1
|
Holsboer F, Ising M. Precision Psychiatry Approach to Treat Depression and Anxiety Targeting the Stress Hormone System - V1b-antagonists as a Case in Point. PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY 2024. [PMID: 39159843 DOI: 10.1055/a-2372-3549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
The future of depression pharmacotherapy lies in a precision medicine approach that recognizes that depression is a disease where different causalities drive symptoms. That approach calls for a departure from current diagnostic categories, which are broad enough to allow adherence to the "one-size-fits-all" paradigm, which is complementary to the routine use of "broad-spectrum" mono-amine antidepressants. Similar to oncology, narrowing the overinclusive diagnostic window by implementing laboratory tests, which guide specifically targeted treatments, will be a major step forward in overcoming the present drug discovery crisis.A substantial subgroup of patients presents with signs and symptoms of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) overactivity. Therefore, this stress hormone system was considered to offer worthwhile targets. Some promising results emerged, but in sum, the results achieved by targeting corticosteroid receptors were mixed.More specific are non-peptidergic drugs that block stress-responsive neuropeptides, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the brain by antagonizing their cognate CRHR1-and V1b-receptors. If a patient's depressive symptomatology is driven by overactive V1b-signaling then a V1b-receptor antagonist should be first-line treatment. To identify the patient having this V1b-receptor overactivity, a neuroendocrine test, the so-called dex/CRH-test, was developed, which indicates central AVP release but is too complicated to be routinely used. Therefore, this test was transformed into a gene-based "near-patient" test that allows immediate identification if a depressed patient's symptomatology is driven by overactive V1b-receptor signaling. We believe that this precision medicine approach will be the next major innovation in the pharmacotherapy of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Holsboer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- HMNC Holding GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Ising
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Palepu MSK, Gajula SNR, K M, Sonti R, Dandekar MP. SCFAs Supplementation Rescues Anxiety- and Depression-like Phenotypes Generated by Fecal Engraftment of Treatment-Resistant Depression Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1010-1025. [PMID: 38382546 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Alteration of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) coexisted with stress-generated brain disorders, including depression. Herein, we investigated the effect of SCFAs in a treatment-resistant depression (TRD) model of rat. Rats were exposed to chronic-unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and repeated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) injections to generate a TRD-like phenotype. The cecal contents of these animals were engrafted into healthy-recipient rats and allowed to colonize for 4 weeks (TRD-FMT group). Blood, brain, colon, fecal, and cecal samples were collected for molecular studies. Rats exposed to CUMS + ACTH showed TRD-like phenotypes in sucrose-preference (SPT), forced swim (FST), and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests. The TRD-FMT group also exhibited anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Administration of SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate at 67.5, 25, and 40 mM, respectively) for 7 days exerted robust antidepressant and antianxiety effects by restoring the levels of SCFAs in plasma and fecal samples, and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), serotonin, GABA, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the hippocampus and/or frontal cortex of TRD and TRD-FMT animals. SCFAs treatment elevated the expression of free-fatty acid receptors 2/3, BDNF, doublecortin, and zonula-occludens, and reduced the elevated plasma levels of kynurenine and quinolinic acid and increased mucus-producing goblet cells in TRD and TRD-FMT animals. In 16S sequencing results, decreased microbial diversity in TRD rats corresponds with differences in the genus of Faecalibacterium, Anaerostipes, Allobaculum, Blautia, Peptococcus, Rombustia, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002, Solobacterium, Subdolibacterium, and Eubacterium ventriosum. SCFAs may impart beneficial effects via modulation of tryptophan metabolism, inflammation, neurotransmitters, and microbiota-gut-brain axis in TRD rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mani Surya Kumar Palepu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Malleshwari K
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Manoj P Dandekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Duan A, Zhao H, Zhou C. The Effects of a Healthy Lifestyle on Depressive Symptoms in Older Chinese Adults: The Mediating Role of Psychological Resilience. Cureus 2024; 16:e57258. [PMID: 38686246 PMCID: PMC11057559 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to validate the interrelationships and potential pathways of influence between healthy lifestyles, psychological resilience, and depressive symptoms in the Chinese elderly population. Methods We utilized data from the Chinese Elderly Health Influential Factors Tracking Survey 2018 and included 9448 samples for the study after screening according to the qualifying conditions. The interrelationships among healthy lifestyles, psychological resilience and depressive symptoms were analyzed using stepwise regression, and the robustness of mediation effects was assessed using Sobel and Bootstrap test. Results Among Chinese older adults, healthy lifestyles were negatively associated with depressive symptoms (β = -0.310, 95% CI: -0.405, -0.215), positively associated with psychological resilience (β = 0.137, 95% CI:0.071, 0.023), and psychological resilience was negatively associated with depressive symptoms (β = -1.014, 95% CI: -1.037, -0.990). Conclusions Psychological resilience partially mediated the association between healthy lifestyles and depressive symptoms, with the mediating effect accounting for 44.8% of the total effect. Our study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between healthy lifestyles and depressive symptoms in the elderly population and emphasizes the important role of psychological resilience. It is recommended that the government and policymakers improve depressive symptoms among older adults through comprehensive measures such as promoting healthy lifestyles and education, providing psychological support services, and creating a favorable environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Duan
- Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, CHN
| | - Hang Zhao
- Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, CHN
| | - Chunmin Zhou
- Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chonqing, CHN
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bhargava A. Unraveling corticotropin-releasing factor family-orchestrated signaling and function in both sexes. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 123:27-65. [PMID: 37717988 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Stress responses to physical, psychological, environmental, or cellular stressors, has two arms: initiation and recovery. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is primarily responsible for regulating and/or initiating stress responses via, whereas urocortins (UCNs) are involved in the recovery response to stress via feedback inhibition. Stress is a loaded, polysemous word and is experienced in a myriad of ways. Some stressors are good for an individual, in fact essential, whereas other stressors are associated with bad outcomes. Perceived stress, like beauty, lies in the eye of the beholder, and hence the same stressor can result in individual-specific outcomes. In mammals, there are two main biological sexes with reproduction as primary function. Reproduction and nutrition can also be viewed as stressors; based on a body of work from my laboratory, we propose that the functions of all other organs have co-evolved to optimize and facilitate an individual's nutritional and reproductive functions. Hence, sex differences in physiologically relevant outcomes are innate and occur at all levels- molecular, endocrine, immune, and (patho)physiological. CRF and three UCNs are peptide hormones that mediate their physiological effects by binding to two known G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), CRF1 and CRF2. Expression and function of CRF family of hormones and their receptors is likely to be sexually dimorphic in all organs. In this chapter, based on the large body of work from others and my laboratory, an overview of the CRF family with special emphasis on sex-specific actions of peripherally expressed CRF2 receptor in health and disease is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Bhargava
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chang S, Fermani F, Lao CL, Huang L, Jakovcevski M, Di Giaimo R, Gagliardi M, Menegaz D, Hennrich AA, Ziller M, Eder M, Klein R, Cai N, Deussing JM. Tripartite extended amygdala-basal ganglia CRH circuit drives locomotor activation and avoidance behavior. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo1023. [PMID: 36383658 PMCID: PMC9668302 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An adaptive stress response involves various mediators and circuits orchestrating a complex interplay of physiological, emotional, and behavioral adjustments. We identified a population of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the lateral part of the interstitial nucleus of the anterior commissure (IPACL), a subdivision of the extended amygdala, which exclusively innervate the substantia nigra (SN). Specific stimulation of this circuit elicits hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, locomotor activation, and avoidance behavior contingent on CRH receptor type 1 (CRHR1) located at axon terminals in the SN, which originate from external globus pallidus (GPe) neurons. The neuronal activity prompting the observed behavior is shaped by IPACLCRH and GPeCRHR1 neurons coalescing in the SN. These results delineate a previously unidentified tripartite CRH circuit functionally connecting extended amygdala and basal ganglia nuclei to drive locomotor activation and avoidance behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Chang
- Molecular Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Federica Fermani
- Molecules-Signaling-Development, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence (in foundation), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Chu-Lan Lao
- Collaborative Research Centre/Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB) 870, Viral Vector Facility, Munich, Germany
| | - Lianyun Huang
- Translational Genetics, Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mira Jakovcevski
- Molecular Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Rossella Di Giaimo
- Developmental Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples Italy
| | - Miriam Gagliardi
- Genomics of Complex Diseases, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Danusa Menegaz
- Scientific Core Unit Electrophysiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandru Adrian Hennrich
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute Virology, Medical Faculty, and Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Ziller
- Scientific Core Unit Electrophysiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Eder
- Scientific Core Unit Electrophysiology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Klein
- Molecules-Signaling-Development, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence (in foundation), Martinsried, Germany
| | - Na Cai
- Translational Genetics, Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan M. Deussing
- Molecular Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nishiyama M, Iwasaki Y, Makino S. Animal Models of Cushing's Syndrome. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6761324. [PMID: 36240318 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous Cushing's syndrome is characterized by unique clinical features and comorbidities, and progress in the analysis of its genetic pathogenesis has been achieved. Moreover, prescribed glucocorticoids are also associated with exogenous Cushing's syndrome. Several animal models have been established to explore the pathophysiology and develop treatments for Cushing's syndrome. Here, we review recent studies reporting animal models of Cushing's syndrome with different features and complications induced by glucocorticoid excess. Exogenous corticosterone (CORT) administration in drinking water is widely utilized, and we found that CORT pellet implantation in mice successfully leads to a Cushing's phenotype. Corticotropin-releasing hormone overexpression mice and adrenal-specific Prkar1a-deficient mice have been developed, and AtT20 transplantation methods have been designed to examine the medical treatments for adrenocorticotropic hormone-producing pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. We also review recent advances in the molecular pathogenesis of glucocorticoid-induced complications using animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Nishiyama
- Health Care Center, Kochi University, Kochi city, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku city, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Iwasaki
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku city, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka city, Mie 510-0293Japan
| | - Shinya Makino
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku city, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Gyomeikan Hospital, Osaka city, Osaka 554-0012Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Exploring the role of neuropeptides in depression and anxiety. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 114:110478. [PMID: 34801611 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most prevalent forms of mental disorders and is the most common cause of disability in the Western world. Besides, the harmful effects of stress-related mood disorders on the patients themselves, they challenge the health care system with enormous social and economic impacts. Due to the high proportion of patients not responding to existing drugs, finding new treatment strategies has become an important topic in neurobiology, and there is much evidence that neuropeptides are not only involved in the physiology of stress but may also be clinically important. Based on preclinical trial data, new neuropharmaceutical candidates may target neuropeptides and their receptors and are expected to be essential and valuable tools in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In the current article, we have summarized data obtained from animal models of depressive disorder and transgenic mouse models. We also focus on previously published research data of clinical studies on corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), galanin (GAL), neuropeptide Y (NPY), neuropeptide S (NPS), Oxytocin (OXT), vasopressin (VP), cholecystokinin (CCK), and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) stress research fields.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ruat J, Hartmann A, Heinz DE, Nemcova P, Stoffel R, Deussing JM, Chen A, Wotjak CT. CB1 receptors in corticotropin-releasing factor neurons selectively control the acoustic startle response in male mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 20:e12775. [PMID: 34672092 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is an important regulator of the hormonal and behavioral stress responses, which critically involve corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and its receptors. While it has been shown that CRF and the cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor are co-localized in several brain regions, the physiological relevance of this co-expression remains unclear. Using double in situ hybridization, we confirmed co-localization in the piriform cortex, the lateral hypothalamic area, the paraventricular nucleus, and the Barrington's nucleus, albeit at low levels. To study the behavioral and physiological implications of this co-expression, we generated a conditional knockout mouse line that selectively lacks the expression of CB1 receptors in CRF neurons. We found no effects on fear and anxiety-related behaviors under basal conditions nor after a traumatic experience. Additionally, plasma corticosterone levels were unaffected at baseline and after restraint stress. Only acoustic startle responses were significantly enhanced in male, but not female, knockout mice. Taken together, the consequences of depleting CB1 in CRF-positive neurons caused a confined hyperarousal phenotype in a sex-dependent manner. The current results suggest that the important interplay between the central endocannabinoid and CRF systems in regulating the organism's stress response is predominantly taking place at the level of CRF receptor-expressing neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ruat
- Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Research Group Neuronal Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Alice Hartmann
- Research Group Neuronal Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel E Heinz
- Research Group Neuronal Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Max Planck School of Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paulina Nemcova
- Research Group Neuronal Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Stoffel
- Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Research Group Molecular Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Scientific Core Unit Genetically Engineered Mouse Models, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Alon Chen
- Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Carsten T Wotjak
- Research Group Neuronal Plasticity, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Max Planck School of Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Central Nervous System Diseases Research (CNSDR), Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li GW, Li J, Feng XY, Chen H, Chen Y, Liu JH, Zhang Y, Hong F, Zhu JX. Pancreatic acinar cells utilize tyrosine to synthesize L-dihydroxyphenylalanine. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2533-2542. [PMID: 34313482 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211032552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreatic β cells can synthesize dopamine by taking L-dihydroxyphenylalanine, but whether pancreatic acinar cells synthesize dopamine has not been confirmed. By means of immunofluorescence, the tyrosine hydroxylase -immunoreactivity and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC)- immunoreactivity were respectively observed in pancreatic acinar cells and islet β cells. Treatment with L-dihydroxyphenylalanine, not tyrosine, caused the production of dopamine in the incubation of INS-1 cells (rat islet β cell line) and primary isolated islets, which was blocked by AADC inhibitor NSD-1015. However, only L-dihydroxyphenylalanine, but not dopamine, was detected when AR42J cells (rat pancreatic acinar cell line) were treated with tyrosine, which was blocked by tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor AMPT. Dopamine was detected in the coculture of INS-1 cells with AR42J cells after treatment with tyrosine. In an in vivo study, pancreatic juice contained high levels of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine and dopamine. Both L-dihydroxyphenylalanine and dopamine accompanied with pancreatic enzymes and insulin in the pancreatic juice were all significantly increased after intraperitoneal injection of bethanechol chloride and their increases were all blocked by atropine. Inhibiting TH with AMPT blocked bethanechol chloride-induced increases in L-dihydroxyphenylalanine and dopamine, while inhibiting AADC with NSD-1015 only blocked the dopamine increase. Bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy of rats leads to significant decreases of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine and dopamine in pancreatic juice. These results suggested that pancreatic acinar cells could utilize tyrosine to synthesize L-dihydroxyphenylalanine, not dopamine. Islet β cells only used L-dihydroxyphenylalanine, not tyrosine, to synthesize dopamine. Both L-dihydroxyphenylalanine and dopamine were respectively released into the pancreatic duct, which was regulated by the vagal cholinergic pathway. The present study provides important evidences for the source of L-dihydroxyphenylalanine and dopamine in the pancreas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Wen Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing-Hua Liu
- Grade 2017 Clinical Medicine, the Sixth Clinical School of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Feng Hong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.,Department of Physiology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China *These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jin-Xia Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang Y, Hu P, Shan Q, Huang C, Huang Z, Chen P, Li A, Gong H, Zhou JN. Single-cell morphological characterization of CRH neurons throughout the whole mouse brain. BMC Biol 2021; 19:47. [PMID: 33722214 PMCID: PMC7962243 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00973-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is an important neuromodulator that is widely distributed in the brain and plays a key role in mediating stress responses and autonomic functions. While the distribution pattern of fluorescently labeled CRH-expressing neurons has been studied in different transgenic mouse lines, a full appreciation of the broad diversity of this population and local neural connectivity can only come from integration of single-cell morphological information as a defining feature. However, the morphologies of single CRH neurons and the local circuits formed by these neurons have not been acquired at brain-wide and dendritic-scale levels. RESULTS We screened the EYFP-expressing CRH-IRES-Cre;Ai32 mouse line to reveal the morphologies of individual CRH neurons throughout the whole mouse brain by using a fluorescence micro-optical sectioning tomography (fMOST) system. Diverse dendritic morphologies and projection fibers of CRH neurons were found in various brain regions. Follow-up reconstructions showed that hypothalamic CRH neurons had the smallest somatic volumes and simplest dendritic branches and that CRH neurons in several brain regions shared a common bipolar morphology. Further investigations of local CRH neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex unveiled somatic depth-dependent morphologies of CRH neurons that exhibited three types of mutual connections: basal dendrites (upper layer) with apical dendrites (layer 3); dendritic-somatic connections (in layer 2/3); and dendritic-dendritic connections (in layer 4). Moreover, hypothalamic CRH neurons were classified into two types according to their somatic locations and characteristics of dendritic varicosities. Rostral-projecting CRH neurons in the anterior parvicellular area had fewer and smaller dendritic varicosities, whereas CRH neurons in the periventricular area had more and larger varicosities that were present within dendrites projecting to the third ventricle. Arborization-dependent dendritic spines of CRH neurons were detected, among which the most sophisticated types were found in the amygdala and the simplest types were found in the hypothalamus. CONCLUSIONS By using the CRH-IRES-Cre;Ai32 mouse line and fMOST imaging, we obtained region-specific morphological distributions of CRH neurons at the dendrite level in the whole mouse brain. Taken together, our findings provide comprehensive brain-wide morphological information of stress-related CRH neurons and may facilitate further studies of the CRH neuronal system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Pu Hu
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qinghong Shan
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chuan Huang
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Zhaohuan Huang
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Anan Li
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Jiang-Ning Zhou
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China. .,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Stress system dysfunction is a typical characteristic of acute depression and other mood disorders. The exact pattern of factors predisposing for stress-related mental disorders is yet to be unraveled. However, corticosteroid receptor function plays an important role for appropriate or dysfunctional neuroendocrine responses to stress exposure and hence in resilience or risk for the development and course of both, depression and anxiety disorders. Solid neuroscience data strongly support that both neuropeptides, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin (AVP), are central in coordinating humoral and behavioral adaptation to stress. Other neuropeptides, including oxytocin, neuropeptide S, neuropeptide Y, and orexin, are also considered important contributors. Attempts to turn neuropeptide biology into treatments for stress-related disorders need to consider that neuropeptide receptors are specific drug targets for certain patient populations rather than universal targets for all patients, like biogenic amine systems. That is why most negative clinical trials testing neuropeptide receptor antagonists have been in fact failed trials by design, because no companion tests were used to identify which patients with depression are most likely to benefit from a specific neuropeptide receptor-targeting drug treatment. Therefore, the most important future research task is discovery and development of appropriate companion tests that will allow the successful transfer of the precious treasure of neuropeptide system-targeting drugs into clinics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Ising
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Prajapati SK, Krishnamurthy S. Non-selective orexin-receptor antagonist attenuates stress-re-stress-induced core PTSD-like symptoms in rats: Behavioural and neurochemical analyses. Behav Brain Res 2020; 399:113015. [PMID: 33212086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychological disorder affecting many around the world. Growing evidence suggests that orexin-A is involved in the pathophysiology of depression and panic anxiety disorder. However, the role of orexin-A in PTSD remains unclear. Therefore, pharmacological manipulation of orexin-A can be a potential approach for the treatment of PTSD. Male Wistar rats were subjected to stress re-stress (SRS) by restraining them for 2 h followed by foot shock (FS) and halothane exposure on day-2 (D-2). Then the rats were weekly exposed to FS as re-stress cue . Suvorexant, an orexin antagonist (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg p.o.) and paroxetine (10 mg/kg p.o.) were administered from D-8 to D-32. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were collected for corticosterone and orexin-A measurement. The analysis of serotonin and corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF-R1) were performed in the amygdalar tissue. SRS-induced PTSD-like symptoms like fear response, anxiety-like behaviour and hypocorticosteronism were attenuated by suvorexant and paroxetine. Interestingly, SRS exposed rats showed activation of orexin-A and serotonergic systems, which were also attenuated by suvorexant. Additionally, suvorexant ameliorated the extrahypothalamic induced upregulation of CRH-R1 in SRS-exposed rats. Therefore, orexin-A may be considered as a neurochemical-marker for PTSD and suvorexant alleviated PTSD-like symptoms through modulating orexinergic, serotonergic and neuroendocrine systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Prajapati
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi- 221 005, U.P., India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi- 221 005, U.P., India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Deslauriers J, Toth M, Scadeng M, McKenna BS, Bussell R, Gresack J, Rissman R, Risbrough VB, Brown GG. DTI-identified microstructural changes in the gray matter of mice overexpressing CRF in the forebrain. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2020; 304:111137. [PMID: 32731113 PMCID: PMC7508966 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Increased corticotroping releasing factor (CRF) contributes to brain circuit abnormalities associated with stress-related disorders including posttraumatic stress disorder. However, the causal relationship between CRF hypersignaling and circuit abnormalities associated with stress disorders is unclear. We hypothesized that increased CRF exposure induces changes in limbic circuit morphology and functions. An inducible, forebrain-specific overexpression of CRF (CRFOE) transgenic mouse line was used to longitudinally investigate its chronic effects on behaviors and microstructural integrity of several brain regions. Behavioral and diffusion tensor imaging studies were performed before treatment, after 3-4 wks of treatment, and again 3 mo after treatment ended to assess recovery. CRFOE was associated with increased perseverative movements only after 3 wks of treatment, as well as reduced fractional anisotropy at 3 wks in the medial prefrontal cortex and increased fractional anisotropy in the ventral hippocampus at 3 mo compared to the control group. In the dorsal hippocampus, mean diffusivity was lower in CRFOE mice both during and after treatment ended. Our data suggest differential response and recovery patterns of cortical and hippocampal subregions in response to CRFOE. Overall these findings support a causal relationship between CRF hypersignaling and microstructural changes in brain regions relevant to stress disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Deslauriers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Veterans Affairs Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, La Jolla, CA; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Mate Toth
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Veterans Affairs Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, La Jolla, CA; Department of Translational Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miriam Scadeng
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin S McKenna
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Veterans Affairs Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, La Jolla, CA
| | - Robert Bussell
- Department of Translational Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Robert Rissman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Victoria B Risbrough
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Veterans Affairs Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, La Jolla, CA
| | - Gregory G Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Repouskou A, Papadopoulou AK, Panagiotidou E, Trichas P, Lindh C, Bergman Å, Gennings C, Bornehag CG, Rüegg J, Kitraki E, Stamatakis A. Long term transcriptional and behavioral effects in mice developmentally exposed to a mixture of endocrine disruptors associated with delayed human neurodevelopment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9367. [PMID: 32518293 PMCID: PMC7283331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66379-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that gestational exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may interfere with normal brain development and predispose for later dysfunctions. The current study focuses on the exposure impact of mixtures of EDCs that better mimics the real-life situation. We herein describe a mixture of phthalates, pesticides and bisphenol A (mixture N1) detected in pregnant women of the SELMA cohort and associated with language delay in their children. To study the long-term impact of developmental exposure to N1 on brain physiology and behavior we administered this mixture to mice throughout gestation at doses 0×, 0.5×, 10×, 100× and 500× the geometric mean of SELMA mothers' concentrations, and examined their offspring in adulthood. Mixture N1 exposure increased active coping during swimming stress in both sexes, increased locomotion and reduced social interaction in male progeny. The expression of corticosterone receptors, their regulator Fkbp5, corticotropin releasing hormone and its receptor, oxytocin and its receptor, estrogen receptor beta, serotonin receptors (Htr1a, Htr2a) and glutamate receptor subunit Grin2b, were modified in the limbic system of adult animals, in a region-specific, sexually-dimorphic and experience-dependent manner. Principal component analysis revealed gene clusters associated with the observed behavioral responses, mostly related to the stress axis. This integration of epidemiology-based data with an experimental model increases the evidence that prenatal exposure to EDC mixtures impacts later life brain functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Repouskou
- Basic Sciences lab, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia-Konstantina Papadopoulou
- Basic Sciences lab, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece.,Biology-Biochemistry lab, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, NKUA, Athens, Greece
| | - Emily Panagiotidou
- Basic Sciences lab, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece.,Biology-Biochemistry lab, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, NKUA, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Trichas
- Biology-Biochemistry lab, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, NKUA, Athens, Greece
| | - Christian Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Åke Bergman
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chris Gennings
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carl-Gustaf Bornehag
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Joëlle Rüegg
- Uppsala University, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Department of Organismal Biology 18 A, Norbyvägen, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Efthymia Kitraki
- Basic Sciences lab, Faculty of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece.
| | - Antonios Stamatakis
- Biology-Biochemistry lab, Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, NKUA, Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Family: A Stress Hormone-Receptor System's Emerging Role in Mediating Sex-Specific Signaling. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040839. [PMID: 32244319 PMCID: PMC7226788 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
No organ in the body is impervious to the effects of stress, and a coordinated response from all organs is essential to deal with stressors. A dysregulated stress response that fails to bring systems back to homeostasis leads to compromised function and ultimately a diseased state. The components of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family, an ancient and evolutionarily conserved stress hormone-receptor system, helps both initiate stress responses and bring systems back to homeostasis once the stressors are removed. The mammalian CRF family comprises of four known agonists, CRF and urocortins (UCN1–3), and two known G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), CRF1 and CRF2. Evolutionarily, precursors of CRF- and urocortin-like peptides and their receptors were involved in osmoregulation/diuretic functions, in addition to nutrient sensing. Both CRF and UCN1 peptide hormones as well as their receptors appeared after a duplication event nearly 400 million years ago. All four agonists and both CRF receptors show sex-specific changes in expression and/or function, and single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with a plethora of human diseases. CRF receptors harbor N-terminal cleavable peptide sequences, conferring biased ligand properties. CRF receptors have the ability to heteromerize with each other as well as with other GPCRs. Taken together, CRF receptors and their agonists due to their versatile functional adaptability mediate nuanced responses and are uniquely positioned to orchestrate sex-specific signaling and function in several tissues.
Collapse
|
16
|
Planchez B, Surget A, Belzung C. Animal models of major depression: drawbacks and challenges. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:1383-1408. [PMID: 31584111 PMCID: PMC6815270 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is a leading contributor to the global burden of disease. This situation is mainly related to the chronicity and/or recurrence of the disorder, and to poor response to antidepressant therapy. Progress in this area requires valid animal models. Current models are based either on manipulating the environment to which rodents are exposed (during the developmental period or adulthood) or biological underpinnings (i.e. gene deletion or overexpression of candidate genes, targeted lesions of brain areas, optogenetic control of specific neuronal populations, etc.). These manipulations can alter specific behavioural and biological outcomes that can be related to different symptomatic and pathophysiological dimensions of major depression. However, animal models of major depression display substantial shortcomings that contribute to the lack of innovative pharmacological approaches in recent decades and which hamper our capabilities to investigate treatment-resistant depression. Here, we discuss the validity of these models, review putative models of treatment-resistant depression, major depression subtypes and recurrent depression. Furthermore, we identify future challenges regarding new paradigms such as those proposing dimensional rather than categorical approaches to depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Catherine Belzung
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France.
- UMR 1253, iBrain, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dedic N, Kühne C, Gomes KS, Hartmann J, Ressler KJ, Schmidt MV, Deussing JM. Deletion of CRH From GABAergic Forebrain Neurons Promotes Stress Resilience and Dampens Stress-Induced Changes in Neuronal Activity. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:986. [PMID: 31619956 PMCID: PMC6763571 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) system has been implicated in stress-related psychopathologies such as depression and anxiety. Although most studies have linked CRH/CRH receptor 1 signaling to aversive, stress-like behavior, recent work has revealed a crucial role for distinct CRH circuits in maintaining positive emotional valence and appetitive responses under baseline conditions. Here we addressed whether deletion of CRH, specifically from GABAergic forebrain neurons (Crh CKO-GABA mice) differentially affects general behavior under baseline and chronic stress conditions. Expression mapping in Crh CK O-GABA mice revealed absence of Crh in GABAergic neurons of the cortex and limbic regions including the hippocampus, central nucleus of the amygdala and the bed nucleus of the stria terminals, but not in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus. Consequently, conditional CRH knockout animals exhibited no alterations in circadian and stress-induced corticosterone release compared to controls. Under baseline conditions, absence of Crh from forebrain GABAergic neurons resulted in social interaction deficits but had no effect on other behavioral measures including locomotion, anxiety, immobility in the forced swim test, acoustic startle response and fear conditioning. Interestingly, following exposure to chronic social defeat stress, Crh CKO-GABA mice displayed a resilient phenotype, which was accompanied by a dampened, stress-induced expression of immediate early genes c-fos and zif268 in several brain regions. Collectively our data reveals the requirement of GABAergic CRH circuits in maintaining appropriate social behavior in naïve animals and further supports the ability of CRH to promote divergent behavioral states under baseline and severe stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dedic
- Molecular Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Claudia Kühne
- Molecular Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Karina S Gomes
- Molecular Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Paulista State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Jakob Hartmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.,Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Mathias V Schmidt
- Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Molecular Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jiang Y, Peng T, Gaur U, Silva M, Little P, Chen Z, Qiu W, Zhang Y, Zheng W. Role of Corticotropin Releasing Factor in the Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Depression: Examination of Current Pharmaceutical and Herbal Therapies. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:290. [PMID: 31312123 PMCID: PMC6614517 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 3% of the world population suffers from depression, which is one of the most common form of mental disorder. Recent findings suggest that an interaction between the nervous system and immune system might be behind the pathophysiology of various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including depression. Neuropeptides have been shown to play a major role in mediating response to stress and inducing immune activation or suppression. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is a major regulator of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis response. CRF is a stress-related neuropeptide whose dysregulation has been associated with depression. In this review, we summarized the role of CRF in the neuroimmune mechanisms of depression, and the potential therapeutic effects of Chinese herbal medicines (CHM) as well as other agents. Studying the network of CRF and immune responses will help to enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of depression. Additionally, targeting this important network may aid in developing novel treatments for this debilitating psychiatric disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Jiang
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tangming Peng
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Uma Gaur
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Marta Silva
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Peter Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yandong Zhang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zelikowsky M, Hui M, Karigo T, Choe A, Yang B, Blanco MR, Beadle K, Gradinaru V, Deverman BE, Anderson DJ. The Neuropeptide Tac2 Controls a Distributed Brain State Induced by Chronic Social Isolation Stress. Cell 2019; 173:1265-1279.e19. [PMID: 29775595 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic social isolation causes severe psychological effects in humans, but their neural bases remain poorly understood. 2 weeks (but not 24 hr) of social isolation stress (SIS) caused multiple behavioral changes in mice and induced brain-wide upregulation of the neuropeptide tachykinin 2 (Tac2)/neurokinin B (NkB). Systemic administration of an Nk3R antagonist prevented virtually all of the behavioral effects of chronic SIS. Conversely, enhancing NkB expression and release phenocopied SIS in group-housed mice, promoting aggression and converting stimulus-locked defensive behaviors to persistent responses. Multiplexed analysis of Tac2/NkB function in multiple brain areas revealed dissociable, region-specific requirements for both the peptide and its receptor in different SIS-induced behavioral changes. Thus, Tac2 coordinates a pleiotropic brain state caused by SIS via a distributed mode of action. These data reveal the profound effects of prolonged social isolation on brain chemistry and function and suggest potential new therapeutic applications for Nk3R antagonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moriel Zelikowsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - May Hui
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Tomomi Karigo
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Andrea Choe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Bin Yang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Mario R Blanco
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Keith Beadle
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Benjamin E Deverman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - David J Anderson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dedic N, Chen A, Deussing JM. The CRF Family of Neuropeptides and their Receptors - Mediators of the Central Stress Response. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2018; 11:4-31. [PMID: 28260504 PMCID: PMC5930453 DOI: 10.2174/1874467210666170302104053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Dysregulated stress neurocircuits, caused by genetic and/or environmental changes, underlie the development of many neuropsychiatric disorders. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is the major physiological activator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and conse-quently a primary regulator of the mammalian stress response. Together with its three family members, urocortins (UCNs) 1, 2, and 3, CRF integrates the neuroendocrine, autonomic, metabolic and behavioral responses to stress by activating its cognate receptors CRFR1 and CRFR2. Objective: Here we review the past and current state of the CRF/CRFR field, ranging from pharmacologi-cal studies to genetic mouse models and virus-mediated manipulations. Results: Although it is well established that CRF/CRFR1 signaling mediates aversive responses, includ-ing anxiety and depression-like behaviors, a number of recent studies have challenged this viewpoint by revealing anxiolytic and appetitive properties of specific CRF/CRFR1 circuits. In contrast, the UCN/CRFR2 system is less well understood and may possibly also exert divergent functions on physiol-ogy and behavior depending on the brain region, underlying circuit, and/or experienced stress conditions. Conclusion: A plethora of available genetic tools, including conventional and conditional mouse mutants targeting CRF system components, has greatly advanced our understanding about the endogenous mecha-nisms underlying HPA system regulation and CRF/UCN-related neuronal circuits involved in stress-related behaviors. Yet, the detailed pathways and molecular mechanisms by which the CRF/UCN-system translates negative or positive stimuli into the final, integrated biological response are not completely un-derstood. The utilization of future complementary methodologies, such as cell-type specific Cre-driver lines, viral and optogenetic tools will help to further dissect the function of genetically defined CRF/UCN neurocircuits in the context of adaptive and maladaptive stress responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dedic
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr, 2-10, 80804 Munich. Germany
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr, 2-10, 80804 Munich. Germany
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr, 2-10, 80804 Munich. Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Deussing JM, Chen A. The Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Family: Physiology of the Stress Response. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:2225-2286. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00042.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological stress response is responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis in the presence of real or perceived challenges. In this function, the brain activates adaptive responses that involve numerous neural circuits and effector molecules to adapt to the current and future demands. A maladaptive stress response has been linked to the etiology of a variety of disorders, such as anxiety and mood disorders, eating disorders, and the metabolic syndrome. The neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and its relatives, the urocortins 1–3, in concert with their receptors (CRFR1, CRFR2), have emerged as central components of the physiological stress response. This central peptidergic system impinges on a broad spectrum of physiological processes that are the basis for successful adaptation and concomitantly integrate autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral stress responses. This review focuses on the physiology of CRF-related peptides and their cognate receptors with the aim of providing a comprehensive up-to-date overview of the field. We describe the major molecular features covering aspects of gene expression and regulation, structural properties, and molecular interactions, as well as mechanisms of signal transduction and their surveillance. In addition, we discuss the large body of published experimental studies focusing on state-of-the-art genetic approaches with high temporal and spatial precision, which collectively aimed to dissect the contribution of CRF-related ligands and receptors to different levels of the stress response. We discuss the controversies in the field and unravel knowledge gaps that might pave the way for future research directions and open up novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan M. Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; and Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; and Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mitchell NC, Gilman TL, Daws LC, Toney GM. High salt intake enhances swim stress-induced PVN vasopressin cell activation and active stress coping. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 93:29-38. [PMID: 29684712 PMCID: PMC6269109 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Stress contributes to many psychiatric disorders; however, responsivity to stressors can vary depending on previous or current stress exposure. Relatively innocuous heterotypic (differing in type) stressors can summate to result in exaggerated neuronal and behavioral responses. Here we investigated the ability of prior high dietary sodium chloride (salt) intake, a dehydrating osmotic stressor, to enhance neuronal and behavioral responses of mice to an acute psychogenic swim stress (SS). Further, we evaluated the contribution of the osmo-regulatory stress-related neuropeptide arginine vasopressin (VP) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), one of only a few brain regions that synthesize VP. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of high dietary salt intake on responsivity to heterotypic stress and the potential contribution of VPergic-mediated neuronal activity on high salt-induced stress modulation, thereby providing insight into how dietary (homeostatic) and environmental (psychogenic) stressors might interact to facilitate psychiatric disorder vulnerability. APPROACH Salt loading (SL) with 4% saline for 7 days was used to dehydrate and osmotically stress mice prior to exposure to an acute SS. Fluid intake and hematological measurements were taken to quantify osmotic dehydration, and serum corticosterone levels were measured to index stress axis activation. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to stain for the immediate early gene product c-Fos to quantify effects of SL on SS-induced activation of neurons in the PVN and extended amygdala - brain regions that are synaptically connected and implicated in responding to osmotic stress and in modulation of SS behavior, respectively. Lastly, the role of VPergic PVN neurons and VP type 1 receptor (V1R) activity in the amygdala in mediating effects of SL on SS behavior was evaluated by quantifying c-Fos activation of VPergic PVN neurons and, in functional experiments, by nano-injecting the V1R selective antagonist dGly[Phaa1,d-tyr(et), Lys, Arg]-VP bilaterally into the amygdala prior to the SS. FINDINGS SL increased serum osmolality (P < 0.01), which positively correlated with time spent mobile during, and time spent grooming after a SS (P < 0.01, P < 0.01), and SL increased serum corticosterone levels (P < 0.01). SL alone increased c-Fos immunoreactivity among PVN neurons (P = .02), including VP positive neurons (P < 0.01). SL increased SS-induced c-Fos activation of PVN neurons as well (P < 0.01). In addition, SL and SS each increased the total number of PVN neurons that were immunoreactive for VP (P < 0.01). An enhancing effect of SL and SS was observed on c-Fos positive cell counts in the central (P = .02) and basolateral (P < 0.01) nuclei of the amygdala and bilateral nano-injections of V1R antagonist into the amygdala reduced time spent mobile both in salt loaded and control mice during SS (P < 0.05, P < 0.05). SUMMARY Taken together, these data indicate that neuronal and behavioral responsivity to an acute psychogenic stressor is potentiated by prior exposure to high salt intake. This synergistic effect was associated with activation of PVN VP neurons and depended, in part, on activity of V1 receptors in the amygdala. Findings provide novel insight into neural mechanisms whereby prior exposure to a homeostatic stressor such as osmotic dehydration by excessive salt intake increases responsivity to a perceived stress. These experiments show that high dietary salt can influence stress responsivity and raise the possibility that excessive salt intake could be a contributing factor in the development of stress-related psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- NC Mitchell
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - TL Gilman
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - LC Daws
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Addiction Research, Treatment & Training Center of Excellence, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - GM Toney
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA,Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Eudave DM, BeLow MN, Flandreau EI. Effects of high fat or high sucrose diet on behavioral-response to social defeat stress in mice. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 9:1-8. [PMID: 30003122 PMCID: PMC6041201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress increases risk for psychopathology, and diet may moderate the impact of stress on mental health. A “Western” diet has been linked to psychopathology in humans; animal studies also show that diet can influence negative valence behavior in the presence or absence of stress, but findings are inconsistent. Contradictions in existing studies may result from differences in macronutrient content of diets and presence of metabolic syndrome. The present study exposed mice to 10 days of high fat or high sucrose diet concurrent with social defeat stress exposure and examined negative valence behavior at acute (<five days) and long-term (>30 days) time points after stress/diet exposure. Predictably, stress increased negative valence behavior in the social interaction, open field, elevated zero maze, and tail suspension tests at the acute time point. While most stress-induced behaviors normalized after the 30-day recovery period, social avoidance was still highly significant for stress-exposed mice, supporting the hypothesis that avoidance of a trauma-related cue persists beyond non-specific anxiety-like behaviors. Supporting the hypothesis that an unhealthy diet contributes to psychopathology, non-stressed mice fed high fat or high sucrose diets spent less time exploring the center of the open field. This effect was no longer present after a 30-day recovery. Intriguingly, mice previously fed either high fat or high sucrose diets exhibited increased rearing behavior in the elevated zero maze 30 days post stress and diet exposure. This finding could be evidence that short-term diet administration can initiate a long-term increase in risk-assessment behavior. Social stress increased negative valence in short-term behavioral tests. Social avoidance persisted for stress exposed mice thirty days post stress exposure. Unhealthy diet decreased exploration in the center of the open field. Non-stress, control diet mice had the least anxiety-like behavior in open field. Unhealthy diets increased rearing behavior 30 days post stress exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deseree M Eudave
- Grand Valley State University, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI 49401, United States
| | - McKenna N BeLow
- Grand Valley State University, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI 49401, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gong Q, Su YA, Wu C, Si TM, Deussing JM, Schmidt MV, Wang XD. Chronic Stress Reduces Nectin-1 mRNA Levels and Disrupts Dendritic Spine Plasticity in the Adult Mouse Perirhinal Cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:67. [PMID: 29593501 PMCID: PMC5859075 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In adulthood, chronic exposure to stressful experiences disrupts synaptic plasticity and cognitive function. Previous studies have shown that perirhinal cortex-dependent object recognition memory is impaired by chronic stress. However, the stress effects on molecular expression and structural plasticity in the perirhinal cortex remain unclear. In this study, we applied the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) paradigm and measured the mRNA levels of nectin-1, nectin-3 and neurexin-1, three synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) implicated in the adverse stress effects, in the perirhinal cortex of wild-type (WT) and conditional forebrain corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 conditional knockout (CRHR1-CKO) mice. Chronic stress reduced perirhinal nectin-1 mRNA levels in WT but not CRHR1-CKO mice. In conditional forebrain corticotropin-releasing hormone conditional overexpression (CRH-COE) mice, perirhinal nectin-1 mRNA levels were also reduced, indicating that chronic stress modulates nectin-1 expression through the CRH-CRHR1 system. Moreover, chronic stress altered dendritic spine morphology in the main apical dendrites and reduced spine density in the oblique apical dendrites of perirhinal layer V pyramidal neurons. Our data suggest that chronic stress disrupts cell adhesion and dendritic spine plasticity in perirhinal neurons, which may contribute to stress-induced impairments of perirhinal cortex-dependent memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Gong
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Ai Su
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Mei Si
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (MPG), Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias V Schmidt
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (MPG), Munich, Germany
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dadomo H, Gioiosa L, Cigalotti J, Ceresini G, Parmigiani S, Palanza P. What is stressful for females? Differential effects of unpredictable environmental or social stress in CD1 female mice. Horm Behav 2018; 98:22-32. [PMID: 29187314 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Stressful life events are a major factor in the etiology of several diseases, such as cardiovascular, inflammatory and psychiatric disorders (i.e., depression and anxiety), with the two sexes greatly differing in vulnerability. In humans and other animals, physiological and behavioral responses to stress are strongly dependent on gender, and conditions that are stressful for males are not necessarily stressful for females. Hence the need of an animal model of social chronic stress specifically designed for females. In the present study we aimed to compare the effects of two different chronic stress procedures in female mice, by investigating the impact of 4weeks of nonsocial unpredictable, physical stress by the Chronic Mild Stress paradigm (CMS; Exp.1) or of Social Instability Stress (SIS; Exp.2) on physiological, endocrine and behavioral parameters in adult female mice. CMS had a pronounced effect on females' response to novelty (i.e., either novel environment or novel social stimulus), body weight growth and hormonal profile. Conversely, 4weeks of social instability did not alter females' response to novelty nor hormonal levels but induced anhedonia. Our findings thus showed that female mice were more sensitive to nonsocial stress due to unpredictable physical environment than to social instability stressors. Neither of these stress paradigms, however, induced a consistent behavioral and physiological stress response in female mice comparable to that induced by chronic stress procedures in male mice, thus confirming the difficulties of developing a robust and validated model of chronic psychosocial stress in female mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harold Dadomo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Gioiosa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Jenny Cigalotti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Graziano Ceresini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Parmigiani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainaibility, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Palanza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sadler KE, McQuaid NA, Cox AC, Behun MN, Trouten AM, Kolber BJ. Divergent functions of the left and right central amygdala in visceral nociception. Pain 2017; 158:747-759. [PMID: 28225716 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The left and right central amygdalae (CeA) are limbic regions involved in somatic and visceral pain processing. These 2 nuclei are asymmetrically involved in somatic pain modulation; pain-like responses on both sides of the body are preferentially driven by the right CeA, and in a reciprocal fashion, nociceptive somatic stimuli on both sides of the body predominantly alter molecular and physiological activities in the right CeA. Unknown, however, is whether this lateralization also exists in visceral pain processing and furthermore what function the left CeA has in modulating nociceptive information. Using urinary bladder distension (UBD) and excitatory optogenetics, a pronociceptive function of the right CeA was demonstrated in mice. Channelrhodopsin-2-mediated activation of the right CeA increased visceromotor responses (VMRs), while activation of the left CeA had no effect. Similarly, UBD-evoked VMRs increased after unilateral infusion of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in the right CeA. To determine intrinsic left CeA involvement in bladder pain modulation, this region was optogenetically silenced during noxious UBD. Halorhodopsin (NpHR)-mediated inhibition of the left CeA increased VMRs, suggesting an ongoing antinociceptive function for this region. Finally, divergent left and right CeA functions were evaluated during abdominal mechanosensory testing. In naive animals, channelrhodopsin-2-mediated activation of the right CeA induced mechanical allodynia, and after cyclophosphamide-induced bladder sensitization, activation of the left CeA reversed referred bladder pain-like behaviors. Overall, these data provide evidence for functional brain lateralization in the absence of peripheral anatomical asymmetries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn E Sadler
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chronic Pain Research Consortium, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Glutamatergic stimulation of the left dentate gyrus abolishes depressive-like behaviors in a rat learned helplessness paradigm. Neuroimage 2017; 159:207-213. [PMID: 28025131 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Episodic experiences of stress have been identified as the leading cause of major depressive disorder (MDD). The occurrence of MDD is profoundly influenced by the individual's coping strategy, rather than the severity of the stress itself. Resting brain activity has been shown to alter in several mental disorders. However, the functional relationship between resting brain activity and coping strategies has not yet been studied. In the present study, we observed different patterns of resting brain activity in rats that had determined either positive (resilient to stress) or negative (vulnerable to stress) coping strategies, and examined whether modulation of the preset resting brain activity could influence the behavioral phenotype associated with negative coping strategy (i.e., depressive-like behaviors). METHODS We used a learned helplessness paradigm-a well-established model of MDD-to detect coping strategies. Differences in resting state brain activity between animals with positive and negative coping strategies were assessed using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). Glutamatergic stimulation was used to modulate resting brain activity. RESULTS After exposure to repeated uncontrollable stress, seven of 23 rats exhibited positive coping strategies, while eight of 23 rats exhibited negative coping strategies. Increased resting brain activity was observed only in the left ventral dentate gyrus of the positive coping rats using FDG-PET. Furthermore, glutamatergic stimulation of the left dentate gyrus abolished depressive-like behaviors in rats with negative coping strategies. CONCLUSION Increased resting brain activity in the left ventral dentate gyrus helps animals to select positive coping strategies in response to future stress.
Collapse
|
28
|
Valentino RJ, Bangasser DA. Sex-biased cellular signaling: molecular basis for sex differences in neuropsychiatric diseases. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 28179810 PMCID: PMC5286724 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2016.18.4/rvalentino] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The recognition that there are fundamental biological sex differences that extend beyond those that define sexual behavior and reproductive function has inspired the drive toward inclusion of both sexes in research design. This is supported by an underlying clinical rationale that studying both sexes is necessary to elucidate pathophysiology and develop treatments for the entire population. However, at a more basic level, sex differences, like genetic differences, can be exploited to better understand biology. Here, we discuss how sex differences at the molecular level of cell signaling and protein trafficking are amplified to create a state of vulnerability that under the right conditions can result in symptoms of neuropsychiatry disease. Although this dialogue focuses on the specific example of corticotropin-releasing factor, the potential for analogous sex differences in signaling and/or trafficking of receptors for other neuromodulators has broad biological and therapeutic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita J Valentino
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Debra A Bangasser
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Labaka A, Gómez-Lázaro E, Vegas O, Pérez-Tejada J, Arregi A, Garmendia L. Reduced hippocampal IL-10 expression, altered monoaminergic activity and anxiety and depressive-like behavior in female mice subjected to chronic social instability stress. Behav Brain Res 2017; 335:8-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
30
|
Kent M, Bardi M, Hazelgrove A, Sewell K, Kirk E, Thompson B, Trexler K, Terhune-Cotter B, Lambert K. Profiling coping strategies in male and female rats: Potential neurobehavioral markers of increased resilience to depressive symptoms. Horm Behav 2017; 95:33-43. [PMID: 28755980 PMCID: PMC5846107 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coping strategies have been associated with differential stress responsivity, perhaps providing a valuable neurobiological marker for susceptibility to the emergence of depressogenic symptoms or vulnerability to other anxiety-related disorders. Rats profiled with a flexible coping phenotype, for example, exhibit increased neurobiological markers of emotional regulation compared to active and passive copers (Bardi et al., 2012; Lambert et al., 2014). In the current study, responses of male and female rats to prediction errors in a spatial foraging task (dry land maze; DLM) were examined after animals were exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Brains were processed following the DLM training/assessment for fos-activation patterns and several measures of neuroplasticity in relevant areas. Behavioral responses observed during both the CUS and DLM phases of testing suggested that males and females employ different means of gathering information such as increased ambulatory exploration in males and rear responses in females. Fecal samples collected during baseline and following CUS swim exposure revealed higher corticosterone (CORT) in active copers, whereas flexible copers had higher dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA/CORT ratios, both indications of enhanced emotional regulation. Focusing on the neural analysis, flexible copers exhibited fewer fos-immunoreactive cells in the basolateral amygdala and a trend toward lower activation in the insula while encountering the prediction error associated with the DLM probe trial. Coping profiles also differentially influenced markers of neuroplasticity; specifically, flexible copers exhibited higher levels nestin-immunoreactivity (ir). Further, less hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor-ir was observed in the flexible copers than the active and passive copers. In sum, flexible coping rats exhibited evidence of emotional resilience as indicated by several neurobiological measures; however, despite increased rates of depression and related symptoms reported in human females, sex effects weren't as pervasive as coping strategy profiles in the analysis of neurobiological markers employed in the current study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly Kent
- Department of Psychology, Gottwald Science Center B-326, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, United States
| | - Massimo Bardi
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005, United States
| | - Ashley Hazelgrove
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Sewell
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005, United States
| | - Emily Kirk
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005, United States
| | - Brooke Thompson
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005, United States
| | - Kristen Trexler
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005, United States
| | - Brennan Terhune-Cotter
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA 23005, United States
| | - Kelly Lambert
- Department of Psychology, Gottwald Science Center B-326, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Faraji J, Soltanpour N, Lotfi H, Moeeini R, Moharreri AR, Roudaki S, Hosseini SA, Olson DM, Abdollahi AA, Soltanpour N, Mohajerani MH, Metz GAS. Lack of Social Support Raises Stress Vulnerability in Rats with a History of Ancestral Stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5277. [PMID: 28706188 PMCID: PMC5509705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05440-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is a primary risk factor for psychiatric disorders. However, it is not fully understood why some stressed individuals are more vulnerable to psychiatric disorders than others. Here, we investigated whether multigenerational ancestral stress produces phenotypes that are sensitive to depression-like symptoms in rats. We also examined whether social isolation reveals potentially latent sensitivity to depression-like behaviours. F4 female rats born to a lineage of stressed mothers (F0-F3) received stress in adulthood while housed in pairs or alone. Social isolation during stress induced cognitive and psychomotor retardation only in rats exposed to ancestral stress. Social isolation also hampered the resilience of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to chronic stress and reduced hippocampal volume and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. Thus, synergy between social isolation and stress may unmask a latent history of ancestral stress, and raises vulnerability to mental health conditions. The findings support the notion that social support critically promotes stress coping and resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Faraji
- Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Gorgan, I. R. of Iran.
- University of Lethbridge, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Lethbridge, Canada.
| | - Nabiollah Soltanpour
- Babol University of Medical Sciences, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Babol, I. R. of Iran
| | - Hamid Lotfi
- Islamic Azad University, Department of Psychology, Tonekabon Branch, Tonekabon, I. R. of Iran
| | - Reza Moeeini
- Avicenna Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Behavioural Studies, Yazd, I. R. of Iran
| | - Ali-Reza Moharreri
- Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Gorgan, I. R. of Iran
| | - Shabnam Roudaki
- Avicenna Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Behavioural Studies, Yazd, I. R. of Iran
| | - S Abedin Hosseini
- Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Gorgan, I. R. of Iran
| | - David M Olson
- University of Alberta, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ali-Akbar Abdollahi
- Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Gorgan, I. R. of Iran
| | - Nasrin Soltanpour
- University of Lethbridge, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Majid H Mohajerani
- University of Lethbridge, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Gerlinde A S Metz
- University of Lethbridge, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Lethbridge, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
There is an urgent need for more effective medications to treat major depressive disorder, as fewer than half of depressed patients achieve full remission and many are not responsive with currently available antidepressant medications or psychotherapy. It is known that prolonged stressful events are an important risk factor for major depressive disorder. However, there are prominent individual variations in response to stress: a relatively small proportion of people (10-20%) experiencing prolonged stress develop stress-related psychiatric disorders, including depression (susceptibility to stress), whereas most stress-exposed individuals maintain normal psychological functioning (resilience to stress). There have been growing efforts to investigate the neural basis of susceptibility versus resilience to depression. An accumulating body of evidence is revealing the genetic, epigenetic, and neurophysiological mechanisms that underlie stress susceptibility, as well as the active mechanisms that underlie the resilience phenotype. In this review, we discuss, mainly based on our own work, key pathological mechanisms of susceptibility that are identified as potential therapeutic targets for depression treatment. We also review novel mechanisms that promote natural resilience as an alternative strategy to achieve treatment efficacy. These studies are opening new avenues to develop conceptually novel therapeutic strategies for depression treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hu Han
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Eric J Nestler
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Surget A, Van Nieuwenhuijzen PS, Heinzmann JM, Knapman A, McIlwrick S, Westphal WP, Touma C, Belzung C. Antidepressant treatment differentially affects the phenotype of high and low stress reactive mice. Neuropharmacology 2016; 110:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
34
|
Bergamini G, Sigrist H, Ferger B, Singewald N, Seifritz E, Pryce CR. Depletion of nucleus accumbens dopamine leads to impaired reward and aversion processing in mice: Relevance to motivation pathologies. Neuropharmacology 2016; 109:306-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
35
|
Distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor neurons in the mouse brain: a study using corticotropin-releasing factor-modified yellow fluorescent protein knock-in mouse. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1705-1732. [PMID: 27638512 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We examined the morphological features of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons in a mouse line in which modified yellow fluorescent protein (Venus) was expressed under the CRF promoter. We previously generated the CRF-Venus knock-in mouse, in which Venus is inserted into the CRF gene locus by homologous recombination. In the present study, the neomycin phosphotransferase gene (Neo), driven by the pgk-1 promoter, was deleted from the CRF-Venus mouse genome, and a CRF-Venus∆Neo mouse was generated. Venus expression is much more prominent in the CRF-Venus∆Neo mouse when compared to the CRF-Venus mouse. In addition, most Venus-expressing neurons co-express CRF mRNA. Venus-expressing neurons constitute a discrete population of neuroendocrine neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) that project to the median eminence. Venus-expressing neurons were also found in brain regions outside the neuroendocrine PVH, including the olfactory bulb, the piriform cortex (Pir), the extended amygdala, the hippocampus, the neocortices, Barrington's nucleus, the midbrain/pontine dorsal tegmentum, the periaqueductal gray, and the inferior olivary nucleus (IO). Venus-expressing perikarya co-expressing CRF mRNA could be observed clearly even in regions where CRF-immunoreactive perikarya could hardly be identified. We demonstrated that the CRF neurons contain glutamate in the Pir and IO, while they contain gamma-aminobutyric acid in the neocortex, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the hippocampus, and the amygdala. A population of CRF neurons was demonstrated to be cholinergic in the midbrain tegmentum. The CRF-Venus∆Neo mouse may be useful for studying the structural and functional properties of CRF neurons in the mouse brain.
Collapse
|
36
|
Barra de la Tremblaye P, Plamondon H. Alterations in the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurocircuitry: Insights into post stroke functional impairments. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 42:53-75. [PMID: 27455847 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well accepted that changes in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis may increase susceptibility to affective disorders in the general population, this link has been less examined in stroke patients. Yet, the bidirectional association between depression and cardiovascular disease is strong, and stress increases vulnerability to stroke. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is the central stress hormone of the HPA axis pathway and acts by binding to CRH receptors (CRHR) 1 and 2, which are located in several stress-related brain regions. Evidence from clinical and animal studies suggests a role for CRH in the neurobiological basis of depression and ischemic brain injury. Given its importance in the regulation of the neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral correlates of adaptation and maladaptation to stress, CRH is likely associated in the pathophysiology of post stroke emotional impairments. The goals of this review article are to examine the clinical and experimental data describing (1) that CRH regulates the molecular signaling brain circuit underlying anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, (2) the influence of CRH and other stress markers in the pathophysiology of post stroke emotional and cognitive impairments, and (3) context and site specific interactions of CRH and BDNF as a basis for the development of novel therapeutic targets. This review addresses how the production and release of the neuropeptide CRH within the various regions of the mesocorticolimbic system influences emotional and cognitive behaviors with a look into its role in psychiatric disorders post stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Barra de la Tremblaye
- School of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - H Plamondon
- School of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Reichel JM, Bedenk BT, Gassen NC, Hafner K, Bura SA, Almeida-Correa S, Genewsky A, Dedic N, Giesert F, Agarwal A, Nave KA, Rein T, Czisch M, Deussing JM, Wotjak CT. Beware of your Cre-Ation: lacZ expression impairs neuronal integrity and hippocampus-dependent memory. Hippocampus 2016; 26:1250-64. [PMID: 27101945 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the lacZ-sequence is a widely used reporter-tool to assess the transgenic and/or transfection efficacy of a target gene in mice. Once activated, lacZ is permanently expressed. However, protein accumulation is one of the hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, the protein product of the bacterial lacZ gene is ß-galactosidase, an analog to the mammalian senescence-associated ß-galactosidase, a molecular marker for aging. Therefore we studied the behavioral, structural and molecular consequences of lacZ expression in distinct neuronal sub-populations. lacZ expression in cortical glutamatergic neurons resulted in severe impairments in hippocampus-dependent memory accompanied by marked structural alterations throughout the CNS. In contrast, GFP expression or the expression of the ChR2/YFP fusion product in the same cell populations did not result in either cognitive or structural deficits. GABAergic lacZ expression caused significantly decreased hyper-arousal and mild cognitive deficits. Attenuated structural and behavioral consequences of lacZ expression could also be induced in adulthood, and lacZ transfection in neuronal cell cultures significantly decreased their viability. Our findings provide a strong caveat against the use of lacZ reporter mice for phenotyping studies and point to a particular sensitivity of the hippocampus formation to detrimental consequences of lacZ expression. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Reichel
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10461, Bronx, New York
| | - B T Bedenk
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany.,Core Unit Neuroimaging, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - N C Gassen
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - K Hafner
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - S A Bura
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - S Almeida-Correa
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - A Genewsky
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - N Dedic
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - F Giesert
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, D-85764, Germany
| | - A Agarwal
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - K-A Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, 37075, Germany
| | - T Rein
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - M Czisch
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany.,Core Unit Neuroimaging, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - J M Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - C T Wotjak
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sustained glucocorticoid exposure recruits cortico-limbic CRH signaling to modulate endocannabinoid function. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 66:151-8. [PMID: 26821211 PMCID: PMC4788523 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sustained exposure to stress or corticosteroids is known to cause changes in brain endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling, such that tissue contents of the eCBs N-arachidonylethanolamine (AEA) are generally reduced while 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) levels increase. These changes in eCB signaling are important for many of the aspects of chronic stress, such as anxiety, reward sensitivity and stress adaptation, yet the mechanisms mediating these changes are not fully understood. We have recently found that the stress-related neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), acting through the CRH type 1 receptor (CRHR1), can reduce AEA content by increasing its hydrolysis by the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) as well as increase 2-AG contents. As extra-hypothalamic CRH is upregulated by chronic corticosteroid or stress exposure, we hypothesized that increased CRH signaling through CRHR1 contributes to the effects of chronic corticosteroid exposure on the eCB system within the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Male rats were exposed to 7 days of systemic corticosterone capsules, with or without concurrent exposure to a CRHR1 antagonist, after which we examined eCB content. Consistent with previous studies in the amygdala, sustained corticosterone exposure increases CRH mRNA in the prefrontal cortex. As was shown previously, FAAH activity was increased and AEA contents were reduced within the amygdala and prefrontal cortex following chronic corticosterone exposure. Chronic corticosterone exposure also elevated 2-AG content in the prefrontal cortex but not the amygdala. These corticosteroid-driven changes were all blocked by systemic CRHR1 antagonism. Consistent with these data indicating sustained increases in CRH signaling can mediate the effects of chronic elevations in corticosteroids, CRH overexpressing mice also exhibited increased FAAH-mediated AEA hydrolysis in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex compared to wild type. CRH overexpression increased 2-AG content in the amygdala, but not the prefrontal cortex. These data indicate that chronic elevations in CRH signaling, as is seen following exposure to chronic elevations in corticosterone or stress, drive persistent changes in eCB function. As reductions in AEA signaling mediate the effects of CRH and chronic stress on anxiety, these data provide a mechanism linking these processes.
Collapse
|
39
|
Chen Y, Molet J, Gunn BG, Ressler K, Baram TZ. Diversity of Reporter Expression Patterns in Transgenic Mouse Lines Targeting Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone-Expressing Neurons. Endocrinology 2015; 156:4769-80. [PMID: 26402844 PMCID: PMC4655217 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mice, including lines targeting corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF or CRH), have been extensively employed to study stress neurobiology. These powerful tools are poised to revolutionize our understanding of the localization and connectivity of CRH-expressing neurons, and the crucial roles of CRH in normal and pathological conditions. Accurate interpretation of studies using cell type-specific transgenic mice vitally depends on congruence between expression of the endogenous peptide and reporter. If reporter expression does not faithfully reproduce native gene expression, then effects of manipulating unintentionally targeted cells may be misattributed. Here, we studied CRH and reporter expression patterns in 3 adult transgenic mice: Crh-IRES-Cre;Ai14 (tdTomato mouse), Crfp3.0CreGFP, and Crh-GFP BAC. We employed the CRH antiserum generated by Vale after validating its specificity using CRH-null mice. We focused the analyses on stress-salient regions, including hypothalamus, amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and hippocampus. Expression patterns of endogenous CRH were consistent among wild-type and transgenic mice. In tdTomato mice, most CRH-expressing neurons coexpressed the reporter, yet the reporter identified a few non-CRH-expressing pyramidal-like cells in hippocampal CA1 and CA3. In Crfp3.0CreGFP mice, coexpression of CRH and the reporter was found in central amygdala and, less commonly, in other evaluated regions. In Crh-GFP BAC mice, the large majority of neurons expressed either CRH or reporter, with little overlap. These data highlight significant diversity in concordant expression of reporter and endogenous CRH among 3 available transgenic mice. These findings should be instrumental in interpreting important scientific findings emerging from the use of these potent neurobiological tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuncai Chen
- Departments of Pediatrics (Y.C., B.G.G., T.Z.B.) and Anatomy/Neurobiology (Y.C., J.M., B.G.G., T.Z.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4475; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (K.R.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322-4250
| | - Jenny Molet
- Departments of Pediatrics (Y.C., B.G.G., T.Z.B.) and Anatomy/Neurobiology (Y.C., J.M., B.G.G., T.Z.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4475; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (K.R.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322-4250
| | - Benjamin G Gunn
- Departments of Pediatrics (Y.C., B.G.G., T.Z.B.) and Anatomy/Neurobiology (Y.C., J.M., B.G.G., T.Z.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4475; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (K.R.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322-4250
| | - Kerry Ressler
- Departments of Pediatrics (Y.C., B.G.G., T.Z.B.) and Anatomy/Neurobiology (Y.C., J.M., B.G.G., T.Z.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4475; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (K.R.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322-4250
| | - Tallie Z Baram
- Departments of Pediatrics (Y.C., B.G.G., T.Z.B.) and Anatomy/Neurobiology (Y.C., J.M., B.G.G., T.Z.B.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-4475; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (K.R.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322-4250
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bains JS, Wamsteeker Cusulin JI, Inoue W. Stress-related synaptic plasticity in the hypothalamus. Nat Rev Neurosci 2015; 16:377-88. [PMID: 26087679 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stress necessitates an immediate engagement of multiple neural and endocrine systems. However, exposure to a single stressor causes adaptive changes that modify responses to subsequent stressors. Recent studies examining synapses onto neuroendocrine cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus demonstrate that stressful experiences leave indelible marks that alter the ability of these synapses to undergo plasticity. These adaptations include a unique form of metaplasticity at glutamatergic synapses, bidirectional changes in endocannabinoid signalling and bidirectional changes in strength at GABAergic synapses that rely on distinct temporal windows following stress. This rich repertoire of plasticity is likely to represent an important building block for dynamic, experience-dependent modulation of neuroendocrine stress adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep S Bains
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jaclyn I Wamsteeker Cusulin
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Wataru Inoue
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhao J, Qi XR, Gao SF, Lu J, van Wamelen DJ, Kamphuis W, Bao AM, Swaab DF. Different stress-related gene expression in depression and suicide. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 68:176-85. [PMID: 26228417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Suicide occurs in some, but not all depressed patients. So far, it remains unknown whether the studied stress-related candidate genes change in depression, suicide or both. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in, among other things, impulse control and inhibitory behavior and plays an important role in both suicide and depression. METHODS We have employed qPCR to study 124 anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) brain samples, obtained from two brain banks, from: i) young depressed patients (average age 43 years) who committed suicide (MDD-S) and depressed patients who died from causes other than suicide (MDD-NS) and from ii) elderly depressed patients (average age 75 years) who did not commit suicide (DEP). Both cohorts were individually matched with non-psychiatric non-suicide control subjects. We determined the transcript levels of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis-regulating molecules (corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), CRH receptors, CRH binding protein, mineralocorticoid receptor/glucocorticoid receptor), transcription factors that regulate CRH expression, CRH-stimulating cytokines, chaperone proteins, retinoid signaling, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tropomyosin-related kinase B, cytochrome proteins, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and monoamines. RESULTS In the MDD-S group, expression levels of CRH and neuronal NOS-interacting DHHC domain-containing protein with dendritic mRNA (NIDD) were increased. Other changes were only present in the DEP group, i.e. decreased NIDD, and increased and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A (5-HT1A) expression levels. Changes were found to be more pronounced in the anterior cingulate cortex than in the dorsolateral PFC. CONCLUSION Depressed patients who committed suicide have different gene expression patterns than depressed patients who died of causes other than suicide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Zhao
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - X-R Qi
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S-F Gao
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - J Lu
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - D J van Wamelen
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - W Kamphuis
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A-M Bao
- Department of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - D F Swaab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Waters RP, Rivalan M, Bangasser DA, Deussing JM, Ising M, Wood SK, Holsboer F, Summers CH. Evidence for the role of corticotropin-releasing factor in major depressive disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 58:63-78. [PMID: 26271720 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a devastating disease affecting over 300 million people worldwide, and costing an estimated 380 billion Euros in lost productivity and health care in the European Union alone. Although a wealth of research has been directed toward understanding and treating MDD, still no therapy has proved to be consistently and reliably effective in interrupting the symptoms of this disease. Recent clinical and preclinical studies, using genetic screening and transgenic rodents, respectively, suggest a major role of the CRF1 gene, and the central expression of CRF1 receptor protein in determining an individual's risk of developing MDD. This gene is widely expressed in brain tissue, and regulates an organism's immediate and long-term responses to social and environmental stressors, which are primary contributors to MDD. This review presents the current state of knowledge on CRF physiology, and how it may influence the occurrence of symptoms associated with MDD. Additionally, this review presents findings from multiple laboratories that were presented as part of a symposium on this topic at the annual 2014 meeting of the International Behavioral Neuroscience Society (IBNS). The ideas and data presented in this review demonstrate the great progress that has been made over the past few decades in our understanding of MDD, and provide a pathway forward toward developing novel treatments and detection methods for this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J M Deussing
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - M Ising
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - S K Wood
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - F Holsboer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; HMNC GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Cliff H Summers
- University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA; Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Harada Y, Ro S, Ochiai M, Hayashi K, Hosomi E, Fujitsuka N, Hattori T, Yakabi K. Ghrelin enhancer, rikkunshito, improves postprandial gastric motor dysfunction in an experimental stress model. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:1089-97. [PMID: 26088415 PMCID: PMC4744783 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional dyspepsia (FD) is one of the most common disorders of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. However, no curable treatment is available for FD because the detailed mechanism of GI dysfunction in stressed conditions remains unclear. We aimed to clarify the association between endogenous acylated ghrelin signaling and gastric motor dysfunction and explore the possibility of a drug with ghrelin signal-enhancing action for FD treatment. METHODS Solid gastric emptying (GE) and plasma acylated ghrelin levels were evaluated in an urocortin1 (UCN1) -induced stress model. To clarify the role of acylated ghrelin on GI dysfunction in the model, exogenous acylated ghrelin, an endogenous ghrelin enhancer, rikkunshito, or an α2 -adrenergic receptor (AR) antagonist was administered. Postprandial motor function was investigated using a strain gauge force transducer in a free-moving condition. KEY RESULTS Exogenous acylated ghrelin supplementation restored UCN1-induced delayed GE. Alpha2 -AR antagonist and rikkunshito inhibited the reduction in plasma acylated ghrelin and GE in the stress model. The action of rikkunshito on delayed GE was blocked by co-administration of the ghrelin receptor antagonist. UCN1 decreased the amplitude of contraction in the antrum while increasing it in the duodenum. The motility index of the antrum but not the duodenum was significantly reduced by UCN1 treatment, which was improved by acylated ghrelin or rikkunshito. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES The UCN1-induced gastric motility dysfunction was mediated by abnormal acylated ghrelin dynamics. Supplementation of exogenous acylated ghrelin or enhancement of endogenous acylated ghrelin secretion by rikkunshito may be effective in treating functional GI disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Harada
- Tsumura Research LaboratoriesTsumura & Co.IbarakiJapan
| | - S. Ro
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologySaitama Medical CenterSaitama Medical UniversitySaitamaJapan,Central Research LaboratoriesTeikyo University Chiba Medical CenterChibaJapan
| | - M. Ochiai
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologySaitama Medical CenterSaitama Medical UniversitySaitamaJapan
| | - K. Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologySaitama Medical CenterSaitama Medical UniversitySaitamaJapan
| | - E. Hosomi
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologySaitama Medical CenterSaitama Medical UniversitySaitamaJapan
| | - N. Fujitsuka
- Tsumura Research LaboratoriesTsumura & Co.IbarakiJapan
| | - T. Hattori
- Tsumura Research LaboratoriesTsumura & Co.IbarakiJapan
| | - K. Yakabi
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologySaitama Medical CenterSaitama Medical UniversitySaitamaJapan
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chen YF, Brody GH. Family Economic Hardship, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Polymorphisms, and Depressive Symptoms in Rural African-American Youths. J Adolesc Health 2015. [PMID: 26206446 PMCID: PMC4514916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to use pooled data from two independent studies of rural African-American youths to test the moderation effect of the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 gene (CRHR1) on the link between family economic hardship and trajectories of depressive symptoms. METHODS Two longitudinal studies were conducted involving African-Americans, aged 16 (N = 474) and 18 (N = 419) years, who were randomly recruited in rural Georgia. Family economic hardship and youths' depressive symptoms were assessed four times across 2.5 years. Genetic data also were collected. Haplotype analysis was performed on single-nucleotide polymorphisms of CRHR1; two haplotypes were aggregated to form a CRHR1 index. Growth curve models were executed to determine whether CRHR1 moderated the link between Wave 1 family economic hardship and youths' development of depression. RESULTS CRHR1 × family economic hardship interactions significantly predicted youths' depressive symptoms. When exposed to family economic hardship 1 standard deviation above the mean at Wave 1, youths who scored 0 on the CRHR1 index showed high and increasing depressive symptoms across time, whereas those who scored 2 on the index showed a decrease in depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The CRHR1 gene reduces the risk for depressive symptoms among youths living in families undergoing high levels of economic hardship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-fu Chen
- Department of Sociology, National Taipei University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Gene H. Brody
- University of Georgia, Center for Family Research, 1095 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602-4527, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lee TTY, Hill MN, Hillard CJ, Gorzalka BB. Disruption of peri-adolescent endocannabinoid signaling modulates adult neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to stress in male rats. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:89-97. [PMID: 26192544 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) system is known to regulate neural, endocrine and behavioral responses to stress in adults; however there is little knowledge regarding how this system governs the development and maturation of these responses. Previous work has reported dynamic and time-specific changes in CB1 receptor expression, N-arachidonylethanolamine (AEA) content and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) activity within corticolimbic structures throughout the peri-adolescent period. To examine whether fluctuations in adolescent eCB activity contribute to the development of adult stress responsivity and emotionality, we treated male Sprague-Dawley rats daily with the CB1R antagonist, AM-251 (5 mg/kg), or vehicle between post-natal days (PND) 35-45. Following this treatment, emotional behavior, HPA axis stress reactivity and habituation to repeated restraint stress, as well as corticolimbic eCB content were examined in adulthood (PND 75). Behaviorally, AM-251-treated males exhibited more active stress-coping behavior in the forced swim test, greater risk assessment behavior in the elevated plus maze and no significant differences in general motor activity. Peri-adolescent AM-251 treatment modified corticosterone habituation to repeated restraint exposure compared to vehicle. Peri-adolescent CB1R antagonism induced moderate changes in adult corticolimbic eCB signaling, with a significant decrease in amygdalar AEA, an increase in hypothalamic AEA and an increase in prefrontal cortical CB1R expression. Together, these data indicate that peri-adolescent endocannabinoid signaling contributes to the maturation of adult neurobehavioral responses to stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany T-Y Lee
- Dept. of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Matthew N Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Dept. of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Boris B Gorzalka
- Dept. of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Castanon N, Luheshi G, Layé S. Role of neuroinflammation in the emotional and cognitive alterations displayed by animal models of obesity. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:229. [PMID: 26190966 PMCID: PMC4490252 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a high prevalence of mood disorders and cognitive dysfunctions in addition to being a significant risk factor for important health complications such as cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Identifying the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these health issues is a major public health challenge. Based on recent findings, from studies conducted on animal models of obesity, it has been proposed that inflammatory processes may participate in both the peripheral and brain disorders associated with the obesity condition including the development of emotional and cognitive alterations. This is supported by the fact that obesity is characterized by peripheral low-grade inflammation, originating from increased adipose tissue mass and/or dysbiosis (changes in gut microbiota environment), both of which contribute to increased susceptibility to immune-mediated diseases. In this review, we provide converging evidence showing that obesity is associated with exacerbated neuroinflammation leading to dysfunction in vulnerable brain regions associated with mood regulation, learning, and memory such as the hippocampus. These findings give new insights to the pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to the development of brain disorders in the context of obesity and provide valuable data for introducing new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of neuropsychiatric complications often reported in obese patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Castanon
- Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INRA, UMR 1286, Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux, France
| | - Giamal Luheshi
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University Montreal, Canada
| | - Sophie Layé
- Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, INRA, UMR 1286, Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Flandreau E, Risbrough V, Lu A, Ableitner M, Geyer MA, Holsboer F, Deussing JM. Cell type-specific modifications of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and its type 1 receptor (CRF1) on startle behavior and sensorimotor gating. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 53:16-28. [PMID: 25575243 PMCID: PMC4364548 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family of peptides and receptors coordinates the mammalian endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses to stress. Excessive CRF production has been implicated in the etiology of stress-sensitive psychiatric disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is associated with alterations in startle plasticity. The CRF family of peptides and receptors mediate acute startle response changes during stress, and chronic CRF activation can induce startle abnormalities. To determine what neural circuits modulate startle in response to chronic CRF activation, transgenic mice overexpressing CRF throughout the central nervous system (CNS; CRF-COE(CNS)) or restricted to inhibitory GABAergic neurons (CRF-COE(GABA)) were compared across multiple domains of startle plasticity. CRF overexpression throughout the CNS increased startle magnitude and reduced ability to inhibit startle (decreased habituation and decreased prepulse inhibition (PPI)), similar to previous reports of exogenous effects of CRF. Conversely, CRF overexpression confined to inhibitory neurons decreased startle magnitude but had no effect on inhibitory measures. Acute CRF receptor 1 (CRF1) antagonist treatment attenuated only the effects on startle induced by CNS-specific CRF overexpression. Specific deletion of CRF1 receptors from forebrain principal neurons failed to alter the effects of exogenous CRF or stress on startle, suggesting that these CRF1 expressing neurons are not required for CRF-induced changes in startle behaviors. These data indicate that the effects of CRF activation on startle behavior utilize an extensive neural circuit that includes both forebrain and non-forebrain regions. Furthermore, these findings suggest that the neural source of increased CRF release determines the startle phenotype elicited. It is conceivable that this may explain why disorders characterized by increased CRF in cerebrospinal fluid (e.g. PTSD and major depressive disorder) have distinct symptom profiles in terms of startle reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria Risbrough
- Veterans Administration Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
| | - Ailing Lu
- Unit of Innate Immunity, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031; China. Phone/Fax: 86-21-54923102/54923101
| | - Martin Ableitner
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10 D-80804, Munich Phone: +49 (0)89 / 30622-645 Fax: +49 (0)89 / 30622-610
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804 La Jolla, CA 92093-0804 ph (619)543-3582 fx (619)543-2493
| | - Florian Holsboer
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Kraepelinstr. 2-10 80804 Munich, Germany Phone: +49-89-30622-220 Fax: +49-89-30622-483
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Kraepelinstrasse 2-10 D-80804, Munich Phone: +49 (0)89 / 30622-639 Fax: +49 (0)89 / 30622-610
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Moloney RD, O'Mahony SM, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Stress-induced visceral pain: toward animal models of irritable-bowel syndrome and associated comorbidities. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:15. [PMID: 25762939 PMCID: PMC4329736 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral pain is a global term used to describe pain originating from the internal organs, which is distinct from somatic pain. It is a hallmark of functional gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable-bowel syndrome (IBS). Currently, the treatment strategies targeting visceral pain are unsatisfactory, with development of novel therapeutics hindered by a lack of detailed knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. Stress has long been implicated in the pathophysiology of visceral pain in both preclinical and clinical studies. Here, we discuss the complex etiology of visceral pain reviewing our current understanding in the context of the role of stress, gender, gut microbiota alterations, and immune functioning. Furthermore, we review the role of glutamate, GABA, and epigenetic mechanisms as possible therapeutic strategies for the treatment of visceral pain for which there is an unmet medical need. Moreover, we discuss the most widely described rodent models used to model visceral pain in the preclinical setting. The theory behind, and application of, animal models is key for both the understanding of underlying mechanisms and design of future therapeutic interventions. Taken together, it is apparent that stress-induced visceral pain and its psychiatric comorbidities, as typified by IBS, has a multifaceted etiology. Moreover, treatment strategies still lag far behind when compared to other pain modalities. The development of novel, effective, and specific therapeutics for the treatment of visceral pain has never been more pertinent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D Moloney
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Siobhain M O'Mahony
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork , Cork , Ireland ; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork , Cork , Ireland ; Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork , Cork , Ireland ; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lifelong, central corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) overexpression is associated with individual differences in cocaine-induced conditioned place preference. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 753:151-7. [PMID: 25094033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Stress, through corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), influences all aspects of cocaine addiction. Earlier studies suggest that individual differences in responsivity to stress affect susceptibility to develop addiction. We have previously found that CRF over-expression alters individual differences in behavioural responses to novelty stress in mice. Therefore, we hypothesised that post-natal, long-term over-expression of brain CRF may alter the rewarding effects of cocaine in a manner that is sensitive to individual differences. In this study we specifically investigated cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in transgenic mice over-expressing CRF (CRF-OE) and in wild-type (WT) littermates after determining their individual locomotor and emotional responsivity to inescapable novelty. CRF-OE mice showed decreased overall locomotor activity and increased anxiety-like behaviour in response to novelty compared to WT mice. Low behavioural reactivity to novelty (LR) was associated with heightened anxiety-like behaviour in CRF-OE, but not in WT, mice. WT and CRF-OE mice developed CPP equally to both low (5mg/kg) and high (20mg/kg) doses of cocaine. However, LR CRF-OE mice expressed significantly stronger cocaine CPP than transgenic mice with high locomotor response to novelty (HR). In WT mice, on the other hand, stronger CPP induced by 20mg/kg of cocaine was found in the HR animals. Furthermore, there was a strong negative correlation between locomotor reactivity to novelty and CPP in CRF-OE, but not in WT, mice. Collectively, these results suggest that long-term, post-natal CRF over-expression increases the rewarding effects of cocaine in individuals with high emotional response to stress.
Collapse
|
50
|
CRHR1 links peripuberty stress with deficits in social and stress-coping behaviors. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 53:1-7. [PMID: 24630468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Stressful life events during childhood and adolescence are important risk factors for the development of psychopathologies later in life. The corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and the CRH receptor 1 (CRHR1) have been implicated in the link between early life adversity and adult anxiety and depression, with rodent studies identifying the very early postnatal period as highly susceptible to this programming. Here, we investigated whether stress exposure during the peripubertal period - comprising juvenility and puberty - is effective in inducing long-lasting changes in the expression of CRHR1 and CRHR2 in the hippocampus and amygdala, and whether treating animals with a CRHR1 antagonist following stress exposure could reverse behavioral alterations induced by peripuberty stress. We show that peripuberty stress leads to enhanced expression of the Crhr1, but not Crhr2, gene in the hippocampal CA1 and the central nucleus of the amygdala, in association with social deficits in the social exploration test and increased stress-coping behaviors in the forced swim test. Treatment with the CRHR1 antagonist NBI30775 (10 mg/kg) daily for 1 week (from P43 to P49), immediately following peripuberty stress exposure, prevented the occurrence of those psychopathological behaviors at adulthood. These findings highlight peripuberty as a period of plasticity for the enduring modulation of the CRHR1 system and support a growing body of data implicating the CRHR1 system in the programming effects of early life stress on eventual psychopathology. They also support recent evidence indicating that temporarily tackling CRHR1 during development might represent a therapeutic opportunity to correct behavioral trajectories linking early stress to adult psychopathology.
Collapse
|