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Shan M, Zhao X, Sun P, Qu X, Cheng G, Qin LP. Revisiting Structure-activity Relationships: Unleashing the potential of selective Janus kinase 1 inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2024; 149:107506. [PMID: 38833989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Janus kinases (JAKs), a kind of non-receptor tyrosine kinases, the function has been implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, immune, inflammatory response and malignancies. Among them, JAK1 represents an essential target for modulating cytokines involved in inflammation and immune function. Rheumatoid arthritis, atopic dermatitis, ulcerative colitis and psoriatic arthritis are areas where approved JAK1 drugs have been applied for the treatment. In the review, we provided a brief introduction to JAK1 inhibitors in market and clinical trials. The structures of high active JAK1 compounds (IC50 ≤ 0.1 nM) were highlighted, with primary focus on structure-activity relationship and selectivity. Moreover, the druggability processes of approved drugs and high active compounds were analyzed. In addition, the issues involved in JAK1 compounds clinical application as well as strategies to surmount these challenges, were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyi Shan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhao Qu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lu-Ping Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Chandrasekhar B, Gor R, Ramalingam S, Thiagarajan A, Sohn H, Madhavan T. Repurposing FDA-approved compounds to target JAK2 for colon cancer treatment. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:226. [PMID: 38869738 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the common cancers worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer-related death. The current treatment has the inherent drawbacks and there is a need of developing a new treatment. Interleukin-6 a pleiotropic cytokine involved in immune regulation and activation of JAK2/STAT3 pathway in colorectal cancer. JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway functions as a critical regulator of cell growth, differentiation, and immune expression. The abnormality in the JAK2/STAT3 pathway is involved in the tumorigenesis of colon cancer including apoptosis. In this study, we identified novel inhibitors for JAK2 protein by performing virtual screening against FDA-approved compounds. To address the selectivity issue, we implemented cross-docking method followed by DFT calculations to understand the chemical reactivity of the identified compounds. Additionally, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed for the top FDA compounds against JAK2 to understand the molecular interactions and structural stability of the complex over a period of 200 ns. Our results indicated that ergotamine, entrectinib, exatecan, dihydroergotamine, and paritaprevir can be used as alternative drugs for colon cancer. In addition, ergotamine was found to efficiently lower the cell viability with IC50 values of 100 µM on colon cancer cell lines. The long-term inhibitory effect of the ergotamine led to a decrease in colony size, and the toxicity properties were studied using hemolysis assay. Our study shows the potential of targeting JAK2 as a novel approach to colon cancer treatment, and demonstrate that ergotamine as a promising effects as an anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bavya Chandrasekhar
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Potheri, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ravi Gor
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Potheri, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Satish Ramalingam
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Potheri, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Anuradha Thiagarajan
- Deparment of Physics with Computer Application, Agurchand Manmull Jain College, Meenambakam, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Honglae Sohn
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Carbon Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea.
| | - Thirumurthy Madhavan
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Potheri, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamilnadu, India.
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Potlabathini T, Pothacamuri MA, Bandi VV, Anjum M, Shah P, Molina M, Dutta N, Adzhymuratov O, Mathew M, Sadu V, Zahid SA, Lingamgunta H, Sahotra M, Nasiri SMZJ, Daguipa CDM. FDA-Approved Janus Kinase-Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK-STAT) Inhibitors for Managing Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Narrative Review of the Literature. Cureus 2024; 16:e59978. [PMID: 38854342 PMCID: PMC11162266 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex autoimmune disease causing chronic joint inflammation and, in more serious cases, organ involvement. RA typically affects people between the ages of 35 and 60; however, it can also afflict children younger than the age of 16 years and can also demonstrate a pattern of remission later in the disease course. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids, exercise, and patient education are all used in the management of RA, which is divided into symptomatic management and disease-modifying management (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs) to reduce pain and inflammation, thereby preserving joint function. Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKis) have led to a substantial improvement in the management of RA. By specifically targeting the JAK-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway, which is essential for immunological modulation, these inhibitors also demonstrate promise in treating various autoimmune illnesses, including inflammatory bowel diseases, giant cell arteritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriatic arthritis. Tofacitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib, peficitinib, delgocitinib, and filgotinib are examples of FDA-approved JAKis that have distinct properties and indications for treating a range of autoimmune illnesses. JAKis demonstrate a promising treatment approach for managing RA and other autoimmune diseases while enhancing patient outcomes and quality of life. However, due to major safety concerns and the need for long-term success, meticulous patient monitoring is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mahnoor Anjum
- Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, PAK
| | | | - M Molina
- Internal Medicine, International Medical Graduates (IMG) Helping Hands, Newark, USA
| | - Nilashis Dutta
- General Medicine, North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Siliguri, IND
| | | | - Midhun Mathew
- Internal Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Vatsalya Sadu
- Medicine and Surgery, Kamineni Academy of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, IND
| | - Shiza A Zahid
- Medicine and Surgery, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, PAK
| | - Harini Lingamgunta
- Medicine, All Saints University School of Medicine Dominica, Chicago, USA
| | - Monika Sahotra
- Internal Medicine, International Medical Graduates (IMG) Helping Hands, San Pablo, USA
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Boldrini V, Vannucchi AM, Guglielmelli P. A safety evaluation of ruxolitinib for the treatment of polycythemia vera. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2024; 23:1-7. [PMID: 38156903 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2023.2299391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polycythemia Vera (PV) is a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm hallmarked by deregulated proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells leading to prevalent expansion of red cell mass, increased rate of vascular events, splenomegaly, disease-associated symptoms, and risk of evolution to secondary myelofibrosis and blast phase. PV is pathogenetically associated with autonomously persistent activation of JAK2, which causes overproduction of blood cells and an inflammatory condition responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. Extensively supported by preclinical studies, targeting JAK2-dependent signaling represents a rational therapeutic approach to PV, finally leading to the approval of ruxolitinib, a JAK1/2 inhibitor. AREAS COVERED (LITERATURE RESEARCH) We analyzed reports of phase 2 and phase 3 trials with ruxolitinib in PV and relevant literature dealing with efficacy and safety aspects, including most recent real-world reports. EXPERT OPINION Ruxolitinib is the only JAK2 inhibitor approved for the treatment of PV with well-known efficacy for splenomegaly, symptoms, and potentially reduction of vascular events. The treatment regimen is notably manageable and safe, with the most prevalent side effects primarily encompassing myelosuppression, hyperlipidemia, non-melanoma skin cancer and infections, mainly reactivation of Herpes Zoster. These effects necessitate ongoing surveillance and proactive preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Boldrini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro M Vannucchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- CRIMM, Center for Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Guglielmelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- CRIMM, Center for Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
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Le TTH, Tran LH, Nguyen MT, Pham MQ, Phung HTT. Calculation of binding affinity of JAK1 inhibitors via accurately computational estimation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:7224-7234. [PMID: 36069111 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2118830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) is a tyrosine kinase that is involved in the initiation of responses to a number of different cytokine receptor families. The JAK1-dependent pathway is a therapeutic target, and several JAK inhibitors have been developed thanks to intensive research. However, since the ATP binding sites of JAK family members are quite alike, JAK1 inhibitors can thus be less selective, resulting in unanticipated adverse effects. Despite this, minor variations in the ATP-binding site have been extensively used to find a variety of small compounds with different inhibitory properties. Stronger binding affinity of JAK1 inhibitors is believed to be able to reduce the negative effects, leading to better treatment results. Therefore, a thorough computational search that can effectively identify ligands with extremely high binding affinity for JAK1 to serve as promising inhibitors is required. Here, a method combining steered-molecular dynamic (SMD) simulations with a modified linear interaction energy (LIE) model has been developed to evaluate the binding affinities of known JAK1 inhibitors. The correlation coefficient between the estimated and experimental values was 0.72 and a root-mean-square error was 0.97 kcal•mol-1, revealing that the SMD/LIE method can precisely and quickly predict the binding free energies of JAK1 inhibitors. Furthermore, three marine fungus-derived compounds, namely hansforesters E, hansforesters G and tetroazolemycins B, were identified to be particularly promising JAK1 inhibitors, accordingly. These findings show that the SMD/LIE method has a lot of promise for in silico screening of possible JAK1 inhibitors from a vast number of compounds that are now accessible.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Thuy-Huong Le
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Linh Hoang Tran
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Minh Tam Nguyen
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Minh Quan Pham
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huong Thi Thu Phung
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Singh A, Mishra A. Molecular modelling study to discover novel JAK2 signaling pathway inhibitor. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-12. [PMID: 35838147 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2097314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The JAK2/STAT signaling cascades facilitates receptor signals which is responsible for cell growth, survival and homeostasis. Ligand binding to JAKs causes phosphorylation other proteins known as STATs, which translocate to the nucleus and regulate transcription of several important proteins. Growth hormone, prolactin and γ-interferon known agonists of JAK STAT receptors, signal to the nucleus by a more direct manner than the receptor tyrosine kinases. Mutations in JAKs may be responsible for immunodeficiency and myeloproliferative disorders because of its important role in cytokine signaling and making the pathway a therapeutic target for various disease. The present study screened Zinc database to find novel JAK2 inhibitors using virtual high throughput screening techniques. Selection of compound for further study was on the basis of docking score, free energy and binding pattern of the compound. Molecular simulation and MM/GBSA free energy was evaluated for the binding interactions and the stability of docked conformations. Several parameters which determine protein ligand interaction like RMSD, RMSF, Rg and binding pattern were observed. Hydrogen bonds (Glu 930, 932 and Asp 994) after 150 ns simulation were observed between identified compound INC000096136346 and it was similar to known inhibitor ruxolitinib. MM/GBSA free energy was comparable to known inhibitor ruxolitinib. ZINC000096136346 qualify Lipinski's rule of five, rule of three, WDI like rule and there is one violation in lead like rule.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Abha Mishra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India
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Liosi ME, Ippolito JA, Henry SP, Krimmer SG, Newton AS, Cutrona KJ, Olivarez RA, Mohanty J, Schlessinger J, Jorgensen WL. Insights on JAK2 Modulation by Potent, Selective, and Cell-Permeable Pseudokinase-Domain Ligands. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8380-8400. [PMID: 35653642 PMCID: PMC9939005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
JAK2 is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates hematopoiesis through the JAK-STAT pathway. The pseudokinase domain (JH2) is an important regulator of the activity of the kinase domain (JH1). V617F mutation in JH2 has been associated with the pathogenesis of various myeloproliferative neoplasms, but JAK2 JH2 has been poorly explored as a pharmacological target. In light of this, we aimed to develop JAK2 JH2 binders that could selectively target JH2 over JH1 and test their capacity to modulate JAK2 activity in cells. Toward this goal, we optimized a diaminotriazole lead compound into potent, selective, and cell-permeable JH2 binders leveraging computational design, synthesis, binding affinity measurements for the JH1, JH2 WT, and JH2 V617F domains, permeability measurements, crystallography, and cell assays. Optimized diaminotriazoles are capable of inhibiting STAT5 phosphorylation in both WT and V617F JAK2 in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Elena Liosi
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | | | - Sean P. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | - Stefan G. Krimmer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
| | - Ana S. Newton
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | - Kara J. Cutrona
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | - Rene A. Olivarez
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | - Jyotidarsini Mohanty
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
| | - Joseph Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
| | - William L. Jorgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA,Corresponding author. William L. Jorgensen.
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Yen SC, Wu YW, Huang CC, Chao MW, Tu HJ, Chen LC, Lin TE, Sung TY, Tseng HJ, Chu JC, Huang WJ, Yang CR, HuangFu WC, Pan SL, Hsu KC. O-methylated flavonol as a multi-kinase inhibitor of leukemogenic kinases exhibits a potential treatment for acute myeloid leukemia. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 100:154061. [PMID: 35364561 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease with poor overall survival characterized by various genetic changes. The continuous activation of oncogenic pathways leads to the development of drug resistance and limits current therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, a multi-targeting inhibitor may overcome drug resistance observed in AML treatment. Recently, groups of flavonoids, such as flavones and flavonols, have been shown to inhibit a variety of kinase activities, which provides potential opportunities for further anticancer applications. PURPOSE In this study, we evaluated the anticancer effects of flavonoid compounds collected from our in-house library and investigated their potential anticancer mechanisms by targeting multiple kinases for inhibition in AML cells. METHODS The cytotoxic effect of the compounds was detected by cell viability assays. The kinase inhibitory activity of the selected compound was detected by kinase-based and cell-based assays. The binding conformation and interactions were investigated by molecular docking analysis. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the cell cycle distribution and cell apoptosis. The protein and gene expression were estimated by western blotting and qPCR, respectively. RESULTS In this study, an O-methylated flavonol (compound 11) was found to possess remarkable cytotoxic activity against AML cells compared to treatment in other cancer cell lines. The compound was demonstrated to act against multiple kinases, which play critical roles in survival signaling in AML, including FLT3, MNK2, RSK, DYRK2 and JAK2 with IC50 values of 1 - 2 μM. Compared to our previous flavonoid compounds, which only showed inhibitions against MNKs or FLT3, compound 11 exhibited multiple kinase inhibitory abilities. Moreover, compound 11 showed effectiveness in inhibiting internal tandem duplications of FLT3 (FLT3-ITDs), which accounts for 25% of AML cases. The interactions between compound 11 and targeted kinases were investigated by molecular docking analysis. Mechanically, compound 11 caused dose-dependent accumulation of leukemic cells at the G0/G1 phase and followed by the cells undergoing apoptosis. CONCLUSION O-methylated flavonol, compound 11, can target multiple kinases, which may provide potential opportunities for the development of novel therapeutics for drug-resistant AMLs. This work provides a good starting point for further compound optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chung Yen
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Wen Wu
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China; Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chiao Huang
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Wu Chao
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; College of Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Ju Tu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Chieh Chen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tony Eight Lin
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Master Program in Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ying Sung
- Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Tseng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jung-Chun Chu
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jan Huang
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ron Yang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun HuangFu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiow-Lin Pan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Cheng Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; TMU Research Center of Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Mai NT, Lan NT, Vu TY, Tung NT, Phung HTT. A computationally affordable approach for accurate prediction of the binding affinity of JAK2 inhibitors. J Mol Model 2022; 28:163. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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A Comprehensive Overview of Globally Approved JAK Inhibitors. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051001. [PMID: 35631587 PMCID: PMC9146299 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Janus kinase (JAK) is a family of cytoplasmic non-receptor tyrosine kinases that includes four members, namely JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2. The JAKs transduce cytokine signaling through the JAK-STAT pathway, which regulates the transcription of several genes involved in inflammatory, immune, and cancer conditions. Targeting the JAK family kinases with small-molecule inhibitors has proved to be effective in the treatment of different types of diseases. In the current review, eleven of the JAK inhibitors that received approval for clinical use have been discussed. These drugs are abrocitinib, baricitinib, delgocitinib, fedratinib, filgotinib, oclacitinib, pacritinib, peficitinib, ruxolitinib, tofacitinib, and upadacitinib. The aim of the current review was to provide an integrated overview of the chemical and pharmacological data of the globally approved JAK inhibitors. The synthetic routes of the eleven drugs were described. In addition, their inhibitory activities against different kinases and their pharmacological uses have also been explained. Moreover, their crystal structures with different kinases were summarized, with a primary focus on their binding modes and interactions. The proposed metabolic pathways and metabolites of these drugs were also illustrated. To sum up, the data in the current review could help in the design of new JAK inhibitors with potential therapeutic benefits in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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11
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Levy G, Guglielmelli P, Langmuir P, Constantinescu S. JAK inhibitors and COVID-19. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-002838. [PMID: 35459733 PMCID: PMC9035837 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During SARS-CoV-2 infection, the innate immune response can be inhibited or delayed, and the subsequent persistent viral replication can induce emergency signals that may culminate in a cytokine storm contributing to the severe evolution of COVID-19. Cytokines are key regulators of the immune response and virus clearance, and, as such, are linked to the—possibly altered—response to the SARS-CoV-2. They act via a family of more than 40 transmembrane receptors that are coupled to one or several of the 4 Janus kinases (JAKs) coded by the human genome, namely JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2. Once activated, JAKs act on pathways for either survival, proliferation, differentiation, immune regulation or, in the case of type I interferons, antiviral and antiproliferative effects. Studies of graft-versus-host and systemic rheumatic diseases indicated that JAK inhibitors (JAKi) exert immunosuppressive effects that are non-redundant with those of corticotherapy. Therefore, they hold the potential to cut-off pathological reactions in COVID-19. Significant clinical experience already exists with several JAKi in COVID-19, such as baricitinib, ruxolitinib, tofacitinib, and nezulcitinib, which were suggested by a meta-analysis (Patoulias et al.) to exert a benefit in terms of risk reduction concerning major outcomes when added to standard of care in patients with COVID-19. Yet, only baricitinib is recommended in first line for severe COVID-19 treatment by the WHO, as it is the only JAKi that has proven efficient to reduce mortality in individual randomized clinical trials (RCT), especially the Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial (ACTT-2) and COV-BARRIER phase 3 trials. As for secondary effects of JAKi treatment, the main caution with baricitinib consists in the induced immunosuppression as long-term side effects should not be an issue in patients treated for COVID-19. We discuss whether a class effect of JAKi may be emerging in COVID-19 treatment, although at the moment the convincing data are for baricitinib only. Given the key role of JAK1 in both type I IFN action and signaling by cytokines involved in pathogenic effects, establishing the precise timing of treatment will be very important in future trials, along with the control of viral replication by associating antiviral molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Levy
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Hematology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium.,Signal Transduction on Molecular Hematology, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium.,WELBIO, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paola Guglielmelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy.,Center of Research and Innovation for Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (CRIMM), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Firenze, Italy
| | - Peter Langmuir
- Oncology Targeted Therapeutics, Incyte Corp, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Stefan Constantinescu
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Hematology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium .,Signal Transduction on Molecular Hematology, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium.,WELBIO, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Brussels, Belgium.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Oxford, UK
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12
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Loscocco GG, Vannucchi AM. Role of JAK inhibitors in myeloproliferative neoplasms: current point of view and perspectives. Int J Hematol 2022; 115:626-644. [PMID: 35352288 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-022-03335-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Classic Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) include polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and myelofibrosis (MF), classified as primary (PMF), or secondary to PV or ET. All MPN, regardless of the underlying driver mutation in JAK2/CALR/MPL, are invariably associated with dysregulation of JAK/STAT pathway. The discovery of JAK2V617F point mutation prompted the development of small molecules inhibitors of JAK tyrosine kinases (JAK inhibitors-JAKi). To date, among JAKi, ruxolitinib (RUX) and fedratinib (FEDR) are approved for intermediate and high-risk MF, and RUX is also an option for high-risk PV patients inadequately controlled by or intolerant to hydroxyurea. While not yet registered, pacritinib (PAC) and momelotinib (MMB), proved to be effective particularly in thrombocytopenic and anemic MF patients, respectively. In most cases, JAKi are effective in reducing splenomegaly and alleviating disease-related symptoms. However, almost 50% lose response by three years and dose-dependent toxicities may lead to suboptimal dosing or treatment discontinuation. To date, although not being disease-modifying agents, JAKi represent the therapeutic backbone particularly in MF patient. To optimize therapeutic strategies, many trials with drug combinations of JAKi with novel molecules are ongoing. This review critically discusses the role of JAKi in the modern management of patients with MPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe G Loscocco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, CRIMM, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Largo Brambilla, 3 pad 27B, 50134, Florence, Italy
- Doctorate School GenOMec, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro M Vannucchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, CRIMM, Center of Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Largo Brambilla, 3 pad 27B, 50134, Florence, Italy.
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13
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Wang Y, Gu Y, Lou C, Gong Y, Wu Z, Li W, Tang Y, Liu G. A multitask GNN-based interpretable model for discovery of selective JAK inhibitors. J Cheminform 2022; 14:16. [PMID: 35292114 PMCID: PMC8922399 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-022-00593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK) family plays a pivotal role in most cytokine-mediated inflammatory and autoimmune responses via JAK/STAT signaling, and administration of JAK inhibitors is a promising therapeutic strategy for several diseases including COVID-19. However, to screen and design selective JAK inhibitors is a daunting task due to the extremely high homology among four JAK isoforms. In this study, we aimed to simultaneously predict pIC50 values of compounds for all JAK subtypes by constructing an interpretable GNN multitask regression model. The final model performance was positive, with R2 values of 0.96, 0.79 and 0.78 on the training, validation and test sets, respectively. Meanwhile, we calculated and visualized atom weights, followed by the rank sum tests and local mean comparisons to obtain key atoms and substructures that could be fine-tuned to design selective JAK inhibitors. Several successful case studies have demonstrated that our approach is feasible and our model could learn the interactions between proteins and small molecules well, which could provide practitioners with a novel way to discover and design JAK inhibitors with selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yaxin Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chaofeng Lou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yuning Gong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zengrui Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Guixia Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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14
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Thomas JW, Jamy O, Shah MV, Vachhani P, Go RS, Goyal G. Risk of mortality and second malignancies in primary myelofibrosis before and after ruxolitinib approval. Leuk Res 2021; 112:106770. [PMID: 34920340 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2021.106770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is associated with morbidity and mortality. Ruxolitinib gained US FDA approval for treatment of intermediate/high-risk PMF in November 2011. We evaluated differences in survival and second primary malignancy (SPM) incidence among US PMF patients in the years before and after ruxolitinib approval. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study utilizing the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-18 database for PMF patients. We divided patients into five-year cohorts pre- (2007-2011) and post-ruxolitinib (2012-2016) approval and compared relative survival rates (RSRs) to the standard population and standardized incidence rates (SIRs) of SPMs between cohorts. RESULTS We included 2020 patients diagnosed with PMF from 2007-2016 in this study. There was no difference in the four-year RSRs between cohorts (54 % vs. 57 %, p = 0.776). More patients developed SPMs in the post-ruxolitinib cohort (8% vs. 6%, p = 0.041). The majority of SPMs were hematologic with higher incidence of AML transformation in the post-ruxolitinib cohort (SIR 125.29 vs. 70.55). CONCLUSIONS PMF prognosis remains poor in the years following ruxolitinib's approval. SPM incidence including AML transformation is higher in the years after approval. Further studies are needed to determine the true impact of ruxolitnib on population outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Thomas
- Tinsley Harrison Internal Medicine Residency Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Omer Jamy
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | | | - Pankit Vachhani
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ronald S Go
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gaurav Goyal
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA.
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15
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Levy G, Mambet C, Pecquet C, Bailly S, Havelange V, Diaconu CC, Constantinescu SN. Targets in MPNs and potential therapeutics. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 366:41-81. [PMID: 35153006 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Philadelphia-negative classical Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPNs), including Polycythemia Vera (PV), Essential Thrombocythemia (ET) and Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF), are clonal hemopathies that emerge in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment. MPN driver mutations are restricted to specific exons (14 and 12) of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), thrombopoietin receptor (MPL/TPOR) and calreticulin (CALR) genes, are involved directly in clonal myeloproliferation and generate the MPN phenotype. As a result, an increased number of fully functional erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes is observed in the peripheral blood. Nevertheless, the complexity and heterogeneity of MPN clinical phenotypes cannot be solely explained by the type of driver mutation. Other factors, such as additional somatic mutations affecting epigenetic regulators or spliceosomes components, mutant allele burdens and modifiers of signaling by driver mutants, clonal architecture and the order of mutation acquisition, signaling events that occur downstream of a driver mutation, the presence of specific germ-line variants, the interaction of the neoplastic clone with bone marrow microenvironment and chronic inflammation, all can modulate the disease phenotype, influence the MPN clinical course and therefore, might be useful therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Levy
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; SIGN Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cristina Mambet
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Hematology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Christian Pecquet
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; SIGN Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Bailly
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; SIGN Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Violaine Havelange
- SIGN Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carmen C Diaconu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Stefan N Constantinescu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; SIGN Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology), Brussels, Belgium; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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16
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Jang DM, Lim HJ, Hahn H, Lee Y, Kim HK, Kim HS. Structural Basis of Inhibition of DCLK1 by Ruxolitinib. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168488. [PMID: 34445192 PMCID: PMC8395186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the functional attributes of Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) in tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, cell motility, and tumor stemness, it is emerging as a therapeutic target in gastrointestinal cancers. Although a series of specific or nonspecific ATP-competitive inhibitors were identified against DCLK1, different types of scaffolds that can be utilized for the development of highly selective inhibitors or structural understanding of binding specificities of the compounds remain limited. Here, we present our work to repurpose a Janus kinase 1 inhibitor, ruxolitinib as a DCLK1 inhibitor, showing micromolar binding affinity and inhibitory activity. Furthermore, to gain an insight into its interaction mode with DCLK1, a crystal structure of the ruxolitinib-complexed DCLK1 has been determined and analyzed. Ruxolitinib as a nonspecific DCLK1 inhibitor characterized in this work is anticipated to provide a starting point for the structure-guided discovery of selective DCLK1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hark Kyun Kim
- Correspondence: (H.K.K.); (H.S.K.); Tel.: +82-31-920-2275 (H.S.K.)
| | - Hyoun Sook Kim
- Correspondence: (H.K.K.); (H.S.K.); Tel.: +82-31-920-2275 (H.S.K.)
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17
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Newton AS, Liosi ME, Henry SP, Deiana L, Faver JC, Krimmer SG, Puleo DE, Schlessinger J, Jorgensen WL. Indoloxytriazines as binding molecules for the JAK2 JH2 pseudokinase domain and its V617F variant. Tetrahedron Lett 2021; 77. [PMID: 34393283 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules that selectively bind to the pseudokinase JH2 domain over the JH1 kinase domain of JAK2 kinase are sought. Virtual screening led to the purchase of 17 compounds among which 9 were found to bind to V617F JAK2 JH2 with affinities of 40 - 300 μM in a fluorogenic assay. Ten analogues were then purchased yielding 9 additional active compounds. Aminoanilinyltriazine 22 was particularly notable as it shows no detectable binding to JAK2 JH1, and it has a 65-μM dissociation constant K d with V617F JAK2 JH2. A crystal structure for 22 in complex with wild-type JAK2 JH2 was obtained to elucidate the binding mode. Additional de novo design led to the synthesis of 19 analogues of 22 with the most potent being 33n with K d values of 2-3 μM for WT and V617F JAK2 JH2, and with 16-fold selectivity relative to binding with WT JAK2 JH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Newton
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
| | - Maria-Elena Liosi
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
| | - Sean P Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
| | - Luca Deiana
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
| | - John C Faver
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107
| | - Stefan G Krimmer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107.,Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066
| | - David E Puleo
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066
| | - Joseph Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066
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18
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Current Status of Baricitinib as a Repurposed Therapy for COVID-19. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070680. [PMID: 34358107 PMCID: PMC8308612 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has mandated the instant (re)search for potential drug candidates. In response to the unprecedented situation, it was recognized early that repurposing of available drugs in the market could timely save lives, by skipping the lengthy phases of preclinical and initial safety studies. BenevolentAI’s large knowledge graph repository of structured medical information suggested baricitinib, a Janus-associated kinase inhibitor, as a potential repurposed medicine with a dual mechanism; hindering SARS-CoV2 entry and combatting the cytokine storm; the leading cause of mortality in COVID-19. However, the recently-published Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial-2 (ACTT-2) positioned baricitinib only in combination with remdesivir for treatment of a specific category of COVID-19 patients, whereas the drug is not recommended to be used alone except in clinical trials. The increased pace of data output in all life sciences fields has changed our understanding of data processing and manipulation. For the purpose of drug design, development, or repurposing, the integration of different disciplines of life sciences is highly recommended to achieve the ultimate benefit of using new technologies to mine BIG data, however, the final say remains to be concluded after the drug is used in clinical practice. This review demonstrates different bioinformatics, chemical, pharmacological, and clinical aspects of baricitinib to highlight the repurposing journey of the drug and evaluates its placement in the current guidelines for COVID-19 treatment.
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19
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Zhang C, Qi W, Li Y, Tang M, Yang T, Liu K, Chen Y, Deng D, Xiang M, Chen L. Discovery of 3-(4-(2-((1 H-Indol-5-yl)amino)-5-fluoropyrimidin-4-yl)-1 H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanenitrile Derivatives as Selective TYK2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1966-1988. [PMID: 33593051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
TYK2 mediates signaling of IL-23, IL-12, and Type I IFN-driven responses that are critical in immune-mediated diseases. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of 3-(4-(2-((1H-indol-5-yl)amino)-5-fluoropyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanenitrile derivatives as selective TYK2 inhibitors. Among them, compound 14l exhibited acceptable TYK2 inhibition with an IC50 value of 9 nM, showed satisfactory selectivity characteristics over the other three homologous JAK kinases, and performed good functional potency in the JAK/STAT signaling pathway on lymphocyte lines and human whole blood. In liver microsomal assay studies, the clearance rate and half-life of 14l were 11.4 mL/min/g and 121.6 min, respectively. Furthermore, in a dextran sulfate sodium colitis model, 14l reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α and improved the inflammation symptoms of mucosal infiltration, thickening, and edema. Taken together, 14l was a selective TYK2 inhibitor and could be used to treat immune diseases deserving further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chufeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wenyan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Minghai Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kongjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dexin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mingli Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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20
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Zhang XY, Dai HP, Li Z, Yin J, Lang XP, Yang CX, Xiao S, Zhu MQ, Liu DD, Liu H, Shen HJ, Wu DP, Tang XW. Identification of STRBP as a Novel JAK2 Fusion Partner Gene in a Young Adult With Philadelphia Chromosome-Like B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Front Oncol 2021; 10:611467. [PMID: 33505919 PMCID: PMC7831028 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.611467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Philadelphia chromosome-like B-lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph-like ALL) describes a group of genetically heterogeneous, Ph-negative entities with high relapse rates and poor prognoses. A Janus-kinase-2 (JAK2) rearrangement has been reported in approximately 7% of Ph-like ALL patients whose therapeutic responses to JAK inhibitors have been studied in clinical trials. Here, we report a novel STRBP-JAK2 fusion gene in a 21-year-old woman with Ph-like ALL. Although a normal karyotype was observed, a hitherto unreported JAK2 rearrangement was detected cytogenetically. STRBP-JAK2 fusion was identified by RNA sequencing and validated by Sanger sequencing. The Ph-like ALL proved refractory to traditional induction chemotherapy combined with ruxolitinib. The patient consented to infusion of autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells against both CD19 and CD22, which induced morphologic remission. Haplo-identical stem cell transplantation was then performed; however, she suffered relapse at just one month after transplantation. The patient subsequently received donor lymphocyte infusion after which she achieved and maintained a minimal residual disease negative remission. However, she succumbed to grade IV graft-versus-host disease 7 months post-transplant. In conclusion, this report describes a novel STRBP-JAK2 gene fusion in a Ph-like ALL patient with a very aggressive disease course, which proved resistant to chemotherapy combined with ruxolitinib but sensitive to immunotherapy. Our study suggests that CAR T-cell therapy may be a viable option for this type of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ping Dai
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zheng Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia Yin
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | | | | | - Sheng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ming-Qing Zhu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dan-Dan Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong-Jie Shen
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - De-Pei Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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21
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Coltro G, Vannucchi AM. The safety of JAK kinase inhibitors for the treatment of myelofibrosis. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2020; 20:139-154. [PMID: 33327810 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2021.1865912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the last decade, the development of small molecule inhibitors of Janus kinases (JAKi) contributed to revolutionize the therapeutic landscape of myelofibrosis (MF). JAKi proved to be effective in controlling disease-related symptoms and splenomegaly with remarkable inter-drug variability. However, in some cases the border between clinical efficacy of JAKi and dose-dependent toxicities is narrow leading to sub-optimal dose modifications and/or treatment discontinuation. AREAS COVERED In the current review, the authors aimed at providing a comprehensive review of the safety profile of JAKi that are currently approved or in advanced clinical development. Also, a short discussion of promising JAKi in early clinical evaluation and molecules 'lost' early in clinical development is provided. Finally, we discuss the possible strategies aimed at strengthening the safety of JAKi while improving the therapeutic efficacy. EXPERT OPINION Overall, JAKi display a satisfactory risk-benefit ratio, with main toxicities being gastrointestinal or related to the myelo/immunosuppressive effects, generally mild and easily manageable. However, JAKi may be associated with potentially life-threatening toxicities, such as neurological and infectious events. Thus, many efforts are needed in order to optimize JAKi-based therapeutic strategies without burdening patient safety. This could be attempted through drug combinations or the development of more selective molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Coltro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence , Florence, Italy.,CRIMM, Center of Research and Innovation for Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, AOU Careggi , Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro M Vannucchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence , Florence, Italy.,CRIMM, Center of Research and Innovation for Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, AOU Careggi , Florence, Italy
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22
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Cutrona KJ, Newton AS, Krimmer SG, Tirado-Rives J, Jorgensen WL. Metadynamics as a Postprocessing Method for Virtual Screening with Application to the Pseudokinase Domain of JAK2. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:4403-4415. [PMID: 32383599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
With standard scoring methods, top-ranked compounds from virtual screening by docking often turn out to be inactive. For this reason, metadynamics, a method used to sample rare events, was studied to further evaluate docking poses with the aim of reducing false positives. Specifically, virtual screening was performed with Glide SP to seek potential molecules to bind to the ATP site in the pseudokinase domain of JAK2 kinase, and promising compounds were selected from the top-ranked 1000 based on visualization. Rescoring with Glide XP, GOLD, and MM/GBSA was unable to differentiate well between active and inactive compounds. Metadynamics was then used to gauge the relative binding affinity from the required time or the potential of mean force needed to dissociate the ligand from the bound complex. With consideration of previously known binders of varying affinities, metadynamics was able to differentiate between the most active compounds and inactive or weakly active ones, and it could identify correctly most of the selected virtual screening compounds as false positives. Thus, metadynamics has the potential to be a viable postprocessing method for virtual screening, minimizing the expense of buying or synthesizing inactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara J Cutrona
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Ana S Newton
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Stefan G Krimmer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Julian Tirado-Rives
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - William L Jorgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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23
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Teodorescu P, Pasca S, Jurj A, Gafencu G, Joelsson JP, Selicean S, Moldovan C, Munteanu R, Onaciu A, Tigu AB, Buse M, Zimta AA, Stiufiuc R, Petrushev B, Desmirean M, Dima D, Vlad C, Bergthorsson JT, Berce C, Ciurea S, Ghiaur G, Tomuleasa C. Transforming growth factor β-mediated micromechanics modulates disease progression in primary myelofibrosis. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:11100-11110. [PMID: 32889753 PMCID: PMC7576271 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a Ph‐negative myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), characterized by advanced bone marrow fibrosis and extramedullary haematopoiesis. The bone marrow fibrosis results from excessive proliferation of fibroblasts that are influenced by several cytokines in the microenvironment, of which transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) is the most important. Micromechanics related to the niche has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we hypothesized that mechanical stress modulates TGF‐β signalling leading to further activation and subsequent proliferation and invasion of bone marrow fibroblasts, thus showing the important role of micromechanics in the development and progression of PMF, both in the bone marrow and in extramedullary sites. Using three PMF‐derived fibroblast cell lines and transforming growth factor‐β receptor (TGFBR) 1 and 2 knock‐down PMF‐derived fibroblasts, we showed that mechanical stress does stimulate the collagen synthesis by the fibroblasts in patients with myelofibrosis, through the TGFBR1, which however seems to be activated through alternative pathways, other than TGFBR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patric Teodorescu
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Sergiu Pasca
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Ancuta Jurj
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Grigore Gafencu
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania.,Molecular Haematology Unit - Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jon-Petur Joelsson
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Laboratory Hematology, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Sonia Selicean
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cristian Moldovan
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Raluca Munteanu
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Onaciu
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Adrian-Bogdan Tigu
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihail Buse
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina-Andreea Zimta
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Rares Stiufiuc
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Bobe Petrushev
- Medfuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Minodora Desmirean
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania.,Department of Pathology, Constantin Papilian Military Hospital, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Delia Dima
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Research Center, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Vlad
- Department of Cardiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania.,Department of Cardiology, Rehabilitation Hospital, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Jon Thor Bergthorsson
- Stem Cell Research Unit, Biomedical Center, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.,Department of Laboratory Hematology, Landspitali, University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Cristian Berce
- Animal Facility, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Stefan Ciurea
- Department of Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gabriel Ghiaur
- Department of Leukemia, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Clinical Cancer Center, Cluj Napoca, Romania.,Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj Napoca, Romania
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24
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Liosi ME, Krimmer SG, Newton AS, Dawson TK, Puleo DE, Cutrona KJ, Suzuki Y, Schlessinger J, Jorgensen WL. Selective Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2) Pseudokinase Ligands with a Diaminotriazole Core. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5324-5340. [PMID: 32329617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Janus kinases (JAKs) are non-receptor tyrosine kinases that are essential components of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Associated aberrant signaling is responsible for many forms of cancer and disorders of the immune system. The present focus is on the discovery of molecules that may regulate the activity of JAK2 by selective binding to the JAK2 pseudokinase domain, JH2. Specifically, the Val617Phe mutation in JH2 stimulates the activity of the adjacent kinase domain (JH1) resulting in myeloproliferative disorders. Starting from a non-selective screening hit, we have achieved the goal of discovering molecules that preferentially bind to the ATP binding site in JH2 instead of JH1. We report the design and synthesis of the compounds and binding results for the JH1, JH2, and JH2 V617F domains, as well as five crystal structures for JH2 complexes. Testing with a selective and non-selective JH2 binder on the autophosphorylation of wild-type and V617F JAK2 is also contrasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Elena Liosi
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Stefan G Krimmer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Ana S Newton
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Thomas K Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - David E Puleo
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Kara J Cutrona
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Yoshihisa Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Joseph Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - William L Jorgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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25
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Hosseini A, Gharibi T, Marofi F, Javadian M, Babaloo Z, Baradaran B. Janus kinase inhibitors: A therapeutic strategy for cancer and autoimmune diseases. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:5903-5924. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Hosseini
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
- Student Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
- Aging Research InstituteTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
| | - Tohid Gharibi
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
- Student Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
- Aging Research InstituteTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
| | - Mahsa Javadian
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
| | - Zohreh Babaloo
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
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26
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Gerds AT. Beyond JAK-STAT: novel therapeutic targets in Ph-negative MPN. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2019; 2019:407-414. [PMID: 31808852 PMCID: PMC6913459 DOI: 10.1182/hematology.2019000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) share a common pathobiology of constitutive activation of the JAK and STAT pathway, despite having the 3 distinct phenotypes of essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and primary myelofibrosis. Targeting the JAK-STAT pathway has led to remarkable clinical benefit, including reduction in splenomegaly, amelioration of cytokine-driven symptoms, improvement in quality of life, and even some improvement in survival. However, targeting this pathway has not resulted in consistent disease modification by current metrics, including a reduction in mutant allele burden or reversal of fibrosis. Moreover, targeting JAK-STAT can lead to limiting treatment-emergent side effects, such as anemia and thrombocytopenia. Continued discovery points to a complex system of pathogenesis beyond JAK-STAT driving the formation and evolution of MPNs. This article reviews the successes and limitations of JAK-STAT inhibition, surveys the strategies behind emerging therapies, and discusses the challenges that are present in moving beyond JAK-STAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Gerds
- Leukemia and Myeloid Disorders Program, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH
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27
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Construction of Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) Models to Predict Potency of Structurally Diversed Janus Kinase 2 Inhibitors. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234393. [PMID: 31805692 PMCID: PMC6930640 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) inhibitors represent a promising therapeutic class of anticancer agents against many myeloproliferative disorders. Bioactivity data on pIC50 of 2229 JAK2 inhibitors were employed in the construction of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models. The models were built from 100 data splits using decision tree (DT), support vector machine (SVM), deep neural network (DNN) and random forest (RF). The predictive power of RF models were assessed via 10-fold cross validation, which afforded excellent predictive performance with R2 and RMSE of 0.74 ± 0.05 and 0.63 ± 0.05, respectively. Moreover, test set has excellent performance of R2 (0.75 ± 0.03) and RMSE (0.62 ± 0.04). In addition, Y-scrambling was utilized to evaluate the possibility of chance correlation of the predictive model. A thorough analysis of the substructure fingerprint count was conducted to provide insights on the inhibitory properties of JAK2 inhibitors. Molecular cluster analysis revealed that pyrazine scaffolds have nanomolar potency against JAK2.
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28
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Li B, Rampal RK, Xiao Z. Targeted therapies for myeloproliferative neoplasms. Biomark Res 2019; 7:15. [PMID: 31346467 PMCID: PMC6636147 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-019-0166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of JAK2V617F and the demonstration that BCR-ABL-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are driven by abnormal JAK2 activation have led to advances in diagnostic algorithms, prognosis and ultimately also treatment strategies. The JAK 1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib was a pivotal moment in the treatment of MPNs, representing the first targeted treatment in this field. Despite a weak effect on the cause of the disease itself in MPNs, ruxolitinib improves the clinical state of patients and increases survival in myelofibrosis. In parallel, other JAK inhibitors with potential for pathologic and molecular remissions, less myelosuppression, and with greater selectivity for JAK1 or JAK2, and the ability to overcome JAK inhibitor persistence are in various stages of development. Moreover, many novel classes of targeted agents continue to be investigated in efforts to build on the progress made with ruxolitinib. This article will discuss some of the advances in the targeted therapy in this field in recent years and explore in greater detail some of the most advanced emerging agents as well as those with greatest potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- 1MDS and MPN Centre, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020 China.,2State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Raajit K Rampal
- 3Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Zhijian Xiao
- 1MDS and MPN Centre, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 288 Nanjing Road, Tianjin, 300020 China.,2State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
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29
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Error Tolerance of Machine Learning Algorithms across Contemporary Biological Targets. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112115. [PMID: 31167452 PMCID: PMC6601015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Machine learning continues to make strident advances in the prediction of desired properties concerning drug development. Problematically, the efficacy of machine learning in these arenas is reliant upon highly accurate and abundant data. These two limitations, high accuracy and abundance, are often taken together; however, insight into the dataset accuracy limitation of contemporary machine learning algorithms may yield insight into whether non-bench experimental sources of data may be used to generate useful machine learning models where there is a paucity of experimental data. We took highly accurate data across six kinase types, one GPCR, one polymerase, a human protease, and HIV protease, and intentionally introduced error at varying population proportions in the datasets for each target. With the generated error in the data, we explored how the retrospective accuracy of a Naïve Bayes Network, a Random Forest Model, and a Probabilistic Neural Network model decayed as a function of error. Additionally, we explored the ability of a training dataset with an error profile resembling that produced by the Free Energy Perturbation method (FEP+) to generate machine learning models with useful retrospective capabilities. The categorical error tolerance was quite high for a Naïve Bayes Network algorithm averaging 39% error in the training set required to lose predictivity on the test set. Additionally, a Random Forest tolerated a significant degree of categorical error introduced into the training set with an average error of 29% required to lose predictivity. However, we found the Probabilistic Neural Network algorithm did not tolerate as much categorical error requiring an average of 20% error to lose predictivity. Finally, we found that a Naïve Bayes Network and a Random Forest could both use datasets with an error profile resembling that of FEP+. This work demonstrates that computational methods of known error distribution like FEP+ may be useful in generating machine learning models not based on extensive and expensive in vitro-generated datasets.
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30
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Hammarén HM, Virtanen AT, Raivola J, Silvennoinen O. The regulation of JAKs in cytokine signaling and its breakdown in disease. Cytokine 2019; 118:48-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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31
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Egyed A, Bajusz D, Keserű GM. The impact of binding site waters on the activity/selectivity trade-off of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1497-1508. [PMID: 30833158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Structure based optimization of B39, an indazole-based low micromolar JAK2 virtual screening hit is reported. Analysing the effect of certain modifications on the activity and selectivity of the analogues suggested that these parameters are influenced by water molecules available in the binding site. Simulation of water networks in combination with docking enabled us to identify the key waters and to optimize our primary hit into a low nanomolar JAK2 lead with promising selectivity over JAK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Egyed
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Bajusz
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György M Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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32
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Yang X, Tang Z, Zhang P, Zhang L. [Research Advances of JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway in Lung Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2019; 22:45-51. [PMID: 30674393 PMCID: PMC6348154 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2019.01.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Janus激酶(Janus kinase, JAK)/信号转导子和转录活化子(signal transducer and activator of transcription, STAT)信号通路是细胞因子信号传导的下游通路,调控细胞的发育、分化、增殖、凋亡等,不仅参与调节正常的生理过程,在肿瘤的发生发展中也起着重要作用,尤其是在血液系统肿瘤中意义重大。近年来,随着对JAK/STAT信号通路研究的深入,人们发现该通路在实体肿瘤的发生发展中也扮演关键角色。本文就近年来JAK/STAT信号通路参与肺癌发生发展、肺癌转移、肺癌耐药机制形成以及靶向该通路的抑制剂在肺癌治疗中的应用现状进行综述。
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhe Tang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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33
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Targeting nuclear β-catenin as therapy for post-myeloproliferative neoplasm secondary AML. Leukemia 2018; 33:1373-1386. [PMID: 30575820 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of post-myeloproliferative neoplasms into secondary (s) AML exhibit poor clinical outcome. In addition to increased JAK-STAT and PI3K-AKT signaling, post-MPN sAML blast progenitor cells (BPCs) demonstrate increased nuclear β-catenin levels and TCF7L2 (TCF4) transcriptional activity. Knockdown of β-catenin or treatment with BC2059 that disrupts binding of β-catenin to TBL1X (TBL1) depleted nuclear β-catenin levels. This induced apoptosis of not only JAKi-sensitive but also JAKi-persister/resistant post-MPN sAML BPCs, associated with attenuation of TCF4 transcriptional targets MYC, BCL-2, and Survivin. Co-targeting of β-catenin and JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib (rux) synergistically induced lethality in post-MPN sAML BPCs and improved survival of mice engrafted with human sAML BPCs. Notably, co-treatment with BET protein degrader ARV-771 and BC2059 also synergistically induced apoptosis and improved survival of mice engrafted with JAKi-sensitive or JAKi-persister/resistant post-MPN sAML cells. These preclinical findings highlight potentially promising anti-post-MPN sAML activity of the combination of β-catenin and BETP antagonists against post-MPN sAML BPCs.
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34
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Lin TE, HuangFu WC, Chao MW, Sung TY, Chang CD, Chen YY, Hsieh JH, Tu HJ, Huang HL, Pan SL, Hsu KC. A Novel Selective JAK2 Inhibitor Identified Using Pharmacological Interactions. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1379. [PMID: 30564118 PMCID: PMC6288363 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The JAK2/STAT signaling pathway mediates cytokine receptor signals that are involved in cell growth, survival and homeostasis. JAK2 is a member of the Janus kinase (JAK) family and aberrant JAK2/STAT is involved with various diseases, making the pathway a therapeutic target. The similarity between the ATP binding site of protein kinases has made development of specific inhibitors difficult. Current JAK2 inhibitors are not selective and produce unwanted side effects. It is thought that increasing selectivity of kinase inhibitors may reduce the side effects seen with current treatment options. Thus, there is a great need for a selective JAK inhibitor. In this study, we identified a JAK2 specific inhibitor. We first identified key pharmacological interactions in the JAK2 binding site by analyzing known JAK2 inhibitors. Then, we performed structure-based virtual screening and filtered compounds based on their pharmacological interactions and identified compound NSC13626 as a potential JAK2 inhibitor. Results of enzymatic assays revealed that against a panel of kinases, compound NSC13626 is a JAK2 inhibitor and has high selectivity toward the JAK2 and JAK3 isozymes. Our cellular assays revealed that compound NSC13626 inhibits colorectal cancer cell (CRC) growth by downregulating phosphorylation of STAT3 and arresting the cell cycle in the S phase. Thus, we believe that compound NSC13626 has potential to be further optimized as a selective JAK2 drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Eight Lin
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun HuangFu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Wu Chao
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ying Sung
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Di Chang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Chen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- Kelly Government Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Huang-Ju Tu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Li Huang
- Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiow-Lin Pan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Cheng Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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35
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Precision medicine approaches may be the future for CRLF2 rearranged Down Syndrome Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia patients. Cancer Lett 2018; 432:69-74. [PMID: 29879498 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Breakthrough studies over the past decade have uncovered unique gene fusions implicated in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The critical gene, cytokine receptor-like factor 2 (CRLF2), is rearranged in 5-16% of B-ALL, comprising 50% of Philadelphia-like ALL and cooperates with genomic lesions in the Jak, Mapk and Ras signalling pathways. Children with Down Syndrome (DS) have a predisposition to developing CRLF2 rearranged-ALL which is observed in 60% of DS-ALL patients. These patients experience a poor survival outcome. Mutations of genes involved in epigenetic regulation are more prevalent in DS-ALL patients than non-DS ALL patients, highlighting the potential for alternative treatment strategies. DS-ALL patients also suffer greater treatment-related toxicity from current ALL treatment regimens compared to non-DS-ALL patients. An increased gene dosage of critical genes on chromosome 21 which have roles in purine synthesis and folate transport may contribute. As the genomic landscape of DS-ALL patients is different to non-DS-ALL patients, targeted therapies for individual lesions may improve outcomes. Therapeutically targeting each rearrangement with targeted or combination therapy that will perturb the transforming signalling pathways will likely improve the poor survival rates of this subset of patients.
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Hammarén HM, Virtanen AT, Abraham BG, Peussa H, Hubbard SR, Silvennoinen O. Janus kinase 2 activation mechanisms revealed by analysis of suppressing mutations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1549-1559.e6. [PMID: 30092288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Janus kinases (JAKs; JAK1 to JAK3 and tyrosine kinase 2) mediate cytokine signals in the regulation of hematopoiesis and immunity. JAK2 clinical mutations cause myeloproliferative neoplasms and leukemia, and the mutations strongly concentrate in the regulatory pseudokinase domain Janus kinase homology (JH) 2. Current clinical JAK inhibitors target the tyrosine kinase domain and lack mutation and pathway selectivity. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize mechanisms and differences for pathogenic and cytokine-induced JAK2 activation to enable design of novel selective JAK inhibitors. METHODS We performed a systematic analysis of JAK2 activation requirements using structure-guided mutagenesis, cell-signaling assays, microscopy, and biochemical analysis. RESULTS Distinct structural requirements were identified for activation of different pathogenic mutations. Specifically, the predominant JAK2 mutation, V617F, is the most sensitive to structural perturbations in multiple JH2 elements (C helix [αC], Src homology 2-JH2 linker, and ATP binding site). In contrast, activation of K539L is resistant to most perturbations. Normal cytokine signaling shows distinct differences in activation requirements: JH2 ATP binding site mutations have only a minor effect on signaling, whereas JH2 αC mutations reduce homomeric (JAK2-JAK2) erythropoietin signaling and almost completely abrogate heteromeric (JAK2-JAK1) IFN-γ signaling, potentially by disrupting a dimerization interface on JH2. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that therapeutic approaches targeting the JH2 ATP binding site and αC could be effective in inhibiting most pathogenic mutations. JH2 ATP site targeting has the potential for reduced side effects by retaining erythropoietin and IFN-γ functions. Simultaneously, however, we identified the JH2 αC interface as a potential target for pathway-selective JAK inhibitors in patients with diseases with unmutated JAK2, thus providing new insights into the development of novel pharmacologic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik M Hammarén
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anniina T Virtanen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Heidi Peussa
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Stevan R Hubbard
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York, NY; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Olli Silvennoinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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37
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Overexpression of PEAK1 contributes to epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor metastasis in lung cancer through modulating ERK1/2 and JAK2 signaling. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:802. [PMID: 30038287 PMCID: PMC6056550 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0817-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pseudopodium-enriched atypical kinase 1 (PEAK1), a novel non-receptor tyrosine kinase, has been demonstrated to act as an oncogenic regulator in breast and pancreatic cancers. However, the role of PEAK1 in the progression and metastasis of lung cancer is still unknown. Here, we observed that ectopic PEAK1 expression promoted lung cancer cell migration and invasion, while PEAK1 knockout resulted in suppressed cell migration and invasion. Interestingly, cell proliferation did not significantly increase or decrease in either the PEAK1 overexpression or knockout groups compared with the corresponding control cells. In addition, PEAK1 overexpression could induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and MMP9 both in vitro and in vivo, whereas PEAK1 knockout had the opposite effects. Then, we had confirmed that PEAK1 was significantly upregulated in lung cancer tissues, and correlated with a higher tumor node metastasis stage. Moreover, PEAK1 upregulation markedly enhanced the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) and Janus kinase-2 (JAK2) signaling in lung cancer cells. Further work demonstrated that the combination of PD98059 with AZD1480 could reverse the effects of PEAK1-induced EMT, cell migration and invasion. Our findings highlight a newer mechanism for PEAK1 in regulating EMT and metastasis in lung cancer, which might serve as a therapeutic target for lung cancer patients.
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Bryan MC, Rajapaksa NS. Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Immunological Disorders: Recent Advances. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9030-9058. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian C. Bryan
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Naomi S. Rajapaksa
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Wu QY, Ma MM, Tong YX, Zhu YY, Liu Y, Cao J, Zhou P, Li ZY, Zeng LY, Wang XY, Li F, Xu KL. Effects of JAK2 V556F mutation on the JAK2's activity, structural stability and the transformation of Ba/F3 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 117:271-279. [PMID: 29842959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although roles of somatic JAK2 mutations in clonally myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are well established, roles of germline JAK2 mutations in the pathogenesis of MPNs remain unclear. Recently, a novel activating, germline JAK2 F556V mutation was identified and involved in the pathogenesis of MPNs, but, its pathogenesis mechanism was still unknown. In this study, homology models of JAK2 demonstrated that F556 located between two threonine residues which interacted with ATP phosphate groups by hydrogen bonds, Thr555 with the γ-phosphate and Thr557 with the β-phosphate in the active site of JAK2's JH2 domain. Moreover, the hydrogen bond between Thr557 and Arg715 played vital roles in sustaining the structural conformation of JH2's active site and JH1-JH2 domains' interactions. When F556 was replaced by other amino acids except Trp, the hydrogen bond, JH2 domain's structural conformation and JH1-JH2 domains' interactions disrupted for changing the helix between β2 and β3 strands which finally caused JAK2 activation. Mechanistic and functional studies showed that JAK2 F556V mutation disrupted JAK2 JH2 domain's activity, caused JAK2-STAT5 pathway activation and promoted the proliferation of BaF3 cells. Thus, our results herein may provide clues to understand the pathogenesis mechanism of JAK2 F556V mutation in the MPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Yun Wu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng-Meng Ma
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-Xue Tong
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang Cao
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Li
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling-Yu Zeng
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China.
| | - Kai-Lin Xu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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40
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Mughal TI, Gotlib J, Mesa R, Koschmieder S, Khoury HJ, Cortes JE, Barbui T, Hehlmann R, Mauro M, Saussele S, Radich JP, Van Etten RA, Saglio G, Verstovek S, Gale RP, Abdel-Wahab O. Recent advances in the genomics and therapy of BCR/ABL1-positive and -negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms. Leuk Res 2018; 67:67-74. [PMID: 29466766 PMCID: PMC6613209 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is based on the presentations and deliberations at the 7th John Goldman Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) and Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN) Colloquium which took place in Estoril, Portugal on the 15th October 2017, and the 11th post-ASH International Workshop on CML and MPN which took place on the 6th-7th December 2016, immediately after the 58th American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting. Rather than present a resume of the proceedings, we have elected to address some of the topical translational research and clinically relevant topics in greater detail. We address recent updates in the genetics and epigenetics of MPN, the mechanisms of transformation by mutant calreticulin, advances in the biology and therapy of systemic mastocytosis, clinical updates on JAK2 inhibitors and other therapeutic approaches for patients with MPNs, cardiovascular toxicity related to tyrosine kinase inhibitors and the concept of treatment-free remission for patients with CML.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruben Mesa
- UT Health San Antonio Cancer Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tiziano Barbui
- Papa Giovani XXIII Hospital and Research Center, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Michael Mauro
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jerald P Radich
- Fredreick Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Vainchenker W, Leroy E, Gilles L, Marty C, Plo I, Constantinescu SN. JAK inhibitors for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms and other disorders. F1000Res 2018; 7:82. [PMID: 29399328 PMCID: PMC5773931 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13167.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
JAK inhibitors have been developed following the discovery of the
JAK2V617F in 2005 as the driver mutation of the majority of non-
BCR-ABL1 myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Subsequently, the search for JAK2 inhibitors continued with the discovery that the other driver mutations (
CALR and
MPL) also exhibited persistent JAK2 activation. Several type I ATP-competitive JAK inhibitors with different specificities were assessed in clinical trials and exhibited minimal hematologic toxicity. Interestingly, these JAK inhibitors display potent anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, JAK inhibitors targeting preferentially JAK1 and JAK3 have been developed to treat inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and graft-versus-host disease. Ten years after the beginning of clinical trials, only two drugs have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration: one JAK2/JAK1 inhibitor (ruxolitinib) in intermediate-2 and high-risk myelofibrosis and hydroxyurea-resistant or -intolerant polycythemia vera and one JAK1/JAK3 inhibitor (tofacitinib) in methotrexate-resistant rheumatoid arthritis. The non-approved compounds exhibited many off-target effects leading to neurological and gastrointestinal toxicities, as seen in clinical trials for MPNs. Ruxolitinib is a well-tolerated drug with mostly anti-inflammatory properties. Despite a weak effect on the cause of the disease itself in MPNs, it improves the clinical state of patients and increases survival in myelofibrosis. This limited effect is related to the fact that ruxolitinib, like the other type I JAK2 inhibitors, inhibits equally mutated and wild-type JAK2 (JAK2WT) and also the JAK2 oncogenic activation. Thus, other approaches need to be developed and could be based on either (1) the development of new inhibitors specifically targeting
JAK2V617F or (2) the combination of the actual JAK2 inhibitors with other therapies, in particular with molecules targeting pathways downstream of JAK2 activation or the stability of JAK2 molecule. In contrast, the strong anti-inflammatory effects of the JAK inhibitors appear as a very promising therapeutic approach for many inflammatory and auto-immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Vainchenker
- INSERM UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, UMR1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Emilie Leroy
- Signal Transduction & Molecular Hematology Unit, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium.,de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure Gilles
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Marty
- INSERM UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, UMR1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Isabelle Plo
- INSERM UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, UMR1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,UMR 1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Stefan N Constantinescu
- Signal Transduction & Molecular Hematology Unit, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium.,de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of the review was to provide a contemporary update of novel agents and targets under investigation in myelofibrosis in the Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor era. RECENT FINDINGS Myelofibrosis (MF) is a clonal stem cell disease characterized by marrow fibrosis and a heterogeneous disease phenotype with a variable degree of splenomegaly, cytopenias, and constitutional symptoms that significantly impact quality of life and survival. Overactive JAK/STAT signaling is a hallmark of MF. The only approved therapy for MF, JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib, can ameliorate splenomegaly, improve symptoms, and prolong survival in some patients. Therapeutic challenges remain, however. Myelosuppression limits the use of ruxolitinib in some patients, eventual drug resistance is common, and the underlying malignant clone persists despite therapy. A deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of MF has informed the development of additional agents. Promising targets under investigation include JAK1 and JAK2 and downstream intermediates in related signaling pathways, epigenetic modifiers, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and immune regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Pettit
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2115, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Olatoyosi Odenike
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC2115, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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43
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Speirs C, Williams JJL, Riches K, Salt IP, Palmer TM. Linking energy sensing to suppression of JAK-STAT signalling: A potential route for repurposing AMPK activators? Pharmacol Res 2017; 128:88-100. [PMID: 29037480 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exaggerated Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signalling is key to the pathogenesis of pro-inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular diseases. Mutational activation of JAKs is also responsible for several haematological malignancies, including myeloproliferative neoplasms and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Accumulating evidence links adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor and regulator of organismal and cellular metabolism, with the suppression of immune and inflammatory processes. Recent studies have shown that activation of AMPK can limit JAK-STAT-dependent signalling pathways via several mechanisms. These novel findings support AMPK activation as a strategy for management of an array of disorders characterised by hyper-activation of the JAK-STAT pathway. This review discusses the pivotal role of JAK-STAT signalling in a range of disorders and how both established clinically used and novel AMPK activators might be used to treat these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Speirs
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jamie J L Williams
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Kirsten Riches
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Ian P Salt
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Timothy M Palmer
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
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How Does the L884P Mutation Confer Resistance to Type-II Inhibitors of JAK2 Kinase: A Comprehensive Molecular Modeling Study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9088. [PMID: 28831147 PMCID: PMC5567357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) has been regarded as an essential target for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). BBT594 and CHZ868, Type-II inhibitors of JAK2, illustrate satisfactory efficacy in preclinical MPNs and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) models. However, the L884P mutation of JAK2 abrogates the suppressive effects of BBT594 and CHZ868. In this study, conventional molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, umbrella sampling (US) simulations and MM/GBSA free energy calculations were employed to explore how the L884P mutation affects the binding of BBT594 and CHZ868 to JAK2 and uncover the resistance mechanism induced by the L884P mutation. The results provided by the US and MD simulations illustrate that the L884P mutation enhances the flexibility of the allosteric pocket and alters their conformations, which amplify the conformational entropy change (−TΔS) and weaken the interactions between the inhibitors and target. Additionally, the structural analyses of BBT594 and CHZ868 in complex with the WT JAK2 illustrate that the drug tail with strong electronegativity and small size located in the allosteric pocket of JAK2 may enhance anti-resistance capability. In summary, our results highlight that both of the changes of the conformational entropies and enthalpies contribute to the L884P-induced resistance in the binding of two Type-II inhibitors into JAK2 kinase.
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45
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Hubbard SR. Mechanistic Insights into Regulation of JAK2 Tyrosine Kinase. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:361. [PMID: 29379470 PMCID: PMC5770812 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
JAK2 is a member of the Janus kinase (JAKs) family of non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases, which includes JAK1-3 and TYK2. JAKs serve as the cytoplasmic signaling components of cytokine receptors and are activated through cytokine-mediated trans-phosphorylation, which leads to receptor phosphorylation and recruitment and phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins. JAKs are unique among tyrosine kinases in that they possess a pseudokinase domain, which is just upstream of the C-terminal tyrosine kinase domain. A wealth of biochemical and clinical data have established that the pseudokinase domain of JAKs is crucial for maintaining a low basal (absence of cytokine) level of tyrosine kinase activity. In particular, gain-of-function mutations in the JAK genes, most frequently, V617F in the pseudokinase domain of JAK2, have been mapped in patients with blood disorders, including myeloproliferative neoplasms and leukemias. Recent structural and biochemical studies have begun to decipher the molecular mechanisms that maintain the basal, low-activity state of JAKs and that, via mutation, lead to constitutive activity and disease. This review will examine these mechanisms and describe how this knowledge could potentially inform drug development efforts aimed at obtaining a mutant (V617F)-selective inhibitor of JAK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan R. Hubbard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Stevan R. Hubbard,
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