1
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Pearson JA, Hu Y, Peng J, Wong FS, Wen L. TLR5-deficiency controls dendritic cell subset development in an autoimmune diabetes-susceptible model. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1333967. [PMID: 38482010 PMCID: PMC10935730 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1333967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The incidence of the autoimmune disease, type 1 diabetes (T1D), has been increasing worldwide and recent studies have shown that the gut microbiota are associated with modulating susceptibility to T1D. Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) recognizes bacterial flagellin and is widely expressed on many cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), which are potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs). TLR5 modulates susceptibility to obesity and alters metabolism through gut microbiota; however, little is known about the role TLR5 plays in autoimmunity, especially in T1D. Methods To fill this knowledge gap, we generated a TLR5-deficient non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, an animal model of human T1D, for study. Results We found that TLR5-deficiency led to a reduction in CD11c+ DC development in utero, prior to microbial colonization, which was maintained into adulthood. This was associated with a bias in the DC populations expressing CD103, with or without CD8α co-expression, and hyper-secretion of different cytokines, both in vitro (after stimulation) and directly ex vivo. We also found that TLR5-deficient DCs were able to promote polyclonal and islet antigen-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion. Interestingly, only older TLR5-deficient NOD mice had a greater risk of developing spontaneous T1D compared to wild-type mice. Discussion In summary, our data show that TLR5 modulates DC development and enhances cytokine secretion and diabetogenic CD4+ T cell responses. Further investigation into the role of TLR5 in DC development and autoimmune diabetes may give additional insights into the pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Alexander Pearson
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Youjia Hu
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jian Peng
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - F Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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2
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Rampanelli E, Nieuwdorp M. Gut microbiome in type 1 diabetes: the immunological perspective. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:93-109. [PMID: 36401835 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2150612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a prevalent, and yet uncurable, autoimmune disease targeting insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. Despite a known genetic component in T1D onset, genetics alone cannot explain the alarming worldwide rise in T1D incidence, which is attributed to a growing impact of environmental factors, including perturbations of the gut microbiome. AREAS COVERED Intestinal commensal bacteria plays a crucial role in host physiology in health and disease by regulating endocrine and immune functions. An aberrant gut microbiome structure and metabolic function have been documented prior and during T1D onset. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current studies depicting the taxonomic profile and role of the gut microbial communities in murine models of T1D, diabetic patients and human interventional trials. EXPERT OPINION Compelling evidence have shown that the intestinal microbiota is instrumental in driving differentiation and functions of immune cells. Therefore, any alterations in the intestinal microbiome composition or microbial metabolite production, particularly early in life, may impact disease susceptibility and amplify inflammatory responses and hence accelerate the course of T1D pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rampanelli
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity (AII), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM) Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS) Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM) Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS) Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Root KM, Akhaphong B, Cedars MA, Molin AM, Huchthausen ME, Laule CF, Regal RR, Alejandro EU, Regal JF. Critical Role for Macrophages in the Developmental Programming of Pancreatic β-Cell Area in Offspring of Hypertensive Pregnancies. Diabetes 2022; 71:2597-2611. [PMID: 36125850 PMCID: PMC9750952 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific complication with long-term negative outcomes for offspring, including increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes (T2D) in adulthood. In a rat reduced uteroplacental perfusion pressure (RUPP) model of chronic placental ischemia, maternal hypertension in conjunction with intrauterine growth restriction mimicked aspects of preeclampsia and resulted in female embryonic day 19 (e19) offspring with reduced β-cell area and increased β-cell apoptosis compared with offspring of sham pregnancies. Decreased pancreatic β-cell area persisted to postnatal day 13 (PD13) in females and could influence whether T2D developed in adulthood. Macrophage changes also occurred in islets in T2D. Therefore, we hypothesized that macrophages are crucial to reduction in pancreatic β-cell area in female offspring after chronic placental ischemia. Macrophage marker CD68 mRNA expression was significantly elevated in e19 and PD13 islets isolated from female RUPP offspring compared with sham. Postnatal injections of clodronate liposomes into female RUPP and sham offspring on PD2 and PD9 significantly depleted macrophages compared with injections of control liposomes. Depletion of macrophages rescued reduced β-cell area and increased β-cell proliferation and size in RUPP offspring. Our studies suggest that the presence of macrophages is important for reduced β-cell area in female RUPP offspring and changes in macrophages could contribute to development of T2D in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M. Root
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN
| | - Brian Akhaphong
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Melissa A. Cedars
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN
| | - Alexa M. Molin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN
| | | | - Connor F. Laule
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Ronald R. Regal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN
| | - Emilyn U. Alejandro
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jean F. Regal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN
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4
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Rojas M, Heuer LS, Zhang W, Chen YG, Ridgway WM. The long and winding road: From mouse linkage studies to a novel human therapeutic pathway in type 1 diabetes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:918837. [PMID: 35935980 PMCID: PMC9353112 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.918837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity involves a loss of immune tolerance to self-proteins due to a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental provocation, which generates autoreactive T and B cells. Genetic susceptibility affects lymphocyte autoreactivity at the level of central tolerance (e.g., defective, or incomplete MHC-mediated negative selection of self-reactive T cells) and peripheral tolerance (e.g., failure of mechanisms to control circulating self-reactive T cells). T regulatory cell (Treg) mediated suppression is essential for controlling peripheral autoreactive T cells. Understanding the genetic control of Treg development and function and Treg interaction with T effector and other immune cells is thus a key goal of autoimmunity research. Herein, we will review immunogenetic control of tolerance in one of the classic models of autoimmunity, the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of autoimmune Type 1 diabetes (T1D). We review the long (and still evolving) elucidation of how one susceptibility gene, Cd137, (identified originally via linkage studies) affects both the immune response and its regulation in a highly complex fashion. The CD137 (present in both membrane and soluble forms) and the CD137 ligand (CD137L) both signal into a variety of immune cells (bi-directional signaling). The overall outcome of these multitudinous effects (either tolerance or autoimmunity) depends upon the balance between the regulatory signals (predominantly mediated by soluble CD137 via the CD137L pathway) and the effector signals (mediated by both membrane-bound CD137 and CD137L). This immune balance/homeostasis can be decisively affected by genetic (susceptibility vs. resistant alleles) and environmental factors (stimulation of soluble CD137 production). The discovery of the homeostatic immune effect of soluble CD137 on the CD137-CD137L system makes it a promising candidate for immunotherapy to restore tolerance in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rojas
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Doctoral Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Luke S. Heuer
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Weici Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Yi-Guang Chen
- The Max McGee Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Children’s Research Institute of Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - William M. Ridgway
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: William M. Ridgway,
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5
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Luo Z, Soläng C, Larsson R, Singh K. Interleukin-35 Prevents the Elevation of the M1/M2 Ratio of Macrophages in Experimental Type 1 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147970. [PMID: 35887317 PMCID: PMC9320761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play an important role in the early development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Based on the phenotype, macrophages can be classified into pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages. Despite intensive research in the field of macrophages and T1D, the kinetic response of M1/M2 ratio has not been studied in T1D. Thus, herein, we studied the M1 and M2 macrophages in the early development of T1D using the multiple low dose streptozotocin (MLDSTZ) mouse model. We determined the proportions of M1 and M2 macrophages in thymic glands, pancreatic lymph nodes and spleens on days 3, 7 and 10 after the first injection of STZ. In addition, we investigated the effect of IL-35 in vivo on the M1/M2 ratio and IL-35+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells in diabetic mice and in vitro on the sorted macrophages. Our results revealed that the M1/M2 ratio is higher in STZ-treated mice but this was lowered upon the treatment with IL-35. Furthermore, IL-35 treated mice had lower blood glucose levels and a higher proportion of IL-35+ cells among pDCs. Macrophages treated with IL-35 in vitro also had a higher proportion of M2 macrophages. Together, our data indicate that, under diabetic conditions, pro-inflammatory macrophages increased, but IL-35 treatment decreased the pro-inflammatory macrophages and increased anti-inflammatory macrophages, further suggesting that IL-35 prevents hyperglycemia by maintaining the anti-inflammatory phenotype of macrophages and other immune cells. Thus, IL-35 should be further investigated for the treatment of T1D and other autoimmune disorders.
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6
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Xiao Y, Shu L, Wu X, Liu Y, Cheong LY, Liao B, Xiao X, Hoo RL, Zhou Z, Xu A. Fatty acid binding protein 4 promotes autoimmune diabetes by recruitment and activation of pancreatic islet macrophages. JCI Insight 2021; 6:141814. [PMID: 33690220 PMCID: PMC8119222 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.141814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Both innate and adaptive immune cells are critical players in autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β cells in type 1 diabetes. However, the early pathogenic events triggering the recruitment and activation of innate immune cells in islets remain obscure. Here we show that circulating fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) level was significantly elevated in patients with type 1 diabetes and their first-degree relatives and positively correlated with the titers of several islet autoantibodies. In nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, increased FABP4 expression in islet macrophages started from the neonatal period, well before the occurrence of overt diabetes. Furthermore, the spontaneous development of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice was markedly reduced by pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of FABP4 or adoptive transfer of FABP4-deficient bone marrow cells. Mechanistically, FABP4 activated innate immune responses in islets by enhancing the infiltration and polarization of macrophages to proinflammatory M1 subtype, thus creating an inflammatory milieu required for activation of diabetogenic CD8+ T cells and shift of CD4+ helper T cells toward Th1 subtypes. These findings demonstrate FABP4 as a possible early mediator for β cell autoimmunity by facilitating crosstalk between innate and adaptive immune cells, suggesting that pharmacological inhibition of FABP4 may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lingling Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Hematologic Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Department of Medicine, and
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lai Yee Cheong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Department of Medicine, and
| | - Boya Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xiao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruby L.C. Hoo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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7
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Zirpel H, Roep BO. Islet-Resident Dendritic Cells and Macrophages in Type 1 Diabetes: In Search of Bigfoot's Print. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:666795. [PMID: 33912139 PMCID: PMC8072455 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.666795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical view of type 1 diabetes assumes that the autoimmune mediated targeting of insulin producing ß-cells is caused by an error of the immune system. Malfunction and stress of beta cells added the target tissue at the center of action. The innate immune system, and in particular islet-resident cells of the myeloid lineage, could function as a link between stressed ß-cells and activation and recognition by the adaptive immune system. We survey the role of islet-resident macrophages and dendritic cells in healthy islet homeostasis and pathophysiology of T1D. Knowledge of islet-resident antigen presenting cells in rodents is substantial, but quite scarce in humans, in particular regarding dendritic cells. Differences in blood between healthy and diseased individuals were reported, but it remains elusive to what extend these contribute to T1D onset. Increasing our understanding of the interaction between ß-cells and innate immune cells may provide new insights into disease initiation and development that could ultimately point to future treatment options. Here we review current knowledge of islet-resident macrophages and dendritic cells, place these in context of current clinical trials, and guide future research.
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8
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Thomas AM, Dong Y, Beskid NM, García AJ, Adams AB, Babensee JE. Brief exposure to hyperglycemia activates dendritic cells in vitro and in vivo. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:5120-5129. [PMID: 31674663 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are key players in regulating immunity. These cells both activate and inhibit the immune response depending on their cellular environment. Their response to hyperglycemia, a condition common amongst diabetics wherein glucose is abnormally elevated, remains to be elucidated. In this study, the phenotype and immune response of dendritic cells exposed to hyperglycemia were characterized in vitro and in vivo using the streptozotocin-induced diabetes model. Dendritic cells were shown to be sensitive to hyperglycemia both during and after differentiation from bone marrow precursor cells. Dendritic cell behavior under hyperglycemic conditions was found to vary by phenotype, among which, tolerogenic dendritic cells were particularly sensitive. Expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86 was found to reliably increase when dendritic cells were exposed to hyperglycemia. Additionally, hydrogel-based delivery of the anti-inflammatory molecule interleukin-10 was shown to partially inhibit these effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M Thomas
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ying Dong
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nicholas M Beskid
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.,George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Andrés J García
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.,George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Andrew B Adams
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Julia E Babensee
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
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9
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Yrlid U, Holm M, Levin M, Alsén S, Lindbom M, Glise L, Bergh N, Borén J, Fogelstrand P. Endothelial repair is dependent on CD11c + leukocytes to establish regrowing endothelial sheets with high cellular density. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:195-202. [PMID: 30265749 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a1017-402rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial injury makes the vessel wall vulnerable to cardiovascular diseases. Injured endothelium regenerates by collective sheet migration, that is, the endothelial cells coordinate their motion and regrow as a sheet of cells with retained cell-cell contacts into the wounded area. Leukocytes appear to be involved in endothelial repair in vivo; however, little is known about their identity and role in the reparative sheet migration process. To address these questions, we developed a high-quality en face technique that enables visualizing of leukocytes and endothelial cells simultaneously following an endoluminal scratch wound injury of the mouse carotid artery. We discovered that regrowing endothelium forms a broad proliferative front accompanied by CD11c+ leukocytes. Functionally, the leukocytes were dispensable for the initial migratory response of the regrowing endothelial sheet, but critical for the subsequent formation and maintenance of a front zone with high cellular density. Marker expression analyses, genetic fate mapping, phagocyte targeting experiments, and mouse knock-out experiments indicate that the CD11c+ leukocytes were mononuclear phagocytes with an origin from both Ly6Chigh and Ly6Clow monocytes. In conclusion, CD11c+ mononuclear phagocytes are essential for a proper endothelial regrowth following arterial endoluminal scratch injury. Promoting the endothelial-preserving function of CD11c+ leukocytes may be a strategy to enhance endothelial repair following surgical and endovascular procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Yrlid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maricris Holm
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin Levin
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Samuel Alsén
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin Lindbom
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Glise
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niklas Bergh
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Fogelstrand
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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10
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Tahvili S, Törngren M, Holmberg D, Leanderson T, Ivars F. Paquinimod prevents development of diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196598. [PMID: 29742113 PMCID: PMC5942776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoline-3-carboxamides (Q compounds) are immunomodulatory compounds that have shown efficacy both in autoimmune disease and cancer. We have in here investigated the impact of one such compound, paquinimod, on the development of diabetes in the NOD mouse model for type I diabetes (T1D). In cohorts of NOD mice treated with paquinimod between weeks 10 to 20 of age and followed up until 40 weeks of age, we observed dose-dependent reduction in incidence of disease as well as delayed onset of disease. Further, in contrast to untreated controls, the majority of NOD mice treated from 15 weeks of age did not develop diabetes at 30 weeks of age. Importantly, these mice displayed significantly less insulitis, which correlated with selectively reduced number of splenic macrophages and splenic Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes at end point as compared to untreated controls. Collectively, these results demonstrate that paquinimod treatment can significantly inhibit progression of insulitis to T1D in the NOD mouse. We propose that the effect of paquinimod on disease progression may be related to the reduced number of these myeloid cell populations. Our finding also indicates that this compound could be a candidate for clinical development towards diabetes therapy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Tahvili
- Immunology group, Section for Immunology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Dan Holmberg
- Immunology group, Section for Immunology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Leanderson
- Immunology group, Section for Immunology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Active Biotech AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Ivars
- Immunology group, Section for Immunology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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11
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Vujicic M, Saksida T, Mostarica Stojkovic M, Djedovic N, Stojanovic I, Stosic-Grujicic S. Protective effects of carbonyl iron against multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rodents. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:4990-5001. [PMID: 29215791 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Particulate adjuvants have shown increasing promise as effective, safe, and durable agents for the stimulation of immunity, or alternatively, the suppression of autoimmunity. Here we examined the potential of the adjuvant carbonyl iron (CI) for the modulation of organ-specific autoimmune disease-type 1 diabetes (T1D). T1D was induced by multiple low doses of streptozotocin (MLDS) that initiates beta cell death and triggers immune cell infiltration into the pancreatic islets. The results of this study indicate that the single in vivo application of CI to MLDS-treated DA rats, CBA/H mice, or C57BL/6 mice successfully counteracted the development of insulitis and hyperglycemia. The protective action was obtained either when CI was applied 7 days before, simultaneously with the first dose of streptozotocin, or 1 day after MLDS treatment. Ex vivo cell analysis of C57BL/6 mice showed that CI treatment reduced the proportion of proinflammatory F4/80+ CD40+ M1 macrophages and activated T lymphocytes in the spleen. Moreover, the treatment down-regulated the number of inflammatory CD4+ IFN-γ+ cells in pancreatic lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and pancreas-infiltrating mononuclear cells, while simultaneously potentiating proportion of CD4+ IL17+ cells. The regulatory arm of the immune system represented by CD3+ NK1.1+ (NKT) and CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells was potentiated after CI treatment. In vitro analysis showed that CI down-regulated CD40 and CD80 expression on dendritic cells thus probably interfering with their antigen-presenting ability. In conclusion, particulate adjuvant CI seems to suppress the activation of the innate immune response, which further affects the adaptive immune response directed toward pancreatic beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Vujicic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research, "Sinisa Stankovic,", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Saksida
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research, "Sinisa Stankovic,", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Neda Djedovic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research, "Sinisa Stankovic,", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Stojanovic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research, "Sinisa Stankovic,", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stanislava Stosic-Grujicic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research, "Sinisa Stankovic,", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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12
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Singha S, Shao K, Yang Y, Clemente-Casares X, Solé P, Clemente A, Blanco J, Dai Q, Song F, Liu SW, Yamanouchi J, Umeshappa CS, Nanjundappa RH, Detampel P, Amrein M, Fandos C, Tanguay R, Newbigging S, Serra P, Khadra A, Chan WCW, Santamaria P. Peptide-MHC-based nanomedicines for autoimmunity function as T-cell receptor microclustering devices. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:701-710. [PMID: 28436959 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that nanoparticles (NPs) can be used as ligand-multimerization platforms to activate specific cellular receptors in vivo. Nanoparticles coated with autoimmune disease-relevant peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (pMHC) blunted autoimmune responses by triggering the differentiation and expansion of antigen-specific regulatory T cells in vivo. Here, we define the engineering principles impacting biological activity, detail a synthesis process yielding safe and stable compounds, and visualize how these nanomedicines interact with cognate T cells. We find that the triggering properties of pMHC-NPs are a function of pMHC intermolecular distance and involve the sustained assembly of large antigen receptor microclusters on murine and human cognate T cells. These compounds show no off-target toxicity in zebrafish embryos, do not cause haematological, biochemical or histological abnormalities, and are rapidly captured by phagocytes or processed by the hepatobiliary system. This work lays the groundwork for the design of ligand-based NP formulations to re-program in vivo cellular responses using nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiswarup Singha
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kun Shao
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Yang Yang
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Xavier Clemente-Casares
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Patricia Solé
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Antonio Clemente
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Jesús Blanco
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Qin Dai
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Sciences and Engineering, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Fayi Song
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Sciences and Engineering, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Shang Wan Liu
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jun Yamanouchi
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Channakeshava Sokke Umeshappa
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Roopa Hebbandi Nanjundappa
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Pascal Detampel
- Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy, and Pathology &Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Matthias Amrein
- Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy, and Pathology &Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - César Fandos
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Robert Tanguay
- Environmental &Molecular Toxicology Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvalis, Oregon 97333, USA
| | - Susan Newbigging
- Center for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Lunenfeld Research Institute, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Pau Serra
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Anmar Khadra
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Warren C W Chan
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials Sciences and Engineering, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain
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13
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Shoda LK, Battista C, Siler SQ, Pisetsky DS, Watkins PB, Howell BA. Mechanistic Modelling of Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Investigating the Role of Innate Immune Responses. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:1177625017696074. [PMID: 28615926 PMCID: PMC5459514 DOI: 10.1177/1177625017696074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains an adverse event of significant concern for drug development and marketed drugs, and the field would benefit from better tools to identify liver liabilities early in development and/or to mitigate potential DILI risk in otherwise promising drugs. DILIsym software takes a quantitative systems toxicology approach to represent DILI in pre-clinical species and in humans for the mechanistic investigation of liver toxicity. In addition to multiple intrinsic mechanisms of hepatocyte toxicity (ie, oxidative stress, bile acid accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction), DILIsym includes the interaction between hepatocytes and cells of the innate immune response in the amplification of liver injury and in liver regeneration. The representation of innate immune responses, detailed here, consolidates much of the available data on the innate immune response in DILI within a single framework and affords the opportunity to systematically investigate the contribution of the innate response to DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisl Km Shoda
- DILIsym Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christina Battista
- DILIsym Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Scott Q Siler
- DILIsym Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David S Pisetsky
- Medical Research Service, Durham VA Medical Center and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Paul B Watkins
- UNC Institute for Drug Safety Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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14
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Klementowicz JE, Mahne AE, Spence A, Nguyen V, Satpathy AT, Murphy KM, Tang Q. Cutting Edge: Origins, Recruitment, and Regulation of CD11c + Cells in Inflamed Islets of Autoimmune Diabetes Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:27-32. [PMID: 28550204 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In NOD mice, CD11c+ cells increase greatly with islet inflammation and contribute to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells. In this study, we investigated their origin and mechanism of recruitment. CD11c+ cells in inflamed islets resembled classical dendritic cells based on their transcriptional profile. However, the majority of these cells were not from the Zbtb46-dependent dendritic-cell lineage. Instead, monocyte precursors could give rise to CD11c+ cells in inflamed islets. Chemokines Ccl5 and Ccl8 were persistently elevated in inflamed islets and the influx of CD11c+ cells was partially dependent on their receptor Ccr5. Treatment with islet Ag-specific regulatory T cells led to a marked decrease of Ccl5 and Ccl8, and a reduction of monocyte recruitment. These results implicate a monocytic origin of CD11c+ cells in inflamed islets and suggest that therapeutic regulatory T cells directly or indirectly regulate their influx by altering the chemotactic milieu in the islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E Klementowicz
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Ashley E Mahne
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Allyson Spence
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305; and
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Qizhi Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143;
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15
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Itoh A, Ridgway WM. Targeting innate immunity to downmodulate adaptive immunity and reverse type 1 diabetes. Immunotargets Ther 2017; 6:31-38. [PMID: 28580341 PMCID: PMC5448691 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s117264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by specific destruction of pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells accompanied by evidence of beta-cell-directed autoimmunity such as autoreactive T cells and islet autoantibodies (IAAs). Currently, T1D cannot be prevented or reversed in humans. T1D is easy to prevent in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) spontaneous mouse model but reversing new-onset T1D in mice is more difficult. Since the discovery of the T-cell receptor in the 1980s and the subsequent identification of autoreactive T cells directed toward beta-cell antigens (eg, insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase), the dream of antigen-specific immunotherapy has dominated the field with its promise of specificity and limited side effects. While such approaches have worked in the NOD mouse, however, dozens of human trials have failed. Broader immunosuppressive approaches (originally cyclosporine, subsequently anti-CD3 antibody) have shown partial successes (e.g., prolonged C peptide preservation) but no major therapeutic efficacy or disease reversal. Human prevention trials have failed, despite the ease of such approaches in the NOD mouse. In the past 50 years, the incidence of T1D has increased dramatically, and one explanation is the “hygiene hypothesis”, which suggests that decreased exposure of the innate immune system to environmental immune stimulants (e.g., bacterial products such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-stimulating lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) dramatically affects the adaptive immune system and increases subsequent autoimmunity. We have tested the role of innate immunity in autoimmune T1D by treating acute-onset T1D in NOD mice with anti-TLR4/MD-2 agonistic antibodies and have shown a high rate of disease reversal. The TLR4 antibodies do not directly stimulate T cells but induce tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that mediate decreased adaptive T-cell responses. Here, we review our current knowledge and suggest future prospects for targeting innate immunity in T1D immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arata Itoh
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - William M Ridgway
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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16
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Burrack AL, Martinov T, Fife BT. T Cell-Mediated Beta Cell Destruction: Autoimmunity and Alloimmunity in the Context of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:343. [PMID: 29259578 PMCID: PMC5723426 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from destruction of pancreatic beta cells by T cells of the immune system. Despite improvements in insulin analogs and continuous blood glucose level monitoring, there is no cure for T1D, and some individuals develop life-threatening complications. Pancreas and islet transplantation have been attractive therapeutic approaches; however, transplants containing insulin-producing cells are vulnerable to both recurrent autoimmunity and conventional allograft rejection. Current immune suppression treatments subdue the immune system, but not without complications. Ideally a successful approach would target only the destructive immune cells and leave the remaining immune system intact to fight foreign pathogens. This review discusses the autoimmune diabetes disease process, diabetic complications that warrant a transplant, and alloimmunity. First, we describe the current understanding of autoimmune destruction of beta cells including the roles of CD4 and CD8 T cells and several possibilities for antigen-specific tolerance induction. Second, we outline diabetic complications necessitating beta cell replacement. Third, we discuss transplant recognition, potential sources for beta cell replacement, and tolerance-promoting therapies under development. We hypothesize that a better understanding of autoreactive T cell targets during disease pathogenesis and alloimmunity following transplant destruction could enhance attempts to re-establish tolerance to beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L. Burrack
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Tijana Martinov
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Brian T. Fife
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Brian T. Fife,
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17
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Okuno M, Kasahara Y, Onodera M, Takubo N, Okajima M, Suga S, Watanabe N, Suzuki J, Ayabe T, Urakami T, Kawamura T, Kikuchi N, Yokota I, Kikuchi T, Amemiya S, Nakabayashi K, Hayashi K, Hata K, Matsubara Y, Ogata T, Fukami M, Sugihara S. Nucleotide substitutions in CD101, the human homolog of a diabetes susceptibility gene in non-obese diabetic mouse, in patients with type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2016; 8:286-294. [PMID: 27888582 PMCID: PMC5415474 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Although genome‐wide association studies have identified more than 50 susceptibility genes for type 1 diabetes, low‐frequency risk variants could remain unrecognized. The present study aimed to identify novel type 1 diabetes susceptibility genes by newly established methods. Materials and Methods We carried out whole‐exome sequencing and genome‐wide copy‐number analysis for a Japanese family consisting of two patients with type 1 diabetes and three unaffected relatives. Further mutation screening was carried out for 127 sporadic cases. The functional consequences of identified substitutions were evaluated by in silico analyses and fluorescence‐activated cell sorting of blood samples. Results Whole‐exome sequencing and genome‐wide copy‐number analysis of familial cases showed co‐segregation of the p.V863L substitution in CD101, the human homolog of an autoimmune diabetes gene in the non‐obese diabetic mouse, with type 1 diabetes. Mutation screening of CD101 in 127 sporadic cases detected the p.V678L and p.T944R substitutions in two patients. The p.V863L, p.V678L and p.T944R substitutions were absent or extremely rare in the general population, and were assessed as ‘probably/possibly damaging’ by in silico analyses. CD101 expression on monocytes, granulocytes and myeloid dendritic cells of mutation‐positive patients was weaker than that of control individuals. Conclusions These results raise the possibility that CD101 is a susceptibility gene for type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misako Okuno
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Kasahara
- The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masafumi Onodera
- Department of Human Genetics, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Takubo
- The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Okajima
- The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shigeru Suga
- The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Mie Hospital, Tsu, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Watanabe
- Department of Human Genetics, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Ayabe
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Urakami
- Department of Pediatrics, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kawamura
- The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kikuchi
- The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama City Minato Red Cross Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yokota
- The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shikoku Medical Center for Children and Adults, Zentsuji, Japan
| | - Toru Kikuchi
- The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shin Amemiya
- The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakabayashi
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Hayashi
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Hata
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsubara
- Department of Institute Director, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Sugihara
- The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Bednar KJ, Tsukamoto H, Kachapati K, Ohta S, Wu Y, Katz JD, Ascherman DP, Ridgway WM. Reversal of New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes With an Agonistic TLR4/MD-2 Monoclonal Antibody. Diabetes 2015; 64:3614-26. [PMID: 26130764 PMCID: PMC9162148 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is currently an incurable disease, characterized by a silent prodromal phase followed by an acute clinical phase, reflecting progressive autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. Autoreactive T cells play a major role in β-cell destruction, but innate immune cell cytokines and costimulatory molecules critically affect T-cell functional status. We show that an agonistic monoclonal antibody to TLR4/MD-2 (TLR4-Ab) reverses new-onset diabetes in a high percentage of NOD mice. TLR4-Ab induces antigen-presenting cell (APC) tolerance in vitro and in vivo, resulting in an altered cytokine profile, decreased costimulatory molecule expression, and decreased T-cell proliferation in APC:T-cell assays. TLR4-Ab treatment increases T-regulatory cell (Treg) numbers in both the periphery and the pancreatic islet, predominantly expanding the Helios(+)Nrp-1(+)Foxp3(+) Treg subset. TLR4-Ab treatment in the absence of B cells in NOD.scid mice prevents subsequent T cell-mediated disease, further suggesting a major role for APC tolerization in disease protection. Specific stimulation of the innate immune system through TLR4/MD-2, therefore, can restore tolerance in the aberrant adaptive immune system and reverse new-onset T1D, suggesting a novel immunological approach to treatment of T1D in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Bednar
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Hiroki Tsukamoto
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kritika Kachapati
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Shoichiro Ohta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan
| | - Yuehong Wu
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Jonathan D Katz
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Dana P Ascherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - William M Ridgway
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
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19
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Pearson JA, Wong FS, Wen L. The importance of the Non Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse model in autoimmune diabetes. J Autoimmun 2015; 66:76-88. [PMID: 26403950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the pancreatic infiltration of immune cells resulting in T cell-mediated destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells. The successes of the Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse model have come in multiple forms including identifying key genetic and environmental risk factors e.g. Idd loci and effects of microorganisms including the gut microbiota, respectively, and how they may contribute to disease susceptibility and pathogenesis. Furthermore, the NOD model also provides insights into the roles of the innate immune cells as well as the B cells in contributing to the T cell-mediated disease. Unlike many autoimmune disease models, the NOD mouse develops spontaneous disease and has many similarities to human T1D. Through exploiting these similarities many targets have been identified for immune-intervention strategies. Although many of these immunotherapies did not have a significant impact on human T1D, they have been shown to be effective in the NOD mouse in early stage disease, which is not equivalent to trials in newly-diagnosed patients with diabetes. However, the continued development of humanized NOD mice would enable further clinical developments, bringing T1D research to a new translational level. Therefore, it is the aim of this review to discuss the importance of the NOD model in identifying the roles of the innate immune system and the interaction with the gut microbiota in modifying diabetes susceptibility. In addition, the role of the B cells will also be discussed with new insights gained through B cell depletion experiments and the impact on translational developments. Finally, this review will also discuss the future of the NOD mouse and the development of humanized NOD mice, providing novel insights into human T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Pearson
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - F Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Molecular & Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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20
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Van Gassen N, Staels W, Van Overmeire E, De Groef S, Sojoodi M, Heremans Y, Leuckx G, Van de Casteele M, Van Ginderachter JA, Heimberg H, De Leu N. Concise Review: Macrophages: Versatile Gatekeepers During Pancreatic β-Cell Development, Injury, and Regeneration. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:555-63. [PMID: 25848123 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Macrophages are classically considered detrimental for pancreatic β-cell survival and function, thereby contributing to β-cell failure in both type 1 (T1D) and 2 (T2D) diabetes mellitus. In addition, adipose tissue macrophages negatively influence peripheral insulin signaling and promote obesity-induced insulin resistance in T2D. In contrast, recent data unexpectedly uncovered that macrophages are not only able to protect β cells during pancreatitis but also to orchestrate β-cell proliferation and regeneration after β-cell injury. Moreover, by altering their activation state, macrophages are able to improve insulin resistance in murine models of T2D. This review will elaborate on current insights in macrophage heterogeneity and on the evolving role of pancreas macrophages during organogenesis, tissue injury, and repair. Additional identification of macrophage subtypes and of their secreted factors might ultimately translate into novel therapeutic strategies for both T1D and T2D. SIGNIFICANCE Diabetes mellitus is a pandemic disease, characterized by severe acute and chronic complications. Macrophages have long been considered prime suspects in the pathogenesis of both type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. In this concise review, current insights in macrophage heterogeneity and on the, as yet, underappreciated role of alternatively activated macrophages in insulin sensing and β-cell development/repair are reported. Further identification of macrophage subtypes and of their secreted factors might ultimately translate into novel therapeutic strategies for diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Van Gassen
- Diabetes Research Center and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Willem Staels
- Diabetes Research Center and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eva Van Overmeire
- Diabetes Research Center and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Groef
- Diabetes Research Center and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Diabetes Research Center and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gunter Leuckx
- Diabetes Research Center and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mark Van de Casteele
- Diabetes Research Center and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Diabetes Research Center and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Diabetes Research Center and Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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21
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Van Gassen N, Van Overmeire E, Leuckx G, Heremans Y, De Groef S, Cai Y, Elkrim Y, Gysemans C, Stijlemans B, Van de Casteele M, De Baetselier P, De Leu N, Heimberg H, Van Ginderachter JA. Macrophage dynamics are regulated by local macrophage proliferation and monocyte recruitment in injured pancreas. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1482-93. [PMID: 25645754 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pancreas injury by partial duct ligation (PDL) activates a healing response, encompassing β-cell neogenesis and proliferation. Macrophages (MΦs) were recently shown to promote β-cell proliferation after PDL, but they remain poorly characterized. We assessed myeloid cell diversity and the factors driving myeloid cell dynamics following acute pancreas injury by PDL. In naive and sham-operated pancreas, the myeloid cell compartment consisted mainly of two distinct tissue-resident MΦ types, designated MHC-II(lo) and MHC-II(hi) MΦs, the latter being predominant. MHC-II(lo) and MHC-II(hi) pancreas MΦs differed at the molecular level, with MHC-II(lo) MΦs being more M2-activated. After PDL, there was an early surge of Ly6C(hi) monocyte infiltration in the pancreas, followed by a transient MHC-II(lo) MΦ peak and ultimately a restoration of the MHC-II(hi) MΦ-dominated steady-state equilibrium. These intricate MΦ dynamics in PDL pancreas depended on monocyte recruitment by C-C chemokine receptor 2 and macrophage-colony stimulating factor receptor as well as on macrophage-colony stimulating factor receptor-dependent local MΦ proliferation. Functionally, MHC-II(lo) MΦs were more angiogenic. We further demonstrated that, at least in C-C chemokine receptor 2-KO mice, tissue MΦs, rather than Ly6C(hi) monocyte-derived MΦs, contributed to β-cell proliferation. Together, our study fully characterizes the MΦ subsets in the pancreas and clarifies the complex dynamics of MΦs after PDL injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Van Gassen
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eva Van Overmeire
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gunter Leuckx
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Groef
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ying Cai
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yvon Elkrim
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Conny Gysemans
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoît Stijlemans
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory, VIB, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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22
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Mahne AE, Klementowicz JE, Chou A, Nguyen V, Tang Q. Therapeutic regulatory T cells subvert effector T cell function in inflamed islets to halt autoimmune diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3147-55. [PMID: 25732730 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic regulatory T cells (Tregs) can reverse pre-established autoimmune pathology. In this study, using a mouse model of autoimmune diabetes, we aimed to determine the means by which therapeutic Tregs control islet inflammation. Islet Ag-specific Tregs infiltrated inflamed islets soon after infusion into prediabetic mice, which was quickly followed by a selective reduction of mRNA associated with effector T cells in the islets. This change was partially due to decreased CD8(+) T cell accumulation in the tissue. CD8(+) T cells that remained in the islets after Treg treatment were able to engage dendritic cells in a manner similar to that found in untreated mice, consistent with the retention of an activated phenotype by islet dendritic cells shortly after Treg treatment. Nonetheless, Treg treatment abrogated IFN-γ production by intraislet CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells at the protein level with minimal effect on IFN-γ mRNA. Sustained expression of IFN-γ protein by effector T cells was dependent on common γ-chain cytokine activation of the mTOR pathway, which was suppressed in islet CD8(+) T cells in vivo after Treg treatment. These multifaceted mechanisms underlie the efficacy of therapeutic Treg subversion of effector T cell functions at the site of inflammation to restore normal tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Mahne
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Joanna E Klementowicz
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Annie Chou
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Qizhi Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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23
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Willemen HLDM, Eijkelkamp N, Garza Carbajal A, Wang H, Mack M, Zijlstra J, Heijnen CJ, Kavelaars A. Monocytes/Macrophages control resolution of transient inflammatory pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2014; 15:496-506. [PMID: 24793056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.01.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Insights into mechanisms governing resolution of inflammatory pain are of great importance for many chronic pain-associated diseases. Here we investigate the role of macrophages/monocytes and the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the resolution of transient inflammatory pain. Depletion of mice from peripheral monocytes/macrophages delayed resolution of intraplantar IL-1β- and carrageenan-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia from 1 to 3 days to >1 week. Intrathecal administration of a neutralizing IL-10 antibody also markedly delayed resolution of IL-1β- and carrageenan-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia. Recently, we showed that IL-1β- and carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia is significantly prolonged in LysM-GRK2(+/-) mice, which have reduced levels of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) in LysM(+) myeloid cells. Here we show that adoptive transfer of wild-type, but not of GRK2(+/-), bone marrow-derived monocytes normalizes the resolution of IL-1β-induced hyperalgesia in LysM-GRK2(+/-) mice. Adoptive transfer of IL-10(-/-) bone marrow-derived monocytes failed to normalize the duration of IL-1β-induced hyperalgesia in LysM-GRK2(+/-) mice. Mechanistically, we show that GRK2(+/-) macrophages produce less IL-10 in vitro. In addition, intrathecal IL-10 administration attenuated IL-1β-induced hyperalgesia in LysM-GRK2(+/-) mice, whereas it had no effect in wild-type mice. Our data uncover a key role for monocytes/macrophages in promoting resolution of inflammatory hyperalgesia via a mechanism dependent on IL-10 signaling in dorsal root ganglia. PERSPECTIVE We show that IL-10-producing monocytes/macrophages promote resolution of transient inflammatory hyperalgesia. Additionally, we show that reduced monocyte/macrophage GRK2 impairs resolution of hyperalgesia and reduces IL-10 production. We propose that low GRK2 expression and/or impaired IL-10 production by monocytes/macrophages represent peripheral biomarkers for the risk of developing chronic pain after inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke L D M Willemen
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Eijkelkamp
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anibal Garza Carbajal
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department for Molecular Human Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Huijing Wang
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jitske Zijlstra
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cobi J Heijnen
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Annemieke Kavelaars
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Symptom Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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24
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Zhou D, McNamara NA. Macrophages: important players in primary Sjögren's syndrome? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:513-20. [PMID: 24646086 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.900441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by immune-mediated destruction of the salivary and lacrimal glands with unknown etiology. Due to recent research utilizing human subjects as well as laboratory animal models, our understanding of the pathophysiological and immunological mechanisms of pSS has made great strides. As a consequence, targeted, immune-based therapies are gaining increased attention as the ideal way to conquer autoimmune diseases like pSS. Currently, however, there is no effective treatment to target specific immunological events or effector immune cells in the pathogenesis of pSS (discussed in other reviews of the current issue). Here, we summarize our current understanding and knowledge of the roles of monocytes/macrophages in the pathogenesis of pSS. Human studies, especially utilizing salivary gland biopsies, demonstrate the infiltration of macrophages and its correlation with disease severity. Moreover, animal model studies have shown the functional involvement of macrophages in promoting the ocular component of pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delu Zhou
- University of Utah, 15 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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25
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Beumer W, Welzen-Coppens JMC, van Helden-Meeuwsen CG, Gibney SM, Drexhage HA, Versnel MA. The gene expression profile of CD11c+ CD8α- dendritic cells in the pre-diabetic pancreas of the NOD mouse. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103404. [PMID: 25166904 PMCID: PMC4148310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two major dendritic cell (DC) subsets have been described in the pancreas of mice: The CD11c+ CD8α- DCs (strong CD4+ T cell proliferation inducers) and the CD8α+ CD103+ DCs (T cell apoptosis inducers). Here we analyzed the larger subset of CD11c+ CD8α- DCs isolated from the pancreas of pre-diabetic NOD mice for genome-wide gene expression (validated by Q-PCR) to elucidate abnormalities in underlying gene expression networks. CD11c+ CD8α- DCs were isolated from 5 week old NOD and control C57BL/6 pancreas. The steady state pancreatic NOD CD11c+ CD8α- DCs showed a reduced expression of several gene networks important for the prime functions of these cells, i.e. for cell renewal, immune tolerance induction, migration and for the provision of growth factors including those for beta cell regeneration. A functional in vivo BrdU incorporation test showed the reduced proliferation of steady state pancreatic DC. The reduced expression of tolerance induction genes (CD200R, CCR5 and CD24) was supported on the protein level by flow cytometry. Also previously published functional tests on maturation, immune stimulation and migration confirm the molecular deficits of NOD steady state DC. Despite these deficiencies NOD pancreas CD11c+ CD8α- DCs showed a hyperreactivity to LPS, which resulted in an enhanced pro-inflammatory state characterized by a gene profile of an enhanced expression of a number of classical inflammatory cytokines. The enhanced up-regulation of inflammatory genes was supported by the in vitro cytokine production profile of the DCs. In conclusion, our data show that NOD pancreatic CD11c+ CD8α- DCs show various deficiencies in steady state, while hyperreactive when encountering a danger signal such as LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Beumer
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Sinead M. Gibney
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hemmo A. Drexhage
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Marjan A. Versnel
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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26
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Bae UJ, Song MY, Jang HY, Gim HJ, Ryu JH, Lee SM, Jeon R, Park BH. The efficacy of SPA0355 in protecting β cells in isolated pancreatic islets and in a murine experimental model of type 1 diabetes. Exp Mol Med 2013; 45:e51. [PMID: 24176948 PMCID: PMC3849566 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines activate several inflammatory signals that mediate β-cell destruction. We recently determined that SPA0355 is a strong anti-inflammatory compound, thus reporting its efficacy in protecting β cells from various insults. The effects of SPA0355 on β-cell survival were studied in RINm5F cells and primary islets. The protective effects of this compound on the development of type 1 diabetes were evaluated in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. SPA0355 completely prevented cytokine-induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and cytotoxicity in RINm5F cells and isolated islets. The molecular mechanism of SPA0355 inhibition of iNOS expression involves the inhibition of nuclear factor κB and Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription pathways. The protective effects of SPA0355 against cytokine toxicity were further demonstrated by normal insulin secretion and absence of apoptosis of cytokine-treated islets. In experiments with NOD mice, the occurrence of diabetes was efficiently reduced when the mice were treated with SPA0355. Therefore, SPA0355 might be a valuable treatment option that delays the destruction of pancreatic β cells in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ui-Jin Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
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27
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Nikolic T, Roep BO. Regulatory multitasking of tolerogenic dendritic cells - lessons taken from vitamin d3-treated tolerogenic dendritic cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:113. [PMID: 23717310 PMCID: PMC3653108 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) work through silencing of differentiated antigen-specific T cells, activation and expansion of naturally occurring T regulatory cells (Tregs), transfer of regulatory properties to T cells, and the differentiation of naïve T cells into Tregs. Due to an operational definition based on T cell activation assays, the identity of tolerogenic DCs has been a matter of debate and it need not represent a specialized DC subset. Human tolerogenic DCs generated in vitro using inhibitory cytokines, growth factors, natural immunomodulators, or genetic manipulation have been effective and several of these tolerogenic DCs are currently being tested for clinical use. Ex vivo generated tolerogenic DCs reduce activation of naïve T cells using various means, promote a variety of regulatory T cells and most importantly, frequently show stable inhibitory phenotypes upon repetitive maturation with inflammatory factors. Yet, tolerogenic DCs differ with respect to the phenotype or the number of regulatory mechanisms they employ to modulate the immune system. In our experience, tolerogenic DCs generated using the biologically active form of vitamin D (VD3-DCs), alone, or combined with dexamethasone are proficient in their immunoregulatory functions. These tolerogenic DCs show a stable maturation-resistant semi-mature phenotype with low expression of activating co-stimulatory molecules, no production of the IL-12 family of cytokines and high expression of inhibitory molecules and IL-10. VD3-DCs induce increased apoptosis of effector T cells and induce antigen-specific regulatory T cells, which work through linked suppression ensuring infectious tolerance. Lessons learned on VD3-DCs help understanding the contribution of different pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and secondary signals to the tolerogenic function and how a cross-talk between DCs and T cells translates into immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Nikolic
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden, Netherlands
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28
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Welzen-Coppens JMC, van Helden-Meeuwsen CG, Leenen PJM, Drexhage HA, Versnel MA. The kinetics of plasmacytoid dendritic cell accumulation in the pancreas of the NOD mouse during the early phases of insulitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55071. [PMID: 23372814 PMCID: PMC3555833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice that spontaneously develop autoimmune diabetes, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) have a diabetes-promoting role through IFN-α production on one hand, while a diabetes-inhibiting role through indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) production on the other. Little is known about the kinetics and phenotype of pDCs in the NOD pancreas during the development of autoimmune diabetes. While para/peri-insular accumulation of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) could be observed from 4 weeks of age onwards in NOD mice, pDCs only started to accumulate around the islets of Langerhans from 10 weeks onwards, which is concomitant with the influx of lymphocytes. NOD pancreatic pDCs showed a tolerogenic phenotype as assessed by their high expression of IDO and non-detectable levels of IFN-α and MxA. Furthermore, expression of the pDC-attracting chemokines CXCL10 and CXCL12 was significantly increased in the NOD pancreas at 10 weeks and the circulating pDC numbers were increased at 4 and 10 weeks. Our data suggest that a simultaneous accumulation of IDO+ pDCs and lymphocytes in the pancreas in 10 weeks old NOD mice, which may reflect both an immunogenic influx of T cells as well as a tolerogenic attempt to control these immunogenic T cells.
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29
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Mert T, Ocal I, Guzel AI, Gunay I. Clodronate changes neurobiological effects of pulsed magnetic field on diabetic rats with peripheral neuropathy. Electromagn Biol Med 2013; 32:342-54. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2012.721846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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30
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Leu JIJ, Murphy ME, George DL. The p53 Codon 72 Polymorphism Modifies the Cellular Response to Inflammatory Challenge in the Liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2. [PMID: 23991369 DOI: 10.4172/2167-0889.1000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The p53 protein is a critical stress-response mediator and signal coordinator in cellular metabolism and environmental exposure to deleterious agents. In human populations, the p53 gene contains a common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) affecting codon 72 that determines whether a proline (P72) or an arginine (R72) is present at this amino acid position of the polypeptide. Previous studies carried out using human populations, mouse models, and cell culture analyses have provided evidence that this amino acid difference can alter p53 functional activities, and potentially also can affect clinical presentation of disease. The clinical presentation associated with many forms of liver disease is variable, but few of the responsible underlying genetic factors or molecular pathways have been identified. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the p53 codon 72 polymorphism influences the cellular response to hepatic stresses. A humanized p53 knock-in (Hupki) mouse model was used to address this issue. Mice expressing either the P72 or R72 normal variation of p53 were given an acute-, intermittent- or a chronic challenge, associated with exposure to lipopolysaccharide, D-galactosamine, or a high-fat diet. The results reveal that the livers of the P72 and R72 mice exhibit notable differences in inflammatory and apoptotic response to these distinct forms of stress. Interestingly the influence of this polymorphism on the response to stress is context dependent, with P72 showing increased response to liver toxins (lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine), but R72 showing increased response to metabolic stress (high fat diet). When taken together, these data point to the p53 codon 72 polymorphism as an important molecular mediator of events contributing to hepatic inflammation and metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia I-Ju Leu
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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31
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Advances in understanding the physiological mechanism of maternal immune tolerance to the embryo. Reprod Biol 2012; 12:265-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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32
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Zhou D, Chen YT, Chen F, Gallup M, Vijmasi T, Bahrami AF, Noble LB, van Rooijen N, McNamara NA. Critical involvement of macrophage infiltration in the development of Sjögren's syndrome-associated dry eye. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:753-60. [PMID: 22770665 PMCID: PMC3432423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytic infiltration of the lacrimal gland and ocular surface in autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome (SS) causes an aqueous-deficient dry eye that is associated with significant morbidity. Previous studies from our laboratory and others have established autoimmune regulator (Aire)-deficient mice as a useful model to examine exocrinopathy and ocular surface disease associated with SS. Consistent with human SS, autoreactive CD4(+) T cells play an indispensible role in the development of exocrine and ocular surface disease in Aire knockout mice. We report that in addition to CD4(+) T cells, a large number of macrophages infiltrate the corneal stroma, limbus, and lacrimal glands of diseased mice. Adoptive transfer of autoreactive CD4(+) T cells from Aire knockout mice led to local infiltration of macrophages and ocular surface damage in immunodeficient recipients. Depletion of local macrophages, through subconjunctival injection of clodronate liposome, attenuated lissamine green staining and improved ocular phenotype. Alternatively, systemic depletion of macrophages had no effect on ocular phenotype but led to significant improvements in lacrimal gland exocrinopathy and tear secretion. Our results suggested that autoreactive CD4(+) T cells provoked macrophage infiltration to the eye and lacrimal gland, where they played a functional role in directing the development of autoimmune dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delu Zhou
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Ying-Ting Chen
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Feeling Chen
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Marianne Gallup
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Trinka Vijmasi
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Ahmad F. Bahrami
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Lisa B. Noble
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Nico van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy A. McNamara
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco
- Departments of Anatomy and Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco
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Ostanin DV, Kurmaeva E, Furr K, Bao R, Hoffman J, Berney S, Grisham MB. Acquisition of antigen-presenting functions by neutrophils isolated from mice with chronic colitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:1491-502. [PMID: 22219329 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Active episodes of the inflammatory bowel diseases are associated with the infiltration of large numbers of myeloid cells including neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. The objective of this study was to systematically characterize and define the different populations of myeloid cells generated in a mouse model of chronic gut inflammation. Using the T cell transfer model of chronic colitis, we found that induction of disease was associated with enhanced production of myelopoietic cytokines (IL-17 and G-CSF), increased production of neutrophils and monocytes, and infiltration of large numbers of myeloid cells into the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and colon. Detailed characterization of these myeloid cells revealed three major populations including Mac-1(+)Ly6C(high)Gr-1(low/neg) cells (monocytes), Mac-1(+)Ly6C(int)Gr-1(+) cells (neutrophils), and Mac-1(+)Ly6C(low/neg)Gr-1(low/neg) leukocytes (macrophages, dendritic cells, and eosinophils). In addition, we observed enhanced surface expression of MHC class II and CD86 on neutrophils isolated from the inflamed colon when compared with neutrophils obtained from the blood, the MLNs, and the spleen of colitic mice. Furthermore, we found that colonic neutrophils had acquired APC function that enabled these granulocytes to induce proliferation of OVA-specific CD4(+) T cells in an Ag- and MHC class II-dependent manner. Finally, we observed a synergistic increase in proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production following coculture of T cells with neutrophils in vitro. Taken together, our data suggest that extravasated neutrophils acquire APC function within the inflamed bowel where they may perpetuate chronic gut inflammation by inducing T cell activation and proliferation as well as by enhancing production of proinflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Ostanin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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Welzen-Coppens JMC, van Helden-Meeuwsen CG, Drexhage HA, Versnel MA. Abnormalities of dendritic cell precursors in the pancreas of the NOD mouse model of diabetes. Eur J Immunol 2011; 42:186-94. [PMID: 22002898 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse is a widely used animal model for the study of human diabetes. Before the start of lymphocytic insulitis, DC accumulation around islets of Langerhans is a hallmark for autoimmune diabetes development in this model. Previous experiments indicated that an inflammatory influx of these DCs in the pancreas is less plausible. Here, we investigated whether the pancreas contains DC precursors and whether these precursors contribute to DC accumulation in the NOD pancreas. Fetal pancreases of NOD and control mice were isolated followed by FACS using ER-MP58, Ly6G, CD11b and Ly6C. Sorted fetal pancreatic ER-MP58(+) cells were cultured with GM-CSF and tested for DC markers and antigen processing. CFSE labeling and Ki-67 staining were used to determine cell proliferation in cultures and tissues. Ly6C(hi) and Ly6C(low) precursors were present in fetal pancreases of NOD and control mice. These precursors developed into CD11c(+) MHCII(+) CD86(+) DCs capable of processing DQ-OVA. ER-MP58(+) cells in the embryonic and pre-diabetic NOD pancreas had a higher proliferation capacity. Our observations support a novel concept that pre-diabetic DC accumulation in the NOD pancreas is due to aberrant enhanced proliferation of local precursors, rather than to aberrant "inflammatory infiltration" from the circulation.
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Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) comprises monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Tissue phagocytes share several cell surface markers, phagocytic capability and myeloid classification; however, the factors that regulate the differentiation, homeostasis and function of macrophages and dendritic cells remain largely unknown. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the tools that are currently available and those that are under development to study the origin and function of mononuclear phagocytes.
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36
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Strait RT, Hicks W, Barasa N, Mahler A, Khodoun M, Köhl J, Stringer K, Witte D, Van Rooijen N, Susskind BM, Finkelman FD. MHC class I-specific antibody binding to nonhematopoietic cells drives complement activation to induce transfusion-related acute lung injury in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:2525-44. [PMID: 22025304 PMCID: PMC3256958 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20110159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In a manner partially independent of activating Fcγ receptors, antibody-mediated production of complement component C5a and recruitment of macrophages elicit transfusion-related acute lung injury in mice. Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), a form of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema that develops during or within 6 h after a blood transfusion, is the most frequent cause of transfusion-associated death in the United States. Because development of TRALI is associated with donor antibodies (Abs) reactive with recipient major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a mouse model has been studied in which TRALI-like disease is caused by injecting mice with anti–MHC class I monoclonal Ab (mAb). Previous publications with this model have concluded that disease is caused by FcR-dependent activation of neutrophils and platelets, with production of reactive oxygen species that damage pulmonary vascular endothelium. In this study, we confirm the role of reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of this mouse model of TRALI and show ultrastructural evidence of pulmonary vascular injury within 5 min of anti–MHC class I mAb injection. However, we demonstrate that disease induction in this model involves macrophages rather than neutrophils or platelets, activation of complement and production of C5a rather than activation of FcγRI, FcγRIII, or FcγRIV, and binding of anti–MHC class I mAb to non-BM–derived cells such as pulmonary vascular endothelium. These observations have important implications for the prevention and treatment of TRALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Strait
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Seifarth C, Littmann L, Resheq Y, Rössner S, Goldwich A, Pangratz N, Kerek F, Steinkasserer A, Zinser E. MCS-18, a novel natural plant product prevents autoimmune diabetes. Immunol Lett 2011; 139:58-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Katz JD, Janssen EM. Breaking T cell tolerance to beta cell antigens by merocytic dendritic cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2873-83. [PMID: 21626409 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0730-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In type 1 diabetes (T1D), a break in central and peripheral tolerance results in antigen-specific T cells destroying insulin-producing, pancreatic beta cells. Herein, we discuss the critical sub-population of dendritic cells responsible for mediating both the cross-presentation of islet antigen to CD8(+) T cells and the direct presentation of beta cell antigen to CD4(+) T cells. These cells, termed merocytic dendritic cells (mcDC), are more numerous in non-obese diabetic (NOD), and antigen-loaded mcDC rescue CD8(+) T cells from peripheral anergy and deletion, and stimulate islet-reactive CD4(+) T cells. When purified from the pancreatic lymph nodes of overtly diabetic NOD mice, mcDC can break peripheral T cell tolerance to beta cell antigens in vivo and induce rapid onset T cell-mediated T1D in young NOD mouse. Thus, the mcDC subset appears to represent the long-sought critical antigen-presenting cell responsible for breaking peripheral tolerance to beta cell antigen in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Katz
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
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Lee SM, Yang H, Tartar DM, Gao B, Luo X, Ye SQ, Zaghouani H, Fang D. Prevention and treatment of diabetes with resveratrol in a non-obese mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2011; 54:1136-46. [PMID: 21340626 PMCID: PMC4036531 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We recently found that activation of the type III histone deacetylase sirtuin 1 suppresses T cell immune responses. Here we sought to determine the therapeutic potential of the sirtuin 1 activator resveratrol in the treatment of diabetes in the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes and the mechanisms underlying such potential. METHODS NOD mice were fed or subcutaneously injected with resveratrol and evaluated for development of diabetes. Splenocytes from resveratrol-treated and control mice were analysed by gene array. The altered expression of inflammatory genes induced by resveratrol was validated and the role of changed gene expression in prevention of diabetes was determined. RESULTS Resveratrol administration potently prevented and treated type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Gene array analysis indicated a dramatic decrease in expression of Ccr6, which encodes chemokine (C-C motif) receptor (CCR) 6, in the splenocytes from resveratrol-treated mice. CCR6 abundance on IL-17-producing cells and CD11b(+)F4/80(hi) macrophages was inhibited by resveratrol treatment. Interestingly, CCR6(+) IL-17-producing cells and CD11b(+)F4/80(hi) macrophages accumulated in the spleens and pancreatic lymph nodes, but their presence in the pancreas was reduced, suggesting that resveratrol blocks their migration from peripheral lymphoid organs to the pancreas. Indeed, the migration of splenocytes toward media containing chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) was impaired by resveratrol treatment. CCL20 peptides, which block CCR6 binding to CCL20, inhibited development of type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Inhibition of CCR6-mediated migration of inflammatory cells by resveratrol may provide a powerful approach for treatment of type 1 diabetes and possibly of other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.-M. Lee
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - H. Yang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - D. M. Tartar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - B. Gao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - X. Luo
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S. Q. Ye
- Department of Medical Research, University of Missouri Kansas, City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA. Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA. Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - H. Zaghouani
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - D. Fang
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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40
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Aloman C, Friedman SL, Merad M. Dendritic cells in alcoholic liver injury and fibrosis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35:776-81. [PMID: 21284665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01397.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption impairs the development of innate and adaptive immune responses, however the exact mechanism by which alcohol leads to immune defects remains to be established. Dendritic cells (DCs) form a heterogeneous population of hematopoietic cells that are present in all tissues including the liver. DC are initially described playing a key role in the induction of innate and adaptive immune response against specific antigens. In our presentation, we discussed few new aspects of DC development, critical assessment of DC in non-lymphoid organs and the impact of alcohol consumption on DC function. Understanding the mechanism by which DC modulate liver function after alcohol consumption may help uncover novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costica Aloman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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41
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Butts CL, Candando KM, Warfel J, Belyavskaya E, D'Agnillo F, Sternberg EM. Progesterone regulation of uterine dendritic cell function in rodents is dependent on the stage of estrous cycle. Mucosal Immunol 2010; 3:496-505. [PMID: 20505661 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones, such as progesterone, are able to modify immunity and influence disease outcome. Dendritic cells (DCs) drive potent immune responses, express receptors for steroid hormones, and may be a primary target of steroid hormone actions during infection of the genital tract, including uterine tissue. Here, we report that progesterone limited DC-associated activation marker expression and inhibited cytokine secretion by uterine DCs, which was associated with changes in signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) activity. We also found that DCs from mice at stages with higher progesterone concentrations (diestrus, metaestrus) were more sensitive to progesterone than those in stages with lower progesterone concentrations (proestrus, estrus), both in vitro and in vivo. This difference correlated with the levels of progesterone receptor expressed by DCs. These data suggest that progesterone regulates DC function and could contribute to the susceptibility of females to uterine and other genital tract infections at selected time periods throughout the life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Butts
- Section on Neuroendocrine Immunology & Behavior, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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42
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Shoda L, Kreuwel H, Gadkar K, Zheng Y, Whiting C, Atkinson M, Bluestone J, Mathis D, Young D, Ramanujan S. The Type 1 Diabetes PhysioLab Platform: a validated physiologically based mathematical model of pathogenesis in the non-obese diabetic mouse. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 161:250-67. [PMID: 20491795 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease whose clinical onset signifies a lifelong requirement for insulin therapy and increased risk of medical complications. To increase the efficiency and confidence with which drug candidates advance to human type 1 diabetes clinical trials, we have generated and validated a mathematical model of type 1 diabetes pathophysiology in a well-characterized animal model of spontaneous type 1 diabetes, the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. The model is based on an extensive survey of the public literature and input from an independent scientific advisory board. It reproduces key disease features including activation and expansion of autoreactive lymphocytes in the pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs), islet infiltration and beta cell loss leading to hyperglycaemia. The model uses ordinary differential and algebraic equations to represent the pancreas and PLN as well as dynamic interactions of multiple cell types (e.g. dendritic cells, macrophages, CD4+ T lymphocytes, CD8+ T lymphocytes, regulatory T cells, beta cells). The simulated features of untreated pathogenesis and disease outcomes for multiple interventions compare favourably with published experimental data. Thus, a mathematical model reproducing type 1 diabetes pathophysiology in the NOD mouse, validated based on accurate reproduction of results from multiple published interventions, is available for in silico hypothesis testing. Predictive biosimulation research evaluating therapeutic strategies and underlying biological mechanisms is intended to deprioritize hypotheses that impact disease outcome weakly and focus experimental research on hypotheses likely to provide insight into the disease and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Shoda
- Entelos Inc., Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
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43
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Walker WE, Booth CJ, Goldstein DR. TLR9 and IRF3 cooperate to induce a systemic inflammatory response in mice injected with liposome:DNA. Mol Ther 2010; 18:775-84. [PMID: 20145605 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposome:DNA is a promising gene therapy vector. However, this vector can elicit a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Prior reports indicate that liposome:DNA vectors activate Toll-like receptor (TLR)9. We hypothesized that liposome:DNA vectors also activate the cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway, which signals via interferon (IFN) regulatory factor (IRF)3. To test this, we treated dendritic cells (DCs) with liposome:DNA in vitro and found that IRF3 was phosphorylated independent of TLR9. To test the contribution of this pathway in vivo, we injected a liposome:DNA vector into wild-type (WT), TLR9-knockout (KO), IRF3-KO, and TLR9-IRF3-double-KO (DKO) mice. WT mice exhibited a systemic inflammatory response, evidenced by elevations in serum cytokines, serum enzyme changes indicating organ damage, hypothermia, and mortality. The cytokine response was reduced in TLR9-KO, IRF3-KO, and TLR9-IRF3-DKO mice and all three groups survived. We found that IFN-gamma-KO mice that receive liposome:DNA had a reduced cytokine response and 100% survival. CD11c(+) and NK1.1(+) cells produced IFN-gamma and depleting CD11c(+) cells reduced the cytokine response in mice injected with liposome:DNA. These findings may facilitate the development of immunologically inert gene therapy vectors and may provide general insight into the mechanisms of SIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy E Walker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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La Torre D, Lernmark A. Immunology of beta-cell destruction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 654:537-83. [PMID: 20217514 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3271-3_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pancreatic islet beta-cells are the target for an autoimmune process that eventually results in an inability to control blood glucose due to the lack of insulin. The different steps that eventually lead to the complete loss of the beta-cells are reviewed to include the very first step of a triggering event that initiates the development of beta-cell autoimmunity to the last step of appearance of islet-cell autoantibodies, which may mark that insulitis is about to form. The observations that the initial beta-cell destruction by virus or other environmental factors triggers islet autoimmunity not in the islets but in the draining pancreatic lymph nodes are reviewed along with possible basic mechanisms of loss of tolerance to islet autoantigens. Once islet autoimmunity is established the question is how beta-cells are progressively killed by autoreactive lymphocytes which eventually results in chronic insulitis. Many of these series of events have been dissected in spontaneously diabetic mice or rats, but controlled clinical trials have shown that rodent observations are not always translated into mechanisms in humans. Attempts are therefore needed to clarify the step 1 triggering mechanisms and the step to chronic autoimmune insulitis to develop evidence-based treatment approaches to prevent type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria La Torre
- Lund University, CRC, Department of Clinical Sciences, University Hospital MAS, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
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Nikolic T, Welzen-Coppens JMC, Leenen PJM, Drexhage HA, Versnel MA. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in autoimmune diabetes - potential tools for immunotherapy. Immunobiology 2009; 214:791-9. [PMID: 19628297 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which a T-cell-mediated attack destroys the insulin-producing cells of the pancreatic islets. Despite insulin supplementation severe complications ask for novel treatments that aim at cure or delay of the onset of the disease. In spontaneous animal models for diabetes like the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, distinct steps in the pathogenesis of the disease can be distinguished. In the past 10 years it became evident that DC and macrophages play an important role in all three phases of the pathogenesis of T1D. In phase 1, dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages accumulate at the islet edges. In phase 2, DC and macrophages are involved in the activation of autoreactive T cells that accumulate in the pancreas. In the third phase the islets are invaded by macrophages, DC and NK cells followed by the destruction of the beta-cells. Recent data suggest a role for a new member of the DC family: the plasmacytoid DC (pDC). pDC have been found to induce tolerance in experimental models of asthma. Several studies in humans and the NOD mouse support a similar role for pDC in diabetes. Mechanisms found to be involved in tolerance induction by pDC are inhibition of effector T cells, induction of regulatory T cells, production of cytokines and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). The exact mechanism of tolerance induction by pDC in diabetes remains to be established but the intrinsic tolerogenic properties of pDC provide a promising, yet underestimated target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Nikolic
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Melli K, Friedman RS, Martin AE, Finger EB, Miao G, Szot GL, Krummel MF, Tang Q. Amplification of autoimmune response through induction of dendritic cell maturation in inflamed tissues. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:2590-600. [PMID: 19234153 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential in T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in type 1 diabetes. In this study, we investigated T cell induction of intra-islet DC maturation during the progression of the disease in both autoimmune-prone NOD and resistant C57BL/6 mice. We demonstrated steady-state capture and retention of unprocessed beta cell-derived proteins by semimature intra-islet DCs in both mouse strains. T cell-mediated intra-islet inflammation induced an increase in CD40 and CD80 expression and processing of captured Ag by resident DCs without inducing the expression of the p40 subunit of IL-12/23. Some of the CD40(high) intra-islet DCs up-regulated CCR7, and a small number of CD40(high) DCs bearing unprocessed islet Ags were detected in the pancreatic lymph nodes in mice with acute intra-islet inflammation, demonstrating that T cell-mediated tissue inflammation augments migration of mature resident DCs to draining lymph nodes. Our results identify an amplification loop during the progression of autoimmune diabetes, in which initial T cell infiltration leads to rapid maturation of intra-islet DCs, their migration to lymph nodes, and expanded priming of more autoreactive T cells. Therapeutic interventions that intercept this process may be effective at halting the progression of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Melli
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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47
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Sgouroudis E, Piccirillo CA. Control of type 1 diabetes by CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells: lessons from mouse models and implications for human disease. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2009; 25:208-18. [PMID: 19214972 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a revival of the concept of CD4(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells as being a central control point in various immune responses, including autoimmune responses and immunity to transplants, allergens, tumours and infectious microbes. The current literature suggests that T(reg) cells are diverse in their phenotype and mechanism(s) of action, and as such, may constitute a myriad of naturally occurring and induced T cell precursors with variable degrees of regulatory potential. In this review, we summarize research from various laboratories, including our own, showing that CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T(reg) cells are critical in the control of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in mouse models and humans. In this review, we also discuss cellular and molecular determinants that impact CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T(reg) cell development and function and consequential resistance to organ-specific autoimmune disease. Recent advances in the use of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T(reg) cellular therapy to promote immunological tolerance in the absence of long-term generalized immunosuppression are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evridiki Sgouroudis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3A 2B4
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48
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Butts CL, Bowers E, Horn JC, Shukair SA, Belyavskaya E, Tonelli L, Sternberg EM. Inhibitory effects of progesterone differ in dendritic cells from female and male rodents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 5:434-47. [PMID: 19108816 DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid hormones, such as progesterone, are known to have immunomodulatory effects. Our research group previously reported direct effects of progesterone on dendritic cells (DCs) from female rodents. Primarily affecting mature DC function, progesterone effects included inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine secretion, downregulation of cell surface marker (major histocompatibility complex class II, CD80) expression, and decreased T-cell proliferative capacity, and were likely mediated through progesterone receptor (PR) because the PR antagonist RU486 reversed these effects. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to assess differences in response to progesterone by DCs from female and male rodents. METHODS Using real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, transcriptional expression of steroid hormone receptors was measured in immature bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) from male and female rats. Expression of steroid hormone receptor protein was also assessed in these cells using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. To evaluate functional differences between BMDCs from female and male rats in response to the steroid hormone progesterone, levels of secreted cytokines were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Higher numbers of immature BMDCs from males expressed glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and androgen receptor (AR) proteins compared with females (males vs females, mean [SD]: GR = 68.75 [7.27] vs 43.61 [13.97], P = NS; AR = 75.99 [15.38] vs 8.25 [1.88], P = 0.002), whereas higher numbers of immature BMDCs from females expressed PR protein compared with males (females vs males: PR = 74.19 [12.11] vs 14.14 [4.55], P = 0.043). These differences were not found at the level of transcription (females vs males: GR = 0.088 vs 0.073, P = NS; AR = 0.076 vs 0.069, P = NS; PR = 0.075 vs 0.065, P = NS). Compared with those from females, mature BMDCs from males produced higher quantities of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-alpha], interleukin [IL]-1beta, IL-10) (females vs males: TNF-alpha = 920.0 [79.25] vs 1100.61 [107.97], P = NS; IL-1beta = 146.60 [38.04] vs 191.10 [10.47], P = NS; IL-10 = 167.25 [4.50] vs 206.15 [23.48], P = NS). Conversely, BMDCs from females were more sensitive to progesterone, as indicated by a more dramatic reduction in proinflammatory cytokine secretion (females vs males, highest concentration of progesterone: TNF-alpha = 268.94 [28.59] vs 589.91 [100.98], P = 0.04; IL-1beta = 119.50 [10.32] vs 154.35 [6.22], P = NS). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that progesterone effects on DCs in rodents may be more pronounced in females than in males, and this is likely due to differences in PR protein expression. Our observations may help elucidate disparities in the incidence and severity of autoimmune disorders between females and males, and the role specific steroid hormones play in regulating immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherié L Butts
- Section on Neuroendocrine Immunology & Behavior, National Institute of Mental Health/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Key role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of CD18 hypomorphic murine model of psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:1100-14. [PMID: 19242511 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic skin disorder of unsolved pathogenesis affecting skin in 2-3% of the general population. Research into the pathogenesis of psoriasis has profited from suitable animal models. Previously, we reported on the CD18 hypomorphic (CD18(hypo)) PL/J mouse model clinically resembling human psoriasis, which is characterized by reduced expression of the common chain of beta(2)-integrins (CD11/CD18) to only 2-16% of wild-type levels. Aside from common clinical and pathophysiological features shared with human psoriasis, the psoriasiform skin disease in CD18(hypo) PL/J mice also depends on the presence of CD4(+) T-cells. This review focuses on the role of activated macrophages in the pathogenesis of CD18(hypo) T-cell-mediated mouse model of psoriasis, and extends our understanding in unrestrained pathogenic T-cells whose activation may be crucial for the recruitment and activation of macrophages within skin. The findings in the CD18(hypo) PL/J model are discussed in the context of current literatures of human and other autoimmune disorders.
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease in which the insulin producing beta cells are destroyed. The breakdown of beta cell-specific self-tolerance by T cells involves a number of dysregulated events intrinsic and extrinsic to T cells. Herein, we review the key mechanisms that drive beta cell autoimmunity, with an emphasis on events that influence the expansion and differentiation of pathogenic T cells in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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