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Tachibana T, Notomi S, Funatsu J, Fujiwara K, Nakatake S, Murakami Y, Nakao S, Kanamoto T, Ikeda Y, Ishibashi T, Sonoda KH, Hisatomi T. Intraocular kinetics of pathological ATP after photoreceptor damage in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2024:10.1007/s10384-024-01087-x. [PMID: 39060674 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-024-01087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Extracellular Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) released by dying cells may cause a secondary cell death in neighboring cells in retinal degeneration. We investigated intraocular ATP kinetics to gain mechanical insights into the pathology in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective clinical study. METHODS Vitreous or subretinal fluids (SRF) were obtained from patients with RRD (n=75), macular hole (MH; n=20), and epiretinal membrane (ERM; n=35) during vitrectomy. ATP levels in those samples were measured by luciferase assay. RESULTS Mean ATP levels in the vitreous from RRD patients were significantly higher compared to those from MH and ERM patients (2.3 and 0.3 nM, respectively. P<0.01). Mean ATP levels in the SRF from RRD (11.7 nM) were higher than those in the vitreous from RRD (P<0.01). Mean ATP levels in the vitreous with short durations (1-8 days) of RRD were higher compared to those with long durations (>8 days) (3.2 and 1.4 nM, respectively. P<0.05). Similarly, ATP in SRF with short durations were higher than those with long durations (23.8 and 3.6 nM, respectively. P<0.05). Furthermore, the concentrations of ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (ENTPD1), a major ATP degradative enzyme, in the vitreous from RRD were higher than those from MH/ERM (1.2 and 0.2 ng/ml, respectively. P<0.01). ENTPD1 expression was localized in the cytoplasm of CD11b-positive infiltrating cells in the vitreous and retinal cells. CONCLUSION ATP increased in the vitreous and SRF in RRD and decreased over time with an upregulation of ENTPD1. The kinetics indicate the pathological mechanism of the excessive extracellular ATP after RRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tachibana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Ohshima Eye Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shoji Notomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun Funatsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kohta Fujiwara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shunji Nakatake
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Murakami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nakao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Ishibashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshio Hisatomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital, 1-1-1 Zokumyouin, Chikushino, Fukuoka, 818-8502, Japan.
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2
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Hossein Nowroozzadeh M, Yousefi M, Abuali M, Sanie-Jahromi F. Effect of adalimumab as an anti-inflammatory agent on gene expression of retinal pigment epithelial cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116568. [PMID: 38599062 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Adalimumab (ADA) is an anti-inflammatory antibody that has FDA approval as a systemic medication for treating noninfectious uveitis. It is also provisionally being investigated as an intravitreal injection for various retinal conditions. This study aimed to assess the effect of ADA on apoptotic, inflammatory, and fibrogenesis gene expression at mRNA and protein levels in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. RPEs were treated with serial concentrations of ADA (0.5x, x, 2x, and 4x; [x = 250 µg/mL]) for 24 hours. MTT assay was done and the mRNA and protein expressions were quantified using real-time PCR and ELISA assay, respectively. The mRNA levels of IL-1b and IL-6 were significantly increased in ADA-treated RPEs at 0.5x and x concentrations. However, the increase in cytokine secretion was observed only in IL-1b at x concentration. TGF-β was significantly upregulated in the 0.5x and 4x doses of ADA both at mRNA and protein levels. MTT assay, along with an unchanged BCL-2/BAX ratio confirmed the safety of ADA on RPEs at all studied concentrations. In conclusion, despite its safety, the 2x concentration of ADA was the only dose that did not ignite the expression of any of the studied inflammatory and fibrogenesis genes. This dosage, which is roughly equal to 2 mg intravitreal dose in a clinical setting, might be referred to as a reference starting point for future in-vivo studies in ocular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hossein Nowroozzadeh
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Yousefi
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Mostafa Abuali
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Sanie-Jahromi
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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3
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Brandli A, Vessey KA, Fletcher EL. The contribution of pattern recognition receptor signalling in the development of age related macular degeneration: the role of toll-like-receptors and the NLRP3-inflammasome. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:64. [PMID: 38443987 PMCID: PMC10913318 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss, characterised by the dysfunction and death of the photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Innate immune cell activation and accompanying para-inflammation have been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of AMD, although the exact mechanism(s) and signalling pathways remain elusive. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are essential activators of the innate immune system and drivers of para-inflammation. Of these PRRs, the two most prominent are (1) Toll-like receptors (TLR) and (2) NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3)-inflammasome have been found to modulate the progression of AMD. Mutations in TLR2 have been found to be associated with an increased risk of developing AMD. In animal models of AMD, inhibition of TLR and NLRP3 has been shown to reduce RPE cell death, inflammation and angiogenesis signalling, offering potential novel treatments for advanced AMD. Here, we examine the evidence for PRRs, TLRs2/3/4, and NLRP3-inflammasome pathways in macular degeneration pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Brandli
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Grattan St, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kirstan A Vessey
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Grattan St, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Erica L Fletcher
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Grattan St, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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4
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Liang K, Li X, Guo Q, Ma J, Yang H, Fan Y, Yang D, Shi X, She Z, Qi X, Gu Q, Chen S, Zheng J, Li D. Structural changes in the retina and serum HMGB1 levels are associated with decreased cognitive function in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 190:106379. [PMID: 38104911 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment is a serious nonmotor symptom in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Currently, there are few studies investigating the relationship of serum markers and retinal structural changes with cognitive function in PD. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between retinal structural changes, serum high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) levels and cognitive function and motor symptoms in PD patients. METHODS Eighty-nine participants, including 47 PD patients and 42 healthy subjects, were enrolled. PD patients were divided into Parkinson's disease with normal cognitive (PD-NC), Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI), and Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) groups. The motor and nonmotor symptoms of PD patients were evaluated with clinical scale. Serum HMGB1 levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer complex (GCIPL) thickness changes in the macula were quantitatively analyzed by swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) in all patients. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the macular GCIPL (t = -2.308, P = 0.023) was thinner and serum HMGB1 (z = -2.285, P = 0.022) was increased in PD patients. Macular GCIPL thickness in patients with PD-MCI and PDD were significantly lower than that in PD-NC patients, but there were no significant difference between the PD-MCI and PDD groups. Serum HMGB1 levels in patients with PD-MCI and PDD were significantly higher than those in PD-NC patients, and serum HMGB1 levels in PDD patients were higher than those in PD-MCI patients. Correlation analysis showed that serum HMGB1 levels in PD patients were positively correlated with disease duration, HY stage, UPDRS-I score, UPDRS-III score, and UPDRS total score and negatively correlated with MOCA score. Macular GCIPL thickness was negatively correlated with HY stage and positively correlated with MOCA score, and macular GCIPL thickness was negatively correlated with serum HMGB1 level. Logistic regression analysis showed that elevated serum HMGB1 level, thinner macular GCIPL thickness, and higher HY stage were independent risk factors for Parkinson's disease with cognitive impairment (PD-CI). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the serum HMGB1 level and macular GCIPL thickness-based diagnosis of PD-MCI, PDD and PD-CI based on in patients with PD were 0.786 and 0.825, 0.915 and 0.856, 0.852 and 0.841, respectively. The AUC for the diagnosis of PD-MCI, PDD and PD-CI with serum HMGB1 level and GCIPL thickness combined were 0.869, 0.967 and 0.916, respectively. CONCLUSION The macular GCIPL thickness and serum HMGB1 level are potential markers of cognitive impairment in PD patients, and their combination can significantly improve the accuracy of the diagnosis of cognitive impairment in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Liang
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaohuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingge Guo
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Ma
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Hongqi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Yongyan Fan
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dawei Yang
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxue Shi
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zonghan She
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuelin Qi
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi Gu
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinhua Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Shome I, Thathapudi NC, Aramati BMR, Kowtharapu BS, Jangamreddy JR. Stages, pathogenesis, clinical management and advancements in therapies of age-related macular degeneration. Int Ophthalmol 2023; 43:3891-3909. [PMID: 37347455 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-023-02767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a retinal degenerative disorder prevalent in the elderly population, which leads to the loss of central vision. The disease progression can be managed, if not prevented, either by blocking neovascularization ("wet" form of AMD) or by preserving retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells ("dry" form of AMD). Although current therapeutic modalities are moderately successful in delaying the progression and management of the disease, advances over the past years in regenerative medicine using iPSC, embryonic stem cells, advanced materials (including nanomaterials) and organ bio-printing show great prospects in restoring vision and efficient management of either forms of AMD. This review focuses on the molecular mechanism of the disease, model systems (both cellular and animal) used in studying AMD, the list of various regenerative therapies and the current treatments available. The article also highlights on the recent clinical trials using regenerative therapies and management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Shome
- UR Advanced Therapeutics Private Limited, ASPIRE-BioNest, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Neethi C Thathapudi
- Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bindu Madhav Reddy Aramati
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Bhavani S Kowtharapu
- UR Advanced Therapeutics Private Limited, ASPIRE-BioNest, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Jaganmohan R Jangamreddy
- UR Advanced Therapeutics Private Limited, ASPIRE-BioNest, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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6
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Al-Nawaiseh S, Krötz C, Rickmann A, Strack C, Germann A, von Briesen H, Szurman P, Schulz A, Stanzel BV. A rabbit model for outer retinal atrophy caused by surgical RPE removal. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 261:2265-2280. [PMID: 36976356 PMCID: PMC10368565 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to establish a rabbit model with retinal atrophy induced by an iatrogenic retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) removal, for future testing of the efficacy and safety of cell therapy strategies. METHODS A localized detachment of the retina from the RPE/choroid layer was created in 18 pigmented rabbits. The RPE was removed by scraping with a custom-made extendable loop instrument. The resulting RPE wound was observed over a time course of 12 weeks with optical coherence tomography and angiography. After 4 days (group 1) and 12 weeks (group 2), histology was done and staining with hematoxylin and eosin, as well as immunofluorescence performed to further investigate the effects of debridement on the RPE and the overlying retina. RESULTS Already after 4 days, we observed a closure of the RPE wound by proliferating RPE and microglia/macrophage cells forming a multilayered clump. This pattern continued over the observation time course of 12 weeks, whereby the inner and outer nuclear layer of the retina became atrophic. No neovascularization was observed in the angiograms or histology. The observed changes were limited to the site of the former RPE wound. CONCLUSIONS Localized surgical RPE removal induced an adjacent progressive retinal atrophy. Altering the natural course of this model may serve as a basis to test RPE cell therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Al-Nawaiseh
- Eye Clinic Sulzbach, Knappschaft Hospital Saar, Sulzbach/Saar, Germany
| | - Christina Krötz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Sulzbach/Saar, Germany
| | | | - Claudine Strack
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anja Germann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Sulzbach/Saar, Germany
| | - Hagen von Briesen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Sulzbach/Saar, Germany
| | - Peter Szurman
- Eye Clinic Sulzbach, Knappschaft Hospital Saar, Sulzbach/Saar, Germany
- Klaus Heimann Eye Research Institute (KHERI), Sulzbach/Saar, Germany
| | - André Schulz
- Eye Clinic Sulzbach, Knappschaft Hospital Saar, Sulzbach/Saar, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Sulzbach/Saar, Germany
- Klaus Heimann Eye Research Institute (KHERI), Sulzbach/Saar, Germany
| | - Boris V Stanzel
- Eye Clinic Sulzbach, Knappschaft Hospital Saar, Sulzbach/Saar, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Sulzbach/Saar, Germany.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- Klaus Heimann Eye Research Institute (KHERI), Sulzbach/Saar, Germany.
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7
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Guo XX, Pu Q, Hu JJ, Chang XJ, Li AL, Li XY. The role of regulated necrosis in inflammation and ocular surface diseases. Exp Eye Res 2023:109537. [PMID: 37302745 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, numerous types of regulated cell death have been identified, including pyroptosis, ferroptosis and necroptosis. Regulated necrosis is characterized by a series of amplified inflammatory responses that result in cell death. Therefore, it has been suggested to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of ocular surface diseases. The cell morphological features and molecular mechanisms of regulated necrosis are discussed in this review. Furthermore, it summarizes the role of ocular surface diseases, such as dry eye, keratitis, and cornea alkali burn, as potential disease prevention and treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Qi Pu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Jing-Jie Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Ao-Ling Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xin-Yu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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8
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Mahaling B, Low SWY, Beck M, Kumar D, Ahmed S, Connor TB, Ahmad B, Chaurasia SS. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) in Retinal Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052591. [PMID: 35269741 PMCID: PMC8910759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous danger molecules released from the extracellular and intracellular space of damaged tissue or dead cells. Recent evidence indicates that DAMPs are associated with the sterile inflammation caused by aging, increased ocular pressure, high glucose, oxidative stress, ischemia, mechanical trauma, stress, or environmental conditions, in retinal diseases. DAMPs activate the innate immune system, suggesting their role to be protective, but may promote pathological inflammation and angiogenesis in response to the chronic insult or injury. DAMPs are recognized by specialized innate immune receptors, such as receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the NOD-like receptor family (NLRs), and purine receptor 7 (P2X7), in systemic diseases. However, studies describing the role of DAMPs in retinal disorders are meager. Here, we extensively reviewed the role of DAMPs in retinal disorders, including endophthalmitis, uveitis, glaucoma, ocular cancer, ischemic retinopathies, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and inherited retinal disorders. Finally, we discussed DAMPs as biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and therapeutic agents for retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binapani Mahaling
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (B.M.); (S.W.Y.L.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (T.B.C.); (B.A.)
| | - Shermaine W. Y. Low
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (B.M.); (S.W.Y.L.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (T.B.C.); (B.A.)
| | - Molly Beck
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (B.M.); (S.W.Y.L.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (T.B.C.); (B.A.)
| | - Devesh Kumar
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (B.M.); (S.W.Y.L.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (T.B.C.); (B.A.)
| | - Simrah Ahmed
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (B.M.); (S.W.Y.L.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (T.B.C.); (B.A.)
| | - Thomas B. Connor
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (B.M.); (S.W.Y.L.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (T.B.C.); (B.A.)
- Vitreoretinal Surgery, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Baseer Ahmad
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (B.M.); (S.W.Y.L.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (T.B.C.); (B.A.)
- Vitreoretinal Surgery, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Shyam S. Chaurasia
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Froedtert and MCW Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (B.M.); (S.W.Y.L.); (M.B.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (T.B.C.); (B.A.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-414-955-2050
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Chen J, Li L, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Chen L. Gambogic acid ameliorates high glucose- and palmitic acid-induced inflammatory response in ARPE-19 cells via activating Nrf2 signaling pathway: ex vivo. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:367-375. [PMID: 33245515 PMCID: PMC7925800 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious microvascular complication of diabetes. Gambogic acid has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effect. However, the effect of GA on inflammatory response of ARPE-19 cells remains unclear. In our study, ARPE-19 cells were stimulated by palmitic acid (PA) induction in the presence of 30 mM glucose and then treated with 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, or 20 μM GA. CCK-8 assay showed that cell viability was increased by GA treatment at doses of 0.5, 1, and 2 μM instead of higher doses. ELISA analysis found that GA dose-dependently reduced the production of pro-inflammatory mediators TNF-α and IL-1β. Western blot indicated that GA downregulated the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components including TXNIP, NLRP3, ASC, cleaved-caspase-1, and cleaved-IL-1β in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis suggested that GA effectively increased the protein level of nuclear factor E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2). RT-qPCR showed that GA significantly increased the mRNA levels of Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase1 (NQO1). Furthermore, Nrf2 siRNA transfection confirmed the above effects of GA. In total, subtoxic doses of GA significantly flattened the inflammatory response induced by HG and PA in ARPE-19 cells via modulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahua Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang ZY, Sun YJ, Song JY, Fan B, Li GY. Experimental models and examination methods of retinal detachment. Brain Res Bull 2021; 169:51-62. [PMID: 33434623 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Retinal detachment refers to the separation of the retinal neuroepithelium and pigment epithelium, usually involving the death of photoreceptor cells. Severe detachment may lead to permanent visual impairment if not treated properly and promptly. According to the underlying causes, retinal detachment falls into one of three categories: exudative retinal detachment, traction detachment, and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Like many other diseases, it is difficult to study the pathophysiology of retinal detachment directly in humans, because the human retinal tissues are precious, scarce and non-regenerative; thus, establishing experimental models that better mimic the disease is necessary. In this review, we summarize the existing models of the three categories of retinal detachment both in vivo and in vitro, along with an overview of their examination methods and the major strengths and weaknesses of each model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yuan Zhang
- Second Hosp Jilin Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, 218 Zi Qiang St, Changchun, 130041, PR China.
| | - Ying-Jian Sun
- Second Hosp Jilin Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, 218 Zi Qiang St, Changchun, 130041, PR China.
| | - Jing-Yao Song
- Second Hosp Shandong Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, 247 Bei Yuan St, Jinan, 250031, PR China.
| | - Bin Fan
- Second Hosp Jilin Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, 218 Zi Qiang St, Changchun, 130041, PR China.
| | - Guang-Yu Li
- Second Hosp Jilin Univ, Dept Ophthalmol, 218 Zi Qiang St, Changchun, 130041, PR China.
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Ross BX, Choi J, Yao J, Hager HM, Abcouwer SF, Zacks DN. Loss of High-Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Protein in Rods Accelerates Rod Photoreceptor Degeneration After Retinal Detachment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:50. [PMID: 32460314 PMCID: PMC7405795 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.5.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinal detachment (RD) disrupts the nutritional support and oxygen delivery to photoreceptors (PRs), ultimately causing cell death. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) can serve as an extracellular alarmin when released from stressed cells. PRs release HMGB1 after RD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between HMGB1 and PR survival after RD. Methods Acute RD was created by injection of hyaluronic acid (1%) into the subretinal space in C57BL/6 mice and mice with a rhodopsin-Cre-mediated conditional knockout (cKO) of HMGB1 in rods (HMGB1ΔRod). Immunofluorescence (IF) in retinal sections was used to localize HMGB1, rhodopsin, and Iba-1 proteins. Optical coherence tomography and electroretinography were used to quantify retinal thickness and function, respectively. The morphology of the retina was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin. Results HMGB1 protein was localized to the nuclei of all retinal neurons, including PRs, with cones staining more intensely than rods. HMGB1 protein was also found in the inner and outer segments of cones but not rods. Creation of RD caused a dramatic increase of HMGB1 protein IF in rods. cKO of HMGB1 in rods did not affect retinal structure or function. However, after RD, loss of rods and reduction in the thickness of the outer nuclear layer were significantly increased in the HMGB1ΔRod retinas as compared to the control. Interestingly, depletion of HMGB1 in rods did not affect the activation and mobilization of microglia/macrophages normally seen after RD. Conclusions Increased HMGB1 expression in stressed rods may represent an intrinsic mechanism regulating their survival after RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing X. Ross
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Joanne Choi
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Jingyu Yao
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Heather M. Hager
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Steven F. Abcouwer
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - David N. Zacks
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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12
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Murakami Y, Ishikawa K, Nakao S, Sonoda KH. Innate immune response in retinal homeostasis and inflammatory disorders. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 74:100778. [PMID: 31505218 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune cells such as neutrophils, monocyte-macrophages and microglial cells are pivotal for the health and disease of the retina. For the maintenance of retinal homeostasis, these cells and immunosuppressive molecules in the eye actively regulate the induction and the expression of inflammation in order to prevent excessive activation and subsequent tissue damage. In the disease context, these regulatory mechanisms are modulated genetically and/or by environmental stimuli such as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and a chronic innate immune response regulates or contributes to the formation of diverse retinal disorders such as uveitis, retinitis pigmentosa, retinal vascular diseases and retinal fibrosis. Here we summarize the recent knowledge regarding the innate immune response in both ocular immune regulation and inflammatory retinal diseases, and we describe the potential of the innate immune response as a biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Murakami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Keijiro Ishikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nakao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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13
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Kim GH, Paik SS, Park YS, Kim HG, Kim IB. Amelioration of Mouse Retinal Degeneration After Blue LED Exposure by Glycyrrhizic Acid-Mediated Inhibition of Inflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:319. [PMID: 31379505 PMCID: PMC6646422 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is a major component in the root and rhizomes of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), which have been used as an herbal medicine, because of its anti-inflammatory activity. GA is known as an inhibitor of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which is involved in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases including inner retinal neuropathy. In this study, we examined the effect of GA in a mouse model of retinal degeneration (RD), the leading cause of blindness. RD was induced by exposure to a blue light-emitting diode (LED). In functional assessment, electroretinography showed that the amplitudes of both a- and b-waves were reduced in RD mice, whereas they were significantly increased in GA-treated RD mice (P < 0.05), compared to those in non-treated RD animals. In histological assessment, GA treatment preserved the outer nuclear layer where photoreceptors reside and reduced photoreceptor cell death. GA-treated retinas showed significantly reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, CCL2 and 6, iNOS, and COX-2 (P < 0.05), compared to that in non-treated retinas. Immunohistochemistry showed that Iba-1 and GFAP expression was markedly reduced in GA-treated retinas, indicating decreased glial response and inflammation. Interestingly, HMGB1 expression was reduced in non-treated RD retinas whereas GA paradoxically increased its expression. These results demonstrate that GA preserves retinal structure and function by inhibiting inflammation in blue LED-induced RD, suggesting a potential application of GA as a medication for RD. In addition, we propose a potential retinal protective function of HMGB1 in the pathogenesis of RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun-Sook Paik
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Soo Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyoun Geun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-Beom Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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14
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Caputo R, Pasti M, de Libero C, Mori F, Barni S, Danti G, Buonvicino D, Urru M, Chiarugi A, Pucci N. Increased Lacrimal Fluid Level of HMGB1 in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2018; 27:808-812. [PMID: 29847189 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2018.1467465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of the present prospective study was to evaluate the lacrimal fluid concentration of HMGB1 in young patients affected by Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) compared to a control group of healthy subjects of same age. Methods: Tear fluids was collected in a group of VKC patients and compared to a control group of healthy subjects. HMGB1 concentration was measured using the HMGB1 ELISA II test both in VCK and control subjects. Results: The mean concentration of HMGB1 in tear fluids of 45 VKC patients was 0,977 ± 0,72 ng/ml whereas in the control group was 0,24 ± 0,25 ng/ml and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0,000106) Conclusion: The concentration of HMGB1 in VCK patients was found to be significantly increased, suggesting a possible role of this protein in the inflammatory mechanism of VKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Caputo
- a Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, AOU Meyer , Florence , Italy
| | - Mattia Pasti
- a Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, AOU Meyer , Florence , Italy
| | | | - Francesca Mori
- b Department of Allergology, AOU Meyer , Florence , Italy
| | - Simona Barni
- b Department of Allergology, AOU Meyer , Florence , Italy
| | - Gioia Danti
- a Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, AOU Meyer , Florence , Italy
| | - Daniela Buonvicino
- c Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Section, Università degli Studi di Firenze , Florence , Italy
| | - Matteo Urru
- c Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Section, Università degli Studi di Firenze , Florence , Italy
| | - Alberto Chiarugi
- c Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Section, Università degli Studi di Firenze , Florence , Italy
| | - Neri Pucci
- b Department of Allergology, AOU Meyer , Florence , Italy
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15
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Potential Interplay between Hyperosmolarity and Inflammation on Retinal Pigmented Epithelium in Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041056. [PMID: 29614818 PMCID: PMC5979527 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a frequent eyesight threatening complication of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Under physiological conditions, the inner and the outer blood-retinal barriers protect the retina by regulating ion, protein, and water flux into and out of the retina. During diabetic retinopathy, many factors, including inflammation, contribute to the rupture of the inner and/or the outer blood-retinal barrier. This rupture leads the development of macular edema, a foremost cause of sight loss among diabetic patients. Under these conditions, it has been speculated that retinal pigmented epithelial cells, that constitute the outer blood-retinal barrier, may be subjected to hyperosmolar stress resulting from different mechanisms. Herein, we review the possible origins and consequences of hyperosmolar stress on retinal pigmented epithelial cells during diabetic retinopathy, with a special focus on the intimate interplay between inflammation and hyperosmolar stress, as well as the current and forthcoming new pharmacotherapies for the treatment of such condition.
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16
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Chang YC, Lin CW, Hsieh MC, Wu HJ, Wu WS, Wu WC, Kao YH. High mobility group B1 up-regulates angiogenic and fibrogenic factors in human retinal pigment epithelial ARPE-19 cells. Cell Signal 2017; 40:248-257. [PMID: 28970183 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced retinal neovascularization plays a central role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. This study aimed to investigate whether hypoxia leads to the release of nuclear high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) peptides from cultured retinal pigment epithelial ARPE-19 cells, to determine the effect of HMGB1 on angiogenic cytokine production and elucidate the involved signaling pathways. A chemical hypoxia mimetic agent, cobalt chloride, induced SIRT1 downregulation, HMGB1 nucleocytoplasmic relocation and extracellular release from ARPE-19 cells, implicating its autocrine function. Resveratrol treatment significantly reduced secretion of HMGB1 from ARPE-19 cells exposed to hypoxia. Cell proliferation and cell cycle analyses demonstrated that exogenous HMGB1 caused significant growth suppression and G1 cell cycle arrest in ARPE-19 cells. Morphological observations showed that HMGB1 enhanced adhesion, but suppressed migration of ARPE-19 cells. More intriguingly, HMGB1 up-regulated expression of angiofibrogenic factors in ARPE-19 cells, including VEGF, bFGF, TGF-β2, and CTGF. Signal profiling characterization indicated that HMGB1 triggered hyperphosphorylation of Akt, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB, but not that of ERK, JNK, and Smad2, whereas inhibition of PI3K, MAPK, or NF-κB significantly attenuated the HMGB1-driven cytokine overproduction in ARPE-19 cells. Functional neutralization with anti-TLR4 and -RAGE antibodies confirmed that both receptors were involved in the cytokine overproduction. In conclusion, chemically-mimicked hypoxia induced nucleocytoplasmic relocation and release of HMGB1 peptides, which in turn up-regulated the production of angiofibrogenic factors in RPE cells, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of hypoxia-associated diabetic retinopathies. Conversely, blockades of intraocular HMGB1 bioavailability or signal activation may prevent angiofibrogenesis in development of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Chen Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chu Hsieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Jiun Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sheng Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Hsien Kao
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Cytokine expression and barrier disruption in human corneal epithelial cells induced by alarmin released from necrotic cells. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2017; 61:415-422. [PMID: 28725984 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-017-0528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dying cells release endogenous molecules known as alarmins that signal danger to surrounding tissue. We investigated the effects of necrotic cell-derived alarmins on cytokine expression and barrier function in human corneal epithelial cells. METHODS The release of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 from immortalized human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells in culture was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The abundance of IL-6 and 8 mRNAs was quantitated by reverse transcription and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Barrier function of HCE cells was evaluated by measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). The subcellular localization of the p65 subunit of the transcription factor NF-κB was determined by immunofluorescence analysis, and phosphorylation of the endogenous NF-κB inhibitor IκBα was examined by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS A necrotic cell supernatant prepared from HCE cells induced the up-regulation of IL-6 and 8 expression at both mRNA and protein levels as well as reduced TER in intact HCE cells. Among alarmins tested, only IL-1α (not IL-33 or HMGB1) mimicked these effects of the necrotic cell supernatant. Furthermore, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) and neutralizing antibodies to IL-1α (but not those to IL-1β) each attenuated the effects of the necrotic cell supernatant. Exposure of HCE cells to the necrotic cell supernatant also induced the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα as well as translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB to the nucleus. CONCLUSION IL-1α released from necrotic corneal epithelial cells may trigger inflammatory responses at the ocular surface, including cytokine production and barrier disruption.
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18
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Profiles of Inflammatory Cytokines in the Vitreous Fluid from Patients with Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment and Their Correlations with Clinical Features. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4256183. [PMID: 28074184 PMCID: PMC5198183 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4256183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. To characterize the profiles for inflammatory cytokines in the vitreous fluid from patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) by comparing those of other vitreoretinal diseases and to analyze the correlation between intravitreal cytokines and clinical features. Materials and Methods. Vitreous fluid was obtained at the time of surgery from 28 RRD eyes. Vitreous fluid was similarly collected from patients with macular hole (MH), epiretinal membrane, proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and retinal vein occlusion as controls. Twenty-seven cytokines were measured. Intravitreal cytokine profiles in RRD were characterized by comparing these with those in other vitreoretinal diseases. We also analyzed the correlations between vitreous cytokines and clinical features. Results. There were statistical differences in the MCP-1, MIP-1β, and IP-10 between the RRD and MH, while the IL-6 and IL-8 exhibited levels that were between those for the PDR and MH. MIP-1β was significantly correlated to both the extent and duration of the RRD, while IL-8 was significantly correlated to the extent of the RRD. Conclusions. MCP-1, MIP-1β, and IP-10 may modify the pathologic features of RRD. The levels of these cytokines are related in part to the clinical features and the level of photoreceptor damage.
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Necrosis-Induced Sterile Inflammation Mediated by Interleukin-1α in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144460. [PMID: 26641100 PMCID: PMC4671579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous danger signals released from necrotic cells contribute to retinal inflammation. We have now investigated the effects of necrotic cell extracts prepared from ARPE-19 human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ANCE) on the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by healthy ARPE-19 cells. ANCE were prepared by subjection of ARPE-19 cells to freeze-thaw cycles. The release of various cytokines and chemokines from ARPE-19 cells was measured with a multiplex assay system or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The expression of interleukin (IL)–1α and the phosphorylation and degradation of the endogenous nuclear factor–κB (NF-κB) inhibitor IκB-α were examined by immunoblot analysis. Among the various cytokines and chemokines examined, we found that ANCE markedly stimulated the release of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 and the chemokines IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)–1 by ARPE-19 cells. ANCE-induced IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 release was inhibited by IL-1 receptor antagonist and by an IKK2 inhibitor (a blocker of NF-κB signaling) in a concentration-dependent manner, but was not affected by a pan-caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK). Recombinant IL-1α also induced the secretion of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 from ARPE-19 cells, and IL-1α was detected in ANCE. Furthermore, ANCE induced the phosphorylation and degradation of IκB-α in ARPE-19 cells. Our findings thus suggest that IL-1α is an important danger signal that is released from necrotic retinal pigment epithelial cells and triggers proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine secretion from intact cells in a manner dependent on NF-κB signaling. IL-1α is therefore a potential therapeutic target for amelioration of sterile inflammation in the retina.
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Necrotic enlargement of cone photoreceptor cells and the release of high-mobility group box-1 in retinitis pigmentosa. Cell Death Discov 2015; 1:15058. [PMID: 27551484 PMCID: PMC4979449 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2015.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) refers to a group of inherited retinal degenerations resulting form rod and cone photoreceptor cell death. The rod cell death due to deleterious genetic mutations has been shown to occur mainly through apoptosis, whereas the mechanisms and features of the secondary cone cell death have not been fully elucidated. Our previous study showed that the cone cell death in rd10 mice, an animal model of RP, involves necrotic features and is partly mediated by the receptor interacting protein kinase. However, the relevancy of necrotic cone cell death in human RP patients remains unknown. In the present study, we showed that dying cone cells in rd10 mice exhibited cellular enlargement, along with necrotic changes such as cellular swelling and mitochondrial rupture. In human eyes, live imaging of cone cells by adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy revealed significantly increased percentages of enlarged cone cells in the RP patients compared with the control subjects. The vitreous of the RP patients contained significantly higher levels of high-mobility group box-1, which is released extracellularly associated with necrotic cell death. These findings suggest that necrotic enlargement of cone cells is involved in the process of cone degeneration, and that necrosis may be a novel target to prevent or delay the loss of cone-mediated central vision in RP.
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21
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Soft shell technique during vitrectomy for proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 254:1069-73. [PMID: 26340867 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-3155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether ophthalmic viscoelastic devices (OVDs) can be used during vitrectomy to prevent perflorocarbon liquid (PFCL) from leaking into the subretinal space through retinal tears in eyes with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). The OVDs are adhesive materials that can temporally close retinal breaks. We introduce a "soft shell technique", which allows the unfolding of the retina by PFCL. METHODS We studied five eyes of five patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy that underwent vitrectomy using the soft shell technique. After removing the core vitreous, the OVDs were carefully injected over the area where confluent retinal folds were formed with possible retinal breaks. This created a soft shell shield on the retina that can prevent the intravitreal PFCL from leaking into the subretinal space. RESULTS The soft shell technique still allowed the PFCL to unfold the retina even if iatrogenic breaks are present. The high viscosity of OVDs sealed the iatrogenic retinal breaks and thus prevented the PFCL from leaking into the subretinal space during the vitrectomy. All patients had an improvement of the visual acuity, and four eyes had a reattachment of the retina. CONCLUSIONS Although only five eyes were examined, the success of the soft shell technique indicates that it can be used with PFCL, which facilitates the unfolding of the contracted retina.
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Kataoka K, Matsumoto H, Kaneko H, Notomi S, Takeuchi K, Sweigard JH, Atik A, Murakami Y, Connor KM, Terasaki H, Miller JW, Vavvas DG. Macrophage- and RIP3-dependent inflammasome activation exacerbates retinal detachment-induced photoreceptor cell death. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1731. [PMID: 25906154 PMCID: PMC4650542 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Detachment of photoreceptors from the retinal pigment epithelium is seen in various retinal disorders, resulting in photoreceptor death and subsequent vision loss. Cell death results in the release of endogenous molecules that activate molecular platforms containing caspase-1, termed inflammasomes. Inflammasome activation in retinal diseases has been reported in some cases to be protective and in others to be detrimental, causing neuronal cell death. Moreover, the cellular source of inflammasomes in retinal disorders is not clear. Here, we demonstrate that patients with photoreceptor injury by retinal detachment (RD) have increased levels of cleaved IL-1β, an end product of inflammasome activation. In an animal model of RD, photoreceptor cell death led to activation of endogenous inflammasomes, and this activation was diminished by Rip3 deletion. The major source of Il1b expression was found to be infiltrating macrophages in the subretinal space, rather than dying photoreceptors. Inflammasome inhibition attenuated photoreceptor death after RD. Our data implicate the infiltrating macrophages as a source of damaging inflammasomes after photoreceptor detachment in a RIP3-dependent manner and suggest a novel therapeutic target for treatment of retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kataoka
- 1] Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - H Matsumoto
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Kaneko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - S Notomi
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Takeuchi
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J H Sweigard
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Atik
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Murakami
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K M Connor
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Terasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - J W Miller
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D G Vavvas
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Oxidative stress in myopia. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:750637. [PMID: 25922643 PMCID: PMC4397465 DOI: 10.1155/2015/750637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Myopia affected approximately 1.6 billion people worldwide in 2000, and it is expected to increase to 2.5 billion by 2020. Although optical problems can be corrected by optics or surgical procedures, normal myopia and high myopia are still an unsolved medical problem. They frequently predispose people who have them to suffer from other eye pathologies: retinal detachment, glaucoma, macular hemorrhage, cataracts, and so on being one of the main causes of visual deterioration and blindness. Genetic and environmental factors have been associated with myopia. Nevertheless, lack of knowledge in the underlying physiopathological molecular mechanisms has not permitted an adequate diagnosis, prevention, or treatment to be found. Nowadays several pieces of evidence indicate that oxidative stress may help explain the altered regulatory pathways in myopia and the appearance of associated eye diseases. On the one hand, oxidative damage associated with hypoxia myopic can alter the neuromodulation that nitric oxide and dopamine have in eye growth. On the other hand, radical superoxide or peroxynitrite production damage retina, vitreous, lens, and so on contributing to the appearance of retinopathies, retinal detachment, cataracts and so on. The objective of this review is to suggest that oxidative stress is one of the key pieces that can help solve this complex eye problem.
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Semeraro F, Cancarini A, dell'Omo R, Rezzola S, Romano MR, Costagliola C. Diabetic Retinopathy: Vascular and Inflammatory Disease. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:582060. [PMID: 26137497 PMCID: PMC4475523 DOI: 10.1155/2015/582060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of visual impairment in the working-age population of the Western world. The pathogenesis of DR is complex and several vascular, inflammatory, and neuronal mechanisms are involved. Inflammation mediates structural and molecular alterations associated with DR. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the inflammatory pathways associated with DR are not completely characterized. Previous studies indicate that tissue hypoxia and dysregulation of immune responses associated with diabetes mellitus can induce increased expression of numerous vitreous mediators responsible for DR development. Thus, analysis of vitreous humor obtained from diabetic patients has made it possible to identify some of the mediators (cytokines, chemokines, and other factors) responsible for DR pathogenesis. Further studies are needed to better understand the relationship between inflammation and DR. Herein the main vitreous-related factors triggering the occurrence of retinal complication in diabetes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Semeraro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - A. Cancarini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - R. dell'Omo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - S. Rezzola
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - M. R. Romano
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples, Italy
| | - C. Costagliola
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
- ICRRS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
- *C. Costagliola:
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25
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Ali BH, Al Za'abi M, Al Shukaili A, Nemmar A. High-mobility group box-1 protein in adenine-induced chronic renal failure and the influence of gum arabic thereon. Physiol Res 2014; 64:147-51. [PMID: 25194125 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis of adenine-induced chronic renal failure may involve inflammatory, immunological and/or oxidant mechanisms. Gum arabic (GA) is a complex polysaccharide that acts as an anti-oxidant which can modulate inflammatory and/or immunological processes. Therefore, we tested here the effect of GA treatment (15 % in the drinking water for 4 weeks) in plasma and urine of rats, on a novel cytokine that has been shown to be pro-inflammatory, viz, DNA-binding high-mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1). Adenine (0.75 % in the feed, 4 weeks) significantly increased indoxyl sulphate, urea and creatinine concentrations in plasma, and significantly decreased the creatinine clearance. GA significantly abated these effects. The concentrations of HMGB1 in urine before the start of the experiment were similar in all four groups. However, 24 h after the last treatment, adenine treatment increased significantly the concentration of HMGB1 when compared with the control. GA treatment did not affect the HMGB1 concentration in urine. Moreover, the concentration of HMGB1 in plasma obtained 24 h after the last treatment in rats treated with adenine was drastically reduced compared with the control group. This may explain its significant rise in urine. In conclusion, HMGB1 can be considered a potentially useful biomarker in adenine induced CRF and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE. ,
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26
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Toxic effects of extracellular histones and their neutralization by vitreous in retinal detachment. J Transl Med 2014; 94:569-85. [PMID: 24614198 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Histones are DNA-binding proteins and are involved in chromatin remodeling and regulation of gene expression. Histones can be released after tissue injuries, and the extracellular histones cause cellular damage and organ dysfunction. Regardless of their clinical significance, the role and relevance of histones in ocular diseases are unknown. We studied the role of histones in eyes with retinal detachment (RD). Vitreous samples were collected during vitrectomy, and the concentration of histone H3 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The location of the histones and related molecules was examined in a rat RD model. The release of histones and their effects on rat retinal progenitor cells R28 and ARPE-19 were evaluated in vitro. In addition, the protective role of the vitreous body against histones was tested. The intravitreal concentration of histones was higher in eyes with RD (mean, 30.9 ± 9.8 ng/ml) than in control eyes (below the limit of detection, P<0.05). In the rat RD model, histone H3 was observed on the outer side of the detached retina and was associated with photoreceptor death. Histone H3 was released from cultured R28 by oxidative stress. Histones at a concentration 10 μg/ml induced the production of interleukin-8 in ARPE-19 cells (2.5-fold increase, P<0.05) that was mediated through the ERK1/2- and p38 MAPK-dependent pathways and Toll-like receptor 4. Histones were toxic to cells at concentrations of ≥ 20 μg/ml. Vitreous body or hyaluronan decreased toxicity of histones by inhibiting diffusion of histones. These results indicate that histones are released from retinas with RD and may modulate the subretinal microenvironment by functioning as damage-associated molecular pattern molecules, thereby inducing proinflammatory cytokines or cell toxicity. In addition, the important role of the vitreous body and hyaluronan in protecting the retina from these toxic effects is suggested.
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Murakami Y, Notomi S, Hisatomi T, Nakazawa T, Ishibashi T, Miller JW, Vavvas DG. Photoreceptor cell death and rescue in retinal detachment and degenerations. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 37:114-40. [PMID: 23994436 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoreceptor cell death is the ultimate cause of vision loss in various retinal disorders, including retinal detachment (RD). Photoreceptor cell death has been thought to occur mainly through apoptosis, which is the most characterized form of programmed cell death. The caspase family of cysteine proteases plays a central role for inducing apoptosis, and in experimental models of RD, dying photoreceptor cells exhibit caspase activation; however, there is a paradox that caspase inhibition alone does not provide a sufficient protection against photoreceptor cell loss, suggesting that other mechanisms of cell death are involved. Recent accumulating evidence demonstrates that non-apoptotic forms of cell death, such as autophagy and necrosis, are also regulated by specific molecular machinery, such as those mediated by autophagy-related proteins and receptor-interacting protein kinases, respectively. Here we summarize the current knowledge of cell death signaling and its roles in photoreceptor cell death after RD and other retinal degenerative diseases. A body of studies indicate that not only apoptotic but also autophagic and necrotic signaling are involved in photoreceptor cell death, and that combined targeting of these pathways may be an effective neuroprotective strategy for retinal diseases associated with photoreceptor cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Murakami
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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28
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Murakami Y, Matsumoto H, Roh M, Giani A, Kataoka K, Morizane Y, Kayama M, Thanos A, Nakatake S, Notomi S, Hisatomi T, Ikeda Y, Ishibashi T, Connor KM, Miller JW, Vavvas DG. Programmed necrosis, not apoptosis, is a key mediator of cell loss and DAMP-mediated inflammation in dsRNA-induced retinal degeneration. Cell Death Differ 2013; 21:270-7. [PMID: 23954861 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no known treatment for the dry form of an age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Cell death and inflammation are important biological processes thought to have central role in AMD. Here we show that receptor-interacting protein (RIP) kinase mediates necrosis and enhances inflammation in a mouse model of retinal degeneration induced by dsRNA, a component of drusen in AMD. In contrast to photoreceptor-induced apoptosis, subretinal injection of the dsRNA analog poly(I : C) caused necrosis of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), as well as macrophage infiltration into the outer retinas. In Rip3(-/-) mice, both necrosis and inflammation were prevented, providing substantial protection against poly(I : C)-induced retinal degeneration. Moreover, after poly(I : C) injection, Rip3(-/-) mice displayed decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α and IL-6) in the retina, and attenuated intravitreal release of high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), a major damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). In vitro, poly(I : C)-induced necrosis were inhibited in Rip3-deficient RPE cells, which in turn suppressed HMGB1 release and dampened TNF-α and IL-6 induction evoked by necrotic supernatants. On the other hand, Rip3 deficiency did not modulate directly TNF-α and IL-6 production after poly(I : C) stimulation in RPE cells or macrophages. Therefore, programmed necrosis is crucial in dsRNA-induced retinal degeneration and may promote inflammation by regulating the release of intracellular DAMPs, suggesting novel therapeutic targets for diseases such as AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Murakami
- 1] Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [2] Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - H Matsumoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Roh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Giani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Kataoka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Morizane
- Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Kayama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Thanos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Nakatake
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - S Notomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Hisatomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Y Ikeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Ishibashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - K M Connor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J W Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D G Vavvas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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29
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Hasegawa E, Sonoda KH, Shichita T, Morita R, Sekiya T, Kimura A, Oshima Y, Takeda A, Yoshimura T, Yoshida S, Ishibashi T, Yoshimura A. IL-23-independent induction of IL-17 from γδT cells and innate lymphoid cells promotes experimental intraocular neovascularization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1778-87. [PMID: 23319736 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a characteristic of age-related macular degeneration. Genome-wide association studies have provided evidence that the immune system is involved in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration; however, the role of inflammatory cytokines in CNV has not been established. In this study, we demonstrated that IL-17 had a strong potential for promoting neovascularization in a vascular endothelial growth factor-independent manner in laser-induced experimental CNV in mice. Infiltrated γδT cells and Thy-1(+) innate lymphoid cells, but not Th17 cells, were the main sources of IL-17 in injured eyes. IL-23 was dispensable for IL-17 induction in the eye. Instead, we found that IL-1β and high-mobility group box 1 strongly promoted IL-17 expression by γδT cells. Suppression of IL-1β and high-mobility group box 1, as well as depletion of γδT cells, reduced IL-17 levels and ameliorated experimental CNV. Our findings suggest the existence of a novel inflammatory cytokine network that promotes neovascularization in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Hasegawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Vitreous mediators in retinal hypoxic diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:935301. [PMID: 23365490 PMCID: PMC3556845 DOI: 10.1155/2013/935301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes of retinal hypoxia are many and varied. Under hypoxic conditions, a variety of soluble factors are secreted into the vitreous cavity including growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines. Cytokines, which usually serve as signals between neighboring cells, are involved in essentially every important biological process, including cell proliferation, inflammation, immunity, migration, fibrosis, tissue repair, and angiogenesis. Cytokines and chemokines are multifunctional mediators that can direct the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation, promote the process, enhance immune responses, and promote stem cell survival, development, and homeostasis. The modern particle-based flow cytometric analysis is more direct, stable and sensitive than the colorimetric readout of the conventional ELISA but, similar to ELISA, is influenced by vitreous hemorrhage, disruption of the blood-retina barrier, and high serum levels of a specific protein. Finding patterns in the expression of inflammatory cytokines specific to a particular disease can substantially contribute to the understanding of its basic mechanism and to the development of a targeted therapy.
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32
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Lee YM, Kim J, Jo K, Shin SD, Kim CS, Sohn EJ, Kim SG, Kim JS. Ethyl pyruvate inhibits retinal pathogenic neovascularization by downregulating HMGB1 expression. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:245271. [PMID: 24371837 PMCID: PMC3858882 DOI: 10.1155/2013/245271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal pathogenic angiogenesis in the eyes is a causative factor in retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. This study was designed to examine the pathogenic role of the high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein and the inhibitory effect of ethyl pyruvate (EP), a well-known antioxidant substance, in retinal pathogenic angiogenesis in mice with oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), one of the animal models of proliferative ischemic retinopathy. The OIR mouse model was used for our in vivo studies. The mice were exposed to 75% oxygen from postnatal day 7 (P7) to P11, after which the mice were brought to room air and intraperitoneally injected with EP (50 mg/kg, or 100 mg/kg) for five days. At P17, the mice were perfused with fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran, and flat-mounted retinas were used to measure nonperfused and neovascular tufts. In OIR mice, an intraperitoneal injection of EP reduced the nonperfused retinal area in the treatment group and significantly reduced the retinal neovascular tufts. In addition, EP inhibited the overexpression of HMGB1 in the retinas of OIR mice. These data suggest that EP could serve as an innovative pharmaceutical agent to prevent retinal neovascularization through inhibiting HMGB1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Mi Lee
- Korean Medicine Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseongdaero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Korean Medicine Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseongdaero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhyung Jo
- Korean Medicine Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseongdaero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - So Dam Shin
- Korean Medicine Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseongdaero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Sik Kim
- Korean Medicine Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseongdaero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Sohn
- Korean Medicine Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseongdaero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Gi Kim
- Korean Medicine Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseongdaero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sook Kim
- Korean Medicine Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 1672 Yuseongdaero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
- *Jin Sook Kim:
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Osteopontin and other regulators of angiogenesis and fibrogenesis in the vitreous from patients with proliferative vitreoretinal disorders. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:493043. [PMID: 23055574 PMCID: PMC3465918 DOI: 10.1155/2012/493043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the levels of the angiogenic and fibrogenic factors osteopontin (OPN), high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and the antiangiogenic and antifibrogenic pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in the vitreous fluid from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with no PVR (RD). Vitreous samples from 48 PDR, 17 PVR and 30 RD patients were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. OPN, HMGB1, CTGF, and PEDF levels were significantly higher in PDR patients than in RD patients (P < 0.001; 0.002; <0.001; <0.001, resp.). CTGF and PEDF levels were significantly higher in PVR patients than in RD patients (P < 0.001; 0.004, resp.). Exploratory logistic regression analysis identified significant associations between PDR and high levels of HMGB1, CTGF and PEDF, between PDR with active neovascularization and high levels of CTGF and PEDF, and between PDR with traction retinal detachment and high levels of HMGB1. In patients with PDR, there were significant correlations between the levels of PEDF and the levels of OPN (r = 0.544, P = 0.001), HMGB1 (r = 0.719, P < 0.001), and CTGF (r = 0.715, P < 0.001). In patients with PVR, there were significant correlations between the levels of OPN and the levels of HMGB1 (r = 0.484, P = 0.049) and PEDF (r = 0.559, P = 0.02). Our findings suggest that OPN, HMGB1, and CTGF contribute to the pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinal disorders and that increased levels of PEDF may be a response to counterbalance the activity of angiogenic and fibrogenic factors in PDR and PVR.
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Potentiation of NMDA receptor-dependent cell responses by extracellular high mobility group box 1 protein. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44518. [PMID: 22952988 PMCID: PMC3432114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein can operate in a synergistic fashion with different signal molecules promoting an increase of cell Ca2+ influx. However, the mechanisms responsible for this effect of HMGB1 are still unknown. Principal Findings Here we demonstrate that, at concentrations of agonist per se ineffective, HMGB1 potentiates the activation of the ionotropic glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) in isolated hippocampal nerve terminals and in a neuroblastoma cell line. This effect was abolished by the NMDA channel blocker MK-801. The HMGB1-facilitated NMDAR opening was followed by activation of the Ca2+-dependent enzymes calpain and nitric oxide synthase in neuroblastoma cells, resulting in an increased production of NO, a consequent enhanced cell motility, and onset of morphological differentiation. We have also identified NMDAR as the mediator of HMGB1-stimulated murine erythroleukemia cell differentiation, induced by hexamethylenebisacetamide. The potentiation of NMDAR activation involved a peptide of HMGB1 located in the B box at the amino acids 130–139. This HMGB1 fragment did not overlap with binding sites for other cell surface receptors of HMGB1, such as the advanced glycation end products or the Toll-like receptor 4. Moreover, in a competition assay, the HMGB1(130–139) peptide displaced the NMDAR/HMGB1 interaction, suggesting that it comprised the molecular and functional site of HMGB1 regulating the NMDA receptor complex. Conclusion We propose that the multifunctional cytokine-like molecule HMGB1 released by activated, stressed, and damaged or necrotic cells can facilitate NMDAR-mediated cell responses, both in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues, independently of other known cell surface receptors for HMGB1.
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Dong K, Zhu H, Song Z, Gong Y, Wang F, Wang W, Zheng Z, Yu Z, Gu Q, Xu X, Sun X. Necrostatin-1 protects photoreceptors from cell death and improves functional outcome after experimental retinal detachment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:1634-41. [PMID: 22940440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a recently discovered programmed necrosis. Evidence demonstrated the importance of necroptosis in neuronal cell death. Necrostatin-1 is a specific inhibitor of necroptosis. In this study, we investigated the role of necrostatin-1 on photoreceptor survival and functional protection after experimental retinal detachment (RD) in rats. Necrostatin-1/inactive analogue of necrostatin-1 was introduced into the subretinal space at RD induction and 6 hours afterward, respectively. We found that necrostatin-1 attenuated retinal histopathological damage and reduced plasma membrane breakdown (a morphological hallmark of necroptosis) in outer retinal layers. Transmission electron microscopy showed that necrostatin-1 directly protected neurons by inhibiting necroptotic, not apoptotic, cell death. Treatment with necrostatin-1 inhibited the induction of receptor-interacting protein kinase phosphorylation after RD (a biomarker of necroptosis). Finally, electroretinographic recording proved that necrostatin-1 contributed to objective functional improvement after RD. These findings indicate that necrostatin-1 is a promising therapeutic agent that protects photoreceptors from necroptosis and improves functional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, China
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Yi H, Patel AK, Sodhi CP, Hackam DJ, Hackam AS. Novel role for the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway and photoreceptor apoptosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36560. [PMID: 22615780 PMCID: PMC3355158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has implicated innate immunity in regulating neuronal survival in the brain during stroke and other neurodegenerations. Photoreceptors are specialized light-detecting neurons in the retina that are essential for vision. In this study, we investigated the role of the innate immunity receptor TLR4 in photoreceptors. TLR4 activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly reduced the survival of cultured mouse photoreceptors exposed to oxidative stress. With respect to mechanism, TLR4 suppressed Wnt signaling, decreased phosphorylation and activation of the Wnt receptor LRP6, and blocked the protective effect of the Wnt3a ligand. Paradoxically, TLR4 activation prior to oxidative injury protected photoreceptors, in a phenomenon known as preconditioning. Expression of TNFα and its receptors TNFR1 and TNFR2 decreased during preconditioning, and preconditioning was mimicked by TNFα antagonists, but was independent of Wnt signaling. Therefore, TLR4 is a novel regulator of photoreceptor survival that acts through the Wnt and TNFα pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Yi
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Amit K. Patel
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Chhinder P. Sodhi
- Department of Surgery (Pediatric), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David J. Hackam
- Department of Surgery (Pediatric), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Abigail S. Hackam
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yang H, Yang S, Hirooka K, Liu Y, Fujita T, Fukuda K, Nakamutra T, Itano T, Zhang J, Nishibori M, Shiraga F. Deleterious role of anti-high mobility group box 1 monoclonal antibody in retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Curr Eye Res 2012; 36:1037-46. [PMID: 21999229 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2011.594201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of anti-high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) monoclonal antibody (mAb) against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat retina. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retinal ischemia was induced by increasing and then maintaining intraocular pressure at 130 mmHg for 45 min. An intraperitoneal injection of anti-HMGB1 mAb was administered 30 min before ischemia. Retinal damage was evaluated at 7 days after the ischemia. Immunohistochemistry and image analysis were used to measure changes in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the localization of anti-HMGB1 mAb. Dark-adapted full-field electroretinography (ERG) was also performed. RESULTS Pretreatment with anti-HMGB1 mAb significantly enhanced the ischemic injury of the retina. HMGB1 expression increased at 6-12 h after ischemia in the retina. After the ischemia, production of ROS was detected in retinal cells. However, pretreatment with anti-HMGB1 mAb increased the production of ROS. On the seventh postoperative day, the amplitudes of both the ERG a- and b-waves were significantly higher in the vehicle group than in the groups pretreated with anti-HMGB1 mAb. CONCLUSIONS The current in vivo model of retinal injury demonstrated that anti-HMGB1 mAb plays a large deleterious role in ischemia-reperfusion injury. In order to develop neuroprotective therapeutic strategies for acute retinal ischemic disorders, further studies on anti-HMGB1 mAb function are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagawa University, Japan
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Murakami Y, Miller JW, Vavvas DG. RIP kinase-mediated necrosis as an alternative mechanisms of photoreceptor death. Oncotarget 2011; 2:497-509. [PMID: 21670490 PMCID: PMC3248194 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptor cell death is the terminal event in a variety of retinal disorders including age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and retinal detachment. Apoptosis has been thought to be the major form of cell death in these diseases, however accumulating evidence suggests that another pathway, programmed necrosis is also important. Recent studies have shown that, when caspase pathways are blocked, receptor interacting protein (RIP) kinases promote necrosis and overcome apoptosis inhibition. Therefore, targeting of both caspase and RIP kinase pathways are required for effective photoreceptor protection. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of RIP kinase-mediated necrotic signaling and its contribution to photoreceptor death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Murakami
- Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Qin S, Ni M, Wang X, Maurier-Mahé F, Shurland DL, Rodrigues GA. Inhibition of RPE cell sterile inflammatory responses and endotoxin-induced uveitis by a cell-impermeable HSP90 inhibitor. Exp Eye Res 2011; 93:889-97. [PMID: 22019372 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dying cells release pro-inflammatory molecules, functioning as cytokines to trigger cell/tissue inflammation that is relevant to disease pathology. Heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) is believed to act as a danger signal for tissue damage once released extracellularly. Potential roles of HSP90 were explored in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) inflammatory responses to necrosis. Cellular extracts can trigger ARPE-19 cell inflammatory responses, producing cytokines that lead to an increase in ARPE-19 cell monolayer permeability. Addition of recombinant HSP90β mimics the induction of chemokines IL-8 and MCP-1 in cultured RPE cells, suggesting that released HSP90 can incite RPE cell sterile inflammatory responses. Consistent with this, classical HSP90 inhibitors were shown to substantially reduce necrosis-induced cytokine production and permeability increases in ARPE-19 cells. Moreover, a cell-impermeable inhibitor, 17-N,N-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxy-geldanamycin-N-oxide, also efficiently inhibited necrosis-induced cytokine production and TNF-α/IL-1β-induced increase in ARPE-19 cell permeability in vitro and endotoxin-induced development of uveitis in vivo, suggesting that HSP90 can contribute to necrosis-induced RPE inflammatory responses. Collectively, our data identify HSP90 as a pro-inflammatory molecule in RPE cell sterile inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suofu Qin
- Retinal Disease Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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Yoshinaga N, Arimura N, Otsuka H, Kawahara KI, Hashiguchi T, Maruyama I, Sakamoto T. NSAIDs inhibit neovascularization of choroid through HO-1-dependent pathway. J Transl Med 2011; 91:1277-90. [PMID: 21709668 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraocular neovascularization is the leading cause of severe visual loss and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy is currently performed for choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Despite its potent anti-angiogenic effect, there are concerns about its long-term safety. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are common therapeutic agents used for treating inflammatory diseases, and their anti-stress effects are attracting attention now. We studied the effects of topical NSAIDs on CNV, focusing on anti-stress proteins. Cultured retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells were treated with NSAIDs: bromfenac, indomethacin, or vehicle control. Transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream anti-oxidant protein heme oxygenase (HO)-1 were assessed using western blot and immunohistochemistry. As a result, NSAIDs induced translocation of Nrf2 into the nucleus and the robust expression of HO-1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that bromfenac inhibited H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis in cultured RPE cells. Next, we studied the effects of topical bromfenac on laser-induced CNV model in rat. The expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1, infiltrations of ED-1-positive macrophages at CNV lesions and size were analyzed. VEGF in the ocular fluid of these rats was also measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Rats administered an inhibitor of HO-1 stannic mesoporphyrin (SnMP) were also studied. The results showed that topical bromfenac led to translocation of Nrf2 and induction of HO-1 in CNV lesions and that the number of infiltrating macrophages at the CNV lesion decreased. The sizes of CNV lesions were significantly smaller in bromfenac-treated rats than control CNV, and the effects were diminished by SnMP. VEGF increased in the ocular fluid after laser treatment and was inhibited by bromfenac and SnMP canceling these effects. NSAIDs inhibit CNV through the novel anti-stress protein HO-1-dependent pathway, indicating its potential therapeutic value for various intraocular angiogenic diseases including CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narimasa Yoshinaga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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Lo ACY, Woo TTY, Wong RLM, Wong D. Apoptosis and other cell death mechanisms after retinal detachment: implications for photoreceptor rescue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 226 Suppl 1:10-7. [PMID: 21778775 DOI: 10.1159/000328206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Retinal detachment (RD) is one of the most common causes of blindness. This separation of the neurosensory retina from its underlying retinal pigment epithelium results in photoreceptor loss, which is the basis of permanent visual impairment. This review explores the various cell death mechanisms in photoreceptor death associated with RD. One of the major mechanisms is apoptosis, mediated by the intrinsic pathway, the Fas signalling pathway and/or the caspase-independent pathway. Other pathways of mechanisms include endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated cell death, programmed necrosis and cytokine-related pathways. Understanding the mechanism of RD-associated photoreceptor death is likely to help us improve the current therapies or devise new strategies for this sight-threatening condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Y Lo
- Eye Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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Cavone L, Muzzi M, Mencucci R, Sparatore B, Pedrazzi M, Moroni F, Chiarugi A. 18β-glycyrrhetic acid inhibits immune activation triggered by HMGB1, a pro-inflammatory protein found in the tear fluid during conjunctivitis and blepharitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2011; 19:180-5. [PMID: 21426233 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2010.538121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-mobility group proteins are chromatin-binding factors with key roles in nuclear homeostasis. Evidence indicates that extracellularly released high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) behaves as a cytokine, promoting inflammation and disease pathogenesis. HMGB1 release occurs during endophtalmitis or uveoretinitis. METHODS The authors investigated the presence of HMGB1 in tear fluid of patients with different inflammatory disorders of the external eye. RESULTS Data demonstrate that HMGB1 content is close to detection limit in tears of control subjects but highly increased (about 15-fold) in patients with conjunctivitis or blepharitis. The authors also report that 18β-glycyrrhetic acid impairs antibody recognition of HMGB1, suggesting direct binding to the protein. Accordingly, 18β-glycyrrhetic acid prevented HMGB1-dependent COX2 expression and cluster formation in primary cultures of human macrophages. CONCLUSION Together, these findings suggest that HMGB1 contributes to inflammatory disorders of the external eye, and 18β-glycyrrhetic acid may scavenge the protein and inhibit its detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Cavone
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Receptor interacting protein kinases mediate retinal detachment-induced photoreceptor necrosis and compensate for inhibition of apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:21695-700. [PMID: 21098270 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1009179107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis has been shown to be a significant form of cell loss in many diseases. Detachment of photoreceptors from the retinal pigment epithelium, as seen in various retinal disorders, causes photoreceptor loss and subsequent vision decline. Although caspase-dependent apoptotic pathways are activated after retinal detachment, caspase inhibition by the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD fails to prevent photoreceptor death; thus, we investigated other pathways leading to cell loss. Here, we show that receptor interacting protein (RIP) kinase-mediated necrosis is a significant mode of photoreceptor cell loss in an experimental model of retinal detachment and when caspases are inhibited, RIP-mediated necrosis becomes the predominant form of death. RIP3 expression, a key activator of RIP1 kinase, increased more than 10-fold after retinal detachment. Morphological assessment of detached retinas treated with Z-VAD showed decreased apoptosis but significantly increased necrotic photoreceptor death. RIP1 kinase inhibitor necrostatin-1 or Rip3 deficiency substantially prevented those necrotic changes and reduced oxidative stress and mitochondrial release of apoptosis-inducing factor. Thus, RIP kinase-mediated programmed necrosis is a redundant mechanism of photoreceptor death in addition to apoptosis, and simultaneous inhibition of RIP kinases and caspases is essential for effective neuroprotection and may be a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of retinal disorders.
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Otsuka H, Arimura N, Sonoda S, Nakamura M, Hashiguchi T, Maruyama I, Nakao S, Hafezi-Moghadam A, Sakamoto T. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 is essential for photoreceptor cell protection in retinal detachment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:2268-77. [PMID: 20889568 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) causes chemotaxis of CXCR4-expressing bone marrow-derived cells. SDF-1 is involved in the pathogenesis of various vascular diseases, including those of the eye. However, the role of SDF-1 in neuronal diseases is not completely understood. Here, we show higher SDF-1 levels in the vitreous humor of patients with retinal detachment (RD) compared with normal patients. SDF-1 correlated positively with the duration as well as the extent of RD. Furthermore, SDF-1 correlated significantly with levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8, but not with vascular endothelial growth factor. Western blot analysis results showed significant SDF-1 up-regulation in detached rat retinas compared with normal animals. Immunohistochemistry data showed that SDF-1 was co-localized with the glial cells of the detached retina. SDF-1 blockade with a neutralizing antibody increased photoreceptor cell loss and macrophage accumulation in the subretinal space. The retinal precursor cell line R28 expressed CXCR4. SDF-1 rescued serum starvation-induced apoptosis in R28 cells and enhanced their ability to participate in wound closure in a scratch assay. Our results indicate a surprising, protective role for SDF-1 in RD. This effect may be mediated directly or indirectly through other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Otsuka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
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