1
|
Aqeel F, Geetha D. Kidney Failure in Pauci-immune Crescentic Glomerulonephritis: Rationale for Immunosuppression to Improve Kidney Outcome. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2024; 26:290-301. [PMID: 38709420 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-024-01150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis is the hallmark finding in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) when the kidneys are affected. The rationale for immunosuppression in AAV is based on the underlying autoimmune nature of the disease. Overall remission rates, kidney outcomes, and the burden of disease have greatly improved since the discovery of various immunosuppressive therapies, but relapses remain common, and a significant proportion of patients continue to progress to end-stage kidney disease. Here, we review the role of immunosuppressive therapies for the treatment of pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis. RECENT FINDINGS Besides the recognized role of B and T cells in the pathogenies of AAV, the focus on the contribution of inflammatory cytokines, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and the complement system allowed the discovery of new therapies. Specifically, the C5a receptor blocker (avacopan) has been approved as a glucocorticoid-sparing agent. Additionally, based on observational data, more clinicians are now using combination therapies during the induction phase. There is also an evolving understanding of the role of plasma exchange in removing ANCA antibodies. Furthermore, the recent development of risk score systems provides physicians with valuable prognostic information that can influence decisions on immunosuppression, although future validation from larger cohorts is needed. The over-activation of various immune pathways plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis in AAV. Immunosuppression is, therefore, an important strategy to halt disease progression and improve overall outcomes. Relapse prevention while minimizing adverse events of immunosuppression is a major long-term goal in AAV management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faten Aqeel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 301 Mason Lord Drive, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Duvuru Geetha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 301 Mason Lord Drive, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dolgyras P, Anyfanti P, Lazaridis A, Gavriilaki E, Koletsos N, Triantafyllou A, Barbara N, Mastrogiannis K, Yiannaki E, Papakonstantinou A, Galanapoulou V, Douma S, Gkaliagkousi E. Endothelial dysfunction and complement activation are independently associated with disease duration in patients with systemic vasculitis. Microvasc Res 2024; 154:104692. [PMID: 38705254 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2024.104692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic vasculitis is a heterogenous group of autoimmune diseases characterized by enhanced cardiovascular mortality. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with accelerated vascular damage, representing a core pathophysiologic mechanism contributing to excess CV risk. Recent studies have also shown that complement activation holds significant role in the pathogenesis of Anti-Neutrophilic Cytoplasmic Autoantibody (ANCA) -associated vasculitis (AAV). Given the potential crosstalk between the endothelium and complement, we aimed to assess, for the first time simultaneously, easily accessible biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and complement activation in SV. METHODS We measured circulating endothelial microvesicles (EMVs) and soluble complement components representative of alternative, classical and terminal activation (C5b-9, C1q, Bb fragments, respectively) in a meticulously selected group of patients with systemic vasculitis, but without cardiovascular disease. Individuals free from systemic diseases, who were matched with patients for cardiovascular risk factors(hypertension, diabetes, smoking, dyslipidemia), comprised the control group. RESULTS We studied 60 individuals (30 in each group). Patients with systemic vasculitis had elevated EMVs, higher levels of C5b-9 [536.4(463.4) vs 1200.94457.3), p = 0.003] and C1q [136.2(146.5 vs 204.2(232.9), p = 0.0129], compared to controls [232.0 (243.5) vs 139.3(52.1), p < 0.001]. In multivariate analysis both EMVs and C5b-9 were independently associated with disease duration (p = 0.005 and p = 0.004 respectively), yet not with disease activity. CONCLUSION Patients with systemic vasculitis exhibit impaired endothelial function and complement activation, both assessed by easily accessible biomarkers, even in the absence of cardiovascular disease manifestations. EMVs and soluble complement components such as C5b-9 and C1q could be used as early biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and complement activation, respectively, in clinical practice during the course of SV, yet their predictive value in terms of future cardiovascular disease warrants further verification in appropriately designed studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Dolgyras
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Panagiota Anyfanti
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonios Lazaridis
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Gavriilaki
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Koletsos
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Areti Triantafyllou
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaidou Barbara
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Mastrogiannis
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efi Yiannaki
- Hematology Laboratory, Theagenion Cancer Center, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Papakonstantinou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Stella Douma
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eugenia Gkaliagkousi
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vivarelli M, Barratt J, Beck LH, Fakhouri F, Gale DP, Goicoechea de Jorge E, Mosca M, Noris M, Pickering MC, Susztak K, Thurman JM, Cheung M, King JM, Jadoul M, Winkelmayer WC, Smith RJH. The role of complement in kidney disease: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference. Kidney Int 2024:S0085-2538(24)00389-2. [PMID: 38844295 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2024.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Uncontrolled complement activation can cause or contribute to glomerular injury in multiple kidney diseases. Although complement activation plays a causal role in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy, over the past decade, a rapidly accumulating body of evidence has shown a role for complement activation in multiple other kidney diseases, including diabetic nephropathy and several glomerulonephritides. The number of available complement inhibitor therapies has also increased during the same period. In 2022, Kidney Diseases: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) convened a Controversies Conference, "The Role of Complement in Kidney Disease," to address the expanding role of complement dysregulation in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of various glomerular diseases, diabetic nephropathy, and other forms of hemolytic uremic syndrome. Conference participants reviewed the evidence for complement playing a primary causal or secondary role in progression for several disease states and considered how evidence of complement involvement might inform management. Participating patients with various complement-mediated diseases and caregivers described concerns related to life planning, implications surrounding genetic testing, and the need for inclusive implementation of effective novel therapies into clinical practice. The value of biomarkers in monitoring disease course and the role of the glomerular microenvironment in complement response were examined, and key gaps in knowledge and research priorities were identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Vivarelli
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Jonathan Barratt
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Laurence H Beck
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fadi Fakhouri
- Department of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France; INSERM UMR S1064, Nantes, France
| | - Daniel P Gale
- Centre for Kidney and Bladder Health, University College London, UK
| | - Elena Goicoechea de Jorge
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ORL, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Area of Chronic Diseases and Transplantation, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Mosca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine-Rheumatology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marina Noris
- Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases Aldo e Cele Daccò, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Ranica, Italy
| | - Matthew C Pickering
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua M Thurman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - Michel Jadoul
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wolfgang C Winkelmayer
- Selzman Institute for Kidney Health, Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard J H Smith
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang H, Xu A, Li X, Pan B, Wan X. Correlation Between C4/IgG with Macroproteinuria in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Pilot Study. Immunotargets Ther 2024; 13:205-214. [PMID: 38628623 PMCID: PMC11020232 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s451307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Loss of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is accompanied with proteinuria, especially macroproteinuria. The complement system participates kidney disease resulting in proteinuria. Whether the ratio of complement and IgG is associated with macroproteinuria remains unknown. Design Setting Participants and Measurements A total of 1013 non-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients were recruited according to the electrical case records system with 268 patients who endured kidney biopsy. Patients were grouped via the estimated glomerular filtration rate or the levels of proteinuria determination. Biomarkers in different CKD groups or proteinuria groups were compared by one-way ANOVA or independent samples t-test. Pearson or spearman analysis was employed to analyze correlation between clinical indexes. Further, influence factor of macroproteinuria was studied by using binary logistic regression. The ROC curve was performed to explore probable predictive biomarker for macroproteinuria. Results No significant difference of complement C3 and C4 among CKD1 to CKD5 stages, while higher level of complement C4 in patients with macroproteinuria. Further, C4 had a positive correlation with proteinuria (r=0.255, p=0.006). After adjusted for age, IgA, IgM, triglyceride and HDL, a binary logistic regression model showed lnC4/IgG (OR=3.561, 95% CI 2.196-5.773, p<0.01), gender (OR=1.737, 95% CI 1.116-2.702, p=0.014), age (OR=0.983, 95% CI 0.969-0.997, p=0.014), and history of diabetes (OR=0.405, 95% CI 0.235-0.699, p<0.01) were independent influence factors of macroproteinuria. The area under the ROC curve was 0.77 (95% CI: 0.75-0.82, p<0.001) for C4/IgG. The analysis of ROC curves revealed a best cut-off for complement C4 was 0.024 and yielded a sensitivity of 71% and a specificity of 71%. The area under the ROC curve was 0.841 (95% CI: 0.735-0.946, p < 0.001) for C4/IgG in IgA nephropathy patients. The analysis of ROC curves revealed a best cut-off for complement C4/IgG was 0.026 and yielded a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 81.2%. The area under the ROC curve for C4/IgG in CKD1-5 stages were 0.772, 0.811, 0.785, 0.835, 0.674. Conclusion Complement C4/IgG could be used to predict macroproteinuria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anqi Xu
- Department of Quality Management, Nanjing Red Cross Blood Center, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangxiang Li
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Yuhua Hospital, Yuhua Branch of Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Binbin Pan
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Wan
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Balogh L, Oláh K, Sánta S, Majerhoffer N, Németh T. Novel and potential future therapeutic options in systemic autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1249500. [PMID: 38558805 PMCID: PMC10978744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1249500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune inflammation is caused by the loss of tolerance to specific self-antigens and can result in organ-specific or systemic disorders. Systemic autoimmune diseases affect a significant portion of the population with an increasing rate of incidence, which means that is essential to have effective therapies to control these chronic disorders. Unfortunately, several patients with systemic autoimmune diseases do not respond at all or just partially respond to available conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and targeted therapies. However, during the past few years, some new medications have been approved and can be used in real-life clinical settings. Meanwhile, several new candidates appeared and can offer promising novel treatment options in the future. Here, we summarize the newly available medications and the most encouraging drug candidates in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's disease, systemic sclerosis, systemic vasculitis, and autoimmune myositis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Balogh
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE “Lendület” Translational Rheumatology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE “Lendület” Translational Rheumatology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Soma Sánta
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE “Lendület” Translational Rheumatology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nóra Majerhoffer
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE “Lendület” Translational Rheumatology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Németh
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE “Lendület” Translational Rheumatology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shukla S, Sekar A, Naik S, Rathi M, Sharma A, Nada R, Kohli HS, Ramachandran R. ANCA-Associated Vasculitis with Systemic Thrombotic Microangiopathy: A Review of Literature. Indian J Nephrol 2024; 34:155-161. [PMID: 38681020 PMCID: PMC11044693 DOI: 10.4103/ijn.ijn_376_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) rarely coexist with systemic thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA).The TMA can be in the form of either hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). This review explores the clinical characteristics, histopathological findings, treatment options, and outcomes in patients presenting as AAV with coexisting HUS/TTP. Methods We conducted a search on the PubMed database and additional searches from January 1998 to September 2022 using the following terms: "ANCA", "Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody", "thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura", "TTP", "thrombotic microangiopathy", "haemolytic uremic syndrome", and "HUS". We excluded articles that described renal-limited TMA. Two authors independently reviewed the full texts and extracted all critical data from the included case reports. Finally, we included 15 cases for this review. Hematological remission and kidney recovery in the form of independence from dialysis was assessed. Results The median age of the patients was 61 years and a majority of them were females (66.7%). Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA positivity (66.67%) was more common than proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCA positivity (33.33%). All patients had laboratory parameters consistent with systemic TMA (HUS or TTP), and only six (out of 11) cases showed histological features of renal TMA. Ten had crescentic glomerulonephritis, and two had advanced degrees of chronicity in histology. Eighty-six percent of cases had hematological remission, and sixty percent of cases became dialysis-independent after treatment. Conclusion In conclusion, kidney outcome was worse in patients who manifested both AAV and systemic TMA. A paucity of literature regarding this diagnostic quandary calls for avid reporting of such cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Shukla
- Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aravind Sekar
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sachin Naik
- Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manish Rathi
- Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Aman Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ritambhra Nada
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harbir S. Kohli
- Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Raja Ramachandran
- Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Renson T, Kelly MM, Benediktsson H, Grundhoefer N, Luca N, Miettunen P, Twilt M, Grisaru S, Wade A, Banks A, Fifi-Mah A, Hamiwka L, Benseler S. Non-invasive biomarkers of disease activity and organ damage in ANCA-associated vasculitis: a systematic review. RMD Open 2024; 10:e003579. [PMID: 38341193 PMCID: PMC10862256 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV), histopathological assessment of affected tissue is often necessary for diagnosis and assessment of disease extent. There is a requirement for validated non-invasive biomarkers to avoid the need for serial tissue biopsies. METHODS A systematic review of scientific databases from 2012 until present was performed to identify studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Studies were assessed for quality using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist for cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies and the Risk of Bias Assessment tool for Non-randomised Studies, or the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool 2.0 for randomised controlled trials. A descriptive synthesis of the data for non-invasive (blood-based or urinary) biomarkers of AAV-related disease activity and organ damage was performed. RESULTS Twenty-two high quality studies were included. These articles reported the value of blood-based and urinary biomarkers including anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, immune cells, complement factors, gene expression profiles, cytokines, chemokines and other proteins in the assessment of disease activity and/or organ damage in patients with AAV. Many of these biomarkers involve the alternative complement pathway, neutrophil activation and macrophage activation. CONCLUSION This is the first contemporary systematic review synthesising the value of non-invasive biomarkers of AAV-related disease activity and organ damage. The incorporation of individual markers in combined biomarker profiles might enhance clinical decision-making. Many unmet needs were identified; few studies involve oeosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis and patients with childhood-onset AAV. Further validation of the candidate biomarkers is warranted in large prospective studies to bridge the existing knowledge gaps and apply precision health to systemic vasculitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Renson
- Rheumatology and Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- European Reference Network for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Margaret M Kelly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hallgrimur Benediktsson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nele Grundhoefer
- Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nadia Luca
- Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paivi Miettunen
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marinka Twilt
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Silviu Grisaru
- Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew Wade
- Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anke Banks
- Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aurore Fifi-Mah
- Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lorraine Hamiwka
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susanne Benseler
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lucientes-Continente L, Fernández-Juárez G, Márquez-Tirado B, Jiménez-Villegas L, Acevedo M, Cavero T, Cámara LS, Draibe J, Anton-Pampols P, Caravaca-Fontán F, Praga M, Villacorta J, Goicoechea de Jorge E. Complement alternative pathway determines disease susceptibility and severity in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis. Kidney Int 2024; 105:177-188. [PMID: 37923132 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the alternative pathway (AP) of complement is involved in the pathogenesis of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV), although the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. To gain insight into the role of the AP, common gene variants in CFH/CFHR1-5, CFB, C3 and MCP, and longitudinal determinations of plasma C3, C4, FH, FHR-1, FHR-2, FHR-5, FB, properdin and sC5b-9 levels were analyzed in a Spanish AAV cohort consisting of 102 patients; 54 with active AAV (active cohort) and 48 in remission not receiving immunosuppressants or dialysis therapy (remission cohort). The validation cohort consisted of 100 patients with ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis. Here, we demonstrated that common genetic variants in complement components of the AP are associated with disease susceptibility (CFB32Q/W) or severity of kidney damage in AAV (CFH-H1, CFH1H2 and ΔCFHR3/1). Plasma levels of complement components were significantly different between active and remission cohorts. In longitudinal observations, a high degree of AP activation at diagnosis was associated with worse disease outcome, while high basal FHR-1 levels and lower FH/FHR-1 ratios determined severe forms of kidney associated AAV. These genetic and plasmatic findings were confirmed in the validation cohort. Additionally, autoantibodies against FH and C3 convertase were identified in one and five active patients, respectively. Thus, our study identified key genetic and plasma components of the AP that determine disease susceptibility, prognosis, and severity in AAV. Our data also suggests that balance between FH and FHR-1 is critical and supports FHR-1 as a novel AP-specific therapeutic target in AAV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lucientes-Continente
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Area of Chronic Diseases and Transplantation, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Fernández-Juárez
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Instituto de Investigación de la Paz (IdIPAZ), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bárbara Márquez-Tirado
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Area of Chronic Diseases and Transplantation, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Jiménez-Villegas
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Area of Chronic Diseases and Transplantation, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Acevedo
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Teresa Cavero
- Department of Nephrology, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juliana Draibe
- Nephrology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Anton-Pampols
- Nephrology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Praga
- Department of Nephrology, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Villacorta
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Goicoechea de Jorge
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Area of Chronic Diseases and Transplantation, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Monach PA. Complement. Arthritis Rheumatol 2024; 76:1-8. [PMID: 37551641 DOI: 10.1002/art.42671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of complement in human autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases is reviewed, focusing on clinical applicability. A typical case is presented in which serum testing for C3 and C4 is performed to help assess a syndrome with a broad differential diagnosis. The review includes a discussion of complement deficiency states, consumption of complement by diseases characterized by immune-complex formation and deposition, usefulness and interpretation of laboratory tests for complement, and development of drugs targeting specific components of the complement pathway for a growing number of indications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Monach
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang SSY, Tang H, Loe MWC, Yeo SC, Javaid MM. Complements and Their Role in Systemic Disorders. Cureus 2024; 16:e52991. [PMID: 38406130 PMCID: PMC10894639 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The complement system is critical to the body's innate defense against exogenous pathogens and clearance of endogenous waste, comprising the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways. Although tightly regulated, various congenital and acquired diseases can perturb the complement system, resulting in specific complement deficiencies. Systemic rheumatic, neurological, ophthalmological, renal, and hematological disorders are some prototypical complement-mediated diseases. An adequate understanding of the mechanisms of the normal complement system and the pathophysiology of complement dysregulation is critical for providing diagnostic clues and appropriately managing these conditions. This review guides clinicians in understanding the role of complement factors in systemic diseases and what diagnostic and therapeutic options are available for complement-mediated disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Haoming Tang
- Medicine, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, SGP
| | | | | | - Muhammad M Javaid
- Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, AUS
- Medicine, Deakin University, Warrnambool, AUS
- Renal Medicine, Woodlands Health, Singapore, SGP
- Nephrology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, SGP
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cassard A, Kounde C, Bouillet L, Goulenok T, Ribes D, Mesbah R, Langlois V, Delas A, Fortenfant F, Humbert S, Lebas C, Belliere J, Kerschen P, Chauveau D, Colombat M, Faguer S. Are serum C3 levels or kidney C3 deposits useful markers for predicting outcomes in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis? J Transl Autoimmun 2023; 7:100217. [PMID: 37877133 PMCID: PMC10590832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2023.100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Complement activation emerged as a key actor of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-associated vasculitis (AAV). Whether serum levels of C3 (sC3) or C3 kidney deposition may help to refine the prognosis of AAV remains elusive. Methods Retrospective multicentric study that included 154 patients with a first flare of AAV and sC3 (n = 143) or C3 kidney staining (n = 95) available at diagnosis. Clinical presentations, kidney pathology, and survival of patients with normal or low sC3 were compared using univariate analyses, Kaplan-Maier curves with log-rank comparison, or multivariate Cox' model, as appropriate. Results 20 patients (14 %) had low sC3. sC3 (as bivariate low/normal or as a continuous variable) was associated with 5-year mortality but not with kidney survival. C3 kidney deposition (C3+) was identified in 23 patients who were characterized by more frequent chronic hypertension and lower eGFR at presentation (p = 0.04). C3+ correlated with IgG, IgM, C1q deposition (p = 0.07, p < 0.0001 and p = 0.003, respectively). Chronicity and activity scores were similar in C3+ and C3- patients. Among C3+ patients, those with C3 deposition ≥2+ had lower eGFR at presentation (p = 0.006) and were more frequently classified as sclerotic using the Berden classification (p = 0.04) and as 'high risk' using the Brix score (p = 0.03). However, eGFR improvement following induction regimen was similar between C3+ and C3- patients, and kidney survival at 5 years was similar. Conclusions Correlation of sC3 with mortality confirms mechanistic links between complement pathways and AAV, but the lack of clear predictive sC3 cut-off and the similar kidney outcome irrespective of C3 deposition precludes their use as biomarkers of AAV outcomes and response to treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Cassard
- Département de Néphrologie et Transplantation d'organes, Centre de référence des Maladies rénales rares, Groupe Français d’études des Vascularites, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Clément Kounde
- Département de Néphrologie et Transplantation d'organes, Centre de référence des Maladies rénales rares, Groupe Français d’études des Vascularites, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Bouillet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5525, VetAgro Sup, Grenoble INP, CHU Grenoble Alpes, TIMC, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Tiphaine Goulenok
- Service de Médecine Interne, Hôpital Bichat, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | - David Ribes
- Département de Néphrologie et Transplantation d'organes, Centre de référence des Maladies rénales rares, Groupe Français d’études des Vascularites, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Rafik Mesbah
- Service de Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier de Boulogne-sur-Mer, Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Vincent Langlois
- Service de Médecine Interne et Maladies Infectieuses, Groupe Hospitalier du Havre, Le Havre France
| | - Audrey Delas
- Laboratoire d’Anatomo-pathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse – Oncopole, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Fortenfant
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Humbert
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Céline Lebas
- Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation rénale, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Julie Belliere
- Département de Néphrologie et Transplantation d'organes, Centre de référence des Maladies rénales rares, Groupe Français d’études des Vascularites, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire d’Anatomo-pathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse – Oncopole, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (UMR 1297), Toulouse, France
| | | | - Dominique Chauveau
- Département de Néphrologie et Transplantation d'organes, Centre de référence des Maladies rénales rares, Groupe Français d’études des Vascularites, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire d’Anatomo-pathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse – Oncopole, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (UMR 1297), Toulouse, France
| | - Magali Colombat
- Laboratoire d’Anatomo-pathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse – Oncopole, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Toulouse-3, Toulouse, France
| | - Stanislas Faguer
- Département de Néphrologie et Transplantation d'organes, Centre de référence des Maladies rénales rares, Groupe Français d’études des Vascularites, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire d’Anatomo-pathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse – Oncopole, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (UMR 1297), Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The complement cascade comprises soluble and cell surface proteins and is an important arm of the innate immune system. Once activated, the complement system rapidly generates large quantities of protein fragments that are potent mediators of inflammatory, vasoactive and metabolic responses. Although complement is crucial to host defence and homeostasis, its inappropriate or uncontrolled activation can also drive tissue injury. For example, the complement system has been known for more than 50 years to be activated by glomerular immune complexes and to contribute to autoimmune kidney disease. Notably, the latest research shows that complement is also activated in kidney diseases that are not traditionally thought of as immune-mediated, including haemolytic-uraemic syndrome, diabetic kidney disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Several complement-targeted drugs have been approved for the treatment of kidney disease, and additional anti-complement agents are being investigated in clinical trials. These drugs are categorically different from other immunosuppressive agents and target pathological processes that are not effectively inhibited by other classes of immunosuppressants. The development of these new drugs might therefore have considerable benefits in the treatment of kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Petr
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Joshua M Thurman
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Almaani S, Song H, Suthanthira M, Toy C, Fussner LA, Meara A, Nagaraja H, Cuthbertson D, Khalidi NA, Koening CL, Langford CA, McAlear CA, Moreland LW, Pagnoux C, Seo P, Specks U, Sreih AG, Warrington KJ, Monach PA, Merkel PA, Rovin B, Birmingham D. Urine and Plasma Complement Ba Levels During Disease Flares in Patients With Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibody-Associated Vasculitis. Kidney Int Rep 2023; 8:2421-2427. [PMID: 38025219 PMCID: PMC10658281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2023.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although the alternative complement pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV), the specific nature of its involvement is unclear. This study measured levels of urine and plasma complement fragment Ba at multiple time points in a group of patients with AAV. Methods The complement fragment Ba was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serial urine and plasma samples from 21 patients with AAV who developed a renal flare, 19 who developed a nonrenal flare, and 20 in long-term remission. Urine Ba levels were corrected for urine creatinine concentration. Changes in Ba levels were modeled using mixed linear-effect models. A logistic regression model was fit to predict a renal flare using Ba levels at the time of flare versus the nonrenal flare and long-term remission groups. Results Data from 60 patients with AAV were used for this analysis; 53% were male, 93% were White, and 74% had antiproteinase3-ANCA. Urine Ba levels increased at renal flare (P < 0.001) but remained stable during a nonrenal flare or long-term remission. Plasma Ba levels were stable over time in all groups. Urine Ba levels predicted a renal flare with an area under the curve of 0.76 (P < 0.001), with a cutoff of 12.53 ng/mg urine creatinine yielding a sensitivity of 76.2% and a specificity of 68.4%. Conclusion Urine Ba levels, but not plasma Ba levels, are increased at the time of a renal flare in AAV, suggesting intrarenal complement activation and highlighting the potential use of this biomarker for surveillance of active renal vasculitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salem Almaani
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Huijuan Song
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Meshora Suthanthira
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Christopher Toy
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Lynn A. Fussner
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexa Meara
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Haikady Nagaraja
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - David Cuthbertson
- Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Nader A. Khalidi
- Division of Rheumatology, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Carol A. McAlear
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Larry W. Moreland
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Christian Pagnoux
- Division of Rheumatology, Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Philip Seo
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ulrich Specks
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Antoine G. Sreih
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Warrington
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Paul A. Monach
- Veteran’s Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter A. Merkel
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brad Rovin
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel Birmingham
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Alvarez L, Kambham N, Su R. Renal improvement and remission in a patient with refractory ANCA-associated vasculitis treated with avacopan. J Nephrol 2023; 36:2365-2370. [PMID: 37036661 PMCID: PMC10638159 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-023-01614-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis is associated with end-organ damage resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Most recently, avacopan, an orally administered selective antagonist of the C5a receptor, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as an adjunctive treatment of adult patients with severe, active ANCA-associated vasculitis (granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis) in combination with standard therapy including glucocorticoids. This case study describes a 58-year-old Asian female with severe ANCA-associated vasculitis and acute renal failure who responded to adjunctive therapy with avacopan despite being refractory to rituximab and glucocorticoid therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alvarez
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Nephrology, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Neeraja Kambham
- Division of Renal Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert Su
- Division of Rheumatology, Sutter Health System, Fremont, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Oda T, Sawai T. Editorial: Role of complement activation in kidney diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1297938. [PMID: 37928465 PMCID: PMC10621785 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1297938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Oda
- Department of Nephrology and Blood Purification, Kidney Disease Center, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sawai
- Department of Pediatrics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Heras Benito M. [Complement in vasculitis associated with anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies with renal involvement: pathogenic, prognostic and therapeutic implications]. Med Clin (Barc) 2023; 161:160-165. [PMID: 37236835 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides are primary vasculitides that affect small vessels in various organs, including the kidney. Renal involvement is characterized by the presence of glomerulonephritis with crescents and necrosis in light microscopy and a pauci-immune pattern in immunofluorescence. The participation of complement in the pathogenesis of these entities has been valued in recent years, initially in animal models and later in studies in humans, by demonstrating the presence of fragments of the alternative complement pathway, in plasma and urine, together with complement deposits in glomeruli and small vessels of patients affected by antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody vasculitis. The presence of complement in these entities confers a worse general and renal prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Heras Benito
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, España.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nguyen ID, Sinnathamby ES, Mason J, Urban B, Neuchat EE, Wenger DM, Ahmadzadeh S, Shekoohi S, Kaye AD. Avacopan, a Novel Competitive C5a Receptor Antagonist, for Severe Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibody-Associated Vasculitis. Clin Drug Investig 2023; 43:595-603. [PMID: 37596445 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-023-01298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Avacopan is a relatively novel drug with complement antagonizing properties, and it has demonstrated promising outcomes in treating antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis. This review article seeks to investigate the current standard of care for ANCA vasculitis with the combination of avacopan. The current standard therapy involves the usage of daily corticosteroids in addition to either cyclophosphamide or rituximab; however, prolonged use of corticosteroids is known to be associated with various adverse effects. Avacopan was introduced as a possible substitution to alleviate high-corticosteroid dosages. It functions through competitive inhibition of the C5a receptor in the complement system and results in the reduction of neutrophil activation and migration to sites of inflammation. Clinical trials have observed the efficacy of avacopan both in conjunction with standard therapy with corticosteroids and without corticosteroids. The use of avacopan was able to achieve disease remission and improve renal function in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis. Additionally, the novel treatment did not increase the risk of adverse events during treatment, while also lowering the toxic effects associated with corticosteroid usage. In summary, current evidence supports the success and safety of administering avacopan to treat patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis. Additional clinical trials are warranted to identify optimal dosage and method in using avacopan in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan D Nguyen
- School of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, 1901 Gravier Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Evan S Sinnathamby
- School of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, 1901 Gravier Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Joseph Mason
- School of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, 1901 Gravier Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Bretton Urban
- School of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, 1901 Gravier Street, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Elisa E Neuchat
- School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Danielle M Wenger
- University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, 475 N 5th St, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Shahab Ahmadzadeh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Sahar Shekoohi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA.
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Caillard P, Vigneau C, Halimi JM, Hazzan M, Thervet E, Heitz M, Juillard L, Audard V, Rabant M, Hertig A, Subra JF, Vuiblet V, Guerrot D, Tamain M, Essig M, Lobbedez T, Quemeneur T, Legendre M, Ganea A, Peraldi MN, Vrtovsnik F, Daroux M, Makdassi R, Choukroun G, Titeca-Beauport D. Prognostic value of complement serum C3 level and glomerular C3 deposits in anti-glomerular basement membrane disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1190394. [PMID: 37475859 PMCID: PMC10354545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1190394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Activation of the complement system is involved in the pathogenesis of anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease. Glomerular deposits of complement 3 (C3) are often detected on kidney biopsies. The primary objective of this study was to analyze the prognostic value of the serum C3 level and the presence of C3 glomerular deposits in patients with anti-GBM disease. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 150 single-positive patients with anti-GBM disease diagnosed between 1997 and 2017. Patients were categorized according to the serum C3 level (forming a low C3 (C3<1.23 g/L) and a high C3 (C3≥1.23 g/L) groups) and positivity for C3 glomerular staining (forming the C3+ and C3- groups). The main outcomes were kidney survival and patient survival. Results Of the 150 patients included, 89 (65%) were men. The median [interquartile range (IQR)] age was 45 [26-64]. At diagnosis, kidney involvement was characterized by a median [IQR] peak serum creatinine (SCr) level of 578 [298-977] µmol/L, and 106 (71%) patients required dialysis. Patients in the low C3 group (72 patients) had more severe kidney disease at presentation, as characterized by higher prevalences of oligoanuria, peak SCr ≥500 µmol/L (69%, vs. 53% in the high C3 group; p=0.03), nephrotic syndrome (42%, vs. 24%, respectively; p=0.02) and fibrous forms on the kidney biopsy (21%, vs. 8%, respectively; p=0.04). Similarly, we observed a negative association between the presence of C3 glomerular deposits (in 52 (41%) patients) and the prevalence of cellular forms (83%, vs. 58% in the C3- group; p=0.003) and acute tubulo-interstitial lesions (60%, vs. 36% in the C3- group; p=0.007). When considering patients not on dialysis at diagnosis, the kidney survival rate at 12 months was poorer in the C3+ group (50% [25-76], vs. 91% [78-100] in the C3- group; p=0.01), with a hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] of 5.71 [1.13-28.85] (p=0.04, after adjusting for SCr). Conclusion In patients with anti-GBM disease, a low serum C3 level and the presence of C3 glomerular deposits were associated with more severe disease and histological kidney involvement at diagnosis. In patients not on dialysis at diagnosis, the presence of C3 deposits was associated with worse kidney survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Caillard
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
- Mécanismes Physiopathologiques et Conséquences des Calcifications Cardiovasculaires (MP3CV) laboratory, Centre de Recherche en Santé (CURS), Amiens, France
| | - Cécile Vigneau
- Rennes University Hospital, Inserm, Ecole des hautes études en santé publique (EHESP), Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Michel Halimi
- Department of Nephrology, Tours University Hospital and EA4245, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Marc Hazzan
- Nephrology Department, Lille University Hospital, University of Lille, UMR 995, Lille, France
| | - Eric Thervet
- Department of Nephrology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris and INSERM UMRS970, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Morgane Heitz
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Annecy Genevois Hospital, Pringy, France
| | - Laurent Juillard
- Department of Nephrology, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Carmen INSERM 1060 and Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Audard
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Reference Center-Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome, Henri-Mondor Hospital/Albert-Chenevier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) Créteil, INSERMU955, Paris Est Créteil University, Créteil, France
| | - Marion Rabant
- Pathology Department, Necker University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP). Centre-Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Hertig
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Foch Hospital, Paris-Saclay University, Suresnes, France
| | - Jean-François Subra
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, University Hospital, Angers and Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes-Angers (CRCINA), INSERM, Nantes University, Angers University, Angers, France
| | - Vincent Vuiblet
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Reims University Hospital, Reims, France
| | - Dominique Guerrot
- Department of Nephrology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen and INSERM, U1096 Rouen, France
| | - Mathilde Tamain
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Vichy Hospital, Vichy, France
| | - Marie Essig
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Renal Transplantation, Ambroise-Paré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris-Saclay University, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Thierry Lobbedez
- Department of Nephrology, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France and the French Registry of Peritoneal Dialysis, Langue Française, Pontoise, France
| | - Thomas Quemeneur
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Medicine, Valenciennes General Hospital, Valenciennes, France
| | - Mathieu Legendre
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | | | - Marie-Noëlle Peraldi
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Necker University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Centre-Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - François Vrtovsnik
- Nephrology Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, APHP, Paris, France. Faculty of Medicine, Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maïté Daroux
- Department of Nephrology, Duchenne Hospital, Boulogne-Sur-Mer, France
| | - Raïfah Makdassi
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Gabriel Choukroun
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
- Mécanismes Physiopathologiques et Conséquences des Calcifications Cardiovasculaires (MP3CV) laboratory, Centre de Recherche en Santé (CURS), Amiens, France
| | - Dimitri Titeca-Beauport
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
- Mécanismes Physiopathologiques et Conséquences des Calcifications Cardiovasculaires (MP3CV) laboratory, Centre de Recherche en Santé (CURS), Amiens, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Osman M, Cohen Tervaert JW, Pagnoux C. Avacopan for the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis: an update. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:461-471. [PMID: 36545762 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2162041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glucocorticoids (GC) have been part of the standard treatment of anti-neutrophil cytoplasm autoantibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV) for more than 60 years. Various therapeutic advances have occurred over the past 2 decades and led to a significant reduction of GC exposure, but most patients still have to suffer from complications of GC, including infections, metabolic abnormalities, and cardiovascular morbidity. In 2007, activation of the complement pathway was demonstrated to play a role in the pathogenesis of AAV. Avacopan, an oral competitive inhibitor of the C5a receptor (C5aR1, CD88), was then developed, with an additional aim to decrease the use of GC. AREAS COVERED In this article, we briefly summarize the rationale for targeting the complement pathway in AAV, and review relevant findings from pre-clinical, phase I, II, and III studies, subsequent and more recent case reports and series on the efficacy and safety of avacopan. EXPERT OPINION Based on the results of these studies, avacopan was approved in most countries since late 2021, as an adjunctive induction treatment for patients with AAV. Several newer questions now are pending answers, including as to how avacopan should be used in real-world practice, beyond how it was given in the original clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Osman
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Christian Pagnoux
- Vasculitis clinic, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Singh H, Kumar U, Senapati S. Translational implications of humoral and cellular immune dysfunction in granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Cytokine 2023; 164:156154. [PMID: 36812668 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a rare systemic ANCA (Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) associated vasculitis (AAV). In the last couple of decades, GPA has emerged as a disease of concern due to rapid increase in the prevalence and incidence especially in developing countries. Unknown aetiology and rapid progression have made GPA a critical disease. Thus, establishing specific tools to facilitate early and faster disease diagnosis and efficient disease management has immense importance. GPA may develop in genetically predisposed individuals on receiving the external stimulus (i.e. microbial pathogen, pollutant etc.) that triggers the immune response. B-cell activating factor (BAFF) produced by the neutrophils, promotes the B-cell maturation and survival which leads to increased ANCA production. Abnormal B-cell and T-cell proliferation and their cytokine response plays a major role in disease pathogenesis and granuloma formation. ANCA interacts with neutrophils and induces the neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production which leads to the endothelial cell injury. This review article summarizes the critical pathological events and how cytokines and immune cells shape the GPA pathogenesis. Decoding this complex network would facilitate in developing tools for diagnosis, prognosis and disease management. Recently developed specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) targeting cytokines and immune cells are being used for safer treatment and achieving longer remission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harinder Singh
- Immunogenomics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
| | - Uma Kumar
- Department of Rheumatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Sabyasachi Senapati
- Immunogenomics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wijaya C, Burns C, Hall S, Farmer M, Jones D, Rowlandson M, Choi P, Formby M, de Malmanche T. Measurement of Complement Activation via Plasma-Soluble C5b-9 Comparison with Terminal Complement Complex Staining in a Series of Kidney Biopsies. Kidney Blood Press Res 2023; 48:220-230. [PMID: 36917968 PMCID: PMC10124756 DOI: 10.1159/000529734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the emergence of therapeutic complement inhibitors, there is a need to identify patients with complement-driven inflammation. C5b-9 is the terminal product of the three complement pathways and therefore a marker of total complement activation. We present a pilot study which aims to assess whether plasma soluble C5b-9 (sC5b-9) correlates with terminal complement complex (TCC) staining in kidney tissue. The secondary aim was to assess the utility of plasma sC5b-9 as part of routine workup in kidney patients undergoing kidney biopsy. METHODS Thirty-seven patients undergoing kidney biopsy had plasma sC5b-9 and TCC staining on kidney tissue performed. Additional blood markers including creatinine, haemoglobin, CRP, factor H, factor I, and midkine levels were also taken. These parameters were correlated with the histological diagnoses. Patients were divided into a diseased group (n = 31) and a control group (n = 6) consisting of transplanted kidneys with minor or no changes. Of the biopsies in the control group, 50% were performed as per protocol, and the other 50% were performed due to clinical need. RESULTS There was no correlation found between plasma sC5b-9 and TCC kidney staining. Elevated sC5b-9 levels were found in a heterogeneous group of patients but were associated with higher CRP and lower haemoglobin levels. Overall, there was more TCC kidney staining in the diseased group compared with the control group, and a trend was observed of diabetic, primary membranous nephropathy, and amyloidosis patients having more intense glomerular and peritubular/interstitial staining. CONCLUSION Plasma sC5b-9 as a marker of total complement activation does not correlate with TCC kidney staining. This discordance suggests that plasma sC5b-9 and TCC staining are distinct markers of disease. TCC staining reflects chronicity and tissue deposition of complement over time. Conversely, plasma sC5b-9 concentrations change rapidly and reflect systemic complement activation. Complement activation was present in a heterogeneous group of kidney disease, indicating the underlying role of complement in many disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Wijaya
- Immunopathology, NSW Health Pathology, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Christine Burns
- Immunopathology, NSW Health Pathology, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharron Hall
- Immunopathology, NSW Health Pathology, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Melissa Farmer
- Anatomical Pathology, NSW Health Pathology, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Denise Jones
- Renal Department, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew Rowlandson
- Renal Department, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Choi
- Renal Department, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Formby
- Anatomical Pathology, NSW Health Pathology, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Theo de Malmanche
- Immunopathology, NSW Health Pathology, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gulati K, Pusey CD. Plasma exchange as an adjunctive therapy in anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:417-430. [PMID: 36860127 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2184354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We summarize evidence for the role of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) in the treatment of anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). TPE rapidly removes ANCA IgG, complement and coagulation factors important in the pathogenesis of AAV. TPE has been used in patients with rapidly deteriorating renal function to achieve early disease control, allowing time for immunosuppressive agents to prevent resynthesis of ANCA. The PEXIVAS trial challenged the utility of TPE in AAV, as it did not show benefit of adjunctive TPE on a combined end point of end stage kidney disease (ESKD) and death. AREAS COVERED We analyze data from PEXIVAS and other trials of TPE in AAV, an up-to-date meta-analysis, and recently published large cohort studies. EXPERT OPINION There remains a role for the use of TPE in AAV in certain groups of patients, in particular those with severe renal involvement (Cr >500 μmol/L or dialysis-dependent). It should be considered in patients with Cr >300 μmol/L and rapidly deteriorating function, or with life-threatening pulmonary hemorrhage. A separate indication is patients double positive for anti-GBM antibodies and ANCA. TPE may have the greatest benefit as part of steroid-sparing immunosuppressive treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Gulati
- Vasculitis Clinic, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.,Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Charles D Pusey
- Vasculitis Clinic, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.,Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Oszwald A, Mejía-Pedroza RA, Schachner H, Aigner C, Rees A, Kain R. Digital Spatial Profiling of Glomerular Gene Expression in Pauci-Immune Focal Necrotizing Glomerulonephritis. KIDNEY360 2023; 4:83-91. [PMID: 36700908 PMCID: PMC10101620 DOI: 10.34067/kid.000461202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pauci-immune focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis (piFNGN) involves asynchronous onset and progression of injurious lesions in biopsies. Pathologists can describe this heterogeneity within a biopsy, but translating the information into prognostic or expression analyses is challenging. Understanding the underlying molecular processes could improve treatment; however, bulk or single-cell transcriptomic analyses of dissociated tissue disregard the heterogeneity of glomerular injury. We characterize protein and mRNA expression of individual glomeruli in 20 biopsies from 18 patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated piFNGN using the NanoString digital spatial profiling (DSP) platform. For this purpose, circular annotations of glomeruli were analyzed using protein, immuno-oncology RNA, and Cancer Transcriptome Atlas panels (n=120, 72, and 48 glomeruli, respectively). Histologic evaluation of glomerular patterns of injury was performed in adjacent serial sections. Expression data were processed by log2 transformation, quantile normalization, and batch adjustment. DSP revealed distinct but overlapping gene expression profiles relating to the morphological evolution of injurious lesions, including dynamic expression of various immune checkpoint regulators. Enrichment analysis indicated deregulated pathways that underline known and highlight novel potential mechanisms of disease. Moreover, by capturing individual glomeruli, DSP describes heterogeneity between and within biopsies. We demonstrate the benefit of spatial profiling for characterization of heterogeneous glomerular injury, indicating novel molecular correlates of glomerular injury in piFNGN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Oszwald
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Helga Schachner
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christof Aigner
- Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrew Rees
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Kain
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu S, Xu Q, Wang Y, Lv Y, Liu QQ. Metabolomics combined with clinical analysis explores metabolic changes and potential serum metabolite biomarkers of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis with renal impairment. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15051. [PMID: 36942002 PMCID: PMC10024486 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is an autoimmune systemic disease, and the majority of AAV patients have renal involvement presenting as rapid progressive glomerulonephritis (GN). Currently, the clinically available AAV markers are limited, and some of the newly reported markers are still in the nascent stage. The particular mechanism of the level changes of various markers and their association with the pathogenesis of AAV are not well defined. With the help of metabolomics analysis, this study aims to explore metabolic changes in AAV patients with renal involvement and lay the foundation for the discovery of novel biomarkers for AAV-related kidney damage. Methods We performed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based on serum samples from patients with AAV (N = 33) and healthy controls (N = 33) in order to characterize the serum metabolic profiling. The principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to identify the differential metabolites. Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) analysis were further conducted to identify the potential diagnostic biomarker. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the identified potential biomarker. Results A total of 455 metabolites were detected by LC-MS analysis. PCA and OPLS-DA demonstrated a significant difference between AAV patients with renal involvement and healthy controls, and 135 differentially expressed metabolites were selected, with 121 upregulated and 14 downregulated. Ninety-two metabolic pathways were annotated and enriched based on the KEGG database. N-acetyl-L-leucine, Acetyl-DL-Valine, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, and the combination of 1-methylhistidine and Asp-phe could accurately distinguish AAV patients with renal involvement from healthy controls. And 1-methylhistidine was found to be significantly associated with the progression and prognosis of AAV with renal impairment. Amino acid metabolism exhibits significant alternations in AAV with renal involvement. Conclusion This study identified metabolomic differences between AAV patients with renal involvement and non-AAV individuals. Metabolites that could accurately distinguish patients with AAV renal impairment from healthy controls in this study, and metabolites that were significantly associated with disease progression and prognosis were screened out. Overall, this study provides information on changes in metabolites and metabolic pathways for future studies of AAV-related kidney damage and lays a foundation for the exploration of new biomarkers of AAV-related kidney damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yiru Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yongman Lv
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Health Management Centre, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qing quan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mazzariol M, Manenti L, Vaglio A. The complement system in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: pathogenic player and therapeutic target. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2023; 35:31-36. [PMID: 36301247 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of the complement system in the pathogenesis of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) as well as the employment of complement inhibitors in AAV treatment. RECENT FINDINGS AAV has traditionally been considered a pauci-immune disease until recent findings demonstrated the pathogenic role of the complement system. The complement alternative pathway is crucial in AAV, and C5a seems to be a key molecule for AAV to develop. Avacopan, a C5a-receptor (C5aR) antagonist, proved effective in achieving AAV remission and ameliorating kidney function. SUMMARY The increased circulating levels of some complement components - as well as the consumption of others - in patients with AAV suggested a systemic activation of the complement system. Low C3 levels correlate with a more aggressive disease and a worse renal prognosis. In ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis, renal deposits of C3d and properdin, suggestive of local alternative pathway activation, correlate with glomerular crescents and proteinuria. The interaction between C5a and neutrophil triggers alternative pathway activation, suggesting the central role of C5a in AAV pathogenesis. Avacopan, a C5aR inhibitor, showed beneficial effects in AAV and represents a promising therapy to achieve sustained remission and to spare glucocorticoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Mazzariol
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Meyer Children's Hospital, Firenze
| | | | - Augusto Vaglio
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Meyer Children's Hospital, Firenze
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences "Mario Serio," University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Dysregulation and accelerated activation of the alternative pathway (AP) of complement is known to cause or accentuate several pathologic conditions in which kidney injury leads to the appearance of hematuria and proteinuria and ultimately to the development of chronic renal failure. Multiple genetic and acquired defects involving plasma- and membrane-associated proteins are probably necessary to impair the protection of host tissues and to confer a significant predisposition to AP-mediated kidney diseases. This review aims to explore how our current understanding will make it possible to identify the mechanisms that underlie AP-mediated kidney diseases and to discuss the available clinical evidence that supports complement-directed therapies. Although the value of limiting uncontrolled complement activation has long been recognized, incorporating complement-targeted treatments into clinical use has proved challenging. Availability of anti-complement therapy has dramatically transformed the outcome of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, one of the most severe kidney diseases. Innovative drugs that directly counteract AP dysregulation have also opened new perspectives for the management of other kidney diseases in which complement activation is involved. However, gained experience indicates that the choice of drug should be tailored to each patient's characteristics, including clinical, histologic, genetic, and biochemical parameters. Successfully treating patients requires further research in the field and close collaboration between clinicians and researchers who have special expertise in the complement system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Daina
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Monica Cortinovis
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kojima T, Oda T. Role of complement activation in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated glomerulonephritis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1031445. [DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1031445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is an autoimmune disease characterized by necrotizing inflammation of small or medium vessels, causing ANCA associated glomerulonephritis (AAGN). AAGN is defined as pauci-immune glomerulonephritis with no or little immune deposition; hence, activation of the complement system in AAV was overlooked until recently. However, many studies in mice and humans have revealed a crucial role for complement system activation in the development of AAGN. Circulating and urinary detection of various complement components associated with AP activation, which have been broadly correlated with the clinical activity of AAGN, has been reported and may be useful for predicting renal outcome at the time of diagnosis and setting up personalized treatments. Moreover, recent investigations have suggested the possible contribution of the complement classical or lectin pathway activation in the development of AAGN. Thus, as therapeutic options targeting complement components are making rapid strides, the primary complement pathway involved in AAGN disease progression remains to be elucidated: this will directly impact the development of novel therapeutic strategies with high specificity and reduced side effects. This review summarizes and discusses the most recent evidence on the crucial roles of the complement system in the development of AAGN and possible therapeutic strategies that target complement components for disease management.
Collapse
|
28
|
Scurt FG, Bose K, Hammoud B, Brandt S, Bernhardt A, Gross C, Mertens PR, Chatzikyrkou C. Old known and possible new biomarkers of ANCA-associated vasculitis. J Autoimmun 2022; 133:102953. [PMID: 36410262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) comprises a group of multisystem disorders involving severe, systemic, small-vessel vasculitis with short- and long term serious and life-threating complications. Despite the simplification of treatment, fundamental aspects concerning assessment of its efficacy and its adaptation to encountered complications or to the relapsing/remitting/subclinical disease course remain still unknown. The pathogenesis of AAV is complex and unique, and despite the progress achieved in the last years, much has not to be learnt. Foremost, there is still no accurate marker enabling us to monitoring disease and guide therapy. Therefore, the disease management relays often on clinical judgment and follows a" trial and error approach". In the recent years, an increasing number of new molecules s have been explored and used for this purpose including genomics, B- and T-cell subpopulations, complement system factors, cytokines, metabolomics, biospectroscopy and components of our microbiome. The aim of this review is to discuss both the role of known historical and clinically established biomarkers of AAV, as well as to highlight potential new ones, which could be used for timely diagnosis and monitoring of this devastating disease, with the goal to improve the effectiveness and ameliorate the complications of its demanding therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian G Scurt
- University Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - K Bose
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ben Hammoud
- University Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - S Brandt
- University Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - A Bernhardt
- University Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - C Gross
- University Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter R Mertens
- University Clinic for Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetology and Endocrinology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tesar V, Hruskova Z. Complement Inhibition in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:888816. [PMID: 35880179 PMCID: PMC9307875 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.888816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficacy of immunosuppressive treatment of Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is complicated by its toxicity. With the replacement of cyclophosphamide with rituximab, serious adverse events seem to be associated especially with high-dose corticosteroids. Activation of alternative complement pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AAV. Avacopan (C5a receptor inhibitor) was demonstrated to have at least similar efficacy and better safety (in terms of corticosteroid-related adverse events) compared with high-dose corticosteroids in the induction treatment of AAV. Other modes of the inhibition of alternative complement pathway are currently tested in AAV or could be considered on the basis of the experience in other glomerular diseases.
Collapse
|
30
|
Kimoto Y, Horiuchi T. The Complement System and ANCA Associated Vasculitis in the Era of Anti-Complement Drugs. Front Immunol 2022; 13:926044. [PMID: 35812453 PMCID: PMC9260009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.926044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is the condition in which ANCA, as an autoantibody, is associated with the pathogenesis of vasculitis in small blood vessels, mainly in the ear, nose, throat, kidney, lung, and nerves. These diseases are important because they can be fatal due to renal failure and pulmonary hemorrhage if not promptly and appropriately treated. Recently accumulated evidence has shown that C5a produced by the complement alternative pathway primes neutrophils, which in turn activate the complement alternative pathway, leading to the pathogenesis of AAV. Avacopan (CCX168), a C5aR antagonist was shown to be effective against AAV, and it has been a novel therapeutic option, becoming a novel anti-complement drug to modulate inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
31
|
Kojima T, Inoue D, Wajima T, Uchida T, Yamada M, Ohsawa I, Oda T. Circulating immune-complexes and complement activation through the classical pathway in myeloperoxidase-ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis. Ren Fail 2022; 44:714-723. [PMID: 35491890 PMCID: PMC9067964 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2022.2068445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated glomerulonephritis (AAGN) is the fulminant glomerular diseases with poor renal prognosis. Activation of the complement system has recently been reported in the pathogenesis of AAGN, but it remains to be clarified as to which complement pathway is mainly involved. Methods 20 patients with myeloperoxidase (MPO)-AAGN were retrospectively evaluated. Using serum samples, circulating immune-complexes (CICs) were assessed by the monoclonal rheumatoid factor assay, and C5a and C5b-9 were assessed by ELISA. Complement activation through the classical pathway was further evaluated by the WIESLAB® Complement System Classical Pathway kit. The affinities of ANCAs were evaluated by a competitive inhibition method using ELISA, and were classified into the high, and low-affinity group. Deposition of complement components, such as C3, C5, C4d, C5b-9, factor Bb, mannan-binding lectin serine peptidase (MASP)-1, MASP-2, and mannose/mannan-binding lectin (MBL), in frozen renal sections were analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. Results CICs were found to be positive in 65% of the patients. All CIC-positive patients belonged to the high-affinity group. Furthermore, serum C5a and C5b-9 were significantly increased in MPO-AAGN patients, and these levels positively correlated with CIC levels. A significant negative correlation was also found between levels of WIESLAB® classical pathway kit and CICs. By immunofluorescence staining, glomerular deposition of C4d, C5, and C5b-9 were observed in similar distributions in MPO-AAGN patients, whereas the deposition of MASP-1, MASP-2, MBL, and factor Bb were minimal. Conclusions These results suggest the involvement of immune-complex induced complement activation through the classical pathway in the pathogenesis of MPO-AAGN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadasu Kojima
- Department of Nephrology and Blood Purification, Kidney Disease Center, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Dan Inoue
- Department of Nephrology and Blood Purification, Kidney Disease Center, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Takeaki Wajima
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takahiro Uchida
- Department of Nephrology and Blood Purification, Kidney Disease Center, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Muneharu Yamada
- Department of Nephrology and Blood Purification, Kidney Disease Center, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Isao Ohsawa
- Department of Nephrology, Saiyu Soka Hospital, Soka, Japan
| | - Takashi Oda
- Department of Nephrology and Blood Purification, Kidney Disease Center, Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Hachioji, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kitamura F, Yamaguchi M, Nishimura M, Katsuno T, Ito M, Sugiyama H, Iwagaitsu S, Nobata H, Kinashi H, Ishimoto T, Banno S, Ito Y. Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis Complicated by Thrombotic Microangiopathy with Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome Successfully Treated with Eculizumab: A Case Report. Mod Rheumatol Case Rep 2022; 6:254-259. [PMID: 35425980 DOI: 10.1093/mrcr/rxac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Thrombotic microangiopathy is characterised by endothelial cell injury, intravascular platelet-fibrin thrombi, and vascular damage, leading to acute kidney injury, thrombocytopenia, and microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia. Among the autoimmune diseases related to thrombotic microangiopathy, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis-related thrombotic microangiopathy cases have been rarely reported; therefore, the optimal treatment for associated vasculitis-related thrombotic microangiopathy remains unknown. An 84-year-old woman without significant medical history presented with a 1-month history of general fatigue, fever, and deteriorating bilateral leg numbness and was admitted to our hospital. She had elevated myeloperoxidase anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody levels, polyneuropathy, and rapid progressive glomerulonephritis because of pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis, as revealed by a kidney biopsy. Accordingly, we diagnosed her with microscopic polyangiitis. After administering methylprednisolone pulse therapy, rituximab, and intravenous immunoglobulin, the patient's mental state deteriorated, presenting signs of thrombotic microangiopathy with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Intermittent haemodialysis and plasma exchange were initiated; however, her condition was not improved, and eculizumab administration was initiated thereafter. The patient's symptoms showed a remarkable response to eculizumab; thrombotic microangiopathy findings, kidney function, and neurological symptoms improved after only two doses of eculizumab, and she achieved sustained remission. The extremely effective course of eculizumab treatment indicated that overt complement activation affected the development of thrombotic microangiopathy. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis-related thrombotic microangiopathy may be mediated by complement activation, and prompt induction of eculizumab therapy may be a superior strategy to prevent organ damage. Further studies should elucidate the role of complement activation in associated vasculitis-related thrombotic microangiopathy and the efficacy of eculizumab treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Kitamura
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamaguchi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Minori Nishimura
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takayuki Katsuno
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ito
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Sugiyama
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shiho Iwagaitsu
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hironobu Nobata
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kinashi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takuji Ishimoto
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shogo Banno
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Ito
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fakhouri F, Schwotzer N, Golshayan D, Frémeaux-Bacchi V. The rational use of complement inhibitors in kidney diseases. Kidney Int Rep 2022; 7:1165-1178. [PMID: 35685323 PMCID: PMC9171628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of complement inhibitors represented one of the major breakthroughs in clinical nephrology in the last decade. Complement inhibition has dramatically transformed the outcome of one of the most severe kidney diseases, the atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), a prototypic complement-mediated disorder. The availability of complement inhibitors has also opened new promising perspectives for the management of several other kidney diseases in which complement activation is involved to a variable extent. With the rapidly growing number of complement inhibitors tested in a rapidly increasing number of indications, a rational use of this innovative and expensive new therapeutic class has become crucial. The present review aims to summarize what we know, and what we still ignore, regarding complement activation and therapeutic inhibition in kidney diseases. It also provides some clues and elements of thoughts for a rational approach of complement modulation in kidney diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Fakhouri
- Service de Néphrologie et d'hypertension, Département de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence: Fadi Fakhouri, Service de Néphrologie et d'hypertension, Département de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Nora Schwotzer
- Service de Néphrologie et d'hypertension, Département de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Déla Golshayan
- Centre de Transplantation d'organes, Département de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Frémeaux-Bacchi
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service d'Immunologie, Paris University, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cortes C, Desler C, Mazzoli A, Chen JY, Ferreira VP. The role of properdin and Factor H in disease. Adv Immunol 2022; 153:1-90. [PMID: 35469595 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The complement system consists of three pathways (alternative, classical, and lectin) that play a fundamental role in immunity and homeostasis. The multifunctional role of the complement system includes direct lysis of pathogens, tagging pathogens for phagocytosis, promotion of inflammatory responses to control infection, regulation of adaptive cellular immune responses, and removal of apoptotic/dead cells and immune complexes from circulation. A tight regulation of the complement system is essential to avoid unwanted complement-mediated damage to the host. This regulation is ensured by a set of proteins called complement regulatory proteins. Deficiencies or malfunction of these regulatory proteins may lead to pro-thrombotic hematological diseases, renal and ocular diseases, and autoimmune diseases, among others. This review focuses on the importance of two complement regulatory proteins of the alternative pathway, Factor H and properdin, and their role in human diseases with an emphasis on: (a) characterizing the main mechanism of action of Factor H and properdin in regulating the complement system and protecting the host from complement-mediated attack, (b) describing the dysregulation of the alternative pathway as a result of deficiencies, or mutations, in Factor H and properdin, (c) outlining the clinical findings, management and treatment of diseases associated with mutations and deficiencies in Factor H, and (d) defining the unwanted and inadequate functioning of properdin in disease, through a discussion of various experimental research findings utilizing in vitro, mouse and human models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cortes
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States.
| | - Caroline Desler
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States
| | - Amanda Mazzoli
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, United States
| | - Jin Y Chen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Viviana P Ferreira
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Comparison of Complement Pathway Activation in Autoimmune Glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int Rep 2022; 7:1027-1036. [PMID: 35571000 PMCID: PMC9091805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Methods Results Conclusion
Collapse
|
36
|
Harigai M, Takada H. Avacopan, a Selective C5a Receptor Antagonist, for Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis. Mod Rheumatol 2022; 32:475-483. [PMID: 34984461 DOI: 10.1093/mr/roab104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Avacopan, an orally administered C5a receptor (C5aR) antagonist, has been approved for the treatment of microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) in Japan and the United States. In ADVOCATE Phase III clinical trial, patients with active MPA or GPA received either 30 mg avacopan twice daily or prednisone on a tapering schedule in combination with rituximab or cyclophosphamide (followed by azathioprine). The trial met its two primary endpoints: avacopan showed non-inferiority to prednisone for achieving remission at week 26 (avacopan, 72.3%; prednisone, 70.1%; p < 0.001 for non-inferiority and p = 0.24 for superiority) and superiority for maintaining remission at week 52 (65.7% for avacopan, 54.9% prednisone, p < 0.001 for non-inferiority and p = 0.007 for superiority). Of several key secondary endpoints tested, the glucocorticoid toxicity index (GTI)-cumulative worsening score and GTI-aggregate improvement score were significantly lower in the avacopan group than in the prednisone group at both weeks 26 and 52. Serious adverse events related and unrelated to the worsening vasculitis were reported at 10.2% and 37.3% in the avacopan group and at 14.0% and 39.0% in the prednisone group, respectively. Avacopan has set the stage for the semi-glucocorticoid-free or glucocorticoid-free treatment of MPA and GPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Harigai
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicin, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideto Takada
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicin, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mandell MJ, Gheriani GA, Lenert A, Lenert PS. Avacopan: An Oral Complement 5a Inhibitor for ANCA-associated Vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2022. [DOI: 10.17925/rmd.2022.1.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral complement 5a receptor antagonist, avacopan, was recently studied in phase II and III clinical trials in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). This article summarizes the study findings and considers the implications for future care of patients with AAV. Avacopan was proven to be safe and noninferior to glucocorticoids for AAV in a study where patients with severe newly diagnosed or relapsing AAV were initially treated with either rituximab or cyclophosphamide. Greater improvement in the glomerular filtration rate, reduced numbers of relapses and better health-related quality of life were observed in the avacopan group compared with the prednisone group. Patients in the avacopan group also had fewer glucocorticoid-associated adverse events and, despite complement inhibition, there were no cases of Neisseria meningitidis infection reported in either group. Future studies should address the long-term safety of avacopan and whether it can completely replace glucocorticoids in AAV-induction protocols and for the management of minor disease relapses.
Collapse
|
38
|
Merino-Vico A, van Hamburg JP, Tas SW. B Lineage Cells in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:387. [PMID: 35008813 PMCID: PMC8745114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a systemic autoimmune disease that affects small sized blood vessels and can lead to serious complications in the lungs and kidneys. The prominent presence of ANCA autoantibodies in this disease implicates B cells in its pathogenesis, as these are the precursors of the ANCA-producing plasma cells (PCs). Further evidence supporting the potential role of B lineage cells in vasculitis are the increased B cell cytokine levels and the dysregulated B cell populations in patients. Confirmation of the contribution of B cells to pathology arose from the beneficial effect of anti-CD20 therapy (i.e., rituximab) in AAV patients. These anti-CD20 antibodies deplete circulating B cells, which results in amelioration of disease. However, not all patients respond completely, and this treatment does not target PCs, which can maintain ANCA production. Hence, it is important to develop more specific therapies for AAV patients. Intracellular signalling pathways may be potential therapeutic targets as they can show (disease-specific) alterations in certain B lineage cells, including pathogenic B cells, and contribute to differentiation and survival of PCs. Preliminary data on the inhibition of certain signalling molecules downstream of receptors specific for B lineage cells show promising therapeutic effects. In this narrative review, B cell specific receptors and their downstream signalling molecules that may contribute to pathology in AAV are discussed, including the potential to therapeutically target these pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Merino-Vico
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.M.-V.); (J.P.v.H.)
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Piet van Hamburg
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.M.-V.); (J.P.v.H.)
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander W. Tas
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.M.-V.); (J.P.v.H.)
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sciascia S, Ponticelli C, Roccatello D. Pathogenesis-based new perspectives of management of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 21:103030. [PMID: 34971805 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.103030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While the pathogenesis of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody associated vasculitis (AAV) is still not fully elucidated, there is a mounting evidence that it is initiated by inflammation and activation of innate immunity in the presence of predisposing factors, innate immunity, aberrant responses of the adaptive immune system, and complement system activation. Biologics targeting inflammation-related molecules in the immune system have been explored to treat AVV, and these treatments have provided revolutionary advances. When focusing on the pathogenic mechanisms of AVV, this review presents the new findings regarding novel therapeutic approaches for the management of these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Savino Sciascia
- CMID-Nephrology and Dialysis Unit (ERK-net Member), Center of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases- Coordinating Center of the Network for Rare Diseases of Piedmont and Aosta Valley, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin and S. Giovanni Bosco Hub Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Dario Roccatello
- CMID-Nephrology and Dialysis Unit (ERK-net Member), Center of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases- Coordinating Center of the Network for Rare Diseases of Piedmont and Aosta Valley, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin and S. Giovanni Bosco Hub Hospital, Turin, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fee LT, Gogoi D, O’Brien ME, McHugh E, Casey M, Gough C, Murphy M, Hopkins AM, Carroll TP, McElvaney NG, Reeves EP. C3d Elicits Neutrophil Degranulation and Decreases Endothelial Cell Migration, with Implications for Patients with Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121925. [PMID: 34944741 PMCID: PMC8698851 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency (AATD) is characterized by increased risk for emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), vasculitis, and wound-healing impairment. Neutrophils play a central role in the pathogenesis of AATD. Dysregulated complement activation in AATD results in increased plasma levels of C3d. The current study investigated the impact of C3d on circulating neutrophils. Blood was collected from AATD (n = 88) or non-AATD COPD patients (n = 10) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 40). Neutrophils were challenged with C3d, and degranulation was assessed by Western blotting, ELISA, or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) substrate assays. Ex vivo, C3d levels were increased in plasma (p < 0.0001) and on neutrophil plasma membranes (p = 0.038) in AATD compared to HC. C3d binding to CR3 receptors triggered primary (p = 0.01), secondary (p = 0.004), and tertiary (p = 0.018) granule release and increased CXCL8 secretion (p = 0.02). Ex vivo plasma levels of bactericidal-permeability-increasing-protein (p = 0.02), myeloperoxidase (p < 0.0001), and lactoferrin (p < 0.0001) were significantly increased in AATD patients. In endothelial cell scratch wound assays, C3d significantly decreased cell migration (p < 0.0001), an effect potentiated by neutrophil degranulated proteins (p < 0.0001). In summary, AATD patients had increased C3d in plasma and on neutrophil membranes and, together with neutrophil-released granule enzymes, reduced endothelial cell migration and wound healing, with potential implications for AATD-related vasculitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura T. Fee
- Alpha-1 Foundation Ireland, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (L.T.F.); (T.P.C.)
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (D.G.); (M.E.O.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Debananda Gogoi
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (D.G.); (M.E.O.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Michael E. O’Brien
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (D.G.); (M.E.O.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Emer McHugh
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (D.G.); (M.E.O.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Michelle Casey
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (D.G.); (M.E.O.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Ciara Gough
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (D.G.); (M.E.O.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Mark Murphy
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (D.G.); (M.E.O.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Ann M. Hopkins
- Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Tomás P. Carroll
- Alpha-1 Foundation Ireland, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (L.T.F.); (T.P.C.)
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (D.G.); (M.E.O.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Noel G. McElvaney
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (D.G.); (M.E.O.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (N.G.M.)
| | - Emer P. Reeves
- Irish Centre for Genetic Lung Disease, Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland; (D.G.); (M.E.O.); (E.M.); (M.C.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (N.G.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Freiwald T, Afzali B. Renal diseases and the role of complement: Linking complement to immune effector pathways and therapeutics. Adv Immunol 2021; 152:1-81. [PMID: 34844708 PMCID: PMC8905641 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is an ancient and phylogenetically conserved key danger sensing system that is critical for host defense against pathogens. Activation of the complement system is a vital component of innate immunity required for the detection and removal of pathogens. It is also a central orchestrator of adaptive immune responses and a constituent of normal tissue homeostasis. Once complement activation occurs, this system deposits indiscriminately on any cell surface in the vicinity and has the potential to cause unwanted and excessive tissue injury. Deposition of complement components is recognized as a hallmark of a variety of kidney diseases, where it is indeed associated with damage to the self. The provenance and the pathophysiological role(s) played by complement in each kidney disease is not fully understood. However, in recent years there has been a renaissance in the study of complement, with greater appreciation of its intracellular roles as a cell-intrinsic system and its interplay with immune effector pathways. This has been paired with a profusion of novel therapeutic agents antagonizing complement components, including approved inhibitors against complement components (C)1, C3, C5 and C5aR1. A number of clinical trials have investigated the use of these more targeted approaches for the management of kidney diseases. In this review we present and summarize the evidence for the roles of complement in kidney diseases and discuss the available clinical evidence for complement inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tilo Freiwald
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Behdad Afzali
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tao J, Zhao J, Qi XM, Wu YG. Complement-mediated M2/M1 macrophage polarization may be involved in crescent formation in lupus nephritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108278. [PMID: 34700131 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The function of the complement and macrophage crosstalk during the formation of crescents in lupus nephritis has not yet been reported. This study therefore aimed to explore the association of crescents, complements, and M2 macrophages with clinical features in lupus nephritis. We assessed a Chinese cohort comprising 301 patients with lupus nephritis. Renal biopsy specimens were collected from 64 patients with proliferative lupus nephritis (class III/III + V or IV/IV + V). The renal deposition of cluster of differentiation (CD) 68, inducible nitric oxide synthase, CD163, and C3a receptor (C3aR) was evaluated by immunostaining. The associations among crescents, complements, and M2 macrophages were also analyzed. Next, the underlying mechanism was investigated in vitro using C3a-treated macrophages. We found that M2-phenotype macrophages (CD163+) were the dominant subpopulation in human lupus nephritis. Additionally, a significant association was observed among the CD163+ macrophages, crescents, and complement activation. C3aR co-localized with CD163 and correlated with crescents and could induce polarization of macrophages to an M2 phenotype. Overall, these results suggest that complement-mediated M2/M1 macrophage polarization may contribute to the formation of crescents in lupus nephritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tao
- Department of Nephropathy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, No. 218, Jixi Rd., Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Nephropathy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, No. 218, Jixi Rd., Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China
| | - Xiang-Ming Qi
- Department of Nephropathy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, No. 218, Jixi Rd., Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China
| | - Yong-Gui Wu
- Department of Nephropathy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, No. 218, Jixi Rd., Hefei, Anhui 230022, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lionaki S, Marinaki S, Liapis G, Kalaitzakis E, Fragkioudaki S, Kalogeropoulos P, Michelakis I, Goules A, Tzioufas AG, Boletis JN. Hypocomplementemia at Diagnosis of Pauci-immune Glomerulonephritis Is Associated With Advanced Histopathological Activity Index and High Probability of Treatment Resistance. Kidney Int Rep 2021; 6:2425-2435. [PMID: 34514203 PMCID: PMC8418949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recent evidence suggests that complement activation is important in the pathogenesis of pauci-immune (PI) vasculitis. This is a retrospective investigation of the frequency of hypocomplementemia at pauci-immune glomerulonephritis (PIGN) diagnosis, in relation to vasculitic manifestations, renal histopathology, and treatment outcomes. Methods A total of 115 patients with biopsy-proven PIGN were categorized based on their serum complement C3 (sC3). Histopathology evaluation included activity and chronicity indexes. The primary outcome of interest was treatment resistance, defined as a progressive decline in kidney function, with persistently active urine sediment, leading to dialysis dependency or vasculitis-related death. Results In all, 20.9% of patients had low sC3 levels associated with more advanced renal impairment (P < 0.01), requiring acute dialysis (P < 0.01) more frequently compared to patients with normal sC3. Within 1 year, 85.7% of patients with normal sC3 responded to therapy, versus 58.3% of those with low sC3 (P = 0.001). The probability of treatment resistance was strongly associated with low sC3 (P = 0.004), high serum creatinine (P < 0.001), acute dialysis requirement (P < 0.001), and high histopathological score of chronicity (P < 0.01). Advanced histopathological activity was related to more intense interstitial leukocyte infiltration (P = 0.005) and higher likelihood of fibrinoid necrosis documentation in a vessel wall (P = 0.02). The probability of treatment resistance was higher in patients with low sC3 (odds ratio [OR] = 6.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.47-28.35, P = 0.013), oliguria (OR = 29.57, 95% CI = 4.74-184, P < 0.0001), and high chronicity score (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.23-2.54, P = 0.002). Conclusion Low sC3 is emerging as an independent predictor of treatment resistance in patients with PIGN associated with higher index of histopathological activity at diagnosis compared to normal sC3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Lionaki
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Unit, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Correspondence to: Sophia Lionaki, Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Unit, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Agiou Thoma 17, Athens 11527, Greece.
| | - Smaragdi Marinaki
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Unit, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Liapis
- 1 Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Kalaitzakis
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Unit, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Fragkioudaki
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Unit, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Kalogeropoulos
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Unit, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Michelakis
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Unit, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Goules
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine and Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G. Tzioufas
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine and Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - John N. Boletis
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation Unit, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chung SW. Vasculitis: From Target Molecules to Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines 2021; 9:757. [PMID: 34209028 PMCID: PMC8301353 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic vasculitis is a group of diverse diseases characterized by immune-mediated inflammation of blood vessels. Current treatments for vasculitis, such as glucocorticoids and alkylating agents, are associated with significant side effects. In addition, the management of both small and large vessel vasculitis is challenging due to a lack of robust markers of disease activity. Recent research has advanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of both small and large vessel vasculitis, and this has led to the development of novel biologic therapies capable of targeting key cytokine and cellular effectors of the inflammatory cascade. It is anticipated that these novel treatments will lead to more effective and less toxic treatment regimens for patients with systemic vasculitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Wan Chung
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
The complement cascade is an evolutionary ancient innate immune defense system, playing a major role in the defense against infections. Its function in maintaining host homeostasis on activated cells has been emphasized by the crucial role of its overactivation in ever growing number of diseases, such as atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), autoimmune diseases as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), C3 glomerulopathies (C3GN), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), graft rejection, Alzheimer disease, and cancer, to name just a few. The last decade of research on complement has extended its implication in many pathological processes, offering new insights to potential therapeutic targets and asserting the necessity of reliable, sensitive, specific, accurate, and reproducible biomarkers to decipher complement role in pathology. We need to evaluate accurately which pathway or role should be targeted pharmacologically, and optimize treatment efficacy versus toxicity. This chapter is an introduction to the role of complement in human diseases and the use of complement-related biomarkers in the clinical practice. It is a part of a book intending to give reliable and standardized methods to evaluate complement according to nowadays needs and knowledge.
Collapse
|
46
|
Complement Components C3 and C4 Indicate Vasculitis Manifestations to Distinct Renal Compartments in ANCA-Associated Glomerulonephritis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126588. [PMID: 34205415 PMCID: PMC8234841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and severe complication of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) causing progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or death. Pathogenic ANCAs, in particular proteinase 3 (PR3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), trigger a deleterious immune response resulting in pauci-immune necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN), a common manifestation of glomerular injury in AAV. However, there is growing evidence that activation of the complement pathway contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of AAV. We here aimed to compare glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions in ANCA GN and extrarenal manifestation of AAV in association with levels of circulating complement components C3c and C4. METHODS Plasma levels of C3c and C4 in a total number of 53 kidney biopsies with ANCA GN were retrospectively included between 2015 and 2020. Glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions were evaluated according to established scoring systems for ANCA GN and analogous to the Banff classification. RESULTS We here show that circulating levels of C3c and C4 in ANCA GN were comparable to the majority of other renal pathologies. Furthermore, hypocomplementemia was only detectable in a minor subset of ANCA GN and not correlated with renal or extrarenal AAV manifestations. However, low levels of circulating C3c correlated with AKI severity in ANCA GN independent of systemic disease activity or extrarenal AAV manifestation. By systematic scoring of glomerular and tubulointerstitial lesions, we provide evidence that low levels of circulating C3c and C4 correlated with vasculitis manifestations to distinct renal compartments in ANCA GN. CONCLUSIONS We here expand our current knowledge about distinct complement components in association with vasculitis manifestations to different renal compartments in ANCA GN. While low levels of C4 correlated with glomerulitis, our observation that low levels of circulating complement component C3c is associated with interstitial vasculitis manifestation reflected by intimal arteritis implicates that C3c contributes to tubulointerstitial injury in ANCA GN.
Collapse
|
47
|
Müller-Deile J, Jaremenko C, Haller H, Schiffer M, Haubitz M, Christiansen S, Falk C, Schiffer L. Chemokine/Cytokine Levels Correlate with Organ Involvement in PR3-ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10122715. [PMID: 34205404 PMCID: PMC8234887 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10122715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a rare small vessel disease characterized by multi-organ involvement. Biomarkers that can measure specific organ involvement are missing. Here, we ask whether certain circulating cytokines and chemokines correlate with renal involvement and if distinct cytokine/chemokine patterns can differentiate between renal, ear/nose/throat, joints, and lung involvement of AAV. Methods: Thirty-two sets of Birmingham vasculitis activity score (BVAS), PR3-ANCA titers, laboratory marker, and different cytokines were obtained from 17 different patients with AAV. BVAS, PR3-ANCA titers, laboratory marker, and cytokine concentrations were correlated to different organ involvements in active AAV. Results: Among patients with active PR3-AAV (BVAS > 0) and kidney involvement we found significant higher concentrations of chemokine ligand (CCL)-1, interleukin (IL)-6, IL21, IL23, IL-28A, IL33, monocyte chemoattractant protein 2 (MCP2), stem cell factor (SCF), thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and thrombopoietin (TPO) compared to patients without PR3-ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis. Patients with ear, nose, and throat involvement expressed higher concentrations of MCP2 and of the (C-X-C motif) ligand-12 (CXCL-12) compared to patients with active AAV and no involvement of these organs. Conclusion: We identified distinct cytokine patterns for renal manifestation and for ear, nose and throat involvement of PR3-AAV. Distinct plasma cytokines might be used as non-invasive biomarkers of organ involvement in AAV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janina Müller-Deile
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Christian Jaremenko
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Correlative Microscopy eV, INAM, 91301 Forchheim, Germany; (C.J.); (S.C.)
- Institute of Optics, Information and Photonics, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hermann Haller
- Department of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Mario Schiffer
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Marion Haubitz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Center for Internal Medicine and Medical Clinic III, Klinikum Fulda, 36043 Fulda, Germany;
| | - Silke Christiansen
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Correlative Microscopy eV, INAM, 91301 Forchheim, Germany; (C.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Christine Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Lena Schiffer
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Osman M, Cohen Tervaert JW, Pagnoux C. Avacopan for the treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 17:717-726. [PMID: 34006155 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1932466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasm autoantibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAVs) are a group of rare heterogeneous diseases characterized by blood vessel inflammation resulting in organ destruction and death. Although various treatment strategies have resulted in marked improvement in vasculitis-specific outcomes, many patients with AAV continue to suffer from complications related to the prolonged use of glucocorticoids (GC) such as infections, metabolic abnormalities, and increased cardiovascular morbidity. Recently, activation of the alternative complement pathway has been implicated in the augmentation of the damage caused by AAV via the complement C5a receptor (C5aR1, CD88). Specifically targeting this pathway may lead to improved outcomes in patients with AAV.Areas covered: In this article, we have summarized the rationale for targeting the complement pathway in AAV. The relevant pre-clinical, phase I, II and III findings with emphasis on the efficacy, and safety of avacopan, a new oral competitive inhibitor that interferes with the binding of C5a to C5aR1 (CD88), are reviewed.Expert opinion: These results are encouraging, may led to major changes in the treatment approach for AAV, and give rise to future studies utilizing complement inhibitors in AAV patients, and potentially in other immune mediated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Osman
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Christian Pagnoux
- Vasculitis Clinic, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Mazzariol M, Camussi G, Brizzi MF. Extracellular Vesicles Tune the Immune System in Renal Disease: A Focus on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Antiphospholipid Syndrome, Thrombotic Microangiopathy and ANCA-Vasculitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084194. [PMID: 33919576 PMCID: PMC8073859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are microparticles released in biological fluids by different cell types, both in physiological and pathological conditions. Owing to their ability to carry and transfer biomolecules, EV are mediators of cell-to-cell communication and are involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases. The ability of EV to modulate the immune system, the coagulation cascade, the angiogenetic process, and to drive endothelial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of both autoimmune and renal diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated the involvement of EV in the control of renal homeostasis by acting as intercellular signaling molecules, mediators of inflammation and tissue regeneration. Moreover, circulating EV and urinary EV secreted by renal cells have been investigated as potential early biomarkers of renal injury. In the present review, we discuss the recent findings on the involvement of EV in autoimmunity and in renal intercellular communication. We focused on EV-mediated interaction between the immune system and the kidney in autoimmune diseases displaying common renal damage, such as antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, thrombotic microangiopathy, and vasculitis. Although further studies are needed to extend our knowledge on EV in renal pathology, a deeper investigation of the impact of EV in kidney autoimmune diseases may also provide insight into renal biological processes. Furthermore, EV may represent promising biomarkers of renal diseases with potential future applications as diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
Collapse
|
50
|
Ishizaki J, Takemori A, Horie K, Hiraoka D, Suemori K, Matsumoto T, Sada KE, Amano K, Harigai M, Arimura Y, Makino H, Takenaka K, Takemori N, Hasegawa H. Usefulness of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 as a predictor of sustained remission in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:91. [PMID: 33743769 PMCID: PMC7980538 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02471-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We previously identified tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) as a biomarker of disease activity that distinguished mildly or highly active antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) from remission 6 months after the initiation of remission-induction therapy. In the present study, we investigated whether TIMP-1 is clinically useful as a predictor of relapse and sustained remission in AAV patients with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) during maintenance therapy. Methods The relationship between serum TIMP-1 levels and clinical outcomes in AAV patients receiving maintenance therapy was assessed using the follow-up data of a Japanese large-cohort study (the RemIT-JAV-RPGN study) and data collected from AAV patients on maintenance therapy in our hospital (the MAAV-EU study). Results In the RemIT-JAV RPGN study, serum levels of TIMP-1 were significantly higher in mildly active AAV patients with MPA and GPA 6 months after the initiation of remission-induction therapy than in patients in remission. Regarding maintenance therapy, elevated levels of TIMP-1 in patients in remission were associated with relapse and/or difficulty reducing the glucocorticoid dosage after 6 to 12 months. In the MAAV-EU study, serum levels of TIMP-1 were elevated in relapsed patients 6 months before relapse, earlier than the increase in serum levels of CRP. Analyses of both studies revealed that approximately 30% of patients in remission with a serum TIMP-1 level ≥ 150 ng/mL relapsed after 6 to 12 months, while the majority of patients with a TIMP-1 level < 150 ng/mL sustained remission for at least 12 months. Conclusion We herein demonstrated that TIMP-1 is more useful as a predictive biomarker of sustained remission than as a predictor of relapse in maintenance therapy for AAV. TIMP-1 levels < 150 ng/mL are important for the long-term maintenance of remission and may be an indicator for the tapering or cessation of treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13075-021-02471-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ishizaki
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Ayako Takemori
- Division of Analytical Bio-Medicine, Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kenta Horie
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hiraoka
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Koichiro Suemori
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Ken-Ei Sada
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan
| | - Koichi Amano
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Harigai
- Department of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Arimura
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Kichijoji Asahi Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Katsuto Takenaka
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Takemori
- Division of Analytical Bio-Medicine, Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hasegawa
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|