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Renal angiotensin I-converting enzyme-deficient mice are protected against aristolochic acid nephropathy. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:391-403. [PMID: 36520238 PMCID: PMC9908662 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02779-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The renal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in the development of chronic kidney disease. Here, we investigated whether mice with reduced renal angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE-/-) are protected against aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN). To further elucidate potential molecular mechanisms, we assessed the renal abundances of several major RAS components. AAN was induced using aristolochic acid I (AAI). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was determined using inulin clearance and renal protein abundances of renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) 2, and Mas receptor (Mas) were determined in ACE-/- and C57BL/6J control mice by Western blot analyses. Renal ACE activity was determined using a colorimetric assay and renal angiotensin (Ang) (1-7) concentration was determined by ELISA. GFR was similar in vehicle-treated mice of both strains. AAI decreased GFR in controls but not in ACE-/- mice. Furthermore, AAI decreased renal ACE activity in controls but not in ACE-/- mice. Vehicle-treated ACE-/- mice had significantly higher renal ACE2 and Mas protein abundances than controls. AAI decreased renal ACE2 protein abundance in both strains. Furthermore, AAI increased renal Mas protein abundance, although the latter effect did not reach statistical significance in the ACE-/- mice. Renal Ang(1-7) concentration was similar in vehicle-treated mice of both strains. AAI increased renal Ang(1-7) concentration in the ACE-/- mice but not in the controls. Mice with reduced renal ACE are protected against AAN. Our data suggest that in the face of renal ACE deficiency, AAI may activate the ACE2/Ang(1-7)/Mas axis, which in turn may deploy its reno-protective effects.
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Yang Y, Ge FL, Zhan XY, Mu WQ, Li ZY, Lin L, Wei ZY, Bai ZF, Sun Q, Xiao XH. Schisandra chinensis Oil Attenuates Aristolochic Acid I-Induced Nephrotoxicity in vivo and in vitro. Chin J Integr Med 2022; 28:603-611. [PMID: 35391592 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effects of Schisandra chinensis oil (SCEO) against aristolochic acid I (AA I)-induced nephrotoxicity in vivo and in vitro and elucidate the underlying mechanism. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 5 groups according to a random number table, including control group, AA I group, and AA I +SCEO (0.25, 0.5 and 1 g/kg) groups (n=5 per group). Pretreatment with SCEO was done for 2 days by oral administration, while the control and AA I groups were treated with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. Mice of all groups except for the control group were injected intraperitoneally with AA I (5 mg/kg) from day 3 until day 7. Histopathological examination and apoptosis of kidney tissue were observed by hematoxylin and eosin and TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, respectively. The levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (SCr), as well as renal malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione, r-glutamyl cysteingl+glycine (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expressions of hepatic cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), CYP1A2, and nad(p)hquinonedehydrogenase1 (NQO1) were analyzed using ELISA, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot, respectively. In vitro, SCEO (40 µ g/mL) was added 12 h before treatment with AA I (40 µ mol/mL for 48 h) in human renal proximal tubule cell line (HK-2), then apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS SCEO 0.5 and 1 g/kg ameliorated histopathological changes and TUNEL+ staining in the kidney tissues of mice with AA I-induced nephrotoxicity, and reduced serum levels of ALT, AST, BUN and SCr (P<0.01 or P<0.05). SCEO 0.5 and 1 g/kg alleviated the ROS generation in kidney, containing MDA, GSH and SOD (P<0.01 or P<0.05). SCEO 1 g/kg increased the expressions of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 and decreased NQO1 level in the liver tissues (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Besides, in vitro studies also demonstrated that SCEO 40 µ g/mL inhibited apoptosis and ROS generation (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS SCEO can alleviate AA I-induced kidney damage both in vivo and in vitro. The protective mechanism may be closely related to the regulation of metabolic enzymes, thereby inhibiting apoptosis and ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China.,Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.,China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Fei-Lin Ge
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.,China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhan
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.,China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Wen-Qing Mu
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Li
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Li Lin
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Zi-Ying Wei
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Zhao-Fang Bai
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.,China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Qin Sun
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China.
| | - Xiao-He Xiao
- Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China.,China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039, China
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Elfaki I. The Impact of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection on the Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes Cytochrome P450s. Drug Metab Lett 2022; 15:DML-EPUB-122095. [PMID: 35362390 DOI: 10.2174/1872312815666220331142046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses cause disease in human and animals. In 2019 a novel coronavirus was first characterized in Wuhan, China. It causes acute respiratory disease and designated the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19. The COVID-19 spread to all cities of China, and in 2020 to the whole world. Patients with COVID-19 may recover without medical treatment. However, some patients need medical care. The Cytochrome p450s (CYP450s) are large superfamily of enzymes catalyze the metabolism of endogenous substrates and xenobiotics. CYP450s catalyze the biotransformation of 80% of the drug in clinical use. The CYP450 present in liver, lungs, intestine and other tissues. COVID-19 has been reported to decrease the activity of certain isoforms of CYP450s in an isoform specific manner. Furthermore, the COVID-19 infection decreases the liver functions including the drug clearance or detoxification medicated by the CYP450s. The healthcare providers should be aware of this disease-drug interaction when prescribing drugs for treatment of COVID-19 and other comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imadeldin Elfaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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4
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Lim AH, Chan JY, Yu MC, Wu TH, Hong JH, Ng CCY, Low ZJ, Liu W, Vikneswari R, Sung PC, Fan WL, Teh BT, Hsieh SY. Rare Occurrence of Aristolochic Acid Mutational Signatures in Oro-Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030576. [PMID: 35158844 PMCID: PMC8833562 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aristolochic acids (AAs) are potent mutagens commonly found in herbal plant-based remedies widely used throughout Asian countries. PATIENTS AND METHODS To understand whether AA is involved in the tumorigenesis of the oro-gastrointestinal tract, we used whole-exome sequencing to profile 54 cases of four distinct types of oro-gastrointestinal tract cancer (OGITC) from Taiwan. RESULTS A diverse landscape of mutational signatures including those from DNA mismatch repair and reactive oxygen species was observed. APOBEC mutational signatures were observed in 60% of oral squamous cell carcinomas. Only one sample harbored AA mutational signatures, contradictory to prior reports of cancers from Taiwan. The metabolism of AA in the liver and urinary tract, transient exposure time, and high cell turnover rates at OGITC sites may explain our findings. CONCLUSION AA signatures in OGITCs are rare and unlikely to be a major contributing factor in oro-gastrointestinal tract tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abner Herbert Lim
- Cheng Kin Ku Herbal Biodiversity & Medicine Program, SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Biodiversity Medicine, Singapore 169610, Singapore; (A.H.L.); (J.H.H.); (C.C.Y.N.); (Z.J.L.); (W.L.)
- Cancer Discovery Hub, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 169610, Singapore; (J.Y.C.); (R.V.)
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Jason Yongsheng Chan
- Cancer Discovery Hub, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 169610, Singapore; (J.Y.C.); (R.V.)
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Ming-Chin Yu
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (M.-C.Y.); (T.-H.W.)
- Department of Surgery, New Taipei Municipal Tucheng Hospital, New Taipei City 236, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Wu
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (M.-C.Y.); (T.-H.W.)
| | - Jing Han Hong
- Cheng Kin Ku Herbal Biodiversity & Medicine Program, SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Biodiversity Medicine, Singapore 169610, Singapore; (A.H.L.); (J.H.H.); (C.C.Y.N.); (Z.J.L.); (W.L.)
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Cedric Chuan Young Ng
- Cheng Kin Ku Herbal Biodiversity & Medicine Program, SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Biodiversity Medicine, Singapore 169610, Singapore; (A.H.L.); (J.H.H.); (C.C.Y.N.); (Z.J.L.); (W.L.)
- Cancer Discovery Hub, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 169610, Singapore; (J.Y.C.); (R.V.)
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Zhen Jie Low
- Cheng Kin Ku Herbal Biodiversity & Medicine Program, SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Biodiversity Medicine, Singapore 169610, Singapore; (A.H.L.); (J.H.H.); (C.C.Y.N.); (Z.J.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Wei Liu
- Cheng Kin Ku Herbal Biodiversity & Medicine Program, SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Biodiversity Medicine, Singapore 169610, Singapore; (A.H.L.); (J.H.H.); (C.C.Y.N.); (Z.J.L.); (W.L.)
- Cancer Discovery Hub, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 169610, Singapore; (J.Y.C.); (R.V.)
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Rajasegaran Vikneswari
- Cancer Discovery Hub, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 169610, Singapore; (J.Y.C.); (R.V.)
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 169610, Singapore
| | - Pin-Cheng Sung
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Lang Fan
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Bin Tean Teh
- Cheng Kin Ku Herbal Biodiversity & Medicine Program, SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Biodiversity Medicine, Singapore 169610, Singapore; (A.H.L.); (J.H.H.); (C.C.Y.N.); (Z.J.L.); (W.L.)
- Cancer Discovery Hub, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 169610, Singapore; (J.Y.C.); (R.V.)
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenome, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 169610, Singapore
- Oncology Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Correspondence: (B.T.T.); or (S.-Y.H.); Tel.: +65-6436-8000 (B.T.T.); +886-975368031 (S.-Y.H.)
| | - Sen-Yung Hsieh
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (B.T.T.); or (S.-Y.H.); Tel.: +65-6436-8000 (B.T.T.); +886-975368031 (S.-Y.H.)
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Liu YZ, Lu HL, Qi XM, Xing GZ, Wang X, Yu P, Liu L, Yang FF, Ding XL, Zhang ZA, Deng ZP, Gong LK, Ren J. Aristolochic acid I promoted clonal expansion but did not induce hepatocellular carcinoma in adult rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:2094-2105. [PMID: 33686245 PMCID: PMC8633323 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00622-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acid I (AAI) is a well-known nephrotoxic carcinogen, which is currently reported to be also associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Whether AAI is a direct hepatocarcinogen remains controversial. In this study we investigated the association between AAI exposure and HCC in adult rats using a sensitive rat liver bioassay with several cofactors. Formation of glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive (GST-P+) foci was used as the marker for preneoplastic lesions/clonal expansion. We first conducted a medium-term (8 weeks) study to investigate whether AAI had any tumor-initiating or -promoting activity. Then a long-term (52 weeks) study was conducted to determine whether AAI can directly induce HCC. We showed that oral administration of single dose of AAI (20, 50, or 100 mg/kg) in combination with partial hepatectomy (PH) to stimulate liver proliferation did not induce typical GST-P+ foci in liver. In the 8-week study, only high dose of AAI (10 mg · kg-1 · d-1, 5 days a week for 6 weeks) in combination with PH significantly increased the number and area of GST-P+ foci initiated by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in liver. Similarly, only high dose of AAI (10 mg· kg-1· d-1, 5 days a week for 52 weeks) in combination with PH significantly increased the number and area of hepatic GST-P+ foci in the 52-week study. No any nodules or HCC were observed in liver of any AAI-treated groups. In contrast, long-term administration of AAI (0.1, 1, 10 mg· kg-1· d-1) time- and dose-dependently caused death due to the occurrence of cancers in the forestomach, intestine, and/or kidney. Besides, AAI-DNA adducts accumulated in the forestomach, kidney, and liver in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Taken together, AAI promotes clonal expansion only in the high-dose group but did not induce any nodules or HCC in liver of adult rats till their deaths caused by cancers developed in the forestomach, intestine, and/or kidney. Findings from our animal studies will pave the way for further large-scale epidemiological investigation of the associations between AA and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Zhen Liu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Heng-Lei Lu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xin-Ming Qi
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Guo-Zhen Xing
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Pan Yu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Fang-Fang Yang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Ding
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ze-An Zhang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhong-Ping Deng
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Li-Kun Gong
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Institutes of Drug Discovery and Development, CAS, Zhongshan, 528400, China.
| | - Jin Ren
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Bárta F, Dedíková A, Bebová M, Dušková Š, Mráz J, Schmeiser HH, Arlt VM, Hodek P, Stiborová M. Co-Exposure to Aristolochic Acids I and II Increases DNA Adduct Formation Responsible for Aristolochic Acid I-Mediated Carcinogenicity in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910479. [PMID: 34638820 PMCID: PMC8509051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant extract aristolochic acid (AA), containing aristolochic acids I (AAI) and II (AAII) as major components, causes aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) and Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), unique renal diseases associated with upper urothelial cancer. Recently (Chemical Research in Toxicology 33(11), 2804–2818, 2020), we showed that the in vivo metabolism of AAI and AAII in Wistar rats is influenced by their co-exposure (i.e., AAI/AAII mixture). Using the same rat model, we investigated how exposure to the AAI/AAII mixture can influence AAI and AAII DNA adduct formation (i.e., AA-mediated genotoxicity). Using 32P-postlabelling, we found that AA-DNA adduct formation was increased in the livers and kidneys of rats treated with AAI/AAII mixture compared to rats treated with AAI or AAII alone. Measuring the activity of enzymes involved in AA metabolism, we showed that enhanced AA-DNA adduct formation might be caused partially by both decreased AAI detoxification as a result of hepatic CYP2C11 inhibition during treatment with AAI/AAII mixture and by hepatic or renal NQO1 induction, the key enzyme predominantly activating AA to DNA adducts. Moreover, our results indicate that AAII might act as an inhibitor of AAI detoxification in vivo. Consequently, higher amounts of AAI might remain in liver and kidney tissues, which can be reductively activated, resulting in enhanced AAI DNA adduct formation. Collectively, these results indicate that AAII present in the plant extract AA enhances the genotoxic properties of AAI (i.e., AAI DNA adduct formation). As patients suffering from AAN and BEN are always exposed to the plant extract (i.e., AAI/AAII mixture), our findings are crucial to better understanding host factors critical for AAN- and BEN-associated urothelial malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Bárta
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (F.B.); (A.D.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Alena Dedíková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (F.B.); (A.D.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Michaela Bebová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (F.B.); (A.D.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Šárka Dušková
- Centre of Occupational Health, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, 100 42 Prague 10, Czech Republic; (Š.D.); (J.M.)
| | - Jaroslav Mráz
- Centre of Occupational Health, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, 100 42 Prague 10, Czech Republic; (Š.D.); (J.M.)
| | - Heinz H. Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Volker M. Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences Division, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
- Toxicology Department, GAB Consulting GmbH, Heinrich-Fuchs-Str. 96, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6221-432018-0
| | - Petr Hodek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (F.B.); (A.D.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (F.B.); (A.D.); (M.B.); (P.H.); (M.S.)
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7
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Song Y, Li C, Liu G, Liu R, Chen Y, Li W, Cao Z, Zhao B, Lu C, Liu Y. Drug-Metabolizing Cytochrome P450 Enzymes Have Multifarious Influences on Treatment Outcomes. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 60:585-601. [PMID: 33723723 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Drug metabolism is a critical process for the removal of unwanted substances from the body. In humans, approximately 80% of oxidative metabolism and almost 50% of the overall elimination of commonly used drugs can be attributed to one or more of various cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes from CYP families 1-3. In addition to the basic metabolic effects for elimination, CYP enzymes in vivo are capable of affecting the treatment outcomes in many cases. Drug-metabolizing CYP enzymes are mainly expressed in the liver and intestine, the two principal drug oxidation and elimination organs, where they can significantly influence the drug action, safety, and bioavailability by mediating phase I metabolism and first-pass metabolism. Furthermore, CYP-mediated local drug metabolism in the sites of action may also have the potential to impact drug response, according to the literature in recent years. This article underlines the ability of CYP enzymes to influence treatment outcomes by discussing CYP-mediated diversified drug metabolism in primary metabolic sites (liver and intestine) and typical action sites (brain and tumors) according to their expression levels and metabolic activity. Moreover, intrinsic and extrinsic factors of personal differential CYP phenotypes that contribute to interindividual variation of treatment outcomes are also reviewed to introduce the multifarious pivotal role of CYP-mediated metabolism and clearance in drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Song
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Guangzhi Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Youwen Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wen Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhiwen Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Baosheng Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Yuanyan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
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8
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Dedı Ková A, Bárta F, Martínek V, Kotalík K, Dušková Š, Mráz J, Arlt VM, Stiborová M, Hodek P. In Vivo Metabolism of Aristolochic Acid I and II in Rats Is Influenced by Their Coexposure. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2804-2818. [PMID: 32894017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The plant extract aristolochic acid (AA), containing aristolochic acid I (AAI) and II (AAII) as major components, causes aristolochic acid nephropathy and Balkan endemic nephropathy, unique renal diseases associated with upper urothelial cancer. Differences in the metabolic activation and detoxification of AAI and AAII and their effects on the metabolism of AAI/AAII mixture in the plant extract might be of great importance for an individual's susceptibility in the development of AA-mediated nephropathies and malignancies. Here, we investigated in vivo metabolism of AAI and AAII after ip administration to Wistar rats as individual compounds and as AAI/AAII mixture using high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Experimental findings were supported by theoretical calculations using density functional theory. We found that exposure to AAI/AAII mixture affected the generation of their oxidative and reductive metabolites formed during Phase I biotransformation and excreted in rat urine. Several Phase II metabolites of AAI and AAII found in the urine of exposed rats were also analyzed. Our results indicate that AAI is more efficiently metabolized in rats in vivo than AAII. Whereas AAI is predominantly oxidized during in vivo metabolism, its reduction is the minor metabolic pathway. In contrast, AAII is mainly metabolized by reduction. The oxidative reaction only occurs if aristolactam II, the major reductive metabolite of AAII, is enzymatically hydroxylated, forming aristolactam Ia. In AAI/AAII mixture, the metabolism of AAI and AAII is influenced by the presence of both AAs. For instance, the reductive metabolism of AAI is increased in the presence of AAII while the presence of AAI decreased the reductive metabolism of AAII. These results suggest that increased bioactivation of AAI in the presence of AAII also leads to increased AAI genotoxicity, which may critically impact AAI-mediated carcinogenesis. Future studies are needed to explain the underlying mechanism(s) for this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Dedı Ková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - František Bárta
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Martínek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kevin Kotalík
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Dušková
- Centre of Occupational Health, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, 100 42 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Mráz
- Centre of Occupational Health, National Institute of Public Health, Šrobárova 48, 100 42 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Volker Manfred Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences Division, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hodek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
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9
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Li XL, Guo XQ, Wang HR, Chen T, Mei N. Aristolochic Acid-Induced Genotoxicity and Toxicogenomic Changes in Rodents. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2020; 6:12-25. [PMID: 32258091 PMCID: PMC7110418 DOI: 10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_33_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acid (AA) is a group of structurally related nitrophenanthrene carboxylic acids found in many plants that are widely used by many cultures as traditional herbal medicines. AA is a causative agent for Chinese herbs nephropathy, a term replaced later by AA nephropathy. Evidence indicates that AA is nephrotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic in humans; and it also induces tumors in the forestomach, kidney, renal pelvis, urinary bladder, and lung of rats and mice. Therefore, plants containing AA have been classified as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. In our laboratories, we have conducted a series of genotoxicity and toxicogenomic studies in the rats exposed to AA of 0.1–10 mg/kg for 12 weeks. Our results demonstrated that AA treatments induced DNA adducts and mutations in the kidney, liver, and spleen of rats, as well as significant alteration of gene expression in both its target and nontarget tissues. AA treatments altered mutagenesis- or carcinogenesis-related microRNA expression in rat kidney and resulted in significant changes in protein expression profiling. We also applied benchmark dose (BMD) modeling to the 3-month AA-induced genotoxicity data. The obtained BMDL10 (the lower 95% confidence interval of the BMD10 that is a 10% increase over the background level) for AA-induced mutations in the kidney of rats was about 7 μg/kg body weight per day. This review constitutes an overview of our investigations on AA-induced genotoxicity and toxicogenomic changes including gene expression, microRNA expression, and proteomics; and presents updated information focused on AA-induced genotoxicity in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Lin Li
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Xiao-Qing Guo
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Hai-Rong Wang
- Tianjin Center for New Drug Safety Assessment and Research, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
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10
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Sidorenko VS. Biotransformation and Toxicities of Aristolochic Acids. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1241:139-166. [PMID: 32383120 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41283-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Environmental and iatrogenic exposures contribute significantly to human diseases, including cancer. The list of known human carcinogens has recently been extended by the addition of aristolochic acids (AAs). AAs occur primarily in Aristolochia herbs, which are used extensively in folk medicines, including Traditional Chinese Medicine. Ingestion of AAs results in chronic renal disease and cancer. Despite importation bans imposed by certain countries, herbal remedies containing AAs are readily available for purchase through the internet. With recent advancements in mass spectrometry, next generation sequencing, and the development of integrated organs-on-chips, our knowledge of cancers associated with AA exposure, and of the mechanisms involved in AA toxicities, has significantly improved. DNA adduction plays a central role in AA-induced cancers; however, significant gaps remain in our knowledge as to how cellular enzymes promote activation of AAs and how the reactive species selectively bind to DNA and kidney proteins. In this review, I describe pathways for AAs biotransformation, adduction, and mutagenesis, emphasizing novel methods and ideas contributing to our present understanding of AA toxicities in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya S Sidorenko
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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11
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Han J, Xian Z, Zhang Y, Liu J, Liang A. Systematic Overview of Aristolochic Acids: Nephrotoxicity, Carcinogenicity, and Underlying Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:648. [PMID: 31244661 PMCID: PMC6580798 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acids (AAs) are a group of toxins commonly present in the plants of genus Aristolochia and Asarum, which are spread all over the world. Since the 1990s, AA-induced nephropathy (AAN) and upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) have been reported in many countries. The underlying mechanisms of AAN and AA-induced UTUC have been extensively investigated. AA-derived DNA adducts are recognized as specific biomarkers of AA exposure, and a mutational signature predominantly characterized by A→T transversions has been detected in AA-induced UTUC tumor tissues. In addition, various enzymes and organic anion transporters are involved in AA-induced adverse reactions. The progressive lesions and mutational events initiated by AAs are irreversible, and no effective therapeutic regimen for AAN and AA-induced UTUC has been established until now. Because of several warnings on the toxic effects of AAs by the US Food and Drug Administration and the regulatory authorities of some other countries, the sale and use of AA-containing products have been banned or restricted in most countries. However, AA-related adverse events still occur, especially in the Asian and Balkan regions. Therefore, the use of AA-containing herbal remedies and the consumption of food contaminated by AAs still carry high risk. More strict precautions should be taken to protect the public from AA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Han
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Xian
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yushi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Aihua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Bastek H, Zubel T, Stemmer K, Mangerich A, Beneke S, Dietrich DR. Comparison of Aristolochic acid I derived DNA adduct levels in human renal toxicity models. Toxicology 2019; 420:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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13
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Hsieh WY, Chang TH, Chang HF, Chuang WH, Lu LC, Yang CW, Lin CS, Chang CC. Renal chymase-dependent pathway for angiotensin II formation mediated acute kidney injury in a mouse model of aristolochic acid I-induced acute nephropathy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210656. [PMID: 30633770 PMCID: PMC6329531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is the primary enzyme that converts angiotensin I (Ang I) to angiotensin II (Ang II) in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). However, chymase hydrates Ang I to Ang II independently of ACE in some kidney diseases, and it may play an important role. The present study investigated whether chymase played a crucial role in aristolochic acid I (AAI)-induced nephropathy. C57BL/6 mice were treated with AAI via intraperitoneal injection for an accumulated AAI dosage of 45 mg/kg body weight (BW) (15 mg/kg BW per day for 3 days). The animals were sacrificed after acute kidney injury development, and blood, urine and kidneys were harvested for biochemical and molecular assays. Mice exhibited increased serum creatinine, BUN and urinary protein after the AAI challenge. Significant infiltrating inflammatory cells and tubular atrophy were observed in the kidneys, and high immunocytokine levels were detected. Renal RAS-related enzyme activities were measured, and a significantly increased chymase activity and slightly decreased ACE activity were observed in the AAI-treated mice. The renal Ang II level reflected the altered profile of RAS enzymes and was significantly increased in AAI-treated mice. Treatment of AAI-induced nephropathic mice with an ACE inhibitor (ACEI) or chymase inhibitor (CI; chymostatin) reduced renal Ang II levels. The combination of ACEI and CI (ACEI+CI) treatment significantly reversed the AAI-induced changes of Ang II levels and kidney inflammation and injuries. AAI treatment significantly increased renal p-MEK without increasing p-STAT3 and p-Smad3 levels, and p-MEK/p-ERK1/2 signalling pathway was significantly activated. CI and ACEI+CI treatments reduced this AAI-activated signaling pathway. AAI-induced nephropathy progression was significantly mitigated with CI and ACEI+CI treatment. This study elucidates the role of RAS in the pathogenesis of AAI-induced nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yeh Hsieh
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Hsiang Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Fang Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Hsuan Chuang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Li-Che Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Wei Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chu Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Environmental and Precision Medicine Laboratory, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
- Department of Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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14
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Azab E, Kebeish R, Hegazy AK. Expression of the human gene CYP1A2 enhances tolerance and detoxification of the phenylurea herbicide linuron in Arabidopsis thaliana plants and Escherichia coli. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:281-290. [PMID: 29573710 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The phenylurea herbicide, linuron (LIN), is used to control various types of weeds. Despite its efficient role in controlling weeds, it presents a persistent problem to the environment. In the current study, phytoremediation properties of transgenic CYP1A2 Arabidopsis thaliana plants to LIN were assessed. CYP1A2 gene was firstly cloned and expressed in bacteria before proceeding to plants. In presence of LIN, The growth of CYP1A2 expressing bacteria was superior compared to control bacteria transformed with the empty bacterial expression vector pET22b(+). No clear morphological changes were detected on CYP1A2 transgenic plants. However, significant resistance to LIN herbicide application either via spraying the foliar parts of the plant or via supplementation of the herbicide in the growth medium was observed for CYP1A2 transformants. Plant growth assays under LIN stress provide strong evidence for the enhanced capacity of transgenic lines to grow and to tolerate high concentrations of LIN compared to control plants. HPLC analyses showed that detoxification of LIN by bacterial extracts and/or transgenic plant leaves is improved as compared to the corresponding controls. Our data indicate that over expression of the human CYP1A2 gene increases the phytoremediation capacity and tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana plants to the phenylurea herbicide linuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Azab
- Taif University, Faculty of Science, Biotechnology Department, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Zagazig University, Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Plant Biotechnology Laboratory (PBL), El-Gamaa Street 1, 44519, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt.
| | - Rashad Kebeish
- Taibah University, Faculty of Science Yanbu, Biology Department, King Khalid Rd, Al amoedi, 46423, Yanbu El-Bahr, Saudi Arabia; Zagazig University, Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Plant Biotechnology Laboratory (PBL), El-Gamaa Street 1, 44519, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt.
| | - A K Hegazy
- Cairo University, Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Microbiology, Giza, Egypt
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15
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Chang MM, Lin CN, Fang CC, Chen M, Liang PI, Li WM, Yeh BW, Cheng HC, Huang BM, Wu WJ, Chen YMA. Glycine N-methyltransferase inhibits aristolochic acid nephropathy by increasing CYP3A44 and decreasing NQO1 expression in female mouse hepatocytes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6960. [PMID: 29725048 PMCID: PMC5934382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants containing aristolochic acids (AA) are nephrotoxins. Glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) acts to bind environmental toxins such as benzo(a)pyrene and aflatoxin B1, translocate into nucleus, and alter hepatic metabolism. This study aims to determine the role of GNMT in AA-induced nephropathy. We established an AA nephropathy mouse model and found that AA type I (AAI)-induced nephropathy at a lower concentration in male than in female mice, implying sex differences in AAI resistance. Microarray analysis and AAI-treated mouse models showed that GNMT moderately reduced AAI-induced nephropathy by lowering the upregulated level of NQO1 in male, but significantly improved the nephropathy additionally by increasing Cyp3A44/3A41 in female. The protective effects of GNMT were absent in female GNMT knockout mice, in which re-expression of hepatic GNMT significantly decreased AAI-induced nephropathy. Mechanism-wise, AAI enhanced GNMT nuclear translocation, resulting in GNMT interaction with the promoter region of the genes encoding Nrf2 and CAR/PXR, the transcription factors for NQO1 and CYP3A44/3A41, respectively. Unlike the preference for Nrf2/NQO1 transcriptions at lower levels of GNMT, overexpression of GNMT preferred CAR/PXR/CYP3A44/3A41 transcriptions and alleviated kidney injury upon AAI treatment. In summary, hepatic GNMT protected mice from AAI nephropathy by enhancing CAR/PXR/CYP3A44/3A41 transcriptions and reducing Nrf2/NQO1 transcriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Min Chang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ni Lin
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chieh Fang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Marcelo Chen
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Cosmetic Applications and Management, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peir-In Liang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ming Li
- Pingtung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Wen Yeh
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chi Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bu-Miin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jeng Wu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming Arthur Chen
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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16
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Yu C, Li Y, Liu M, Gao M, Li C, Yan H, Li C, Sun L, Mo L, Wu C, Qi X, Ren J. Critical Role of Hepatic Cyp450s in the Testis-Specific Toxicity of (5R)-5-Hydroxytriptolide in C57BL/6 Mice. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:832. [PMID: 29209210 PMCID: PMC5702336 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Low solubility, tissue accumulation, and toxicity are chief obstacles to developing triptolide derivatives, so a better understanding of the pharmacokinetics and toxicity of triptolide derivatives will help with these limitations. To address this, we studied pharmacokinetics and toxicity of (5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide (LLDT-8), a novel triptolide derivative immunosuppressant in a conditional knockout (KO) mouse model with liver-specific deletion of CYP450 reductase. Compared to wild type (WT) mice, after LLDT-8 treatment, KO mice suffered severe testicular toxicity (decreased testicular weight, spermatocytes apoptosis) unlike WT mice. Moreover, KO mice had greater LLDT-8 exposure as confirmed with elevated AUC and Cmax, increased drug half-life, and greater tissue distribution. γ-H2AX, a marker of meiosis process, its localization and protein level in testis showed a distinct meiosis block induced by LLDT-8. RNA polymerase II (Pol II), an essential factor for RNA storage and synapsis in spermatogenesis, decreased in testes of KO mice after LLDT-8 treatment. Germ-cell line based assays confirmed that LLDT-8 selectively inhibited Pol II in spermatocyte-like cells. Importantly, the analysis of androgen receptor (AR) related genes showed that LLDT-8 did not change AR-related signaling in testes. Thus, hepatic CYP450s were responsible for in vivo metabolism and clearance of LLDT-8 and aggravated testicular injury may be due to increased LLDT-8 exposure in testis and subsequent Pol II reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunzhi Yu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Li
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxia Liu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Man Gao
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenggang Li
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunzhu Li
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lihan Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liying Mo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyong Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinming Qi
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Ren
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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17
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DNA Adducts Formed by Aristolochic Acid Are Unique Biomarkers of Exposure and Explain the Initiation Phase of Upper Urothelial Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102144. [PMID: 29036902 PMCID: PMC5666826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acid (AA) is a plant alkaloid that causes aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) and Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), unique renal diseases frequently associated with upper urothelial cancer (UUC). This review summarizes the significance of AA-derived DNA adducts in the aetiology of UUC leading to specific A:T to T:A transversion mutations (mutational signature) in AAN/BEN-associated tumours, which are otherwise rare in individuals with UCC not exposed to AA. Therefore, such DNA damage produced by AA-DNA adducts is one rare example of the direct association of exposure and cancer development (UUC) in humans, confirming that the covalent binding of carcinogens to DNA is causally related to tumourigenesis. Although aristolochic acid I (AAI), the major component of the natural plant extract AA, might directly cause interstitial nephropathy, enzymatic activation of AAI to reactive intermediates capable of binding to DNA is a necessary step leading to the formation of AA-DNA adducts and subsequently AA-induced malignant transformation. Therefore, AA-DNA adducts can not only be utilized as biomarkers for the assessment of AA exposure and markers of AA-induced UUC, but also be used for the mechanistic evaluation of its enzymatic activation and detoxification. Differences in AA metabolism might be one of the reasons for an individual’s susceptibility in the multi-step process of AA carcinogenesis and studying associations between activities and/or polymorphisms of the enzymes metabolising AA is an important determinant to identify individuals having a high risk of developing AA-mediated UUC.
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18
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Stiborová M, Arlt VM, Schmeiser HH. Balkan endemic nephropathy: an update on its aetiology. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2595-2615. [PMID: 27538407 PMCID: PMC5065591 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1819-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) is a unique, chronic renal disease frequently associated with upper urothelial cancer (UUC). It only affects residents of specific farming villages located along tributaries of the Danube River in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania where it is estimated that ~100,000 individuals are at risk of BEN, while ~25,000 have the disease. This review summarises current findings on the aetiology of BEN. Over the last 50 years, several hypotheses on the cause of BEN have been formulated, including mycotoxins, heavy metals, viruses, and trace-element insufficiencies. However, recent molecular epidemiological studies provide a strong case that chronic dietary exposure to aristolochic acid (AA) a principal component of Aristolochia clematitis which grows as a weed in the wheat fields of the endemic regions is the cause of BEN and associated UUC. One of the still enigmatic features of BEN that need to be resolved is why the prevalence of BEN is only 3-7 %. This suggests that individual genetic susceptibilities to AA exist in humans. In fact dietary ingestion of AA along with individual genetic susceptibility provides a scenario that plausibly can explain all the peculiarities of BEN such as geographical distribution and high risk of urothelial cancer. For the countries harbouring BEN implementing public health measures to avoid AA exposure is of the utmost importance because this seems to be the best way to eradicate this once mysterious disease to which the residents of BEN villages have been completely and utterly at mercy for so long.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environmental and Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Heinz H Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry (E030), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Wang L, Zhang H, Li C, Yi Y, Liu J, Zhao Y, Tian J, Zhang Y, Wei X, Gao Y, Liang A. Omeprazole Alleviates Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom-Induced Acute Nephrotoxicity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164215. [PMID: 27716846 PMCID: PMC5055352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom (AMK) is a member of the Aristolochiaceae family and is a well-known cause of aristolochic acid (AA) nephropathy. In this study, we investigated the potential of omeprazole (OM) to alleviate AMK-induced nephrotoxicity. We found that OM reduced mouse mortality caused by AMK and attenuated AMK-induced acute nephrotoxicity in rats. OM enhanced hepatic Cyp 1a1/2 and renal Cyp 1a1 expression in rats, as well as CYP 1A1 expression in human renal tubular epithelial cells (HKCs). HKCs with ectopic CYP 1A1 expression were more tolerant to AA than the control cells. Therefore, OM may alleviate AMK-mediated acute nephrotoxicity through induction of CYP 1A1. We suggest that the coadministration of OM might be beneficial for reducing of AA-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianmei Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chunying Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingzhuo Tian
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yushi Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Wei
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Aihua Liang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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20
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Rosenquist TA, Grollman AP. Mutational signature of aristolochic acid: Clue to the recognition of a global disease. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 44:205-211. [PMID: 27237586 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutational signatures associated with specific forms of DNA damage have been identified in several forms of human cancer. Such signatures provide information regarding mechanisms of tumor induction which, in turn, can reduce exposure to carcinogens by shaping public health policy. Using a molecular epidemiologic approach that takes advantage of recent advances in genome sequencing while applying sensitive and specific analytical methods to characterize DNA damage, it has become increasingly possible to establish causative linkages between certain environmental mutagens and disease risk. In this perspective, we use aristolochic acid, a human carcinogen and nephrotoxin found in Aristolochia herbs, to illustrate the power and effectiveness of this multidisciplinary approach. The genome-wide mutational signature for this toxin, detected initially in cancers of the upper urinary tract, has subsequently been associated with cancers of the liver and kidney. These findings have significant implications for global public health, especially in China, where millions of individuals have used Aristolochia herbal remedies as part of traditional Chinese medicine and, thus, are at risk of developing aristolochic acid nephropathy and/or upper urinary tract carcinomas. The studies reported here set the stage for research into prevention and early detection, both of which will be required to manage a potentially devastating global disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Rosenquist
- Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States
| | - Arthur P Grollman
- Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, United States.
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21
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Hashimoto K, Zaitseva IN, Bonala R, Attaluri S, Ozga K, Iden CR, Johnson F, Moriya M, Grollman AP, Sidorenko VS. Sulfotransferase-1A1-dependent bioactivation of aristolochic acid I and N-hydroxyaristolactam I in human cells. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:647-655. [PMID: 27207664 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acids (AA) are implicated in the development of chronic renal disease and upper urinary tract carcinoma in humans. Using in vitro approaches, we demonstrated that N-hydroxyaristolactams, metabolites derived from partial nitroreduction of AA, require sulfotransferase (SULT)-catalyzed conjugation with a sulfonyl group to form aristolactam-DNA adducts. Following up on this observation, bioactivation of AA-I and N-hydroxyaristolactam I (AL-I-NOH) was studied in human kidney (HK-2) and skin fibroblast (GM00637) cell lines. Pentachlorophenol, a known SULT inhibitor, significantly reduced cell death and aristolactam-DNA adduct levels in HK-2 cells following exposure to AA-I and AL-I-NOH, suggesting a role for Phase II metabolism in AA activation. A gene knockdown, siRNA approach was employed to establish the involvement of selected SULTs and nitroreductases in AA-I bioactivation. Silencing of SULT1A1 and PAPSS2 led to a significant decrease in aristolactam-DNA levels in both cell lines following exposure to AA-I, indicating the critical role for sulfonation in the activation of AA-I in vivo Since HK-2 cells proved relatively resistant to knockdown with siRNAs, gene silencing of xanthine oxidoreductase, cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase and NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase was conducted in GM00637 cells, showing a significant increase, decrease and no effect on aristolactam-DNA levels, respectively. In GM00637 cells exposed to AL-I-NOH, suppressing the SULT pathway led to a significant decrease in aristolactam-DNA formation, mirroring data obtained for AA-I. We conclude from these studies that SULT1A1 is involved in the bioactivation of AA-I through the sulfonation of AL-I-NOH, contributing significantly to the toxicities of AA observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Francis Johnson
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences.,Department of Chemistry and
| | | | - Arthur P Grollman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences.,Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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22
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Pu XY, Shen JY, Deng ZP, Zhang ZA. Oral exposure to aristolochic acid I induces gastric histological lesions with non-specific renal injury in rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:315-20. [PMID: 27019954 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Many Aristolochia species herbal drugs, used for diseases treatment since antiquity, contain active component aristolochic acid mixture, which consists of aristolochic acid I and II. However, it remains unclear whether aristolochic acid I is gastrotoxic, though evidence has shown that aristolochic acid mixture is nephrotoxic, carcinogenic, and genotoxic. The present study aimed to investigate the gastrotoxicity in rats treated with aristolochic acid I alone. Four groups of rats were orally administrated with vehicle (1% NaHCO3), or 30mg, 60mg, and 90mg/kg/day of aristolochic acid I for twelve days. The results showed that aristolochic acid I can induce obvious body weight loss, forestomach injury characterized by necrosis, ulcer, hyperkeratosis, and hyperplasia of epithelial cells. The severity of these forestomach lesions was presented in a dose-dependent mode. Meanwhile, only non-specific, slight renal tubule degeneration, and occasionally single necrotic epithelial cell were found in aristolochic acid I-treated rats' kidney. These resulst indicated aristolochic acid I had obvious gastrotoxicity, and such aristolochic acid I-induced forestomach toxicity probably presented much prior to kidney injury. Such irritation lesions may play a partial role in gastric cancer development of rats induced by aristolochic acid. Therefore, these results expanded our understanding on the digestive system toxicity of aristolochic acid I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yan Pu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jia-Ying Shen
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhong-Ping Deng
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ze-An Zhang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
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23
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Abdullah R, Alhusainy W, Woutersen J, Rietjens IMCM, Punt A. Predicting points of departure for risk assessment based on in vitro cytotoxicity data and physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modeling: The case of kidney toxicity induced by aristolochic acid I. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 92:104-16. [PMID: 27016491 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aristolochic acids are naturally occurring nephrotoxins. This study aims to investigate whether physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model-based reverse dosimetry could convert in vitro concentration-response curves of aristolochic acid I (AAI) to in vivo dose response-curves for nephrotoxicity in rat, mouse and human. To achieve this extrapolation, PBK models were developed for AAI in these different species. Subsequently, concentration-response curves obtained from in vitro cytotoxicity models were translated to in vivo dose-response curves using PBK model-based reverse dosimetry. From the predicted in vivo dose-response curves, points of departure (PODs) for risk assessment could be derived. The PBK models elucidated species differences in the kinetics of AAI with the overall catalytic efficiency for metabolic conversion of AAI to aristolochic acid Ia (AAIa) being 2-fold higher for rat and 64-fold higher for mouse than human. Results show that the predicted PODs generally fall within the range of PODs derived from the available in vivo studies. This study provides proof of principle for a new method to predict a POD for in vivo nephrotoxicity by integrating in vitro toxicity testing with in silico PBK model-based reverse dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozaini Abdullah
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Wasma Alhusainy
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Woutersen
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ans Punt
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Tuinlaan 5, 6703 HE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Huang CF. Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization for applications in sensors, non-biofouling surfaces and adsorbents. Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2016.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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25
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Dračínská H, Bárta F, Levová K, Hudecová A, Moserová M, Schmeiser HH, Kopka K, Frei E, Arlt VM, Stiborová M. Induction of cytochromes P450 1A1 and 1A2 suppresses formation of DNA adducts by carcinogenic aristolochic acid I in rats in vivo. Toxicology 2016; 344-346:7-18. [PMID: 26845733 PMCID: PMC4804751 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aristolochic acid I (AAI) is a natural plant alkaloid causing aristolochic acid nephropathy, Balkan endemic nephropathy and their associated urothelial malignancies. One of the most efficient enzymes reductively activating AAI to species forming AAI-DNA adducts is cytosolic NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1. AAI is also either reductively activated or oxidatively detoxified to 8-hydroxyaristolochic acid (AAIa) by microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 and 1A2. Here, we investigated which of these two opposing CYP1A1/2-catalyzed reactions prevails in AAI metabolism in vivo. The formation of AAI-DNA adducts was analyzed in liver, kidney and lung of rats treated with AAI, Sudan I, a potent inducer of CYP1A1/2, or AAI after pretreatment with Sudan I. Compared to rats treated with AAI alone, levels of AAI-DNA adducts determined by the (32)P-postlabeling method were lower in liver, kidney and lung of rats treated with AAI after Sudan I. The induction of CYP1A1/2 by Sudan I increased AAI detoxification to its O-demethylated metabolite AAIa, thereby reducing the actual amount of AAI available for reductive activation. This subsequently resulted in lower AAI-DNA adduct levels in the rat in vivo. Our results demonstrate that CYP1A1/2-mediated oxidative detoxification of AAI is the predominant role of these enzymes in rats in vivo, thereby suppressing levels of AAI-DNA adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Dračínská
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - František Bárta
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Levová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Hudecová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Moserová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Heinz H Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva Frei
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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26
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Xu XL, Shang Y, Jiang JG. Plant species forbidden in health food and their toxic constituents, toxicology and detoxification. Food Funct 2016; 7:643-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00995b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many plants with pharmacological efficacies are widely used as ingredients in so-called “health foods”, but many of them are toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Lin Xu
- College of Food and Bioengineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Yu Shang
- College of Food and Bioengineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- College of Food and Bioengineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou
- China
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27
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Nortier J, Pozdzik A, Roumeguere T, Vanherweghem JL. Néphropathie aux acides aristolochiques (« néphropathie aux herbes chinoises »). Nephrol Ther 2015; 11:574-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Stiborová M, Bárta F, Levová K, Hodek P, Schmeiser HH, Arlt VM, Martínek V. A Mechanism of O-Demethylation of Aristolochic Acid I by Cytochromes P450 and Their Contributions to This Reaction in Human and Rat Livers: Experimental and Theoretical Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:27561-75. [PMID: 26593908 PMCID: PMC4661905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aristolochic acid I (AAI) is a plant alkaloid causing aristolochic acid nephropathy, Balkan endemic nephropathy and their associated urothelial malignancies. AAI is detoxified by cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated O-demethylation to 8-hydroxyaristolochic acid I (aristolochic acid Ia, AAIa). We previously investigated the efficiencies of human and rat CYPs in the presence of two other components of the mixed-functions-oxidase system, NADPH:CYP oxidoreductase and cytochrome b₅, to oxidize AAI. Human and rat CYP1A are the major enzymes oxidizing AAI. Other CYPs such as CYP2C, 3A4, 2D6, 2E1, and 1B1, also form AAIa, but with much lower efficiency than CYP1A. Based on velocities of AAIa formation by examined CYPs and their expression levels in human and rat livers, here we determined the contributions of individual CYPs to AAI oxidation in these organs. Human CYP1A2 followed by CYP2C9, 3A4 and 1A1 were the major enzymes contributing to AAI oxidation in human liver, while CYP2C and 1A were most important in rat liver. We employed flexible in silico docking methods to explain the differences in AAI oxidation in the liver by human CYP1A1, 1A2, 2C9, and 3A4, the enzymes that all O-demethylate AAI, but with different effectiveness. We found that the binding orientations of the methoxy group of AAI in binding centers of the CYP enzymes and the energies of AAI binding to the CYP active sites dictate the efficiency of AAI oxidation. Our results indicate that utilization of experimental and theoretical methods is an appropriate study design to examine the CYP-catalyzed reaction mechanisms of AAI oxidation and contributions of human hepatic CYPs to this metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, Prague 2 CZ-12843, Czech Republic.
| | - František Bárta
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, Prague 2 CZ-12843, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Levová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, Prague 2 CZ-12843, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Hodek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, Prague 2 CZ-12843, Czech Republic.
| | - Heinz H Schmeiser
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Václav Martínek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, Prague 2 CZ-12843, Czech Republic.
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Luan Y, Xing G, Ren J, Gu J. Role of hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes in the detoxication of aristolochic acid I; effects on DNA adduct, mutation, and tumor formation. Genes Environ 2015; 37:11. [PMID: 27350808 PMCID: PMC4918019 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-015-0010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatic cytochrome P450s (CYPs) play an important role in the metabolism of plant carcinogen, aristolochic acid I (AAI). In the present study, we employed hepatic NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase null (HRN) gpt delta transgenic mice to investigate the role of hepatic CYPs in the metabolism of AAI. DNA adduct formation, gene mutation, and tumor induction in the liver and kidneys were analyzed. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed and tissue levels of AAI were determined. RESULTS Pretreatment with β-naphthoflavone in wild type gpt delta transgenic mice (BNF-WT mice) could increase the rate of clearance of AAI in blood and tissues, and decrease the formation of AAI-DNA adducts in kidney. In contrast, there was reduced clearance of AAI in HRN gpt delta mice, which showed increased concentration of AAI in tissues and increased levels of DNA adducts. The mutant frequencies of gpt gene, induced by AAI, in the kidneys of HRN gpt delta mice were significantly higher than that in WT mice. In the tumor induction assay, after treatment for 2 months with daily doses of 5 mg/kg AAI, mice were kept under observation for 7 months. During this period, papillomatous changes occurred in the forestomach of both WT-AAI mice and HRN gpt delta-AAI mice. Squamous cell carcinomas were found in the forestomach of 2 HRN gpt delta-AAI mice, which had also metastasized to other tissues. In addition, adenomas were found in 2 of 8 HRN gpt delta-AAI mice, in the absence of squamous cell carcinomas. CONCLUSION These results indicated that the main role of hepatic CYPs is to aid in the excretion of AAI, and to protect the target organs against AAI induced DNA adduct formation, mutagenesis, and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Luan
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Guozhen Xing
- Center for Drug Safety and Evaluation Research, State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Jin Ren
- Center for Drug Safety and Evaluation Research, State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Jun Gu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509 USA
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Wang K, Feng C, Li C, Yao J, Xie X, Gong L, Luan Y, Xing G, Zhu X, Qi X, Ren J. Baicalin Protects Mice from Aristolochic Acid I-Induced Kidney Injury by Induction of CYP1A through the Aromatic Hydrocarbon Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26204831 PMCID: PMC4519959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160716454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to aristolochic acid I (AAI) can lead to aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN), Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) and urothelial cancer. The induction of hepatic CYP1A, especially CYP1A2, was considered to detoxify AAI so as to reduce its nephrotoxicity. We previously found that baicalin had the strong ability to induce CYP1A2 expression; therefore in this study, we examined the effects of baicalin on AAI toxicity, metabolism and disposition, as well as investigated the underlying mechanisms. Our toxicological studies showed that baicalin reduced the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) in AAI-treated mice and attenuated renal injury induced by AAI. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated that baicalin markedly decreased AUC of AAI in plasma and the content of AAI in liver and kidney. CYP1A induction assays showed that baicalin exposure significantly increased the hepatic expression of CYP1A1/2, which was completely abolished by inhibitors of the Aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), 3ʹ,4ʹ-dimethoxyflavone and resveratrol, in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Moreover, the luciferase assays revealed that baicalin significantly increased the luciferase activity of the reporter gene incorporated with the Xenobiotic response elements recognized by AhR. In summary, baicalin significantly reduced the disposition of AAI and ameliorated AAI-induced kidney toxicity through AhR-dependent CYP1A1/2 induction in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chenchen Feng
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Chenggang Li
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jun Yao
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Likun Gong
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yang Luan
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Guozhen Xing
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xinming Qi
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jin Ren
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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31
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Arlt VM, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR, Stiborová M, Phillips DH. The Hepatic Reductase Null (HRN™) and Reductase Conditional Null (RCN) mouse models as suitable tools to study metabolism, toxicity and carcinogenicity of environmental pollutants. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00116h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes the applicability of the Hepatic Reductase Null (HRN) and Reductase Conditional Null (RCN) mouse models to study carcinogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker M. Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health
- King's College London
- London SE1 9NH
- UK
| | - Colin J. Henderson
- Division of Cancer Research
- Medical Research Institute
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre
- University of Dundee
- Dundee DD1 9SY
| | - C. Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer Research
- Medical Research Institute
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre
- University of Dundee
- Dundee DD1 9SY
| | - Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University
- 128 40 Prague 2
- Czech Republic
| | - David H. Phillips
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health
- King's College London
- London SE1 9NH
- UK
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Stiborová M, Černá V, Moserová M, Mrízová I, Arlt VM, Frei E. The anticancer drug ellipticine activated with cytochrome P450 mediates DNA damage determining its pharmacological efficiencies: studies with rats, Hepatic Cytochrome P450 Reductase Null (HRN™) mice and pure enzymes. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 16:284-306. [PMID: 25547492 PMCID: PMC4307247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16010284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ellipticine is a DNA-damaging agent acting as a prodrug whose pharmacological efficiencies and genotoxic side effects are dictated by activation with cytochrome P450 (CYP). Over the last decade we have gained extensive experience in using pure enzymes and various animal models that helped to identify CYPs metabolizing ellipticine. In this review we focus on comparison between the in vitro and in vivo studies and show a necessity of both approaches to obtain valid information on CYP enzymes contributing to ellipticine metabolism. Discrepancies were found between the CYP enzymes activating ellipticine to 13-hydroxy- and 12-hydroxyellipticine generating covalent DNA adducts and those detoxifying this drug to 9-hydroxy- and 7-hydroellipticine in vitro and in vivo. In vivo, formation of ellipticine-DNA adducts is dependent not only on expression levels of CYP3A, catalyzing ellipticine activation in vitro, but also on those of CYP1A that oxidize ellipticine in vitro mainly to the detoxification products. The finding showing that cytochrome b5 alters the ratio of ellipticine metabolites generated by CYP1A1/2 and 3A4 explained this paradox. Whereas the detoxification of ellipticine by CYP1A and 3A is either decreased or not changed by cytochrome b5, activation leading to ellipticine-DNA adducts increased considerably. We show that (I) the pharmacological effects of ellipticine mediated by covalent ellipticine-derived DNA adducts are dictated by expression levels of CYP1A, 3A and cytochrome b5, and its own potency to induce these enzymes in tumor tissues, (II) animal models, where levels of CYPs are either knocked out or induced are appropriate to identify CYPs metabolizing ellipticine in vivo, and (III) extrapolation from in vitro data to the situation in vivo is not always possible, confirming the need for these animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, CZ-12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Věra Černá
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, CZ-12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Michaela Moserová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, CZ-12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Iveta Mrízová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, CZ-12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environmental & Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Eva Frei
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Bárta F, Levová K, Frei E, Schmeiser HH, Arlt VM, Stiborová M. The effect of aristolochic acid I on expression of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase in mice and rats--a comparative study. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 768:1-7. [PMID: 24769487 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aristolochic acid is the cause of aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) and Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) and their associated urothelial malignancies. Using Western blotting, we investigated the expression of NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), the most efficient cytosolic enzyme that reductively activates aristolochic acid I (AAI) in mice and rats. In addition, the effect of AAI on the expression of the NQO1 protein and its enzymatic activity in these experimental animal models was examined. We found that NQO1 protein levels in cytosolic fractions isolated from liver, kidney and lung of mice differed from those expressed in these organs of rats. In mice, the highest levels of NQO1 protein and NQO1 activity were found in the kidney, followed by lung and liver. In contrast, the NQO1 protein levels and enzyme activity were lowest in rat-kidney cytosol, whereas the highest amounts of NQO1 protein and activity were found in lung cytosols, followed by those of liver. NQO1 protein and enzyme activity were induced in liver and kidney of AAI-pretreated mice compared with those of untreated mice. NQO1 protein and enzyme activity were also induced in rat kidney by AAI. Furthermore, the increase in hepatic and renal NQO1 enzyme activity was associated with AAI bio-activation and elevated AAI-DNA adduct levels were found in ex vivo incubations of cytosolic fractions with DNA and AAI. In conclusion, our results indicate that AAI can increase its own metabolic activation by inducing NQO1, thereby enhancing its own genotoxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Bárta
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Levová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Frei
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumour Diseases, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heinz H Schmeiser
- Research Group Genetic Alteration in Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, King's College London, MRC-PHE Centre for Environmental & Health, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Stiborová M, Frei E, Schmeiser HH, Arlt VM, Martínek V. Mechanisms of enzyme-catalyzed reduction of two carcinogenic nitro-aromatics, 3-nitrobenzanthrone and aristolochic acid I: Experimental and theoretical approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:10271-95. [PMID: 24918288 PMCID: PMC4100152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150610271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the results found in studies investigating the enzymatic activation of two genotoxic nitro-aromatics, an environmental pollutant and carcinogen 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA) and a natural plant nephrotoxin and carcinogen aristolochic acid I (AAI), to reactive species forming covalent DNA adducts. Experimental and theoretical approaches determined the reasons why human NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) and cytochromes P450 (CYP) 1A1 and 1A2 have the potential to reductively activate both nitro-aromatics. The results also contributed to the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of these reactions. The contribution of conjugation enzymes such as N,O-acetyltransferases (NATs) and sulfotransferases (SULTs) to the activation of 3-NBA and AAI was also examined. The results indicated differences in the abilities of 3-NBA and AAI metabolites to be further activated by these conjugation enzymes. The formation of DNA adducts generated by both carcinogens during their reductive activation by the NOQ1 and CYP1A1/2 enzymes was investigated with pure enzymes, enzymes present in subcellular cytosolic and microsomal fractions, selective inhibitors, and animal models (including knock-out and humanized animals). For the theoretical approaches, flexible in silico docking methods as well as ab initio calculations were employed. The results summarized in this review demonstrate that a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches is a useful tool to study the enzyme-mediated reaction mechanisms of 3-NBA and AAI reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, CZ-12843, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Frei
- Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Heinz H Schmeiser
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry E030, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division, MRC-PHE Centre for Environmental & Health, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Václav Martínek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, CZ-12843, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Romanov V, Whyard TC, Waltzer WC, Grollman AP, Rosenquist T. Aristolochic acid-induced apoptosis and G2 cell cycle arrest depends on ROS generation and MAP kinases activation. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:47-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yao J, Li CG, Gong LK, Feng CC, Li CZ, Gao M, Luan Y, Qi XM, Ren J. Hepatic cytochrome P450s play a major role in monocrotaline-induced renal toxicity in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:292-300. [PMID: 24362331 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Monocrotaline (MCT) in plants of the genus Crotalaria induces significant toxicity in multiple organs including the liver, lung and kidney. Metabolic activation of MCT is required for MCT-induced toxicity. In this study, we attempted to determine whether the toxicity of MCT in kidney was a consequence of the metabolic activation of MCT in the liver. METHODS Liver-specific cytochrome P450 reductase-null (Null) mice, wild-type (WT) mice and CYP3A inhibitor ketoconazole-pretreated WT (KET-WT) mice were examined. The mice were injected with MCT (300, 400, or 500 mg/kg, ip), and hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity were examined 24 h after MCT treatment. The levels of MCT and its metabolites in the blood, liver, lung, kidney and bile were determined using LC-MS analysis. RESULTS Treatment of WT mice with MCT increased the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, hyaluronic acid, urea nitrogen and creatinine in a dose-dependent manner. Histological examination revealed that MCT (500 mg/kg) caused severe liver injury and moderate kidney injury. In contrast, these pathological abnormalities were absent in Null and KET-WT mice. After injection of MCT (400 and 500 mg/kg), the plasma, liver, kidney and lung of WT mice had significantly lower MCT levels and much higher N-oxide metabolites contents in compared with those of Null and KET-WT mice. Furthermore, WT mice had considerably higher levels of tissue-bound pyrroles and bile GSH-conjugated MCT metabolites compared with Null and KET-WT mice. CONCLUSION Cytochrome P450s in mouse liver play a major role in the metabolic activation of MCT and thus contribute to MCT-induced renal toxicity.
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Michl J, Ingrouille MJ, Simmonds MSJ, Heinrich M. Naturally occurring aristolochic acid analogues and their toxicities. Nat Prod Rep 2014; 31:676-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c3np70114j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Stiborová M, Frei E, Arlt VM, Schmeiser HH. Knockout and humanized mice as suitable tools to identify enzymes metabolizing the human carcinogen aristolochic acid. Xenobiotica 2014; 44:135-45. [PMID: 24152141 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.848310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
1. Aristolochic acid I (AAI) is the predominant component in plant extract of Aristolochia genus that is involved in development of aristolochic acid nephropathy, Balkan endemic nephropathy and urothelial cancer. The diseases do not develop in all individuals exposed to AAI and patients exhibit different clinical outcomes. Differences in the activities of enzymes catalyzing the metabolism of AAI might be one of the reasons for this individual susceptibility. 2. Understanding which human enzymes are involved in reductive activation of AAI generating AAI-DNA adducts, and/or its detoxication to the O-demethylated metabolite, aristolochic acid Ia (AAIa), is necessary in the assessment of the susceptibility to this compound. 3. This review summarizes the results of the latest studies utilizing genetically engineered mouse models to identify which human and rodent enzymes catalyze the reductive activation of AAI to AAI-DNA adducts and its oxidative detoxication to AAIa in vivo. 4. The use of hepatic cytochrome P450 (Cyp) reductase null (HRN) mice, in which NADPH:Cyp oxidoreductase (Por) is deleted in hepatocytes, Cyp1a1((-/-)), Cyp1a2((-/-)) single-knockout, Cyp1a1/1a2((-/-)) double-knockout and CYP1A-humanized mice revealed that mouse and human CYP1A1 and 1A2, besides mouse NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase, were involved in the activation of AAI but CYP1A1 and 1A2 also oxidatively detoxified AAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
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Feng C, Xie X, Wu M, Li C, Gao M, Liu M, Qi X, Ren J. Tanshinone I protects mice from aristolochic acid I-induced kidney injury by induction of CYP1A. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:850-857. [PMID: 23981375 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic CYP1A especially CYP1A2 plays an important role in the reduction of aristolochic acid I (AAI) nephrotoxicity. In this study, we investigated the effects of tanshinone I, a strong inducer of Cyp1a, on the nephrotoxicity induced by AAI. Histopathology and blood biochemistry assays showed that tanshinone I could reduce AAI-induced acute kidney injury. Pharmacokinetics analysis revealed that tanshinone I markedly decreased AUC of AAI in plasma and the content of AAI in both liver and kidney, indicating the enhancement of AAI metabolism. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis confirmed that tanshinone I effectively increased the mRNA and protein levels of hepatic CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 in vivo. Luciferase assay showed that tanshinone I strongly increased the transcriptional activity of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 in the similar extent. In summary, our data suggested that tanshinone I facilitated the metabolism of AAI and prevented AAI-induced kidney injury by induction of hepatic CYP1A 1/2 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Feng
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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Priestap HA, Barbieri MA. Conversion of aristolochic acid I into aristolic acid by reaction with cysteine and glutathione: biological implications. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:965-968. [PMID: 23614652 DOI: 10.1021/np300822b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Aristolochic acid I (AA-I), naturally occurring in Aristolochia plants, is a potent nephrotoxin and carcinogen. Here we report that AA-I suffers hydrogenolysis with loss of the nitro group by reaction with cysteine or glutathione to give aristolic acid. Since the reaction can proceed in aqueous solutions at pH 7.0 and 37 °C, it is inferred that it may also occur in biological systems and contribute to the nephrotoxic effects induced by AA-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio A Priestap
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 Southwest 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, United States.
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Huang L, Scarpellini A, Funck M, Verderio EAM, Johnson TS. Development of a chronic kidney disease model in C57BL/6 mice with relevance to human pathology. NEPHRON EXTRA 2013; 3:12-29. [PMID: 23610565 PMCID: PMC3617971 DOI: 10.1159/000346180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Genetically modified mice are used to investigate disease and assess potential interventions. However, research into kidney fibrosis is hampered by a lack of models of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in mice. Recently, aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN), characterised by severe tubulointerstitial fibrosis, has been identified as a cause of end stage kidney disease and proposed as a model of CKD. Published studies have used various dosing regimens, species and strains, with variable outcomes. Therefore, we aimed to develop a standardised protocol to develop tubulointerstitial fibrosis using pure aristolochic acid I (AAI) in C57BL/6 mice. Methods AAI dose optimisation was performed by intraperitoneal injection of AAI at varying dose, frequency and duration. Kidney function was assessed by serum creatinine. Fibrosis was quantified by hydroxyproline levels and Masson's Trichrome staining. Specific collagens were measured by immunofluorescent staining. Results Single doses of AAI of >10 mg/kg caused acute kidney failure and death. Lower doses of 2.5 mg/kg needed to be administrated more than weekly to cause significant fibrosis. 3 mg/kg once every 3 days for 6 weeks followed by a disease development time of 6 weeks after AAI led to reduced kidney weight and function. Substantial tubulointerstitial fibrosis occurred, with males more severely affected. Increased deposition of collagen I, III and IV contributed to fibrosis, with collagen III and IV higher in males. Conclusions AAN can be induced in C57BL/6 mice. The regimen of 3 mg/kg every 3 days for 6 weeks followed by 6 weeks of disease development time gives substantial tubulointerstitial fibrosis with lesions similar to those in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghong Huang
- Academic Nephrology Unit, Sheffield Kidney Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Levova K, Moserova M, Nebert DW, Phillips DH, Frei E, Schmeiser HH, Arlt VM, Stiborova M. NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase expression in Cyp1a-knockout and CYP1A-humanized mouse lines and its effect on bioactivation of the carcinogen aristolochic acid I. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 265:360-7. [PMID: 22982977 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aristolochic acid causes a specific nephropathy (AAN), Balkan endemic nephropathy, and urothelial malignancies. Using Western blotting suitable to determine protein expression, we investigated in several transgenic mouse lines expression of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1)-the most efficient cytosolic enzyme that reductively activates aristolochic acid I (AAI). The mouse tissues used were from previous studies [Arlt et al., Chem. Res. Toxicol. 24 (2011) 1710; Stiborova et al., Toxicol. Sci. 125 (2012) 345], in which the role of microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in AAI metabolism in vivo had been determined. We found that NQO1 levels in liver, kidney and lung of Cyp1a1⁻/⁻, Cyp1a2⁻/⁻ and Cyp1a1/1a2⁻/⁻ knockout mouse lines, as well as in two CYP1A-humanized mouse lines harboring functional human CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 and lacking the mouse Cyp1a1/1a2 orthologs, differed from NQO1 levels in wild-type mice. NQO1 protein and enzymic activity were induced in hepatic and renal cytosolic fractions isolated from AAI-pretreated mice, compared with those in untreated mice. Furthermore, this increase in hepatic NQO1 enzyme activity was associated with bioactivation of AAI and elevated AAI-DNA adduct levels in ex vivo incubations of cytosolic fractions with DNA and AAI. In conclusion, AAI appears to increase its own metabolic activation by inducing NQO1, thereby enhancing its own genotoxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Levova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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The application of hepatic P450 reductase null gpt delta mice in studying the role of hepatic P450 in genotoxic carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced mutagenesis. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:1753-61. [PMID: 22710403 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0891-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) is involved in both detoxification and metabolic activation of many carcinogens. In order to identify the role of hepatic P450 in the mutagenesis of genotoxic carcinogens, we generated a novel hepatic P450 reductase null (HRN) gpt delta mouse model, which lacks functional hepatic P450 on a gpt delta mouse background. In this study, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) was used to treat HRN gpt delta mice and control littermates. Gene mutations in the liver and lungs were detected, and mutation spectra were analyzed. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed, and tissue levels of NNK and metabolite were determined. NNK-induced mutant frequencies (MFs) were equivalent to spontaneous MFs in the liver, but increased more than 3 times in the lungs of HRN gpt delta mice compared to control mice. NNK-induced mutation spectra showed no difference between HRN gpt delta mice and control littermates. Toxicokinetic studies revealed reduced clearance of NNK with elevated tissue concentrations in HRN gpt delta mice. To our knowledge, these are the first data demonstrating that NNK cannot induce mutagenesis in the liver without P450 metabolic activation, but can induce mutagenesis in lungs by a hepatic P450-independent mechanism. Moreover, our data show that hepatic P450 plays a major role in the systemic clearance of NNK, thereby protecting the lungs against NNK-induced mutagenesis. Our model will be useful in establishing the role of hepatic versus extrahepatic P450-mediated mutagenesis, and the relative contributions of P450 compared to other biotransformation enzymes in the genotoxic carcinogens' activation.
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Lin Y, Yao Y, Liu S, Wang L, Moorthy B, Xiong D, Cheng T, Ding X, Gu J. Role of mammary epithelial and stromal P450 enzymes in the clearance and metabolic activation of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in mice. Toxicol Lett 2012; 212:97-105. [PMID: 22595614 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microsomal cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes, which are important in the metabolism of carcinogens, are expressed in both epithelial and stromal cells in the mammary gland. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of mammary epithelial P450 enzymes in the bioactivation and disposition of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), a breast carcinogen, in the mammary gland. A new mouse model (named MEpi-Cpr-null) was produced, wherein P450 activities in the mammary epithelial cells are suppressed through tissue-specific deletion of the gene for P450 reductase (Cpr), an enzyme required for the activities of all microsomal P450 enzymes. Comparisons between wild-type and MEpi-Cpr-null mice showed that the tissue-specific deletion of Cpr in the mammary epithelial cells was accompanied by significant increases in the levels of DMBA and DMBA-DNA adduct in the mammary gland following a single intraperitoneal injection of DMBA at 50mg/kg. Immunohistochemical and immunoblot analysis further revealed greater induction of CYP1B1 expression by the DMBA treatment in the mammary stroma of the MEpi-Cpr-null mice than in that of the WT mice. These findings not only demonstrate that the epithelial P450 enzymes play important roles in the clearance of DMBA, but also suggest that P450 enzymes in both mammary epithelial and stromal cells contribute to carcinogen-mediated DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lin
- Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
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Xing G, Qi X, Chen M, Wu Y, Yao J, Gong L, Nohmi T, Luan Y, Ren J. Comparison of the mutagenicity of aristolochic acid I and aristolochic acid II in the gpt delta transgenic mouse kidney. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 743:52-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Priestap HA, Torres MC, Rieger RA, Dickman KG, Freshwater T, Taft DR, Barbieri MA, Iden CR. Aristolochic acid I metabolism in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 25:130-9. [PMID: 22118289 DOI: 10.1021/tx200333g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Aristolochic acids are natural nitro-compounds found globally in the plant genus Aristolochia that have been implicated in the severe illness in humans termed aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN). Aristolochic acids undergo nitroreduction, among other metabolic reactions, and active intermediates arise that are carcinogenic. Previous experiments with rats showed that aristolochic acid I (AA-I), after oral administration or injection, is subjected to detoxication reactions to give aristolochic acid Ia, aristolactam Ia, aristolactam I, and their glucuronide and sulfate conjugates that can be found in urine and feces. Results obtained with whole rats do not clearly define the role of liver and kidney in such metabolic transformation. In this study, in order to determine the specific role of the kidney on the renal disposition of AA-I and to study the biotransformations suffered by AA-I in this organ, isolated kidneys of rats were perfused with AA-I. AA-I and metabolite concentrations were determined in perfusates and urine using HPLC procedures. The isolated perfused rat kidney model showed that AA-I distributes rapidly and extensively in kidney tissues by uptake from the peritubular capillaries and the tubules. It was also established that the kidney is able to metabolize AA-I into aristolochic acid Ia, aristolochic acid Ia O-sulfate, aristolactam Ia, aristolactam I, and aristolactam Ia O-glucuronide. Rapid demethylation and sulfation of AA-I in the kidney generate aristolochic acid Ia and its sulfate conjugate that are voided to the urine. Reduction reactions to give the aristolactam metabolites occur to a slower rate. Renal clearances showed that filtered AA-I is reabsorbed at the tubules, whereas the metabolites are secreted. The unconjugated metabolites produced in the renal tissues are transported to both urine and perfusate, whereas the conjugated metabolites are almost exclusively secreted to the urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio A Priestap
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University , Miami, Florida 33199, United States.
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Chen B, Bai Y, Sun M, Ni X, Yang Y, Yang Y, Zheng S, Xu F, Dai S. Glutathione S-transferases T1 null genotype is associated with susceptibility to aristolochic acid nephropathy. Int Urol Nephrol 2011; 44:301-7. [PMID: 22116675 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-011-0082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to determine whether six polymorphisms of the genes involved in drug metabolism are associated with susceptibility to the development and progression of aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN). METHODS In the study, 91 aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN) cases and 152 healthy controls of Chinese Han population were examined. Six common polymorphisms of genes, including multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1), cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), glutathione S-transferase (GST) T1 and M1, were determined. Associations between their genotypes with AAN risk were calculated using an unconditional logistic regression model. RESULTS Among the six candidate polymorphisms, only the distribution frequency of GSTT1 null genotype was significantly higher among AAN cases compared with controls (P = 0.041, 62.6% vs. 48.7%) and was associated with a 1.7-fold increased risk (OR = 1.728, 95%CI: 1.013-2.948, P = 0.045) of developing AAN, after adjustment for age and gender. The stratified analysis further showed that the GSTT1 null genotype was dominant in slow progressive AAN patients (OR = 2.497, 95%CI: 1.028-6.064, P = 0.043). The GSTM1 genotypes were not shown to influence the development of AAN. CONCLUSION This study supports the hypothesis that polymorphisms related to drug metabolism such as GSTT1 may be an important factor influencing the development of AAN in the Chinese Han population exposed to AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bicheng Chen
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325000, China
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Xue X, Gong LK, Maeda K, Luan Y, Qi XM, Sugiyama Y, Ren J. Critical role of organic anion transporters 1 and 3 in kidney accumulation and toxicity of aristolochic acid I. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:2183-92. [PMID: 21980933 DOI: 10.1021/mp100418u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ingestion of aristolochic acid (AA), especially its major constituent aristolochic acid I (AAI), results in severe kidney injury known as aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN). Although hepatic cytochrome P450s metabolize AAI to reduce its kidney toxicity in mice, the mechanism by which AAI is uptaken by renal cells to induce renal toxicity is largely unknown. In this study, we found that organic anion transporters (OATs) 1 and 3, proteins known to transport drugs from the blood into the tubular epithelium, are responsible for the transportation of AAI into renal tubular cells and the subsequent nephrotoxicity. AAI uptake in HEK 293 cells stably transfected with human OAT1 or OAT3 was greatly increased compared to that in the control cells, and this uptake was dependent on the AAI concentration. Administration of probenecid, a well-known OAT inhibitor, to the mice reduced AAI renal accumulation and its urinary excretion and protected mice from AAI-induced acute tubular necrosis. Further, AAI renal accumulation and severe kidney lesions induced by AAl in Oat1 and Oat3 gene knockout mice all were markedly suppressed compared to those in the wild-type mice. Together, our results suggest that OAT1 and OAT3 have a critical role in AAl renal accumulation and toxicity. These transporters may serve as a potential therapeutic target against AAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Knockout of hepatic P450 reductase aggravates triptolide-induced toxicity. Toxicol Lett 2011; 205:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Contribution of biotransformation enzymes to the development of renal injury and urothelial cancer caused by aristolochic acid: urgent questions, difficult answers. Interdiscip Toxicol 2011; 1:8-12. [PMID: 21218097 PMCID: PMC2993473 DOI: 10.2478/v10102-010-0023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ingestion of aristolochic acid (AA) is associated with the development of aristolochic acid nephropathy, which is characterized by chronic renal failure, tubulointerstitial fibrosis and urothelial cancer. AA may also cause a similar type of kidney fibrosis with malignant transformation of the urothelium, the Balkan endemic nephropathy. Understanding which enzymes are involved in AA activation and/or detoxication is important in the assessment of a susceptibility to this carcinogen. The most important human enzymes activating AA by simple nitroreduction in vitro are hepatic and renal cytosolic NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 1A2 and renal microsomal NADPH:cytcohrome P450 reductase, besides cyclooxygenase, which is highly expressed in urothelial tissue. Despite extensive research, contribution of most of these enzymes to the development of these diseases is still unknown. Hepatic cytochromes P450 were found to detoxicate AA in mice, and thereby protect the kidney from injury. However, which of cytochromes P450 are the most important in this process both in animal models and in humans have not been entirely resolved as yet. In addition, the relative contribution of enzymes found to activate AA to species responsible for induction of urothelial cancer in humans remains still to be resolved.
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