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Zsombok A, Desmoulins LD, Derbenev AV. Sympathetic circuits regulating hepatic glucose metabolism: where we stand. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:85-101. [PMID: 37440208 PMCID: PMC11281813 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, continues to increase worldwide. Although newer and more advanced therapies are available, current treatments are still inadequate and the search for solutions remains. The regulation of energy homeostasis, including glucose metabolism, involves an exchange of information between the nervous systems and peripheral organs and tissues; therefore, developing treatments to alter central and/or peripheral neural pathways could be an alternative solution to modulate whole body metabolism. Liver glucose production and storage are major mechanisms controlling glycemia, and the autonomic nervous system plays an important role in the regulation of hepatic functions. Autonomic nervous system imbalance contributes to excessive hepatic glucose production and thus to the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus. At cellular levels, change in neuronal activity is one of the underlying mechanisms of autonomic imbalance; therefore, modulation of the excitability of neurons involved in autonomic outflow governance has the potential to improve glycemic status. Tissue-specific subsets of preautonomic neurons differentially control autonomic outflow; therefore, detailed information about neural circuits and properties of liver-related neurons is necessary for the development of strategies to regulate liver functions via the autonomic nerves. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of the hypothalamus-ventral brainstem-liver pathway involved in the sympathetic regulation of the liver, outlines strategies to identify organ-related neurons, and summarizes neuronal plasticity during diabetic conditions with a particular focus on liver-related neurons in the paraventricular nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zsombok
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Lucie D Desmoulins
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Andrei V Derbenev
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
- Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
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2
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Kim KK, Lee TH, Park BS, Kang D, Kim DH, Jeong B, Kim JW, Yang HR, Kim HR, Jin S, Back SH, Park JW, Kim JG, Lee BJ. Bridging Energy Need and Feeding Behavior: The Impact of eIF2α Phosphorylation in AgRP Neurons. Diabetes 2023; 72:1384-1396. [PMID: 37478284 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) is a key mediator of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced unfolded protein response (UPR). In mammals, eIF2α is phosphorylated by overnutrition-induced ER stress and is related to the development of obesity. Here, we studied the function of phosphorylated eIF2α (p-eIF2α) in agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons using a mouse model (AgRPeIF2αA/A) with an AgRP neuron-specific substitution from Ser 51 to Ala in eIF2α, which impairs eIF2α phosphorylation in AgRP neurons. These AgRPeIF2αA/A mice had decreases in starvation-induced AgRP neuronal activity and food intake and an increased responsiveness to leptin. Intriguingly, impairment of eIF2α phosphorylation produced decreases in the starvation-induced expression of UPR and autophagy genes in AgRP neurons. Collectively, these findings suggest that eIF2α phosphorylation regulates AgRP neuronal activity by affecting intracellular responses such as the UPR and autophagy during starvation, thereby participating in the homeostatic control of whole-body energy metabolism. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS This study examines the impact of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation, triggered by an energy deficit, on hypothalamic AgRP neurons and its subsequent influence on whole-body energy homeostasis. Impaired eIF2α phosphorylation diminishes the unfolded protein response and autophagy, both of which are crucial for energy deficit-induced activation of AgRP neurons. This study highlights the significance of eIF2α phosphorylation as a cellular marker indicating the availability of energy in AgRP neurons and as a molecular switch that regulates homeostatic feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Kon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong Seo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dasol Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Rim Yang
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Rae Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Sungho Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Sung Hoon Back
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Basic-Clinical Convergence Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Basic-Clinical Convergence Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Geun Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Ju Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Basic-Clinical Convergence Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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3
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Yu Q, Gamayun I, Wartenberg P, Zhang Q, Qiao S, Kusumakshi S, Candlish S, Götz V, Wen S, Das D, Wyatt A, Wahl V, Ectors F, Kattler K, Yildiz D, Prevot V, Schwaninger M, Ternier G, Giacobini P, Ciofi P, Müller TD, Boehm U. Bitter taste cells in the ventricular walls of the murine brain regulate glucose homeostasis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1588. [PMID: 36949050 PMCID: PMC10033832 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The median eminence (ME) is a circumventricular organ at the base of the brain that controls body homeostasis. Tanycytes are its specialized glial cells that constitute the ventricular walls and regulate different physiological states, however individual signaling pathways in these cells are incompletely understood. Here, we identify a functional tanycyte subpopulation that expresses key taste transduction genes including bitter taste receptors, the G protein gustducin and the gustatory ion channel TRPM5 (M5). M5 tanycytes have access to blood-borne cues via processes extended towards diaphragmed endothelial fenestrations in the ME and mediate bidirectional communication between the cerebrospinal fluid and blood. This subpopulation responds to metabolic signals including leptin and other hormonal cues and is transcriptionally reprogrammed upon fasting. Acute M5 tanycyte activation induces insulin secretion and acute diphtheria toxin-mediated M5 tanycyte depletion results in impaired glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese mice. We provide a cellular and molecular framework that defines how bitter taste cells in the ME integrate chemosensation with metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Igor Gamayun
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Wartenberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Qian Zhang
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sen Qiao
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Soumya Kusumakshi
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Candlish
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Viktoria Götz
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Shuping Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Debajyoti Das
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Amanda Wyatt
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Wahl
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Fabien Ectors
- FARAH Mammalian Transgenics Platform, Liège University, Liège, Belgium
| | - Kathrin Kattler
- Department of Genetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Daniela Yildiz
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Postnatal Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, Lille, France
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gaetan Ternier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Postnatal Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, Lille, France
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Postnatal Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Ciofi
- Neurocentre Magendie - INSERM Unit 1215, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Timo D Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of Medicine, Homburg, Germany.
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Cho JH, Kim K, Cho HC, Lee J, Kim EK. Silencing of hypothalamic FGF11 prevents diet-induced obesity. Mol Brain 2022; 15:75. [PMID: 36064426 PMCID: PMC9447329 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00962-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 11 (FGF11) is a member of the intracellular fibroblast growth factor family. Here, we report the central role of FGF11 in the regulation of metabolism. Lentiviral injection of Fgf11 shRNA into the arcuate nucleus of the mouse hypothalamus decreased weight gain and fat mass, increased brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, and improved glucose and insulin intolerances under high-fat diet conditions. Fgf11 was expressed in the NPY–expressing neurons, and Fgf11 knockdown considerably decreased Npy expression and projection, leading to increased expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the paraventricular nucleus. Mechanistically, FGF11 regulated Npy gene expression through the glycogen synthase kinase 3–cAMP response element-binding protein pathway. Our study defines the physiological significance of hypothalamic FGF11 in the regulation of metabolism in response to overnutrition such as high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Cho
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Daegu, Dalseonggun, 42988, South Korea
| | - Kyungchan Kim
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Daegu, Dalseonggun, 42988, South Korea
| | - Han Chae Cho
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Daegu, Dalseonggun, 42988, South Korea
| | - Jaemeun Lee
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Daegu, Dalseonggun, 42988, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Kim
- Department of Brain Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Daegu, Dalseonggun, 42988, South Korea. .,Neurometabolomics Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang-Daero, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Daegu, Dalseonggun, 42988, South Korea.
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5
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Ribeiro FM, Silva MA, Lyssa V, Marques G, Lima HK, Franco OL, Petriz B. The molecular signaling of exercise and obesity in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:927170. [PMID: 35966101 PMCID: PMC9365995 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.927170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the major pandemics of the 21st century. Due to its multifactorial etiology, its treatment requires several actions, including dietary intervention and physical exercise. Excessive fat accumulation leads to several health problems involving alteration in the gut-microbiota-brain axis. This axis is characterized by multiple biological systems generating a network that allows bidirectional communication between intestinal bacteria and brain. This mutual communication maintains the homeostasis of the gastrointestinal, central nervous and microbial systems of animals. Moreover, this axis involves inflammatory, neural, and endocrine mechanisms, contributes to obesity pathogenesis. The axis also acts in appetite and satiety control and synthesizing hormones that participate in gastrointestinal functions. Exercise is a nonpharmacologic agent commonly used to prevent and treat obesity and other chronic degenerative diseases. Besides increasing energy expenditure, exercise induces the synthesis and liberation of several muscle-derived myokines and neuroendocrine peptides such as neuropeptide Y, peptide YY, ghrelin, and leptin, which act directly on the gut-microbiota-brain axis. Thus, exercise may serve as a rebalancing agent of the gut-microbiota-brain axis under the stimulus of chronic low-grade inflammation induced by obesity. So far, there is little evidence of modification of the gut-brain axis as a whole, and this narrative review aims to address the molecular pathways through which exercise may act in the context of disorders of the gut-brain axis due to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe M. Ribeiro
- Post-Graduation Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology - University Center of the Federal District - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Maycon A. Silva
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Victória Lyssa
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Graduate Program of Sciences and Technology of Health, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology - University Center of the Federal District - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Henny K. Lima
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Octavio L. Franco
- Post-Graduation Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
- S-Inova Biotech, Catholic University Dom Bosco, Biotechnology Program, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Petriz
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology - University Center of the Federal District - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences - University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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6
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Fernández‐Arjona MDM, León‐Rodríguez A, Grondona JM, López‐Ávalos MD. Long-term priming of hypothalamic microglia is associated with energy balance disturbances under diet-induced obesity. Glia 2022; 70:1734-1761. [PMID: 35603807 PMCID: PMC9540536 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of microglia to an inflammatory environment may lead to their priming and exacerbated response to future inflammatory stimuli. Here we aimed to explore hypothalamic microglia priming and its consequences on energy balance regulation. A model of intracerebroventricular administration of neuraminidase (NA, which is present in various pathogens such as influenza virus) was used to induce acute neuroinflammation. Evidences of primed microglia were observed 3 months after NA injection, namely (1) a heightened response of microglia located in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus after an in vivo inflammatory challenge (high fat diet [HFD] feeding for 10 days), and (2) an enhanced response of microglia isolated from NA‐treated mice and challenged in vitro to LPS. On the other hand, the consequences of a previous NA‐induced neuroinflammation were further evaluated in an alternative inflammatory and hypercaloric scenario, such as the obesity generated by continued HDF feeding. Compared with sham‐injected mice, NA‐treated mice showed increased food intake and, surprisingly, reduced body weight. Besides, NA‐treated mice had enhanced microgliosis (evidenced by increased number and reactive morphology of microglia) and a reduced population of POMC neurons in the basal hypothalamus. Thus, a single acute neuroinflammatory event may elicit a sustained state of priming in microglial cells, and in particular those located in the hypothalamus, with consequences in hypothalamic cytoarchitecture and its regulatory function upon nutritional challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Mar Fernández‐Arjona
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMAMálagaSpain
- Grupo de investigación en Neuropsicofarmacología, Laboratorio de Medicina RegenerativaHospital Regional Universitario de MálagaMálagaSpain
| | - Ana León‐Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMAMálagaSpain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Málaga, Campus de TeatinosMálagaSpain
| | - Jesús M. Grondona
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMAMálagaSpain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Málaga, Campus de TeatinosMálagaSpain
| | - María D. López‐Ávalos
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMAMálagaSpain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de Málaga, Campus de TeatinosMálagaSpain
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7
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Huang Y, Lin X, Lin S. Neuropeptide Y and Metabolism Syndrome: An Update on Perspectives of Clinical Therapeutic Intervention Strategies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:695623. [PMID: 34307371 PMCID: PMC8299562 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.695623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Through the past decade of research, the pathogenic mechanisms underlying metabolic syndrome have been suggested to involve not only the peripheral tissues, but also central metabolic regulation imbalances. The hypothalamus, and the arcuate nucleus in particular, is the control center for metabolic homeostasis and energy balance. Neuropeptide Y neurons are particularly abundantly expressed in the arcuate of the hypothalamus, where the blood-brain barrier is weak, such as to critically integrate peripheral metabolic signals with the brain center. Herein, focusing on metabolic syndrome, this manuscript aims to provide an overview of the regulatory effects of Neuropeptide Y on metabolic syndrome and discuss clinical intervention strategy perspectives for neurometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinqiong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xiahong Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shu Lin
- Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China.,Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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8
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Microglia-Neuron Crosstalk in Obesity: Melodious Interaction or Kiss of Death? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105243. [PMID: 34063496 PMCID: PMC8155827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity can originate from the dysregulated activity of hypothalamic neuronal circuits, which are critical for the regulation of body weight and food intake. The exact mechanisms underlying such neuronal defects are not yet fully understood, but a maladaptive cross-talk between neurons and surrounding microglial is likely to be a contributing factor. Functional and anatomical connections between microglia and hypothalamic neuronal cells are at the core of how the brain orchestrates changes in the body's metabolic needs. However, such a melodious interaction may become maladaptive in response to prolonged diet-induced metabolic stress, thereby causing overfeeding, body weight gain, and systemic metabolic perturbations. From this perspective, we critically discuss emerging molecular and cellular underpinnings of microglia-neuron communication in the hypothalamic neuronal circuits implicated in energy balance regulation. We explore whether changes in this intercellular dialogue induced by metabolic stress may serve as a protective neuronal mechanism or contribute to disease establishment and progression. Our analysis provides a framework for future mechanistic studies that will facilitate progress into both the etiology and treatments of metabolic disorders.
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9
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Abstract
Since the discovery of functionally competent, energy-consuming brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans, much effort has been devoted to exploring this tissue as a means for increasing energy expenditure to counteract obesity. However, despite promising effects on metabolic rate and insulin sensitivity, no convincing evidence for weight-loss effects of cold-activated human BAT exists to date. Indeed, increasing energy expenditure would naturally induce compensatory feedback mechanisms to defend body weight. Interestingly, BAT is regulated by multiple interactions with the hypothalamus from regions overlapping with centers for feeding behavior and metabolic control. Therefore, in the further exploration of BAT as a potential source of novel drug targets, we discuss the hypothalamic orchestration of BAT activity and the relatively unexplored BAT feedback mechanisms on neuronal regulation. With a holistic view on hypothalamic-BAT interactions, we aim to raise ideas and provide a new perspective on this circuit and highlight its clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo B Henningsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Camilla Scheele
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
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10
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Godino-Gimeno A, Sánchez E, Guillot R, Rocha A, Angotzi AR, Leal E, Rotllant J, Cerdá-Reverter JM. Growth Performance After Agouti-Signaling Protein 1 ( Asip1) Overexpression in Transgenic Zebrafish. Zebrafish 2020; 17:373-381. [PMID: 33112719 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2020.1932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin system is a key structure in the regulation of energy balance. Overexpression of inverse agonists, agouti-signaling protein (ASIP), and agouti-related protein (AGRP) results in increased food intake, linear growth, and body weight. ASIP regulates dorsal-ventral pigment polarity through melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) and overexpression induces obesity in mice by binding to central MC4R. Asip1 overexpression in transgenic zebrafish (asip1-Tg) enhances growth, yet experiments show fish overexpressing Asip1 do not develop obesity even under severe feeding regimes. Asip1-Tg fish do not need to eat more to grow larger and faster; thus, increased food efficiency can be observed. In addition, asip1-Tg fish reared at high density are able to grow far more than wild-type (WT) fish reared at low density, although asip1-Tg fish seem to be more sensitive to crowding stress than WT fish, thus making the melanocortin system a target for sustainable aquaculture, especially as the U.S. Food and Drug Association has recently approved transgenic fish trading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Godino-Gimeno
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellon, Spain
| | - Elisa Sánchez
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellon, Spain
| | - Raúl Guillot
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellon, Spain
| | - Ana Rocha
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Matosinhos, Portugal.,MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Anna Rita Angotzi
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellon, Spain
| | - Esther Leal
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellon, Spain
| | - Josep Rotllant
- Department of Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, IIM-CSIC, Vigo, Spain
| | - José Miguel Cerdá-Reverter
- Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellon, Spain
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11
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Guitton J, Bandet CL, Mariko ML, Tan-Chen S, Bourron O, Benomar Y, Hajduch E, Le Stunff H. Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Metabolism in the Regulation of Obesity/Type 2 Diabetes. Cells 2020; 9:E1682. [PMID: 32668665 PMCID: PMC7407406 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a pathophysiological condition where excess free fatty acids (FFA) target and promote the dysfunctioning of insulin sensitive tissues and of pancreatic β cells. This leads to the dysregulation of glucose homeostasis, which culminates in the onset of type 2 diabetes (T2D). FFA, which accumulate in these tissues, are metabolized as lipid derivatives such as ceramide, and the ectopic accumulation of the latter has been shown to lead to lipotoxicity. Ceramide is an active lipid that inhibits the insulin signaling pathway as well as inducing pancreatic β cell death. In mammals, ceramide is a key lipid intermediate for sphingolipid metabolism as is sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). S1P levels have also been associated with the development of obesity and T2D. In this review, the current knowledge on S1P metabolism in regulating insulin signaling in pancreatic β cell fate and in the regulation of feeding by the hypothalamus in the context of obesity and T2D is summarized. It demonstrates that S1P can display opposite effects on insulin sensitive tissues and pancreatic β cells, which depends on its origin or its degradation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Guitton
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, F-91190 Orsay, France; (J.G.); (M.L.M.); (Y.B.)
| | - Cecile L. Bandet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (C.L.B.); (S.T.-C.); (O.B.); (E.H.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Mohamed L. Mariko
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, F-91190 Orsay, France; (J.G.); (M.L.M.); (Y.B.)
| | - Sophie Tan-Chen
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (C.L.B.); (S.T.-C.); (O.B.); (E.H.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Bourron
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (C.L.B.); (S.T.-C.); (O.B.); (E.H.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, F-75013 Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Diabétologie et Maladies métaboliques, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Yacir Benomar
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, F-91190 Orsay, France; (J.G.); (M.L.M.); (Y.B.)
| | - Eric Hajduch
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (C.L.B.); (S.T.-C.); (O.B.); (E.H.)
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Hervé Le Stunff
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, F-91190 Orsay, France; (J.G.); (M.L.M.); (Y.B.)
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12
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Chowen JA, Garcia-Segura LM. Microglia, neurodegeneration and loss of neuroendocrine control. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 184:101720. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Neasta J, Darcq E, Jeanblanc J, Carnicella S, Ben Hamida S. GPCR and Alcohol-Related Behaviors in Genetically Modified Mice. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:17-42. [PMID: 31919661 PMCID: PMC7007453 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00828-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest class of cell surface signaling receptors and regulate major neurobiological processes. Accordingly, GPCRs represent primary targets for the treatment of brain disorders. Several human genetic polymorphisms affecting GPCRs have been associated to different components of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Moreover, GPCRs have been reported to contribute to several features of alcohol-related behaviors in animal models. Besides traditional pharmacological tools, genetic-based approaches mostly aimed at deleting GPCR genes provided substantial information on how key GPCRs drive alcohol-related behaviors. In this review, we summarize the alcohol phenotypes that ensue from genetic manipulation, in particular gene deletion, of key GPCRs in rodents. We focused on GPCRs that belong to fundamental neuronal systems that have been shown as potential targets for the development of AUD treatment. Data are reviewed with particular emphasis on alcohol reward, seeking, and consumption which are behaviors that capture essential aspects of AUD. Literature survey indicates that in most cases, there is still a gap in defining the intracellular transducers and the functional crosstalk of GPCRs as well as the neuronal populations in which their signaling regulates alcohol actions. Further, the implication of only a few orphan GPCRs has been so far investigated in animal models. Combining advanced pharmacological technologies with more specific genetically modified animals and behavioral preclinical models is likely necessary to deepen our understanding in how GPCR signaling contributes to AUD and for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Neasta
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, University of Montpellier, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Darcq
- Douglas Hospital Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Jérôme Jeanblanc
- Research Group on Alcohol and Pharmacodependences-INSERM U1247, University of Picardie Jules Verne, 80025, Amiens, France
| | - Sebastien Carnicella
- INSERM U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences (GIN), University of Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sami Ben Hamida
- Douglas Hospital Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 6875 Boulevard LaSalle, Montreal, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada.
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Feeding Stimulates Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Mobilization in Mouse Hypothalamus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20164008. [PMID: 31426457 PMCID: PMC6720287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20164008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the sphingolipid-derived mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) reduces food intake by activating G protein-coupled S1P receptor-1 (S1PR1) in the hypothalamus. Here, we examined whether feeding regulates hypothalamic mobilization of S1P and other sphingolipid-derived messengers. We prepared lipid extracts from the hypothalamus of C57Bl6/J male mice subjected to one of four conditions: free feeding, 12 h fasting, and 1 h or 6 h refeeding. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify various sphingolipid species, including sphinganine (SA), sphingosine (SO), and their bioactive derivatives SA-1-phosphate (SA1P) and S1P. In parallel experiments, transcription of S1PR1 (encoded in mice by the S1pr1 gene) and of key genes of sphingolipid metabolism (Sptlc2, Lass1, Sphk1, Sphk2) was measured by RT-PCR. Feeding increased levels of S1P (in pmol-mg−1 of wet tissue) and SA1P. This response was accompanied by parallel changes in SA and dihydroceramide (d18:0/18:0), and was partially (SA1P) or completely (S1P) reversed by fasting. No such effects were observed with other sphingolipid species targeted by our analysis. Feeding also increased transcription of Sptlc2, Lass1, Sphk2, and S1pr1. Feeding stimulates mobilization of endogenous S1PR1 agonists S1P and SA1P in mouse hypothalamus, via a mechanism that involves transcriptional up-regulation of de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis. The results support a role for sphingolipid-mediated signaling in the central control of energy balance.
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15
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mTORC1 and CB1 receptor signaling regulate excitatory glutamatergic inputs onto the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in response to energy availability. Mol Metab 2019; 28:151-159. [PMID: 31420305 PMCID: PMC6822143 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is a key target of the melanocortin system, which orchestrates behavioral and metabolic responses depending on energy availability. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and the endocannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) pathways are two key signaling systems involved in the regulation of energy balance whose activity closely depends upon energy availability. Here we tested the hypothesis that modulation of mTORC1 and CB1R signaling regulates excitatory glutamatergic inputs onto the PVN. METHODS Patch-clamp recordings in C57BL/6J mice, in mice lacking the mTORC1 component Rptor or CB1R in pro-opio-melanocortin (POMC) neurons, combined with pharmacology targeting mTORC1, the melanocortin receptor type 4 (MC4R), or the endocannabinoid system under chow or a hypercaloric diet. RESULTS Acute pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 in C57BL/6J mice decreased glutamatergic inputs onto the PVN via a mechanism requiring modulation of MC4R, endocannabinoid 2-AG mobilization by PVN parvocellular neurons, and retrograde activation of presynaptic CB1R. Further electrophysiology studies using mice lacking mTORC1 activity or CB1R in POMC neurons indicated that the observed effects involved mTORC1 and CB1R-dependent regulation of glutamate release from POMC neurons. Finally, energy surfeit caused by hypercaloric high-fat diet feeding, rapidly and time-dependently altered the glutamatergic inputs onto parvocellular neurons and the ability of mTORC1 and CB1R signaling to modulate such excitatory activity. CONCLUSIONS These findings pinpoint the relationship between mTORC1 and endocannabinoid-CB1R signaling in the regulation of the POMC-mediated glutamatergic inputs onto PVN parvocellular neurons and its rapid alteration in conditions favoring the development of obesity.
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16
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Quarta C, Fisette A, Xu Y, Colldén G, Legutko B, Tseng YT, Reim A, Wierer M, De Rosa MC, Klaus V, Rausch R, Thaker VV, Graf E, Strom TM, Poher AL, Gruber T, Le Thuc O, Cebrian-Serrano A, Kabra D, Bellocchio L, Woods SC, Pflugfelder GO, Nogueiras R, Zeltser L, Grunwald Kadow IC, Moon A, García-Cáceres C, Mann M, Treier M, Doege CA, Tschöp MH. Functional identity of hypothalamic melanocortin neurons depends on Tbx3. Nat Metab 2019; 1:222-235. [PMID: 32694784 PMCID: PMC8291379 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-018-0028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous populations of hypothalamic neurons orchestrate energy balance via the release of specific signatures of neuropeptides. However, how specific intracellular machinery controls peptidergic identities and function of individual hypothalamic neurons remains largely unknown. The transcription factor T-box 3 (Tbx3) is expressed in hypothalamic neurons sensing and governing energy status, whereas human TBX3 haploinsufficiency has been linked with obesity. Here, we demonstrate that loss of Tbx3 function in hypothalamic neurons causes weight gain and other metabolic disturbances by disrupting both the peptidergic identity and plasticity of Pomc/Cart and Agrp/Npy neurons. These alterations are observed after loss of Tbx3 in both immature hypothalamic neurons and terminally differentiated mouse neurons. We further establish the importance of Tbx3 for body weight regulation in Drosophila melanogaster and show that TBX3 is implicated in the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into hypothalamic Pomc neurons. Our data indicate that Tbx3 directs the terminal specification of neurons as functional components of the melanocortin system and is required for maintaining their peptidergic identity. In summary, we report the discovery of a key mechanistic process underlying the functional heterogeneity of hypothalamic neurons governing body weight and systemic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Quarta
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alexandre Fisette
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yanjun Xu
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gustav Colldén
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Beata Legutko
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yu-Ting Tseng
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Reim
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael Wierer
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Maria Caterina De Rosa
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Valentina Klaus
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Rick Rausch
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vidhu V Thaker
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisabeth Graf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anne-Laure Poher
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tim Gruber
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ophélia Le Thuc
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alberto Cebrian-Serrano
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dhiraj Kabra
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Luigi Bellocchio
- INSERM U1215, NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
- Université de Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stephen C Woods
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Metabolic Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Gert O Pflugfelder
- Institute of Developmental and Neurobiology. Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lori Zeltser
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ilona C Grunwald Kadow
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Freising, Germany
| | - Anne Moon
- Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Clinic, Danville PA, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Cristina García-Cáceres
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mathias Treier
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia A Doege
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthias H Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Role of astrocytes, microglia, and tanycytes in brain control of systemic metabolism. Nat Neurosci 2018; 22:7-14. [PMID: 30531847 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, microglia, and tanycytes play active roles in the regulation of hypothalamic feeding circuits. These non-neuronal cells are crucial in determining the functional interactions of specific neuronal subpopulations involved in the control of metabolism. Recent advances in biology, optics, genetics, and pharmacology have resulted in the emergence of novel and highly sophisticated approaches for studying hypothalamic neuronal-glial networks. Here we summarize the progress in the field and argue that glial-neuronal interactions provide a core hub integrating food-related cues, interoceptive signals, and internal states to adapt a complex set of physiological responses operating on different timescales to finely tune behavior and metabolism according to metabolic status. This expanding knowledge helps to redefine our understanding of the physiology of food intake and energy metabolism.
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18
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Croizier S, Park S, Maillard J, Bouret SG. Central Dicer-miR-103/107 controls developmental switch of POMC progenitors into NPY neurons and impacts glucose homeostasis. eLife 2018; 7:40429. [PMID: 30311908 PMCID: PMC6203430 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons are major negative regulators of energy balance. A distinct developmental property of POMC neurons is that they can adopt an orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) phenotype. However, the mechanisms underlying the differentiation of Pomc progenitors remain unknown. Here, we show that the loss of the microRNA (miRNA)-processing enzyme Dicer in POMC neurons causes metabolic defects, an age-dependent decline in the number of PomcmRNA-expressing cells, and an increased proportion of Pomc progenitors acquiring a NPY phenotype. miRNome microarray screening further identified miR-103/107 as candidates that may be involved in the maturation of Pomc progenitors. In vitro inhibition of miR-103/107 causes a reduction in the number of Pomc-expressing cells and increases the proportion of Pomc progenitors differentiating into NPY neurons. Moreover, in utero silencing of miR-103/107 causes perturbations in glucose homeostasis. Together, these data suggest a role for prenatal miR-103/107 in the maturation of Pomc progenitors and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Croizier
- The Saban Research Institute, Developmental Neuroscience Program, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Soyoung Park
- The Saban Research Institute, Developmental Neuroscience Program, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Julien Maillard
- The Saban Research Institute, Developmental Neuroscience Program, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Inserm U1172, Lille 2 University of Health and Law, Lille, France
| | - Sebastien G Bouret
- The Saban Research Institute, Developmental Neuroscience Program, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Inserm U1172, Lille 2 University of Health and Law, Lille, France
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19
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Endocannabinoids in Body Weight Control. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11020055. [PMID: 29849009 PMCID: PMC6027162 DOI: 10.3390/ph11020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of body weight is fundamental to maintain one's health and to promote longevity. Nevertheless, it appears that the global obesity epidemic is still constantly increasing. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are lipid messengers that are involved in overall body weight control by interfering with manifold central and peripheral regulatory circuits that orchestrate energy homeostasis. Initially, blocking of eCB signaling by first generation cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) inverse agonists such as rimonabant revealed body weight-reducing effects in laboratory animals and men. Unfortunately, rimonabant also induced severe psychiatric side effects. At this point, it became clear that future cannabinoid research has to decipher more precisely the underlying central and peripheral mechanisms behind eCB-driven control of feeding behavior and whole body energy metabolism. Here, we will summarize the most recent advances in understanding how central eCBs interfere with circuits in the brain that control food intake and energy expenditure. Next, we will focus on how peripheral eCBs affect food digestion, nutrient transformation and energy expenditure by interfering with signaling cascades in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas, fat depots and endocrine glands. To finally outline the safe future potential of cannabinoids as medicines, our overall goal is to address the molecular, cellular and pharmacological logic behind central and peripheral eCB-mediated body weight control, and to figure out how these precise mechanistic insights are currently transferred into the development of next generation cannabinoid medicines displaying clearly improved safety profiles, such as significantly reduced side effects.
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Abstract
The chaperone GRP78 (glucose related protein 78), also called BiP (binding immunoglobulin protein) is a key regulator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We recently described that over-expression of GRP78 specifically in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) releases hypothalamic ER stress in rodent obese models leading to weight loss, reduced hepatic steatosis and improved insulin and leptin sensitivity. The action of GRP78 is mediated by a feeding-independent mechanism involving increased sympathetic tone, augmented brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and induction browning of white adipose tissue (WAT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Contreras
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, -Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marcos F. Fondevila
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, -Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, -Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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21
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Dunshea FR, Bittner EP, Pluske JR, Black JL. Role of the gut, melanocortin system and malonyl-CoA in control of feed intake in non-ruminant animals. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an17273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of feed intake is under complex control, involving physical, chemical, hormonal and neuronal responses. Understanding the regulation of feed intake in farm animals is key to optimisation of intake to meet production and profitability goals. Fundamental mechanisms regulating feed intake include constraints imposed by the gut, systems monitoring current and long-term energy status to increase or decrease intake, and hedonic, reward-related drives. Feed intake is closely related to the rate of passage of digesta and the capacity of the gastrointestinal tract. Indigestible fibre increases the rate of digesta passage and feed intake until excess distension sends signals of satiety to the brain. The presence of partially digested nutrients and products of microbial fermentation in the distal intestines releases peptides (PYY, OXM, GPL-1, Apo A-IV, amylin) from gut and pancreas to activate the intestinal brake, which slows the rate of passage and reduces feed intake. These peptides also act on orexigenic (NPY, AgRP) and anorexigenic (POMC, CART) peptides of the melanocortin system of the hypothalamus to reduce intake over the long term. Immediate energy status of the animal is monitored through the ratio of AMP : ATP via adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin, whereas the overall animal energy status is monitored by insulin, leptin and ghrelin. These energy-monitoring systems control short- and long-term intakes through the melanocortin system of the hypothalamus, primarily via malonyl-CoA, to alter the relative expression of orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides. Gut and hypothalamic control of feed intake can be over-ridden by hedonic, reward-related centres of the brain, predominantly through the release of dopamine. These hedonic responses can lead to over-consumption and obesity under some circumstances or reduced feed intake under stressful or other negative environmental situations. Knowledge of these mechanisms can be used to identify practical strategies for either increasing or decreasing voluntary intake in pigs.
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Siafis S, Tzachanis D, Samara M, Papazisis G. Antipsychotic Drugs: From Receptor-binding Profiles to Metabolic Side Effects. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1210-1223. [PMID: 28676017 PMCID: PMC6187748 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170630163616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antipsychotic-induced metabolic side effects are major concerns in psychopharmacology and clinical psychiatry. Their pathogenetic mechanisms are still not elucidated. METHODS Herein, we review the impact of neurotransmitters on metabolic regulation, providing insights into antipsychotic-induced metabolic side effects. RESULTS Antipsychotic drugs seem to interfere with feeding behaviors and energy balance, processes that control metabolic regulation. Reward and energy balance centers in central nervous system constitute the central level of metabolic regulation. The peripheral level consists of skeletal muscles, the liver, the pancreas, the adipose tissue and neuroendocrine connections. Neurotransmitter receptors have crucial roles in metabolic regulation and they are also targets of antipsychotic drugs. Interaction of antipsychotics with neurotransmitters could have both protective and harmful effects on metabolism. CONCLUSION Emerging evidence suggests that antipsychotics have different liabilities to induce obesity, diabetes and dyslipidemia. However this diversity cannot be explained merely by drugs'pharmacodynamic profiles, highlighting the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Georgios Papazisis
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Clinical
Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Tel/Fax: +30 2310 999323; E-mail:
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Piazza PV, Cota D, Marsicano G. The CB1 Receptor as the Cornerstone of Exostasis. Neuron 2017; 93:1252-1274. [PMID: 28334603 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The type-1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) is the main effector of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which is involved in most brain and body functions. In this Perspective, we provide evidence indicating that CB1 receptor functions are key determinants of bodily coordinated exostatic processes. First, we will introduce the concepts of endostasis and exostasis as compensation or accumulation for immediate or future energy needs and discuss how exostasis has been necessary for the survival of species during evolution. Then, we will argue how different specific biological functions of the CB1 receptor in the body converge to provide physiological exostatic processes. Finally, we will introduce the concept of proactive evolution-induced diseases (PEIDs), which helps explain the seeming paradox that an evolutionary-selected physiological function can become the cause of epidemic pathological conditions, such as obesity. We propose here a possible unifying theory of CB1 receptor functions that can be tested by future experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Vincenzo Piazza
- INSERM, NeuroCentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33077 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33077 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Daniela Cota
- INSERM, NeuroCentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33077 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- INSERM, NeuroCentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33077 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U1215, F-33077 Bordeaux, France.
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24
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Lau BK, Cota D, Cristino L, Borgland SL. Endocannabinoid modulation of homeostatic and non-homeostatic feeding circuits. Neuropharmacology 2017; 124:38-51. [PMID: 28579186 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system has emerged as a key player in the control of eating. Endocannabinoids, including 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (AEA), modulate neuronal activity via cannabinoid 1 receptors (CB1Rs) in multiple nuclei of the hypothalamus to induce or inhibit food intake depending on nutritional and hormonal status, suggesting that endocannabinoids may act in the hypothalamus to integrate different types of signals informing about the animal's energy needs. In the mesocorticolimbic system, (endo)cannabinoids modulate synaptic transmission to promote dopamine release in response to palatable food. In addition, (endo)cannabinoids act within the nucleus accumbens to increase food's hedonic impact; although this effect depends on activation of CB1Rs at excitatory, but not inhibitory inputs in the nucleus accumbens. While hyperactivation of the endocannabinoid system is typically associated with overeating and obesity, much evidence has emerged in recent years suggesting a more complicated system than first thought - endocannabinoids promote or suppress feeding depending on cell and input type, or modulation by various neuronal or hormonal signals. This review presents our latest knowledge of the endocannabinoid system in non-homeostatic and homeostatic feeding circuits. In particular, we discuss the functional role and cellular mechanism of action by endocannabinoids within the hypothalamus and mesocorticolimbic system, and how these are modulated by neuropeptide signals related to feeding. In light of recent advances and complexity in the field, we review cannabinoid-based therapeutic strategies for the treatment of obesity and how peripheral restriction of CB1R antagonists may provide a different mechanism of weight loss without the central adverse effects. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "A New Dawn in Cannabinoid Neurobiology".
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin K Lau
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Daniela Cota
- INSERM U1215, Université de Bordeaux, NeuroCentre Magendie, 146, rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Luigia Cristino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of CNR, Viale Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Stephanie L Borgland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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25
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Koch M. Cannabinoid Receptor Signaling in Central Regulation of Feeding Behavior: A Mini-Review. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:293. [PMID: 28596721 PMCID: PMC5442223 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids are lipid messengers that modulate a variety of physiological processes and modify the generation of specific behaviors. In this regard, the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) represents the most relevant target molecule of cannabinoids so far. One main function of central CB1 signaling is to maintain whole body energy homeostasis. Thus, cannabinoids functionally interact with classical neurotransmitters in neural networks that control energy metabolism and feeding behavior. The promotion of CB1 signaling can increase appetite and stimulate feeding, while blockade of CB1 suppresses hunger and induces hypophagia. However, in order to treat overeating, pharmacological blockade of CB1 by the inverse agonist rimonabant not only suppressed feeding but also resulted in psychiatric side effects. Therefore, research within the last decade focused on deciphering the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of central cannabinoid signaling that control feeding and other behaviors, with the overall aim still being the identification of specific targets to develop safe pharmacological interventions for the treatment of obesity. Today, many studies unraveled the subcellular localization of CB1 and the function of cannabinoids in neurons and glial cells within circumscribed brain regions that represent integral parts of neural circuitries controlling feeding behavior. Here, these novel experimental findings will be summarized and recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of CB1-dependent cannabinoid signaling being relevant for central regulation of feeding behavior will be highlighted. Finally, presumed alternative pathways of cannabinoids that are not driven by CB1 activation but also contributing to control of feeding behavior will be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Koch
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
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26
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Milaneschi Y, Lamers F, Bot M, Drent ML, Penninx BWJH. Leptin Dysregulation Is Specifically Associated With Major Depression With Atypical Features: Evidence for a Mechanism Connecting Obesity and Depression. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:807-814. [PMID: 26742925 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity-related dysregulation of leptin signaling (e.g., hyperleptinemia due to central functional resistance) may affect mood. However, evidence for leptin dysregulation in major depressive disorder (MDD) is conflicting. Inconclusive findings may be attributable to heterogeneity of MDD, aggregating biologically different subtypes. We examined the relationship of leptin with MDD, its common subtypes (typical and atypical), and clinical features. METHODS The sample consisted of participants (aged 18 to 65 years) from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety with current (n = 1062) or remitted (n = 711) MDD and healthy control subjects (n = 497). Diagnoses of MDD and subtypes were based on DSM-IV symptoms. Additional symptoms were measured with the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology. Blood levels of leptin and adiposity indexes (body mass index and waist circumference) were assessed. RESULTS As compared to control subjects, higher leptin was associated with the atypical MDD subtype both for remitted (n = 144, odds ratio = 1.53, 95% confidence interval = 1.16-2.03, p = .003) and current (n = 270, odds ratio = 1.90, 95% confidence interval = 1.51-2.93, p = 5.3e-8) cases. This association was stronger for increasing adiposity levels (leptin by body mass index interaction, p < .02), strengthening the hypothesis of the involvement of leptin resistance. No association with leptin was found for overall MDD or the typical subtype. Among currently depressed patients, higher leptin was associated with key symptoms identifying the atypical subtype, such as hyperphagia, increased weight, and leaden paralysis. CONCLUSIONS Leptin dysregulation (resistance) may represent an underlying mechanism connecting obesity and MDD with atypical features. Development of treatment effectively targeting leptin resistance may benefit patients with atypical depression characterized by obesity-related metabolic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ ingest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Femke Lamers
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ ingest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariska Bot
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ ingest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Madeleine L Drent
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Section, VU University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center/GGZ ingest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Yasrebi A, Rivera JA, Krumm EA, Yang JA, Roepke TA. Activation of Estrogen Response Element-Independent ERα Signaling Protects Female Mice From Diet-Induced Obesity. Endocrinology 2017; 158:319-334. [PMID: 27901601 PMCID: PMC5413076 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
17β-estradiol (E2) regulates central and peripheral mechanisms that control energy and glucose homeostasis predominantly through estrogen receptor α (ERα) acting via receptor binding to estrogen response elements (EREs). ERα signaling is also involved in mediating the effects of E2 on diet-induced obesity (DIO), although the roles of ERE-dependent and -independent ERα signaling in reducing the effects of DIO remain largely unknown. We hypothesize that ERE-dependent ERα signaling is necessary to ameliorate the effects of DIO. We addressed this question using ERα knockout (KO) and ERα knockin/knockout (KIKO) female mice, the latter expressing an ERα that lacks a functional ERE binding domain. Female mice were ovariectomized, fed a low-fat diet (LFD) or a high-fat diet (HFD), and orally dosed with vehicle or estradiol benzoate (EB) (300 μg/kg). After 9 weeks, body composition, glucose and insulin tolerance, peptide hormone and inflammatory cytokine levels, and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and liver gene expression were assessed. EB reduced body weight and body fat in wild-type (WT) female mice, regardless of diet, and in HFD-fed KIKO female mice, in part by reducing energy intake and feeding efficiency. EB reduced fasting glucose levels in KIKO mice fed both diets but augmented glucose tolerance only in HFD-fed KIKO female mice. Plasma insulin and interleukin 6 were elevated in KIKO and KO female mice compared with LFD-fed WT female mice. Expression of arcuate neuropeptide and receptor genes and liver fatty acid biosynthesis genes was altered by HFD and by EB through ERE-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Therefore, ERE-independent signaling mechanisms in both the brain and peripheral organs mediate, in part, the effects of E2 during DIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Yasrebi
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences,
- Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences, and
| | - Janelle A. Rivera
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences,
| | - Elizabeth A. Krumm
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences,
- Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences, and
| | - Jennifer A. Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences,
- Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences, and
| | - Troy A. Roepke
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences,
- Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences, and
- New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
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28
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Differential hypothalamic leptin sensitivity in obese rat offspring exposed to maternal and postnatal intake of chocolate and soft drink. Nutr Diabetes 2017; 7:e242. [PMID: 28092346 PMCID: PMC5301042 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2016.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/objective: Intake of high-energy foods and maternal nutrient overload increases the risk of metabolic diseases in the progeny such as obesity and diabetes. We hypothesized that maternal and postnatal intake of chocolate and soft drink will affect leptin sensitivity and hypothalamic astrocyte morphology in adult rat offspring. Methods: Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed ad libitum chow diet only (C) or with chocolate and high sucrose soft drink supplement (S). At birth, litter size was adjusted into 10 male offspring per mother. After weaning, offspring from both dietary groups were assigned to either S or C diet, giving four groups until the end of the experiment at 26 weeks of age. Results: As expected, adult offspring fed the S diet post weaning became obese (body weight: P<0.01, %body fat per kg: P<0.001) and this was due to the reduced energy expenditure (P<0.05) and hypothalamic astrogliosis (P<0.001) irrespective of maternal diet. Interesting, offspring born to S-diet-fed mothers and fed the S diet throughout postnatal life became obese despite lower energy intake than controls (P<0.05). These SS offspring showed increased feed efficiency (P<0.001) and reduced fasting pSTAT3 activity (P<0.05) in arcuate nucleus (ARC) compared with other groups. The findings indicated that the combination of the maternal and postnatal S-diet exposure induced persistent changes in leptin signalling, hence affecting energy balance. Thus, appetite regulation was more sensitive to the effect of leptin than energy expenditure, suggesting differential programming of leptin sensitivity in ARC in SS offspring. Effects of the maternal S diet were normalized when offspring were fed a chow diet after weaning. Conclusions: Maternal intake of chocolate and soft drink had long-term consequences for the metabolic phenotype in the offspring if they continued on the S diet in postnatal life. These offspring displayed obesity despite lowered energy intake associated with alterations in hypothalamic leptin signalling.
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29
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Min S, Chae HS, Jang YH, Choi S, Lee S, Jeong Y, Jones W, Moon S, Kim YJ, Chung J. Identification of a Peptidergic Pathway Critical to Satiety Responses in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2016; 26:814-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Mazier W, Saucisse N, Gatta-Cherifi B, Cota D. The Endocannabinoid System: Pivotal Orchestrator of Obesity and Metabolic Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:524-537. [PMID: 26412154 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) functions to adjust behavior and metabolism according to environmental changes in food availability. Its actions range from the regulation of sensory responses to the development of preference for the consumption of calorically-rich food and control of its metabolic handling. ECS activity is beneficial when access to food is scarce or unpredictable. However, when food is plentiful, the ECS favors obesity and metabolic disease. We review recent advances in understanding the roles of the ECS in energy balance, and discuss newly identified mechanisms of action that, after the withdrawal of first generation cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor antagonists for the treatment of obesity, have made the ECS once again an attractive target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfrid Mazier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Unité 862, 33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Unité 862, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Saucisse
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Unité 862, 33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Unité 862, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Blandine Gatta-Cherifi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Unité 862, 33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Unité 862, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Endocrinology Department, Haut-Lévêque Hospital, 33604 Pessac, France
| | - Daniela Cota
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Unité 862, 33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Unité 862, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
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31
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Abstract
Neurons coexpressing neuropeptide Y, agouti-related peptide, and GABA (NAG) play an important role in ingestive behavior and are located in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. NAG neurons receive both GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic inputs, however, the developmental time course of synaptic input organization of NAG neurons in mice is unknown. In this study, we show that these neurons have low numbers of GABAergic synapses and that GABA is inhibitory to NAG neurons during early postnatal period. In contrast, glutamatergic inputs onto NAG neurons are relatively abundant by P13 and are comparatively similar to the levels observed in the adult. As mice reach adulthood (9-10 weeks), GABAergic tone onto NAG neurons increases. At this age, NAG neurons received similar numbers of inhibitory and EPSCs. To further differentiate age-associated changes in synaptic distribution, 17- to 18-week-old lean and diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice were studied. Surprisingly, NAG neurons from lean adult mice exhibit a reduction in the GABAergic synapses compared with younger adults. Conversely, DIO mice display reductions in the number of GABAergic and glutamatergic inputs onto NAG neurons. Based on these experiments, we propose that synaptic distribution in NAG neurons is continuously restructuring throughout development to accommodate the animals' energy requirements.
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32
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Vaanholt LM, Mitchell SE, Sinclair RE, Speakman JR. Mice that are resistant to diet-induced weight loss have greater food anticipatory activity and altered melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R) and dopamine receptor 2 (D2) gene expression. Horm Behav 2015; 73:83-93. [PMID: 26122292 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Diet-induced weight loss varies considerably between individuals, but the mechanisms driving these individual differences remain largely unknown. Here we investigated whether key neuropeptides involved in the regulation of energy balance or reward systems were differentially expressed in mice that were prone or resistant to caloric restriction (CR) induced weight loss. Mice (n=30 males and n=34 females) were fed 70% of their own baseline ad libitum intake for 25days, after which their brains were collected and expression of various neuropeptides were investigated and compared between the 10 male and 10 female mice that showed the greatest (high weight loss, HWL) or lowest weight loss (LWL) (n=40 in total). HWL mice showed a differential neuropeptide profile to LWL in both sexes, characterised by increased expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP), leptin receptor (ObRb), and melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R) in the arcuate nucleus. No changes in the expression of fat mass and obesity related gene (FTO) or suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (Socs3) were observed. Levels of dopamine D2 receptor were decreased in the nucleus accumbens in HWL compared to LWL mice. HWL mice showed a stronger increase in food anticipatory activity (FAA) in response to CR than LWL mice. These results indicate that the mice prone to diet-induced weight loss experienced greater hunger, potentially driving their elevated FAA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anticipation, Psychological/physiology
- Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus/metabolism
- Caloric Restriction
- Diet, Reducing
- Energy Metabolism/genetics
- Female
- Food
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Obese
- Neuropeptide Y/genetics
- Neuropeptide Y/metabolism
- Obesity/diet therapy
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/metabolism
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Receptors, Leptin/genetics
- Receptors, Leptin/metabolism
- Treatment Failure
- Weight Loss/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Lobke M Vaanholt
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - Sharon E Mitchell
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Rachel E Sinclair
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - John R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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33
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Entchev EV, Patel DS, Zhan M, Steele AJ, Lu H, Ch'ng Q. A gene-expression-based neural code for food abundance that modulates lifespan. eLife 2015; 4:e06259. [PMID: 25962853 PMCID: PMC4417936 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
How the nervous system internally represents environmental food availability is poorly understood. Here, we show that quantitative information about food abundance is encoded by combinatorial neuron-specific gene-expression of conserved TGFβ and serotonin pathway components in Caenorhabditis elegans. Crosstalk and auto-regulation between these pathways alters the shape, dynamic range, and population variance of the gene-expression responses of daf-7 (TGFβ) and tph-1 (tryptophan hydroxylase) to food availability. These intricate regulatory features provide distinct mechanisms for TGFβ and serotonin signaling to tune the accuracy of this multi-neuron code: daf-7 primarily regulates gene-expression variability, while tph-1 primarily regulates the dynamic range of gene-expression responses. This code is functional because daf-7 and tph-1 mutations bidirectionally attenuate food level-dependent changes in lifespan. Our results reveal a neural code for food abundance and demonstrate that gene expression serves as an additional layer of information processing in the nervous system to control long-term physiology. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06259.001 To maximize their chances of survival, animals need to be able to sense changes in the abundance of food in their environment and respond in an appropriate manner. The nervous system is able to sense cues from the environment and coordinate responses in the whole organism, but it is not clear how this leads to long-term changes in the organism's biology. In nematode worms, two genes called daf-7 and tph-1 appear to be involved in connecting the sensing of food availability with changes in the biology of the organism. The daf-7 gene encodes a hormone, while tph-1 encodes an enzyme that makes a neurochemical called serotonin. Here, Entchev, Patel, Zhan et al. found that daf-7 and tph-1 genes are active in three pairs of neurons in nematode worms. The experiments show that these neurons collectively form a circuit that carries information about the abundance of food, which leads to changes in how long the worms live. When this circuit was disrupted by removing these genes, the worms' ability to adjust their lifespan in response to changes in the availability of food was weakened, likely because they were unable to sense food. The experiments also show that the circuit regulates itself, largely because daf-7 and tph-1 are able to control each-other's activity. Together, these results suggest that changing the activity of certain genes in neurons enables nematode worms to alter their biology in response to changes in the availability of food. Neurons in the brain use electrical activity to communicate and process information and Entchev, Patel, Zhan et al.'s findings imply that gene activity can also perform a similar role. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06259.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugeni V Entchev
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dhaval S Patel
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mei Zhan
- Interdisciplinary Bioengineering Graduate Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States
| | - Andrew J Steele
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hang Lu
- Interdisciplinary Bioengineering Graduate Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States
| | - QueeLim Ch'ng
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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34
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Fukushima A, Hagiwara H, Fujioka H, Kimura F, Akema T, Funabashi T. Sex differences in feeding behavior in rats: the relationship with neuronal activation in the hypothalamus. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:88. [PMID: 25870535 PMCID: PMC4378303 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There is general agreement that the central nervous system in rodents differs between sexes due to the presence of gonadal steroid hormone during differentiation. Sex differences in feeding seem to occur among species, and responses to fasting (i.e., starvation), gonadal steroids (i.e., testosterone and estradiol), and diet (i.e., western-style diet) vary significantly between sexes. The hypothalamus is the center for controlling feeding behavior. We examined the activation of feeding-related peptides in neurons in the hypothalamus. Phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is a good marker for neural activation, as is the Fos antigen. Therefore, we predicted that sex differences in the activity of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons would be associated with feeding behavior. We determined the response of MCH neurons to glucose in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and our results suggested MCH neurons play an important role in sex differences in feeding behavior. In addition, fasting increased the number of orexin neurons harboring phosphorylated CREB in female rats (regardless of the estrous day), but not male rats. Glucose injection decreased the number of these neurons with phosphorylated CREB in fasted female rats. Finally, under normal spontaneous food intake, MCH neurons, but not orexin neurons, expressed phosphorylated CREB. These sex differences in response to fasting and glucose, as well as under normal conditions, suggest a vulnerability to metabolic challenges in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Fukushima
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hagiwara
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan ; Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hitomi Fujioka
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Fukuko Kimura
- Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Akema
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Toshiya Funabashi
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan ; Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama, Japan
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Lin EJD, Sun M, Choi E, Magee D, Stets C, During MJ. Social overcrowding as a chronic stress model that increases adiposity in mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 51:318-30. [PMID: 25462904 PMCID: PMC4273577 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Stress is a widely recognized risk factor for psychiatric and metabolic disorders. A number of animal models utilizing various stressors have been developed to facilitate our understanding in the pathophysiology of stress-related dysfunctions. The most commonly used chronic stress paradigms include the unpredictable chronic mild stress paradigm, the social defeat paradigm and the social deprivation paradigm. Here we assess the potential of social crowding as an alternative chronic stress model to study the effects on affective behaviors and metabolic disturbances. Ten-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were housed in groups of four (control) or eight (social crowding; SC) in standard cage for 9 weeks. Exploration, anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors were assessed in the open field test, the elevated T-maze, the novelty-suppressed feeding test and the forced swim test. SC mice exhibited a modest anxiety-like phenotype without change in depressive-like behaviors. Nine weeks of social crowding did not affect the body weight, but robustly increased adiposity as determined by increased mass of fat depots. Consistent with the increased fat content, serum leptin was markedly elevated in the SC mice. Specific changes in gene expression were also observed in the hypothalamus and the white adipose tissue following SC housing. Our study demonstrates the potential of social crowding as an alternative model for the study of stress-related metabolic and behavioral dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Ju D Lin
- Cancer Genetics and Neuroscience Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 912 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 West 12th Ave, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Meng Sun
- Cancer Genetics and Neuroscience Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Eugene Choi
- Cancer Genetics and Neuroscience Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel Magee
- Cancer Genetics and Neuroscience Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Colin Stets
- Cancer Genetics and Neuroscience Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew J During
- Cancer Genetics and Neuroscience Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA,Functional Genomics and Translational Neuroscience Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Kim JD, Leyva S, Diano S. Hormonal regulation of the hypothalamic melanocortin system. Front Physiol 2014; 5:480. [PMID: 25538630 PMCID: PMC4260486 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of energy homeostasis is fundamental for life. In animal species and humans, the Central Nervous System (CNS) plays a critical role in such regulation by integrating peripheral signals and modulating behavior and the activity of peripheral organs. A precise interplay between CNS and peripheral signals is necessary for the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure in the maintenance of energy balance. Within the CNS, the hypothalamus is a critical center for monitoring, processing and responding to peripheral signals, including hormones such as ghrelin, leptin, and insulin. Once in the brain, peripheral signals regulate neuronal systems involved in the modulation of energy homeostasis. The main hypothalamic neuronal circuit in the regulation of energy metabolism is the melanocortin system. This review will give a summary of the most recent discoveries on the hormonal regulation of the hypothalamic melanocortin system in the control of energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung D Kim
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA ; Program in Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie Leyva
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA ; Program in Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sabrina Diano
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA ; Program in Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA ; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA ; Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
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