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Gao Y, Zheng H. Role of mitochondria and potential of mitochondria-targeted therapy in BRAF mutant cancer: A review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 203:104484. [PMID: 39197669 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The classical mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, the Ras/Raf/MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase)/ERK protein kinase cascade, is a conserved cascade that regulates cell growth, differentiation, and proliferation. The significance of BRAF in cancer was established with the discovery of cancer-activating mutations in BRAF in several human tumors in 2002. Currently, BRAF is recognized as a driver mutation that affects cancer phenotypes in different ways, making it an important therapeutic target for cancer. BRAF-selective inhibitors have shown promise in clinical trials involving patients with metastatic melanoma. However, resistance mechanisms to BRAF inhibitors therapy have resulted in short-lived therapeutic responses. Further in-depth research is imperative to explore resistance mechanisms that oppose the effectiveness of BRAF inhibitors. Metabolic reprogramming has emerging role in BRAF-mutant cancers. In particular, mitochondrial metabolism and its closely related signaling pathways mediated by mitochondria have become recognized as potential new targets for treating BRAF-mutant cancers. This review, examines the progress in understanding BRAF mutations in cancer, the clinicopathological correlation of BRAF inhibitors, and recent advances in mitochondrial metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial mediated death in BRAF-mutant cancer. This review will inform future cancer research and lay the foundation for novel treatment combinations of BRAF-mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030032, China; Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Hua Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030032, China; Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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2
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de Koster EJ, Morreau H, Bleumink GS, van Engen-van Grunsven AC, de Geus-Oei LF, Links TP, Wakelkamp IM, Oyen WJ, Vriens D. Molecular Diagnostics and [ 18F]FDG-PET/CT in Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules: Complementing Techniques or Waste of Valuable Resources? Thyroid 2024; 34:41-53. [PMID: 38009209 PMCID: PMC10818054 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2023.0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Background: An accurate preoperative workup of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules (ITN) may rule out malignancy and avoid diagnostic surgery for benign nodules. This study assessed the performance of molecular diagnostics (MD) and 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose ([18F]FDG)-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in ITN, including their combined use, and explored whether molecular alterations drive the differences in [18F]FDG uptake among benign nodules. Methods: Adult, euthyroid patients with a Bethesda III or IV thyroid nodule were prospectively included in this multicenter study. They all underwent MD and an [18F]FDG-PET/CT scan of the neck. MD was performed using custom next-generation sequencing panels for somatic mutations, gene fusions, and copy number alterations and loss of heterozygosity. Sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive value (NPV, PPV), and benign call rate (BCR) were assessed for MD and [18F]FDG-PET/CT separately and for a combined approach using both techniques. Results: In 115 of the 132 (87%) included patients, MD yielded a diagnostic result on cytology. Sensitivity, specificity, NPV, PPV, and BCR were 80%, 69%, 91%, 48%, and 57% for MD, and 93%, 41%, 95%, 36%, and 32% for [18F]FDG-PET/CT, respectively. When combined, sensitivity and specificity were 95% and 44% for a double-negative test (i.e., negative MD plus negative [18F]FDG-PET/CT) and 68% and 86% for a double-positive test, respectively. Concordance was 63% (82/130) between MD and [18F]FDG-PET/CT. There were more MD-positive nodules among the [18F]FDG-positive benign nodules (25/59, 42%, including 11 (44%) isolated RAS mutations) than among the [18F]FDG-negative benign nodules (7/30, 19%, p = 0.02). In oncocytic ITN, the BCR of [18F]FDG-PET/CT was mere 3% and MD was the superior technique. Conclusions: MD and [18F]FDG-PET/CT are both accurate rule-out tests when unresected nodules that remain unchanged on ultrasound follow-up are considered benign. It may vary worldwide which test is considered most suitable, depending on local availability of diagnostics, expertise, and cost-effectiveness considerations. Although complementary, the benefits of their combined use may be confined when therapeutic consequences are considered, and should therefore not routinely be recommended. In nononcocytic ITN, sequential testing may be considered in case of a first-step MD negative test to confirm that withholding diagnostic surgery is oncologically safe. In oncocytic ITN, after further validation studies, MD might be considered. Clinical Trial Registration: This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02208544 (August 5, 2014), https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02208544.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. de Koster
- Department of Medical Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Section of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Morreau
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gysele S. Bleumink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lioe-Fee de Geus-Oei
- Department of Medical Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Section of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Thera P. Links
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wim J.G. Oyen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Dennis Vriens
- Section of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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3
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Oh JM, Gangadaran P, Rajendran RL, Hong CM, Lee J, Ahn BC. Different Expression of Thyroid-Specific Proteins in Thyroid Cancer Cells between 2-Dimensional (2D) and 3-Dimensional (3D) Culture Environment. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223559. [PMID: 36428988 PMCID: PMC9688357 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture as a conventional method has been widely applied in molecular biology fields, but it has limited capability to recapitulate real cell environments, being prone to misinterpretation with poor prediction of in vivo behavior. Recently, the three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture has been studied extensively. Spheroids are self-assembled cell aggregates that have biomimicry capabilities. The behavior of thyroid cancer under the 3D spheroid culture environment has been studied; however, there are no reports regarding differences in the degree of thyroid cancer cell differentiation under 2D and 3D culture conditions. This study investigated the expression of thyroid differentiation proteins related to iodide-metabolizing mechanisms in thyroid cancer cells under different culture conditions. Four thyroid cancer cell lines and one thyroid follicular epithelial cell line were grown in adherent 2D cell culture and 3D spheroid culture with agarose-coated plates. We observed changes in proliferation, hypoxia, extracellular matrix (ECM), cytoskeleton, thyroid-specific proteins, and thyroid transcription factors. All cell lines were successfully established in the spheroid following cell aggregation. Proliferation considerably decreased, while hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α(HIF1-α) was promoted in 3D spheroids; moreover, 3D spheroids with thyroid cancers showed diminished thyroid differentiation markers, but thyroid follicular epithelial cells revealed either a maintenance or weak decline of protein expression. We verified that the 3D spheroid culture environment can be similar to in vivo conditions because of its alterations in numerous cellular and functional activities, including morphology, cellular proliferation, viability, hypoxia, ECM, cytoskeleton, and thyroid differentiation, compared to the conventional 2D monolayer culture environment. An in vitro experimental study using 3D spheroid culture is ideal for the faster discovery of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Min Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Chae Moon Hong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Jaetae Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-420-5583; Fax: +82-53-200-6447
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de Koster EJ, van Engen-van Grunsven ACH, Bussink J, Frielink C, de Geus-Oei LF, Kusters B, Peters H, Oyen WJG, Vriens D. [ 18F]FDG Uptake and Expression of Immunohistochemical Markers Related to Glycolysis, Hypoxia, and Proliferation in Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules. Mol Imaging Biol 2022; 25:483-494. [PMID: 36253663 PMCID: PMC10172288 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-022-01776-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current study explored the association between 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) uptake and the quantitative expression of immunohistochemical markers related to glucose metabolism, hypoxia, and cell proliferation in benign and malignant thyroid nodules of indeterminate cytology. PROCEDURES Using a case-control design, 24 patients were selected from participants of a randomized controlled multicenter trial (NCT02208544) in which [18F]FDG-PET/CT and thyroid surgery were performed for Bethesda III and IV nodules. Three equally sized groups of [18F]FDG-positive malignant, [18F]FDG-positive benign, and [18F]FDG-negative benign nodules were included. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for glucose transporters (GLUT) 1, 3, and 4; hexokinases (HK) 1 and 2; hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF1α; monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4); carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX); vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); sodium-iodide symporter (NIS); and Ki-67. Marker expression was scored using an immunoreactive score. Unsupervised cluster analysis was performed. The immunoreactive score was correlated to the maximum and peak standardized uptake values (SUVmax, SUVpeak) and SUVmax ratio (SUVmax of nodule/background SUVmax of contralateral, normal thyroid) of the [18F]FDG-PET/CT using the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and compared between the three groups using Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS The expression of GLUT1, GLUT3, HK2, and MCT4 was strongly positively correlated with the SUVmax, SUVpeak, and SUVmax ratio. The expression of GLUT1 (p = 0.009), HK2 (p = 0.02), MCT4 (p = 0.01), and VEGF (p = 0.007) was statistically significantly different between [18F]FDG-positive benign nodules, [18F]FDG-positive thyroid carcinomas, and [18F]FDG-negative benign nodules. In both [18F]FDG-positive benign nodules and [18F]FDG-positive thyroid carcinomas, the expression of GLUT1, HK2, and MCT4 was increased as compared to [18F]FDG-negative benign nodules. VEGF expression was higher in [18F]FDG-positive thyroid carcinomas as compared to [18F]FDG-negative and [18F]FDG-positive benign nodules. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that [18F]FDG-positive benign thyroid nodules undergo changes in protein expression similar to those in thyroid carcinomas. To expand the understanding of the metabolic changes in benign and malignant thyroid nodules, further research is required, including correlation with underlying genetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J de Koster
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Johan Bussink
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Cathelijne Frielink
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lioe-Fee de Geus-Oei
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Section of Nuclear Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Benno Kusters
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Peters
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Wim J G Oyen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, the Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Dennis Vriens
- Department of Radiology, Section of Nuclear Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Song H, Chen X, Jiao Q, Qiu Z, Shen C, Zhang G, Sun Z, Zhang H, Luo QY. HIF-1α-Mediated Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Activation Inducing Autophagy Through Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Promotes Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Progression During Hypoxia Stress. Thyroid 2021; 31:233-246. [PMID: 32772829 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background: It is important to properly understand the molecular mechanisms of aggressive tumors among papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) that are often the most indolent. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), induced by hypoxia, plays pivotal roles in the development and metastasis of the many tumors, including PTCs. Upregulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) activity is found in highly invasive PTCs. Further, previous studies have reported that autophagy serves as a protective mechanism to facilitate PTC cell survival. We, therefore, hypothesized that there was a link between HIF-1α, TERT, and autophagy in promoting PTC progression. Methods: Immunohistochemistry staining was conducted to evaluate the expressions of HIF-1α, TERT, and autophagy marker, LC3-II, in matched PTC tumors and corresponding nontumor tissues. Two PTC cell lines (TPC-1 and BCPAP) were used in subsequent cytological function studies. Cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were assessed during hypoxia, genetic enhancement and inhibition of TERT, and chemical and genetic inhibition of autophagy. The protein expression levels of the corresponding biomarkers were determined by Western blotting, and autophagy flow was detected. We characterized the molecular mechanism of PTC cell progression. Results: The protein expression levels of HIF-1α, TERT, and LC3-II were upregulated in PTCs and were significantly correlated with high tumor-node-metastasis stage. Further, an in vitro study indicated that HIF-1α induced by hypoxia functioned as a transcriptional activator by binding with sequences potentially located in the TERT promoter and was positively correlated with the malignant behavior of PTC cell lines. Overexpression of TERT inhibited the kinase activity of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), resulting in the activation of autophagy. Functionally, TERT-induced autophagy provided a survival advantage to PTC cells during hypoxia stress. Conclusions: We identified a novel molecular mechanism involving the HIF-1α/TERT axis, which promoted PTC progression by inducing autophagy through mTOR during hypoxia stress. These findings may provide a basis for the new treatment of aggressive PTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Jiao
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongling Qiu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chentian Shen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenkui Sun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan-Yong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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6
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Shou Y, Yang L, Yang Y, Zhu X, Li F, Xu J. Identification of Signatures of Prognosis Prediction for Melanoma Using a Hypoxia Score. Front Genet 2020; 11:570530. [PMID: 33133157 PMCID: PMC7550673 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.570530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive cancers. Hypoxic microenvironment affects multiple cellular pathways and contributes to tumor progression. The purpose of the research was to investigate the association between hypoxia and melanoma, and identify the prognostic value of hypoxia-related genes. Based on the GSVA algorithm, gene expression profile collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was used for calculating the hypoxia score. The Kaplan–Meier plot suggested that a high hypoxia score was correlated with the inferior survival of melanoma patients. Using differential gene expression analysis and WGCNA, a total of 337 overlapping genes associated with hypoxia were determined. Protein-protein interaction network and functional enrichment analysis were conducted, and Lasso Cox regression was performed to establish the prognostic gene signature. Lasso regression showed that seven genes displayed the best features. A novel seven-gene signature (including ABCA12, PTK6, FERMT1, GSDMC, KRT2, CSTA, and SPRR2F) was constructed for prognosis prediction. The ROC curve inferred good performance in both the TCGA cohort and validation cohorts. Therefore, our study determined the prognostic implication of the hypoxia score in melanoma and showed a novel seven-gene signature to predict prognosis, which may provide insights into the prognosis evaluation and clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Shou
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongsheng Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhua Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai, China
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Kim MH, Lee TH, Lee JS, Lim DJ, Lee PCW. Hif-1α Inhibitors Could Successfully Inhibit the Progression of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer in Vitro. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13090208. [PMID: 32847004 PMCID: PMC7558478 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α plays an important role in cancer progression. In various cancers, including thyroid cancer, overexpression of HIF-1α is related to poor prognosis or treatment response. However, few studies have investigated the role of HIF-1α inhibition in thyroid cancer progression. We evaluated the utility of the HIF-1α inhibitor IDF-11774 in vitro utilizing two thyroid cancer cell lines, K1 and BCPAP. Both cell lines were tested to elucidate the effects of IDF-11774 on cell proliferation and migration using soft agar and invasion assays. Here, we found that a reduction of HIF-1α expression in BCPAP cells was observed after treatment with IDF-11774 in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, cell proliferation, migration, and anchorage-independent growth were effectively inhibited by IDF-11774 in BCPAP cells but not in K1 cells. Additionally, invasion of BCPAP but not K1 cells was controlled with IDF-11774 in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that promoting the degradation of HIF-1α could be a strategy to manage progression and that HIF-1α inhibitors are potent drugs for thyroid cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hee Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Korea; (M.-H.K.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Tae Hyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Jin Soo Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Korea; (M.-H.K.); (J.S.L.)
| | - Dong-Jun Lim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.-J.L.); (P.C.-W.L.); Tel.: +82-2-2045-4249 (P.C.-W.L.)
| | - Peter Chang-Whan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea;
- Correspondence: (D.-J.L.); (P.C.-W.L.); Tel.: +82-2-2045-4249 (P.C.-W.L.)
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8
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Aashiq M, Silverman DA, Na'ara S, Takahashi H, Amit M. Radioiodine-Refractory Thyroid Cancer: Molecular Basis of Redifferentiation Therapies, Management, and Novel Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1382. [PMID: 31533238 PMCID: PMC6770909 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent, metastatic disease represents the most frequent cause of death for patients with thyroid cancer, and radioactive iodine (RAI) remains a mainstay of therapy for these patients. Unfortunately, many thyroid cancer patients have tumors that no longer trap iodine, and hence are refractory to RAI, heralding a poor prognosis. RAI-refractory (RAI-R) cancer cells result from the loss of thyroid differentiation features, such as iodide uptake and organification. This loss of differentiation features correlates with the degree of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, which is higher in tumors with BRAF (B-Raf proto-oncogene) mutations than in those with RTK (receptor tyrosine kinase) or RAS (rat sarcoma) mutations. Hence, inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1 and -2 (MEK-1 and -2) downstream of RAF (rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma) could sensitize RAI refractivity in thyroid cancer. However, a significant hurdle is the development of secondary tumor resistance (escape mechanisms) to these drugs through upregulation of tyrosine kinase receptors or another alternative signaling pathway. The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) is a plasma membrane glycoprotein, a member of solute carrier family 5A (SLC5A5), located on the basolateral surfaces of the thyroid follicular epithelial cells, which mediates active iodide transport into thyroid follicular cells. The mechanisms responsible for NIS loss of function in RAI-R thyroid cancer remains unclear. In a study of patients with recurrent thyroid cancer, expression levels of specific ribosomal machinery-namely PIGU (phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class U), a subunit of the GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol transamidase complex-correlated with RAI avidity in radioiodine scanning, NIS levels, and biochemical response to RAI treatment. Here, we review the proposed mechanisms for RAI refractivity and the management of RAI-refractive metastatic, recurrent thyroid cancer. We also describe novel targeted systemic agents that are in use or under investigation for RAI-refractory disease, their mechanisms of action, and their adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Aashiq
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Deborah A Silverman
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Shorook Na'ara
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, and the Laboratory for Applied Cancer Research, Rappaport Institute of Medicine and Research, The Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel.
| | - Hideaki Takahashi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Moran Amit
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Gao Y, Yang F, Yang X, Zhang L, Yu H, Cheng X, Xu S, Pan J, Wang K, Li P. Mitochondrial metabolism is inhibited by the
HIF
1α‐
MYC
‐
PGC
‐1β axis in
BRAF
V600E thyroid cancer. FEBS J 2019; 286:1420-1436. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine Ministry of Health Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine Wuxi China
- Center for Vascular Biology Institute for Translational Medicine College of Medicine Qingdao University China
| | - Fang Yang
- Center of System Medicine Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Xiu‐An Yang
- School of Basic Medical Science Chengde Medical University China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine Ministry of Health Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine Wuxi China
| | - Huixin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine Ministry of Health Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine Wuxi China
| | - Xian Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine Ministry of Health Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine Wuxi China
| | - Shichen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Jie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology School of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi China
| | - Kun Wang
- Center for Developmental Cardiology Institute for Translational Medicine College of Medicine Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Center for Vascular Biology Institute for Translational Medicine College of Medicine Qingdao University China
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10
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Xie J, Liu Y, Du X, Wu Y. TGF-β1 promotes the invasion and migration of papillary thyroid carcinoma cells by inhibiting the expression of lncRNA-NEF. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:3125-3132. [PMID: 30867742 PMCID: PMC6396259 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.9947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased expression levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) are associated with metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), although the mechanisms involved remain unknown. The present study aimed to investigate these mechanisms. The results demonstrated that the expression levels of TGF-β1 mRNA were higher and those of lncRNA-NEF were lower in tumor tissues compared with in healthy tissues. High levels of TGF-β1 mRNA and low levels of lncRNA-NEF were also detected in the serum of patients with PTC compared with in healthy controls. Serum levels of TGF-β1 and lncRNA-NEF were significantly associated with lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, TGF-β1 promoted cell migration and invasion of PTC cell lines, but not the normal cell line, whereas lncRNA-NEF overexpression inhibited these phenomena. TGF-β1 also inhibited lncRNA-NEF expression in PTC cell lines, but not in the normal cell line. Conversely, lncRNA-NEF overexpression exhibited no effects on TGF-β1. In conclusion, the present study suggested that TGF-β1 may promote the invasion and migration of PTC cells by inhibiting the expression of lncRNA-NEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xie
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, P.R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Du
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wu
- Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, P.R. China
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11
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Radioiodine refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (RAI-R DTC) is a challenging malignancy with limited prognosis and treatment options. Recently, clinical trials with targeted therapies have advanced the outlook of these patients, and inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) axis has led to the approval of small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for first-line treatment of radioiodine refractory disease. In addition to approved therapies (sorafenib and lenvatinib), other multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors that are commercially available have been recognized as viable treatment options for RAI-R DTC. Our preference is to initially use lenvatinib, given the dramatic progression-free survival (PFS) improvement versus placebo, with the caveat that 24 mg daily is not often tolerated and lower doses often used. In patients with BRAF V600E mutation, BRAF inhibitors are now considered for treatment, especially if patients are at high risk from antiangiogenic therapy. Research is continuing to evolve in identifying mechanisms related to radioiodine refractoriness, and trials are evaluating therapeutic molecules to overcome this resistance. Clinical care of patients with RAI-R DTC requires careful consideration of both patient and disease characteristics. Many patients with asymptomatic and indolent disease can be followed for years without treatment while others with high volume or rapidly progressive disease merit early intervention.
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12
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Matrone A, Valerio L, Pieruzzi L, Giani C, Cappagli V, Lorusso L, Agate L, Puleo L, Viola D, Bottici V, Del Re M, Molinaro E, Danesi R, Elisei R. Protein kinase inhibitors for the treatment of advanced and progressive radiorefractory thyroid tumors: From the clinical trials to the real life. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 31:319-334. [PMID: 28911728 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The last ten years have been characterized by the introduction in the clinical practice of new drugs named tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of several human tumors. After the positive conclusion of two international multicentric, randomized phase III clinical trials, two of these drugs, sorafenib and lenvatinib, have been recently approved and they are now available for the treatment of advanced and progressive radioiodine refractory thyroid tumors. We have been involved in most clinical trials performed with different tyrosine kinase inhibitors in different histotypes of thyroid cancer thus acquiring a lot of experience in the management of both drugs and their adverse events. Aim of this review is to give an overview of both the rationale for the use of these inhibitors in thyroid cancer and the major results of the clinical trials. Some suggestions for the management of treated patients in the real life are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Matrone
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Valerio
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Letizia Pieruzzi
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giani
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Virginia Cappagli
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Loredana Lorusso
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Agate
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luciana Puleo
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - David Viola
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Bottici
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marzia Del Re
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Molinaro
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Romano Danesi
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossella Elisei
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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13
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Valerio L, Pieruzzi L, Giani C, Agate L, Bottici V, Lorusso L, Cappagli V, Puleo L, Matrone A, Viola D, Romei C, Ciampi R, Molinaro E, Elisei R. Targeted Therapy in Thyroid Cancer: State of the Art. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2017; 29:316-324. [PMID: 28318881 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer typically has a good outcome following standard treatments, which include surgery, radioactive iodine ablation for differentiated tumours and treatment with thyrotropine hormone-suppressive levothyroxine. Thyroid cancers that persist or recur following these therapies have a poorer prognosis. Cytotoxic chemotherapy or external beam radiotherapy has a low efficacy in these patients. 'Target therapy' with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) represent an important therapeutic option for the treatment of advanced cases of radioiodine refractory (RAI-R) differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) and possibly for cases of poorly differentiated (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). In the last few years, several TKIs have been tested for the treatment of advanced, progressive and RAI-R thyroid cancers and some of them have been recently approved for use in clinical practice: sorafenib and lenvatinib for DTC and PDTC; vandetanib and cabozantinib for MTC. The objective of this overview is to present the current status of the treatment of advanced DTC, MTC, PDTC and ATC with the use of TKIs by describing the benefits and the limits of their use. A comprehensive analysis and description of the molecular basis of these drugs and the new therapeutic perspectives are also reported. Some practical suggestions are also given for the management to the potential side-effects of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Valerio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Pieruzzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Giani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Agate
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - V Bottici
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Lorusso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - V Cappagli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Puleo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Matrone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - D Viola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Romei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Ciampi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - E Molinaro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Elisei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrine Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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14
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Pinheiro C, Miranda-Gonçalves V, Longatto-Filho A, Vicente ALSA, Berardinelli GN, Scapulatempo-Neto C, Costa RFA, Viana CR, Reis RM, Baltazar F, Vazquez VL. The metabolic microenvironment of melanomas: Prognostic value of MCT1 and MCT4. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:1462-70. [PMID: 27105345 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1175258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BRAF mutations are known drivers of melanoma development and, recently, were also described as players in the Warburg effect, while this reprogramming of energy metabolism has been identified as a possible strategy for treating melanoma patients. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the expression and prognostic value of a panel of glycolytic metabolism-related proteins in a series of melanomas. The immunohistochemical expression of MCT1, MCT4, GLUT1, and CAIX was evaluated in 356 patients presenting melanoma and 20 patients presenting benign nevi. Samples included 20 benign nevi, 282 primary melanomas, 117 lymph node and 54 distant metastases samples. BRAF mutation was observed in 29/92 (31.5%) melanoma patients and 17/20 (85%) benign nevi samples. NRAS mutation was observed in 4/36 (11.1%) melanoma patients and 1/19 (5.3%) benign nevi samples. MCT4 and GLUT1 expression was significantly increased in metastatic samples, and MCT1, MCT4 and GLUT1 were significantly associated with poor prognostic variables. Importantly, MCT1 and MCT4 were associated with shorter overall survival. In conclusion, the present study brings new insights on metabolic aspects of melanoma, paving the way for the development of new-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Pinheiro
- a Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr. Paulo Prata - FACISB , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil.,b Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Vera Miranda-Gonçalves
- c Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.,d ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães , Portugal
| | - Adhemar Longatto-Filho
- b Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil.,c Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.,d ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães , Portugal.,e Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIM-14), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Anna L S A Vicente
- b Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Gustavo N Berardinelli
- b Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo F A Costa
- a Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr. Paulo Prata - FACISB , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Cristiano R Viana
- f Pathology Department , Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Rui M Reis
- b Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil.,c Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.,d ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães , Portugal
| | - Fátima Baltazar
- c Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.,d ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães , Portugal
| | - Vinicius L Vazquez
- b Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil.,g Surgery Department , Melanoma/Sarcoma, Barretos Cancer Hospital , Barretos , São Paulo , Brazil
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15
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Viola D, Valerio L, Molinaro E, Agate L, Bottici V, Biagini A, Lorusso L, Cappagli V, Pieruzzi L, Giani C, Sabini E, Passannati P, Puleo L, Matrone A, Pontillo-Contillo B, Battaglia V, Mazzeo S, Vitti P, Elisei R. Treatment of advanced thyroid cancer with targeted therapies: ten years of experience. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:R185-205. [PMID: 27207700 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is rare, but it is the most frequent endocrine malignancy. Its prognosis is generally favorable, especially in cases of well-differentiated thyroid cancers (DTCs), such as papillary and follicular cancers, which have survival rates of approximately 95% at 40 years. However, 15-20% of cases became radioiodine refractory (RAI-R), and until now, no other treatments have been effective. The same problems are found in cases of poorly differentiated (PDTC) and anaplastic (ATC) thyroid cancers and in at least 30% of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) cases, which are very aggressive and not sensitive to radioiodine. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) represent a new approach to the treatment of advanced cases of RAI-R DTC, MTC, PDTC, and, possibly, ATC. In the past 10 years, several TKIs have been tested for the treatment of advanced, progressive, and RAI-R thyroid tumors, and some of them have been recently approved for use in clinical practice: sorafenib and lenvatinib for DTC and PDTC and vandetanib and cabozantinib for MTC. The objective of this review is to present the current status of the treatment of advanced thyroid cancer with the use of innovative targeted therapies by describing both the benefits and the limits of their use based on the experiences reported so far. A comprehensive analysis and description of the molecular basis of these therapies, as well as new therapeutic perspectives, are reported. Some practical suggestions are given for both the choice of patients to be treated and their management, with particular regard to the potential side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Viola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Valerio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Molinaro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Agate
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Bottici
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Agnese Biagini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Loredana Lorusso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Virginia Cappagli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Letizia Pieruzzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Sabini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Passannati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luciana Puleo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Matrone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Benedetta Pontillo-Contillo
- Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyDepartment of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Battaglia
- Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyDepartment of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mazzeo
- Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyDepartment of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Vitti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossella Elisei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineSection of Endocrinology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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16
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Yoon S, An YS, Lee SJ, So EY, Kim JH, Chung YS, Yoon JK. Relation Between F-18 FDG Uptake of PET/CT and BRAFV600E Mutation in Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e2063. [PMID: 26632889 PMCID: PMC4674192 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BRAFV600E mutation and F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake are potential prognostic factors of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). This study was performed to investigate the relationship between the BRAFV600E mutation and F-18 FDG uptake in PTC.We retrospectively included 169 PTC patients who underwent F-18 FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) before thyroidectomy from May 2009 to August 2012. Subjects were classified into overt PTC (>1 cm, n = 76) and papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC, n = 93) groups. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the relationship between maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of the primary tumors and clinicopathologic variables.The BRAFV600E mutation was detected in 82.2% (139/169). In all subjects, the BRAFV600E mutation and tumor size were independently related to SUVmax by multivariate analysis (P = 0.048 and P < 0.001, respectively). SUVmax was significantly higher in tumors with the BRAFV600E mutation than in those with wild-type BRAF (9.4 ± 10.9 vs 5.0 ± 4.1, P < 0.001). Similarly, in overt PTC group, the BRAFV600E mutation and tumor size were independently correlated with SUVmax (P = 0.032 and P = 0.001, respectively). By contrast, in PTMC group, only tumor size was significantly associated with SUVmax (P = 0.010). The presence of the BRAFV600E mutation is independently associated with high F-18 FDG uptake on preoperative PET/CT in patients with overt PTC, but this relationship was not evident in PTMC. This study provides a better understanding of the relationship between F-18 FDG uptake and BRAFV600E mutation in patients with PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokho Yoon
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SY, Y-SA, SJL, J-KY); Department of Surgery (EYS); Department of Pathology (J-HK); and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Y-SC), Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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17
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Yang YJ, Na HJ, Suh MJ, Ban MJ, Byeon HK, Kim WS, Kim JW, Choi EC, Kwon HJ, Chang JW, Koh YW. Hypoxia Induces Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Follicular Thyroid Cancer: Involvement of Regulation of Twist by Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α. Yonsei Med J 2015; 56:1503-14. [PMID: 26446630 PMCID: PMC4630036 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2015.56.6.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) has a relatively fair prognosis, distant metastasis sometimes results in poor prognosis and survival. There is little understanding of the mechanisms contributing to the aggressiveness potential of thyroid cancer. We showed that hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) induced aggressiveness in FTC cells and identified the underlying mechanism of the HIF-1α-induced invasive characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cells were cultured under controlled hypoxic environments (1% O₂) or normoxic conditions. The effect of hypoxia on HIF-1α, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related markers were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry. Invasion and wound healing assay were conducted to identify functional character of EMT. The involvement of HIF-1α and Twist in EMT were studied using gene overexpression or silencing. After orthotopic nude mouse model was established using the cells transfected with lentiviral shHIF-1α, tissue analysis was done. RESULTS Hypoxia induces HIF-1α expression and EMT, including typical morphologic changes, cadherin shift, and increased vimentin expression. We showed that overexpression of HIF-1α via transfection resulted in the aforementioned changes without hypoxia, and repression of HIF-1α with RNA interference suppressed hypoxia-induced HIF-1α and EMT. Furthermore, we also observed that Twist expression was regulated by HIF-1α. These were confirmed in the orthotopic FTC model. CONCLUSION Hypoxia induced HIF-1α, which in turn induced EMT, resulting in the increased capacity for invasion and migration of cells via regulation of the Twist signal pathway in FTC cells. These findings provide insight into a possible therapeutic strategy to prevent invasive and metastatic FTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Ju Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwi Jung Na
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Michelle J Suh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Jin Ban
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Kwon Byeon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Shik Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Wook Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Chang Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeong Ju Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Won Chang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Yoon Woo Koh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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18
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Choi YW, Kim YH, Lee J, Soh EY, Park TJ, Kim JH. Strong immunoexpression of midkine is associated with multiple lymph node metastases in BRAFV600E papillary thyroid carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:1557-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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19
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Lee SH, Han S, Lee HS, Chae SY, Lee JJ, Song DE, Ryu JS. Association Between (18)F-FDG Avidity and the BRAF Mutation in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 50:38-45. [PMID: 26941858 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-015-0367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The BRAF mutation, a potential prognostic factor in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), is associated with a high expression of the glucose transporter gene. We investigated which clinicopathologic factors, including BRAF mutation status, influence (18)F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) avidity. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 55 patients who underwent BRAF analysis from biopsy-confirmed PTC and (18)F-FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography within 6 months before undergoing thyroid surgery from September 2008 to August 2014. Tumors were considered to be (18)F-FDG avid if the uptake was greater than that of the liver. (18)F-FDG uptake of PTCs was also analyzed semiquantitatively using SUVmax. The association between (18)F-FDG avidity and clinicopathologic variables (age, tumor size, perithyroidal extension, cervical lymph node status, and BRAF mutation status) was investigated. RESULTS Twenty-nine (52.7 %) of 55 patients had (18)F-FDG-avid PTCs. PTCs with the BRAF mutation showed higher (18)F-FDG avidity (24/38, 63.2 %) than those without (5/17, 29.4 %). The BRAF mutation (p = 0.025) and tumor size (p = 0.003) were significantly associated with (18)F-FDG avidity in univariate analysis, and the BRAF mutation status remained significant after adjusting for tumor size in multivariate analysis (p = 0.015). In the subgroup of tumor size ≥ 1 cm, the BRAF mutation was the only factor significantly associated with (18)F-FDG avidity (p = 0.021). The mean SUVmax of PTCs with the BRAF mutation was significantly higher than that of those without (4.89 ± 6.12 vs. 1.96 ± 1.10, p = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS The BRAF mutation must be one of the most important factors influencing (18)F-FDG avidity in PTCs, especially in those with a tumor size ≥ 1 cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Hyun Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736 Korea
| | - Sangwon Han
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736 Korea
| | - Hyo Sang Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736 Korea
| | - Sun Young Chae
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736 Korea
| | - Jong Jin Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736 Korea
| | - Dong Eun Song
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Sook Ryu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736 Korea
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An update on molecular biology of thyroid cancers. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 90:233-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Li L, Hou J, Liu X, Guo Y, Wu Y, Zhang L, Yang Z. Nucleolin-targeting liposomes guided by aptamer AS1411 for the delivery of siRNA for the treatment of malignant melanomas. Biomaterials 2014; 35:3840-50. [PMID: 24486214 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BRAF gene mutation is found in more than 60% of malignant melanomas, which are difficult to treat. In this study, a new tumor-targeting liposome was developed to deliver anti-BRAF siRNA (siBraf) for the treatment of melanomas. Nucleolin is overexpressed on the surface of cancer cells. AS1411, an aptamer showing specific binding to nucleolin, was conjugated to PEGylated cationic liposome as the targeting probe ASLP (AS1411-PEG-liposome). The ASLP/siRNA complex was formed through electrostatic interaction between ASLP and siRNA. The binding of AS1411 to the surface of PEGylated liposomes was confirmed by gel electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis. Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis showed that ASLP/siBraf exhibited strong silencing activity of BRAF gene. The much higher accumulation of the siRNA in tumor cells comparing with normal cells indicated that ASLP displayed excellent tumor-targeting capability. Notably, ASLP/siBraf showed significant silencing activity in A375 tumor xenograft mice and inhibited the melanoma growth. These results suggested that the new nucleolin-targeted siRNA delivery system by AS1411 may have the potential for the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jianjun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yujia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Lihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhenjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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Takacova M, Bullova P, Simko V, Skvarkova L, Poturnajova M, Feketeova L, Babal P, Kivela AJ, Kuopio T, Kopacek J, Pastorek J, Parkkila S, Pastorekova S. Expression pattern of carbonic anhydrase IX in Medullary thyroid carcinoma supports a role for RET-mediated activation of the HIF pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:953-965. [PMID: 24518567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma is a relatively rare tumor with poor prognosis and therapy response. Its phenotype is determined by both genetic alterations (activating RET oncoprotein) and physiological stresses, namely hypoxia [activating hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)]. Here, we investigated the cooperation between these two mechanisms. The idea emerged from the immunohistochemical analysis of carbonic anhydrases (CA) IX and XII expression in thyroid cancer. Although CAXII was present in all types of thyroid carcinomas, CAIX, a direct HIF target implicated in tumor progression, was associated with aggressive medullary and anaplastic carcinomas, and its expression pattern in medullary thyroid carcinomas suggested contribution of both hypoxic and oncogenic signaling. Therefore, we analyzed the CA9 promoter activity in transfected tumor cells expressing RET and/or the HIF-α subunit. We showed that overexpression of both wild-type and mutant RET can increase the CA9 promoter activity induced by HIF-1 (but not HIF-2) in hypoxia. Similar results were obtained with another HIF-1-regulated promoter derived from the lactate dehydrogenase A gene. Moreover, inhibition of the major kinase pathways, which transmit signals from RET and regulate HIF-1, abrogated their cooperative effect on the CA9 promoter. Thus, we brought the first experimental evidence for the crosstalk between RET and HIF-1 that can explain the increased expression of CAIX in medullary thyroid carcinoma and provide a rationale for therapy simultaneously targeting both pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Takacova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Center for Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Bullova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Simko
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Skvarkova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Poturnajova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Feketeova
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavel Babal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Antti J Kivela
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teijo Kuopio
- Department of Pathology, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juraj Kopacek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaromir Pastorek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Institute of Medical Technology and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Structural and expression differences between the vasculature of pilocytic astrocytomas and glioblastomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 72:1171-81. [PMID: 24226271 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of differences in vascular architecture and utilization of angiogenic pathways is a first step for identifying specific targets for tailored antiangiogenic therapies of brain tumor patients. Here, we compared the proliferating vasculature of 2 glioma subtypes with entirely different biologic behaviors and molecular background at the immunophenotype and gene expression levels. Proliferating vessels in 13 pilocytic astrocytomas and 8 glioblastomas were compared for differences in the composition of the vascular walls using confocal microscopy for markers of endothelial cells and pericytes/mural cells. Endothelial, pericytic, and mural cells had normal-appearing arrangements in the vessels in pilocytic astrocytomas, whereas those in glioblastomas appeared to be more disorganized. In addition, differences in expression of angiogenesis-related genes were sought in the tumor specimens using RNA expression arrays. There were 114 out of 2,894 differentially expressed angiogenesis-related genes between these 2 glioma subtypes indicating differences in the utilization of various pathways. These results point to the need for detailed information on mechanisms of neoangiogenesis in tumor subtypes to facilitate the development of specific antiangiogenic strategies.
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Kim MH, Ko SH, Bae JS, Lee SH, Jung CK, Lim DJ, Baek KH, Kim SH, Lee JM, Kang MI, Cha BY. Non-FDG-avid primary papillary thyroid carcinoma may not differ from FDG-avid papillary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2013; 23:1452-60. [PMID: 23688271 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND FDG (2-[(18)F]Fluoro-2-D-deoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT), which can detect a change in glucose metabolism in cancer cells, has been introduced as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). However, differences in the clinicopathological and biological characteristics between primary PTCs with FDG uptake and those without FDG uptake are not well established. METHODS A total of 188 patients with PTC who had preoperative PET/CT scans were enrolled to compare the differences of clinicopathological parameters between FDG-avid (F-PTC; n = 150) and non-FDG-avid tumors (FN-PTC; n = 38). Immunohistochemical staining for glucose transporter (GLUT)-1 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) was performed. RESULTS FN-PTCs were smaller; had a lower incidence of lymphatic invasion, vascular invasion, multifocality, and central lymph node metastasis; and had a lower maximum standardized uptake value than F-PTCs. After exclusion of high-risk patients for recurrence, FN-PTCs remained smaller (p < 0.001) and had less lymphatic invasion (p = 0.061). Among tumors larger than the spatial resolution of the PET/CT scan, macrocalcification was more frequent in FN-PTC than in F-PTC (p = 0.043). While FN-PTC and F-PTC showed no difference in GLUT-1 expression (50% vs. 75%, p = 0.363), FN-PTC showed lower HIF-1α immunoreactivity than F-PTC (25.0% vs. 75.0%, p = 0.032). CONCLUSION Tumor size and macrocalcification are clinicopathological differences between FN-PTC and F-PTC. Biologically, HIF-1α may be responsible for increased FDG uptake in PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hee Kim
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism), The Catholic University of Korea , College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Bottos A, Bardelli A. Oncogenes and angiogenesis: a way to personalize anti-angiogenic therapy? Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4131-40. [PMID: 23685900 PMCID: PMC11113350 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of oncogenic mutations and promotion of angiogenesis are key hallmarks of cancer. These features are often thought of as separate events in tumor progression and the two fields of research have frequently been considered as independent. However, as we highlight in this review, activated oncogenes and deregulated angiogenesis are tightly associated, as mutations in cancer cells can lead to perturbation of the pro- and anti-angiogenic balance thereby causing aberrant angiogenesis. We propose that normalization of the vascular network by targeting oncogenes in the tumor cells might lead to more efficient and sustained therapeutic effects compared to therapies targeting tumor vessels. We discuss how pharmacological inhibition of oncogenes in tumor cells restores a functional vasculature by bystander anti-angiogenic effect. As genetic alterations are tumor-specific, targeted therapy, which potentially blocks the angiogenic program activated by individual oncogenes may lead to personalized anti-angiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Bottos
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, PO Box 2543, 4058, Basel, Switzerland,
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Koperek O, Akin E, Asari R, Niederle B, Neuhold N. Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha in papillary thyroid carcinoma is associated with desmoplastic stromal reaction and lymph node metastasis. Virchows Arch 2013; 463:795-802. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-013-1484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Jochmanová I, Yang C, Zhuang Z, Pacak K. Hypoxia-inducible factor signaling in pheochromocytoma: turning the rudder in the right direction. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013; 105:1270-83. [PMID: 23940289 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many solid tumors, including pheochromocytoma (PHEO) and paraganglioma (PGL), are characterized by a (pseudo)hypoxic signature. (Pseudo)hypoxia has been shown to promote both tumor progression and resistance to therapy. The major mediators of the transcriptional hypoxic response are hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). High levels of HIFs lead to transcription of hypoxia-responsive genes, which are involved in tumorigenesis. PHEOs and PGLs are catecholamine-producing tumors arising from sympathetic- or parasympathetic-derived chromaffin tissue. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in understanding the metabolic disturbances present in PHEO and PGL, especially because of the identification of some disease-susceptibility genes. To date, fifteen PHEO and PGL susceptibility genes have been identified. Based on the main transcription signatures of the mutated genes, PHEOs and PGLs have been divided into two clusters, pseudohypoxic cluster 1 and cluster 2, rich in kinase receptor signaling and protein translation pathways. Although these two clusters seem to show distinct signaling pathways, recent data suggest that both clusters are interconnected by HIF signaling as the important driver in their tumorigenesis, and mutations in most PHEO and PGL susceptibility genes seem to affect HIF-α regulation and its downstream signaling pathways. HIF signaling appears to play an important role in the development and growth of PHEOs and PGLs, which could suggest new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jochmanová
- Program in Reproductive and Adult Endocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1109, USA
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In papillary thyroid carcinoma, TIMP-1 expression correlates with BRAF V600E mutation status and together with hypoxia-related proteins predicts aggressive behavior. Virchows Arch 2013; 463:437-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-013-1453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Wehland M, Bauer J, Magnusson NE, Infanger M, Grimm D. Biomarkers for anti-angiogenic therapy in cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9338-64. [PMID: 23629668 PMCID: PMC3676786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the development of new vessels from existing vasculature, plays a central role in tumor growth, survival, and progression. On the molecular level it is controlled by a number of pro- and anti-angiogenic cytokines, among which the vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), together with their related VEGF-receptors, have an exceptional position. Therefore, the blockade of VEGF signaling in order to inhibit angiogenesis was deemed an attractive approach for cancer therapy and drugs interfering with the VEGF-ligands, the VEGF receptors, and the intracellular VEGF-mediated signal transduction were developed. Although promising in pre-clinical trials, VEGF-inhibition proved to be problematic in the clinical context. One major drawback was the generally high variability in patient response to anti-angiogenic drugs and the rapid development of therapy resistance, so that, in total, only moderate effects on progression-free and overall survival were observed. Biomarkers predicting the response to VEGF-inhibition might attenuate this problem and help to further individualize drug and dosage determination. Although up to now no definitive biomarker has been identified for this purpose, several candidates are currently under investigation. This review aims to give an overview of the recent developments in this field, focusing on the most prevalent tumor species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wehland
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany; E-Mails: (M.W.); (M.I.)
| | - Johann Bauer
- Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, Martinsried D-82152, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Nils E. Magnusson
- Department of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; E-Mail:
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Nørrebrogade 44, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany; E-Mails: (M.W.); (M.I.)
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; E-Mail:
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Abstract
Thyroid cancer is a common endocrine malignancy. There has been exciting progress in understanding its molecular pathogenesis in recent years, as best exemplified by the elucidation of the fundamental role of several major signalling pathways and related molecular derangements. Central to these mechanisms are the genetic and epigenetic alterations in these pathways, such as mutation, gene copy-number gain and aberrant gene methylation. Many of these molecular alterations represent novel diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers and therapeutic targets for thyroid cancer, which provide unprecedented opportunities for further research and clinical development of novel treatment strategies for this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhao Xing
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Thyroid Research, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1830 East Monument Street, Suite 333, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
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De Santis E, Di Vito M, Perrone GA, Mari E, Osti M, De Antoni E, Coppola L, Tafani M, Carpi A, Russo MA. Overexpression of pro-inflammatory genes and down-regulation of SOCS-1 in human PTC and in hypoxic BCPAP cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2012; 67:7-16. [PMID: 23089475 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is frequently overexpressed and activated in many cancer types. However, its regulation and function in thyroid carcinomas are only partially known. Aim of our study was to demonstrate that adaptation to the hypoxic micro-environment by human papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cells, in the absence of leukocyte infiltrate, induces a "molecular inflammation" process characterized by the expression of a large set of genes normally involved in inflammation. To address this, tumor, peritumor or normal host tissue from eleven human PTC surgical samples, were separated by laser capture microdissection (LCMD) and studied by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot. In such condition, we observed an increased expression and activation of HIF-1α, NF-kB and pro-inflammatory genes only in tumor tissues. Importantly, an anti-inflammatory gene such as SOCS-1 was markedly down-regulated in tumor tissue compared to surrounding normal host tissue. Similar results were found in fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB)-derived specimens from PTC and in hypoxic human papillary thyroid tumor cell line, BCPAP. Moreover, we also detected an elevated expression of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) both in solid tumor and in hypoxic-treated BCPAP cells. Our findings reveal that, in human PTC tumor, hypoxic conditions are accompanied by up-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes, down-regulation of anti-inflammatory genes and increased expression of MMP9. We propose that a better understanding of the pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways involved in the "molecular inflammation" process even in the absence of leukocyte, may help to clarify progression toward malignancy and may prove useful for new anti-tumor strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Santis
- Department of Human Anatomy, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Co-expression of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) and its chaperone (CD147) is associated with low survival in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). J Bioenerg Biomembr 2012; 44:171-8. [PMID: 22281667 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-012-9408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) have been described to play an important role in cancer, but to date there are no reports on the significance of MCT expression in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). The aim of the present work was to assess the value of MCT expression, as well as co-expression with the MCT chaperone CD147 in GISTs and evaluate their clinical-pathological significance. We analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of MCT1, MCT2, MCT4 and CD147 in a series of 64 GISTs molecularly characterized for KIT, PDGFRA and BRAF mutations. MCT1, MCT2 and MCT4 were highly expressed in GISTs. CD147 expression was associated with mutated KIT (p = 0.039), as well as a progressive increase in Fletcher's Risk of Malignancy (p = 0.020). Importantly, co-expression of MCT1 with CD147 was associated with low patient's overall survival (p = 0.037). These findings suggest that co-expression of MCT1 with its chaperone CD147 is involved in GISTs aggressiveness, pointing to a contribution of cancer cell metabolic adaptations in GIST development and/or progression.
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Targeting oncogenic serine/threonine-protein kinase BRAF in cancer cells inhibits angiogenesis and abrogates hypoxia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 109:E353-9. [PMID: 22203991 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1105026109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinomas are comprised of transformed epithelial cells that are supported in their growth by a dedicated neovasculature. How the genetic milieu of the epithelial compartment influences tumor angiogenesis is largely unexplored. Drugs targeted to mutant cancer genes may act not only on tumor cells but also, directly or indirectly, on the surrounding stroma. We investigated the role of the BRAF(V600E) oncogene in tumor/vessel crosstalk and analyzed the effect of the BRAF inhibitor PLX4720 on tumor angiogenesis. Knock-in of the BRAF(V600E) allele into the genome of human epithelial cells triggered their angiogenic response. In cancer cells harboring oncogenic BRAF, the inhibitor PLX4720 switches off the ERK pathway and inhibits the expression of proangiogenic molecules. In tumor xenografts harboring the BRAF(V600E), PLX4720 extensively modifies the vascular network causing abrogation of hypoxia. Overall, our results provide a functional link between oncogenic BRAF and angiogenesis. Furthermore, they indicate how the tumor vasculature can be "indirectly" besieged through targeting of a genetic lesion to which the cancer cells are addicted.
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Rodolico V, Arancio W, Amato MC, Aragona F, Cappello F, Di Fede O, Pannone G, Campisi G. Hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha expression is increased in infected positive HPV16 DNA oral squamous cell carcinoma and positively associated with HPV16 E7 oncoprotein. Infect Agent Cancer 2011; 6:18. [PMID: 22032288 PMCID: PMC3213191 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-6-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is increasing evidence for the role of High Risk (HR) Human PapillomaVirus (HPV) in the pathogenesis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). The E6 and E7 oncogenes from HR HPVs are responsible for the deregulation of p53 and pRB proteins involved in cell cycle and apoptotic pathways. In cell lines experiments, the HPV E7 protein seems to be able to enhance Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) activity, normally involved in the response to hypoxia and able to enhance angiogenesis. Results We studied tumor specimens from 62 OSCC; a higher prevalence of tumors in TNM stage II and also in pT2 class between OSCC infected positive HPV16 DNA than non-infected ones was observed. HIF-1α positivity was detected throughout the analysed fields, not associated with areas of necrosis and also observed in cells immediately adjacent to blood vessels. A significant increase in mean values of the HIF-1α labeling indexes was observed for pT1-T2, as well for stage I-II, in the infected positive HPV16 DNA tumors than non-infected ones. HIF-1α and HPV16 E7 labeling indexes showed a significantly positive correlation which suggested a positive association between HPV16 E7 and HIF-1α expression. Conclusions In our specimens HIF-1α immunoreactivity hints for an O2-independent regulatory mechanism in infected positive HPV16 DNA tumors, especially for pT1-T2 and stage I-II tumors, suggesting a very early involvement in the development of HPV-induced OSCC. HIF-1α and HPV16 E7 labeling indexes suggest also a positive association between the two proteins in infected positive HPV16 DNA OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Rodolico
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion, Section of Anatomic Pathology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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Baba K, Ishibashi M, Kaida H, Fujii T, Hiromatsu Y, Kawahara A, Kage M, Hayabuchi N. Relation between (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin thyroid scintigraphy and mitogen-activated protein kinase in papillary thyroid cancer patients. Jpn J Radiol 2011; 29:533-9. [PMID: 21927994 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-011-0592-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin uptake and extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK MAPK) expression in papillary thyroid cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our study population consisted of 14 patients. The histopathological findings for all patients were confirmed by surgery. Patients were administ 740 MBq of (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin. The tumor/background (T/B) ratios in regions of interest (ROIs) were measured at 10 min, 1 h, and 3 h to determine the uptake by papillary cancer. Immunohistopathological staining was performed, and the expression of phospho-ERK MAPK in papillary cancer was investigated. The relation between the expression of phospho-ERK MAPK and the T/B ratio was examined using the Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin uptake was positive in all patients. There was a statistically significant relation between the T/B ratio (at 3 h) and the expression of phospho-ERK MAPK but not with the T/B ratio at 10 min or 1 h: T/B ratio at 10 min (P = 0.32), at 1 h (P = 0.62), and at 3 h (P = 0.0072). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the relation between (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin uptake (3 h T/B ratio) may lead us to assume cell proliferation of papillary cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenkichi Baba
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, PET Center, Department of Radiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.
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Burrows N, Babur M, Resch J, Williams KJ, Brabant G. Hypoxia-inducible factor in thyroid carcinoma. J Thyroid Res 2011; 2011:762905. [PMID: 21765994 PMCID: PMC3134378 DOI: 10.4061/2011/762905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratumoural hypoxia (low oxygen tension) is associated with aggressive disease and poor prognosis. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 is a transcription factor activated by hypoxia that regulates the expression of genes that promote tumour cell survival, progression, metastasis, and resistance to chemo/radiotherapy. In addition to hypoxia, HIF-1 can be activated by growth factor-signalling pathways such as the mitogen-activated protein kinases- (MAPK-) and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinases- (PI3K-) signalling cascades. Mutations in these pathways are common in thyroid carcinoma and lead to enhanced HIF-1 expression and activity. Here, we summarise current data that highlights the potential role of both hypoxia and MAPK/PI3K-induced HIF-1 signalling in thyroid carcinoma progression, metastatic characteristics, and the potential role of HIF-1 in thyroid carcinoma response to radiotherapy. Direct or indirect targeting of HIF-1 using an MAPK or PI3K inhibitor in combination with radiotherapy may be a new potential therapeutic target to improve the therapeutic response of thyroid carcinoma to radiotherapy and reduce metastatic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Burrows
- Hypoxia and Therapeutics Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Abraham T, Schöder H. Thyroid Cancer—Indications and Opportunities for Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Imaging. Semin Nucl Med 2011; 41:121-38. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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