Gsdma3's action remain unanswered. RESULTS We demonstrated a novel function of Gsdma3 in modulating mitochondrial oxidative stress. We showed that Gsdma3 is regulated by intramolecular fold-back inhibition, which is disrupted by dominant mutations in the C-terminal domain. The unmasked N-terminal domain of Gsdma3 associates with Hsp90 and is delivered to mitochondrial via mitochondrial importer receptor Tom70, where it interacts with the mitochondrial chaperone Trap1 and causes increased production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). Overexpression of the C-terminal domain of Gsdma3 as well as pharmacological interventions of mitochondrial translocation, ROS production, and MPT pore opening alleviate the cell death induced by Gsdma3 mutants. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the genetic mutations in the C-terminal domain of Gsdma3 are gain-of-function mutations which unmask the N-terminal functional domain of Gsdma3. Gsdma3 regulates mitochondrial oxidative stress through mitochondrial targeting. Since mitochondrial ROS has been shown to promote epidermal differentiation, we hypothesize that Gsdma3 regulates context-dependent response of keratinocytes to differentiation and cell death signals by impinging on mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Rd., Zhunan, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Hsien-Yi Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Rd., Zhunan, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Chin Kuo
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Rd., Zhunan, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Liang-Tung Yang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Rd., Zhunan, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Molecular Systems Biomedicine, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Rd, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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21
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Bai X, Lei M, Shi J, Yu Y, Qiu W, Lai X, Liu Y, Yang T, Yang L, Widelitz RB, Chuong CM, Lian X. Roles of GasderminA3 in Catagen-Telogen Transition During Hair Cycling. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2162-2172. [PMID: 25860385 PMCID: PMC4537385 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hair follicles undergo cyclic behavior through regression (catagen), rest (telogen) and regeneration (anagen) during postnatal life. The hair cycle transition is strictly regulated by the autonomous and extrinsic molecular environment. However, whether there is a switch controlling catagen-telogen transition remains largely unknown. Here we show that hair follicles cycle from catagen to the next anagen without transitioning through a morphologically typical telogen after Gsdma3 mutation. This leaves an ESLS (epithelial strand-like structure) during the time period corresponding to telogen phase in WT mice. Molecularly, Wnt10b is upregulated in Gsdma3 mutant mice. Restoration of Gsdma3 expression in AE (alopecia and excoriation) mouse skin rescues hair follicle telogen entry and significantly decreases the Wnt10b-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Overexpression of Wnt10b inhibits telogen entry by increasing epithelial strand cell proliferation. Subsequently, hair follicles with a Gsdma3 mutation enter the second anagen simultaneously as WT mice. Hair follicles cannot enter the second anagen with ectopic WT Gsdma3 overexpression. A luciferase reporter assay proves Gsdma3 directly suppresses Wnt signaling. Our findings suggest Gsdma3 plays an important role in catagen-telogen transition by balancing the Wnt signaling pathway, and that morphologically typical telogen is not essential for the initiation of a new hair cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufeng Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxing Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; '111' Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - Jiazhong Shi
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiming Qiu
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Lai
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; '111' Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxin Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China; '111' Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Randall B Widelitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiaohua Lian
- Department of Cell Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Hair loss is a topic of enormous public interest and understanding the pathophysiology and treatment of various alopecias will likely make a large impact on patients' lives. The investigation of alopecias also provides important insight in the basic sciences; for instance, the abundance of stem cell populations and regenerative cycles that characterize a hair follicle render it an excellent model for the study of stem cell biology. This review seeks to provide a concise summary of the major alopecias with regard to presentation and management, and correlate these to recent advances in relevant research on pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Qi
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
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23
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Hinde E, Haslam IS, Schneider MR, Langan EA, Kloepper JE, Schramm C, Zouboulis CC, Paus R. A practical guide for the study of human and murine sebaceous glandsin situ. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:631-7. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Hinde
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester; UK
| | - Iain S. Haslam
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair; University of Manchester; Manchester; UK
| | - Marlon R. Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology; Gene Center; LMU Munich; Munich; Germany
| | | | | | | | - Christos C. Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology; Dessau Medical Center; Dessau; Germany
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24
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Hyter S, Indra AK. Nuclear hormone receptor functions in keratinocyte and melanocyte homeostasis, epidermal carcinogenesis and melanomagenesis. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:529-41. [PMID: 23395795 PMCID: PMC3670764 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skin homeostasis is maintained, in part, through regulation of gene expression orchestrated by type II nuclear hormone receptors in a cell and context specific manner. This group of transcriptional regulators is implicated in various cellular processes including epidermal proliferation, differentiation, permeability barrier formation, follicular cycling and inflammatory responses. Endogenous ligands for the receptors regulate actions during skin development and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Type II nuclear receptor signaling is also important for cellular crosstalk between multiple cell types in the skin. Overall, these nuclear receptors are critical players in keratinocyte and melanocyte biology and present targets for cutaneous disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Hyter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Arup K Indra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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25
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Kumar S, Rathkolb B, Budde BS, Nürnberg P, de Angelis MH, Aigner B, Schneider MR. Gsdma3(I359N) is a novel ENU-induced mutant mouse line for studying the function of Gasdermin A3 in the hair follicle and epidermis. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 67:190-2. [PMID: 22682752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Yager JA, Gross TL, Shearer D, Rothstein E, Power H, Sinke JD, Kraus H, Gram D, Cowper E, Foster A, Welle M. Abnormal sebaceous gland differentiation in 10 kittens (‘sebaceous gland dysplasia’) associated with generalized hypotrichosis and scaling. Vet Dermatol 2012; 23:136-44, e30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2011.01029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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27
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Zhou Y, Jiang X, Gu P, Chen W, Zeng X, Gao X. Gsdma3 mutation causes bulge stem cell depletion and alopecia mediated by skin inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 180:763-74. [PMID: 22155111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Primary cicatricial alopecias (PCAs) are a group of permanent hair loss disorders, of which the pathogenesis is still poorly understood. The alopecia and excoriation (AE) mouse strain is a dominant mutant generated from ethyl nitrosourea mutagenesis. AE mice exhibit a progressive alopecia phenotype similar to that seen in PCAs, resulting from a point mutation in the gasdermin A3 gene. Mutant mice begin to show alopecia on the head from postnatal day 22 and experience complete hair loss by the age of 6 months, along with hyperkeratosis and catagen delay. The results of a histological examination showed that bulge stem cells in AE skin are gradually depleted, as indicated by decreased keratin 15 and CD34 expression, and reduced bromodeoxyuridine label-retaining cells in the AE bulge. In addition, AE mice display an inflammatory condition in the skin from postnatal day 7, including elevated tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 mRNA levels and significantly increased macrophages and dendritic cell number. Immune privilege in the bulge was also compromised in AE skin. Consistently, after treatment with the immunosuppressive agent, cyclosporine A, immune privilege collapse, stem cell destruction, and alopecia phenotype of AE mice were all rescued. Collectively, our data demonstrate that immune-mediated destruction of bulge stem cells plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of alopecia in AE mice, and this strain might be an interesting model for PCAs, especially for lichen planopilaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study of Ministry of Education, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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28
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Abstract
Primary cicatricial alopecias (PCA) are a rare group of disorders, in which the hair follicle is the main target of destructive inflammation resulting in irreversible hair loss with scarring of affected lesions. The most typical clinical manifestation of PCA is the loss of visible follicular ostia. The histopathological hallmark of a fully developed lesion is the replacement of the hair follicle structure by fibrous tissue. PCA could share similar clinical manifestations and eventually lead to "burn-out" alopecia. Some subsets are hardly distinguishable histopathologically and the mechanisms that elicit such a destructive reaction have not been fully elucidated. Thus, the management of PCA represents one of the most challenging clinical problems for dermatologists. The aim of this review is to provide a concise and comprehensive summary of recent advances in PCA management, especially focusing on novel methodologies to aid diagnosis, and updates on our understanding of the etiopathogenesis. Dermoscopy, a new pathological preparation technique and direct immunofluorescence analysis enable more accurate clinicopathological diagnosis of PCA. Microarray analysis may be beneficial to distinguish PCA subtypes. Currently suggested mechanisms underlying PCA include loss of immune protection of stem cells, impaired stem cell self-maintenance, enhanced autoimmunity by pro-inflammatory cytokines and environmental/genetic predispositions. Interestingly, recent data indicates the association between lipid metabolism dysregulation and PCA development, implying an important role of the sebaceous gland dysfunction in the etiopathogenesis. Based on that hypothesis and observations, novel therapeutic approaches have been proposed, including the use of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist for lichen planopilaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Ohyama
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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