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Spencer PS, Valdes Angues R, Edridge AWD, Palmer VS, Boele van Hensbroek M. Response to Prof. Robert Colebunders' Letter submitted to JNS regarding: Spencer PS, Valdes Angues R, Palmer VS. Nodding syndrome: A role for environmental biotoxins that dysregulate MECP2 expression? J Neurol Sci. 2024 Jul 15;462:123077. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2024.123077. J Neurol Sci 2024; 463:123153. [PMID: 39117466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2024.123153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Spencer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, and Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Raquel Valdes Angues
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Arthur W D Edridge
- Amsterdam Centre for Global Child Health, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Valerie S Palmer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Michael Boele van Hensbroek
- Amsterdam Centre for Global Child Health, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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2
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Mesci P, LaRock CN, Jeziorski JJ, Nakashima H, Chermont N, Ferrasa A, Herai RH, Ozaki T, Saleh A, Snethlage CE, Sanchez S, Goldberg G, Trujillo CA, Nakashima K, Nizet V, Muotri AR. Human microglial cells as a therapeutic target in a neurodevelopmental disease model. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:1074-1091. [PMID: 39059378 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Although microglia are macrophages of the central nervous system, their involvement is not limited to immune functions. The roles of microglia during development in humans remain poorly understood due to limited access to fetal tissue. To understand how microglia can impact human neurodevelopment, the methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene was knocked out in human microglia-like cells (MGLs). Disruption of the MECP2 in MGLs led to transcriptional and functional perturbations, including impaired phagocytosis. The co-culture of healthy MGLs with MECP2-knockout (KO) neurons rescued synaptogenesis defects, suggesting a microglial role in synapse formation. A targeted drug screening identified ADH-503, a CD11b agonist, restored phagocytosis and synapse formation in spheroid-MGL co-cultures, significantly improved disease progression, and increased survival in MeCP2-null mice. These results unveil a MECP2-specific regulation of human microglial phagocytosis and identify a novel therapeutic treatment for MECP2-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Mesci
- University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Christopher N LaRock
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jacob J Jeziorski
- University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hideyuki Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Natalia Chermont
- University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adriano Ferrasa
- Experimental Multiuser Laboratory (LEM), Graduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil; Department of Informatics (DEINFO), Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, Paraná 84030-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto H Herai
- Experimental Multiuser Laboratory (LEM), Graduate Program in Health Sciences (PPGCS), School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná 80215-901, Brazil; Research Department, Lico Kaesemodel Institute (ILK), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Tomoka Ozaki
- University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aurian Saleh
- University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cedric E Snethlage
- University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sandra Sanchez
- University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gabriela Goldberg
- University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cleber A Trujillo
- University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; University of California, San Diego, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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3
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Dhureja M, Chaturvedi P, Choudhary A, Kumar P, Munshi A. Molecular Insights of Drug Resistance in Epilepsy: Multi-omics Unveil. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04220-6. [PMID: 38753128 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a devastating neurological disorder mainly associated with impaired synchronic discharge that leads to sensory, motor, and psychomotor impairments. Till now, about 30 anti-seizure medications (ASMs) have been approved for the management of epilepsy, yet one-third of individuals still have uncontrollable epilepsy and develop resistance. Drug resistance epilepsy (DRE) is defined as the condition where two ASMs fail to control the seizure in epileptic patients. The leading cause of the resistance was the extended use of ASMs. According to various studies, alterations in some genes and their expressions, along with specific metabolic impairments, are suggested to be associated with ASMs resistance and DRE pathophysiology. Several factors aid in the pathophysiology of DRE, such as alterations in protein-encoding genes such as neurotransmitter receptors, drug transporters, ion channels, and drug targets. Furthermore, the altered metabolite levels of metabolites implicated in neurotransmitter signaling, energetic pathways, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammatory signaling differentiate the epileptic patient from the DRE patient. Various DRE biomarkers can be identified using the "integrated omics approach," which includes the study of genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics. The current review has been compiled to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of DRE by focusing on genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics. An effort has also been made to identify the therapeutic targets based on identifying significant markers by a multi-omics approach. This has the potential to develop novel therapeutic interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maanvi Dhureja
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Pragya Chaturvedi
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicines, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Anita Choudhary
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicines, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
| | - Anjana Munshi
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicines, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
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Adams JW, Vinokur A, de Souza JS, Austria C, Guerra BS, Herai RH, Wahlin KJ, Muotri AR. Loss of GTF2I promotes neuronal apoptosis and synaptic reduction in human cellular models of neurodevelopment. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113867. [PMID: 38416640 PMCID: PMC11002531 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS), a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by hemizygous loss of 26-28 genes at 7q11.23, characteristically portray a hypersocial phenotype. Copy-number variations and mutations in one of these genes, GTF2I, are associated with altered sociality and are proposed to underlie hypersociality in WS. However, the contribution of GTF2I to human neurodevelopment remains poorly understood. Here, human cellular models of neurodevelopment, including neural progenitors, neurons, and three-dimensional cortical organoids, are differentiated from CRISPR-Cas9-edited GTF2I-knockout (GTF2I-KO) pluripotent stem cells to investigate the role of GTF2I in human neurodevelopment. GTF2I-KO progenitors exhibit increased proliferation and cell-cycle alterations. Cortical organoids and neurons demonstrate increased cell death and synaptic dysregulation, including synaptic structural dysfunction and decreased electrophysiological activity on a multielectrode array. Our findings suggest that changes in synaptic circuit integrity may be a prominent mediator of the link between alterations in GTF2I and variation in the phenotypic expression of human sociality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Adams
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Annabelle Vinokur
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Janaína S de Souza
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Charles Austria
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bruno S Guerra
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Experimental Multiuser Laboratory, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Roberto H Herai
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Experimental Multiuser Laboratory, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Karl J Wahlin
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Pradeepan KS, McCready FP, Wei W, Khaki M, Zhang W, Salter MW, Ellis J, Martinez-Trujillo J. Calcium-Dependent Hyperexcitability in Human Stem Cell-Derived Rett Syndrome Neuronal Networks. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 4:100290. [PMID: 38420187 PMCID: PMC10899066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2024.100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in MECP2 predominantly cause Rett syndrome and can be modeled in vitro using human stem cell-derived neurons. Patients with Rett syndrome have signs of cortical hyperexcitability, such as seizures. Human stem cell-derived MECP2 null excitatory neurons have smaller soma size and reduced synaptic connectivity but are also hyperexcitable due to higher input resistance. Paradoxically, networks of MECP2 null neurons show a decrease in the frequency of network bursts consistent with a hypoconnectivity phenotype. Here, we examine this issue. Methods We reanalyzed multielectrode array data from 3 isogenic MECP2 cell line pairs recorded over 6 weeks (n = 144). We used a custom burst detection algorithm to analyze network events and isolated a phenomenon that we termed reverberating super bursts (RSBs). To probe potential mechanisms of RSBs, we conducted pharmacological manipulations using bicuculline, EGTA-AM, and DMSO on 1 cell line (n = 34). Results RSBs, often misidentified as single long-duration bursts, consisted of a large-amplitude initial burst followed by several high-frequency, low-amplitude minibursts. Our analysis revealed that MECP2 null networks exhibited increased frequency of RSBs, which produced increased bursts compared with isogenic controls. Bicuculline or DMSO treatment did not affect RSBs. EGTA-AM selectively eliminated RSBs and rescued network burst dynamics. Conclusions During early development, MECP2 null neurons are hyperexcitable and produce hyperexcitable networks. This may predispose them to the emergence of hypersynchronic states that potentially translate into seizures. Network hyperexcitability depends on asynchronous neurotransmitter release that is likely driven by presynaptic Ca2+ and can be rescued by EGTA-AM to restore typical network dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik S. Pradeepan
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fraser P. McCready
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Wei
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Milad Khaki
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Neuroscience & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael W. Salter
- Neuroscience & Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Ellis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julio Martinez-Trujillo
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, and Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Rylaarsdam L, Rakotomamonjy J, Pope E, Guemez-Gamboa A. iPSC-derived models of PACS1 syndrome reveal transcriptional and functional deficits in neuron activity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:827. [PMID: 38280846 PMCID: PMC10821916 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44989-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
PACS1 syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability and distinct craniofacial abnormalities resulting from a de novo p.R203W variant in phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein 1 (PACS1). PACS1 is known to have functions in the endosomal pathway and nucleus, but how the p.R203W variant affects developing neurons is not fully understood. Here we differentiated stem cells towards neuronal models including cortical organoids to investigate the impact of the PACS1 syndrome-causing variant on neurodevelopment. While few deleterious effects were detected in PACS1(+/R203W) neural precursors, mature PACS1(+/R203W) glutamatergic neurons exhibited impaired expression of genes involved in synaptic signaling processes. Subsequent characterization of neural activity using calcium imaging and multielectrode arrays revealed the p.R203W PACS1 variant leads to a prolonged neuronal network burst duration mediated by an increased interspike interval. These findings demonstrate the impact of the PACS1 p.R203W variant on developing human neural tissue and uncover putative electrophysiological underpinnings of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Rylaarsdam
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer Rakotomamonjy
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eleanor Pope
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alicia Guemez-Gamboa
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Adams JW, Negraes PD, Truong J, Tran T, Szeto RA, Guerra BS, Herai RH, Teodorof-Diedrich C, Spector SA, Del Campo M, Jones KL, Muotri AR, Trujillo CA. Impact of alcohol exposure on neural development and network formation in human cortical organoids. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1571-1584. [PMID: 36385168 PMCID: PMC10208963 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01862-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure is the foremost preventable etiology of intellectual disability and leads to a collection of diagnoses known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Alcohol (EtOH) impacts diverse neural cell types and activity, but the precise functional pathophysiological effects on the human fetal cerebral cortex are unclear. Here, we used human cortical organoids to study the effects of EtOH on neurogenesis and validated our findings in primary human fetal neurons. EtOH exposure produced temporally dependent cellular effects on proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. In addition, we identified EtOH-induced alterations in post-translational histone modifications and chromatin accessibility, leading to impairment of cAMP and calcium signaling, glutamatergic synaptic development, and astrocytic function. Proteomic spatial profiling of cortical organoids showed region-specific, EtOH-induced alterations linked to changes in cytoskeleton, gliogenesis, and impaired synaptogenesis. Finally, multi-electrode array electrophysiology recordings confirmed the deleterious impact of EtOH on neural network formation and activity in cortical organoids, which was validated in primary human fetal tissues. Our findings demonstrate progress in defining the human molecular and cellular phenotypic signatures of prenatal alcohol exposure on functional neurodevelopment, increasing our knowledge for potential therapeutic interventions targeting FASD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Adams
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Priscilla D Negraes
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Justin Truong
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Timothy Tran
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ryan A Szeto
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Bruno S Guerra
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Experimental Multiuser Laboratory, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Roberto H Herai
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Experimental Multiuser Laboratory, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Carmen Teodorof-Diedrich
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Stephen A Spector
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Miguel Del Campo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Dysmorphology and Teratology, University of California, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Dysmorphology and Teratology, University of California, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Cleber A Trujillo
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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8
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Gottschalk I, Kölsch U, Wagner DL, Kath J, Martini S, Krüger R, Puel A, Casanova JL, Jezela-Stanek A, Rossi R, Chehadeh SE, Van Esch H, von Bernuth H. IRAK1 Duplication in MECP2 Duplication Syndrome Does Not Increase Canonical NF-κB-Induced Inflammation. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:421-439. [PMID: 36319802 PMCID: PMC9628328 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01390-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Besides their developmental and neurological phenotype, most patients with MECP2/IRAK1 duplication syndrome present with recurrent and severe infections, accompanied by strong inflammation. Respiratory infections are the most common cause of death. Standardized pneumological diagnostics, targeted anti-infectious treatment, and knowledge of the underlying pathomechanism that triggers strong inflammation are unmet clinical needs. We investigated the influence of IRAK1 overexpression on the canonical NF-κB signaling as a possible cause for excessive inflammation in these patients. METHODS NF-κB signaling was examined by measuring the production of proinflammatory cytokines and evaluating the IRAK1 phosphorylation and degradation as well as the IκBα degradation upon stimulation with IL-1β and TLR agonists in SV40-immortalized fibroblasts, PBMCs, and whole blood of 9 patients with MECP2/IRAK1 duplication syndrome, respectively. RESULTS Both, MECP2/IRAK1-duplicated patients and healthy controls, showed similar production of IL-6 and IL-8 upon activation with IL-1β and TLR2/6 agonists in immortalized fibroblasts. In PBMCs and whole blood, both patients and controls had a similar response of cytokine production after stimulation with IL-1β and TLR4/2/6 agonists. Patients and controls had equivalent patterns of IRAK1 phosphorylation and degradation as well as IκBα degradation upon stimulation with IL-1β. CONCLUSION Patients with MECP2/IRAK1 duplication syndrome do not show increased canonical NF-κB signaling in immortalized fibroblasts, PBMCs, and whole blood. Therefore, we assume that these patients do not benefit from a therapeutic suppression of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Gottschalk
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Kölsch
- Labor Berlin GmbH, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dimitrios L Wagner
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität, Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Kath
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BeCAT), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität, Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefania Martini
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Renate Krüger
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Aleksandra Jezela-Stanek
- Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rainer Rossi
- Childrens' Hospital Neukölln, Vivantes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Hilde Van Esch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Horst von Bernuth
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
- Labor Berlin GmbH, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Wang L, Wang B, Wu C, Wang J, Sun M. Autism Spectrum Disorder: Neurodevelopmental Risk Factors, Biological Mechanism, and Precision Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031819. [PMID: 36768153 PMCID: PMC9915249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous, behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder. Over the past two decades, the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders has progressively increased, however, no clear diagnostic markers and specifically targeted medications for autism have emerged. As a result, neurobehavioral abnormalities, neurobiological alterations in ASD, and the development of novel ASD pharmacological therapy necessitate multidisciplinary collaboration. In this review, we discuss the development of multiple animal models of ASD to contribute to the disease mechanisms of ASD, as well as new studies from multiple disciplines to assess the behavioral pathology of ASD. In addition, we summarize and highlight the mechanistic advances regarding gene transcription, RNA and non-coding RNA translation, abnormal synaptic signaling pathways, epigenetic post-translational modifications, brain-gut axis, immune inflammation and neural loop abnormalities in autism to provide a theoretical basis for the next step of precision therapy. Furthermore, we review existing autism therapy tactics and limits and present challenges and opportunities for translating multidisciplinary knowledge of ASD into clinical practice.
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10
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Li X, Nie Y, Niu Q, Guo X, Qiu Z, Wang S. Abnormal Prefrontal Neural Oscillations are Associated with Social Deficits in MECP2 Duplication Syndrome. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:1598-1602. [PMID: 36319892 PMCID: PMC9722990 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00963-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Institute of Intelligent Robotics, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yingnan Nie
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Qiyu Niu
- Institute of Intelligent Robotics, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xuanjun Guo
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zilong Qiu
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Shouyan Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Robotics, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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11
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Mok RSF, Zhang W, Sheikh TI, Pradeepan K, Fernandes IR, DeJong LC, Benigno G, Hildebrandt MR, Mufteev M, Rodrigues DC, Wei W, Piekna A, Liu J, Muotri AR, Vincent JB, Muller L, Martinez-Trujillo J, Salter MW, Ellis J. Wide spectrum of neuronal and network phenotypes in human stem cell-derived excitatory neurons with Rett syndrome-associated MECP2 mutations. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:450. [PMID: 36253345 PMCID: PMC9576700 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder primarily caused by heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the X-linked gene MECP2 that is a global transcriptional regulator. Mutations in the methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) of MECP2 disrupt its interaction with methylated DNA. Here, we investigate the effect of a novel MECP2 L124W missense mutation in the MBD of an atypical RTT patient with preserved speech in comparison to severe MECP2 null mutations. L124W protein had a limited ability to disrupt heterochromatic chromocenters due to decreased binding dynamics. We isolated two pairs of isogenic WT and L124W induced pluripotent stem cells. L124W induced excitatory neurons expressed stable protein, exhibited increased input resistance and decreased voltage-gated Na+ and K+ currents, and their neuronal dysmorphology was limited to decreased dendritic complexity. Three isogenic pairs of MECP2 null neurons had the expected more extreme morphological and electrophysiological phenotypes. We examined development and maturation of L124W and MECP2 null excitatory neural network activity using micro-electrode arrays. Relative to isogenic controls, L124W neurons had an increase in synchronous network burst frequency, in contrast to MECP2 null neurons that suffered a significant decrease in synchronous network burst frequency and a transient extension of network burst duration. A biologically motivated computational neural network model shows the observed changes in network dynamics are explained by changes in intrinsic Na+ and K+ currents in individual neurons. Our multilevel results demonstrate that RTT excitatory neurons show a wide spectrum of morphological, electrophysiological and circuitry phenotypes that are dependent on the severity of the MECP2 mutation.
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Grants
- R01 MH108528 NIMH NIH HHS
- MOP-133423 CIHR
- R01 MH109885 NIMH NIH HHS
- FDN-154336 CIHR
- R01 MH100175 NIMH NIH HHS
- Col Harland Sanders Rett Syndrome Research Fund at the University of Toronto (to J.E.), SFARI (Research grant #514918 to J.E. and J.M-T), CIHR (MOP-133423 to J.E. and M.W.S.; ERARE Team Grant ERT161303 to J.E.), CIHR foundation grant (FDN-154336 to M.W.S), Ontario Brain Institute (POND Network to J.E.), McLaughlin Centre Accelerator grant (to J.E.), John Evans Leadership Fund & Ontario Research Fund (to J.E), Canada Research Chair in Stem Cell Models of Childhood Disease (to J.E.), Beta Sigma Phi International Endowment Fund (to J.E.).
- BrainsCAN at Western University through the Canada First Research Excellence Fund (CFREF) (to GB, KP, LM, JMT). NSERC Postgraduate Scholarship–Doctoral (PGS-D) Scholarship to KP.
- Trainee support was provided by Restracomp (to LCD).
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants # R01MH108528, R01MH109885, and R01MH1000175 to ARM.
- Ontario Rett Syndrome Association to JBV.
- SFARI (Research grant #514918 to J.E. and J.M-T), BrainsCAN at Western University through the Canada First Research Excellence Fund (CFREF) (to GB, KP, LM, JMT)
- CIHR (MOP-133423 to J.E. and M.W.S.; CIHR foundation grant (FDN-154336 to M.W.S),
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S F Mok
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A4, ON, Canada
| | - Taimoor I Sheikh
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Kartik Pradeepan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Robarts Research and Brain and Mind Institutes, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Isabella R Fernandes
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA, 92037-0695, USA
| | - Leah C DeJong
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Gabriel Benigno
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Robarts Research Institute, Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Matthew R Hildebrandt
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Marat Mufteev
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Deivid C Rodrigues
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Wei Wei
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Alina Piekna
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jiajie Liu
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, La Jolla, CA, 92037-0695, USA
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, Archealization Center, Kavli Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - John B Vincent
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Lyle Muller
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Robarts Research Institute, Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Julio Martinez-Trujillo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Graduate Program, Robarts Research and Brain and Mind Institutes, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Michael W Salter
- Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 0A4, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - James Ellis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
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12
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Fasano G, Compagnucci C, Dallapiccola B, Tartaglia M, Lauri A. Teleost Fish and Organoids: Alternative Windows Into the Development of Healthy and Diseased Brains. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:855786. [PMID: 36034498 PMCID: PMC9403253 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.855786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The variety in the display of animals’ cognition, emotions, and behaviors, typical of humans, has its roots within the anterior-most part of the brain: the forebrain, giving rise to the neocortex in mammals. Our understanding of cellular and molecular events instructing the development of this domain and its multiple adaptations within the vertebrate lineage has progressed in the last decade. Expanding and detailing the available knowledge on regionalization, progenitors’ behavior and functional sophistication of the forebrain derivatives is also key to generating informative models to improve our characterization of heterogeneous and mechanistically unexplored cortical malformations. Classical and emerging mammalian models are irreplaceable to accurately elucidate mechanisms of stem cells expansion and impairments of cortex development. Nevertheless, alternative systems, allowing a considerable reduction of the burden associated with animal experimentation, are gaining popularity to dissect basic strategies of neural stem cells biology and morphogenesis in health and disease and to speed up preclinical drug testing. Teleost vertebrates such as zebrafish, showing conserved core programs of forebrain development, together with patients-derived in vitro 2D and 3D models, recapitulating more accurately human neurogenesis, are now accepted within translational workflows spanning from genetic analysis to functional investigation. Here, we review the current knowledge of common and divergent mechanisms shaping the forebrain in vertebrates, and causing cortical malformations in humans. We next address the utility, benefits and limitations of whole-brain/organism-based fish models or neuronal ensembles in vitro for translational research to unravel key genes and pathological mechanisms involved in neurodevelopmental diseases.
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13
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Jiang CC, Lin LS, Long S, Ke XY, Fukunaga K, Lu YM, Han F. Signalling pathways in autism spectrum disorder: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:229. [PMID: 35817793 PMCID: PMC9273593 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a prevalent and complex neurodevelopmental disorder which has strong genetic basis. Despite the rapidly rising incidence of autism, little is known about its aetiology, risk factors, and disease progression. There are currently neither validated biomarkers for diagnostic screening nor specific medication for autism. Over the last two decades, there have been remarkable advances in genetics, with hundreds of genes identified and validated as being associated with a high risk for autism. The convergence of neuroscience methods is becoming more widely recognized for its significance in elucidating the pathological mechanisms of autism. Efforts have been devoted to exploring the behavioural functions, key pathological mechanisms and potential treatments of autism. Here, as we highlight in this review, emerging evidence shows that signal transduction molecular events are involved in pathological processes such as transcription, translation, synaptic transmission, epigenetics and immunoinflammatory responses. This involvement has important implications for the discovery of precise molecular targets for autism. Moreover, we review recent insights into the mechanisms and clinical implications of signal transduction in autism from molecular, cellular, neural circuit, and neurobehavioural aspects. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives are discussed with regard to novel strategies predicated on the biological features of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Jiang
- International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Li-Shan Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Sen Long
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Mental Health Center Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Ke
- Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Department of CNS Drug Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ying-Mei Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Feng Han
- International Joint Laboratory for Drug Target of Critical Illnesses; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular & Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China. .,Institute of Brain Science, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215002, China.
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14
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Human Brain Models of Intellectual Disability: Experimental Advances and Novelties. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126476. [PMID: 35742919 PMCID: PMC9224308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) is characterized by deficits in conceptual, social and practical domains. ID can be caused by both genetic defects and environmental factors and is extremely heterogeneous, which complicates the diagnosis as well as the deciphering of the underlying pathways. Multiple scientific breakthroughs during the past decades have enabled the development of novel ID models. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) enables the study of patient-derived human neurons in 2D or in 3D organoids during development. Gene-editing tools, such as CRISPR/Cas9, provide isogenic controls and opportunities to design personalized gene therapies. In practice this has contributed significantly to the understanding of ID and opened doors to identify novel therapeutic targets. Despite these advances, a number of areas of improvement remain for which novel technologies might entail a solution in the near future. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the existing literature on scientific breakthroughs that have been advancing the way ID can be studied in the human brain. The here described human brain models for ID have the potential to accelerate the identification of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and the development of therapies.
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15
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McCready FP, Gordillo-Sampedro S, Pradeepan K, Martinez-Trujillo J, Ellis J. Multielectrode Arrays for Functional Phenotyping of Neurons from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Models of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020316. [PMID: 35205182 PMCID: PMC8868577 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Multielectrode array technology allows researchers to record the spontaneous firing activity of cultured neurons over a period of multiple weeks or months. These data can be valuable for understanding how the functional relationships between neurons evolve as they begin to form connections and wire into a functional network. This technology has been adopted by researchers using stem cells to produce human neurons in culture to study neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the dizzying complexity and scale of the data generated have posed some challenges with the analysis and interpretation of experimental results. Here, we first provide historical context as to why multielectrode array platforms were originally developed, and use this perspective to explore some of the challenges currently facing the field. We then highlight new analysis methods, provide some guidance for improving the analysis of multielectrode array data, and discuss standardizing how these findings are communicated in scientific publications. Abstract In vitro multielectrode array (MEA) systems are increasingly used as higher-throughput platforms for functional phenotyping studies of neurons in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) disease models. While MEA systems generate large amounts of spatiotemporal activity data from networks of iPSC-derived neurons, the downstream analysis and interpretation of such high-dimensional data often pose a significant challenge to researchers. In this review, we examine how MEA technology is currently deployed in iPSC modeling studies of neurodevelopmental disorders. We first highlight the strengths of in vitro MEA technology by reviewing the history of its development and the original scientific questions MEAs were intended to answer. Methods of generating patient iPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes for MEA co-cultures are summarized. We then discuss challenges associated with MEA data analysis in a disease modeling context, and present novel computational methods used to better interpret network phenotyping data. We end by suggesting best practices for presenting MEA data in research publications, and propose that the creation of a public MEA data repository to enable collaborative data sharing would be of great benefit to the iPSC disease modeling community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser P. McCready
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (F.P.M.); (S.G.-S.)
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Sara Gordillo-Sampedro
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (F.P.M.); (S.G.-S.)
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Kartik Pradeepan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Psychiatry, Robarts Research and Brain and Mind Institutes, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; (K.P.); (J.M.-T.)
| | - Julio Martinez-Trujillo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Psychiatry, Robarts Research and Brain and Mind Institutes, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada; (K.P.); (J.M.-T.)
| | - James Ellis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (F.P.M.); (S.G.-S.)
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Correspondence:
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16
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Collins BE, Neul JL. Rett Syndrome and MECP2 Duplication Syndrome: Disorders of MeCP2 Dosage. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:2813-2835. [PMID: 36471747 PMCID: PMC9719276 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s371483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused predominantly by loss-of-function mutations in the gene Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2), which encodes the MeCP2 protein. RTT is a MECP2-related disorder, along with MECP2 duplication syndrome (MDS), caused by gain-of-function duplications of MECP2. Nearly two decades of research have advanced our knowledge of MeCP2 function in health and disease. The following review will discuss MeCP2 protein function and its dysregulation in the MECP2-related disorders RTT and MDS. This will include a discussion of the genetic underpinnings of these disorders, specifically how sporadic X-chromosome mutations arise and manifest in specific populations. We will then review current diagnostic guidelines and clinical manifestations of RTT and MDS. Next, we will delve into MeCP2 biology, describing the dual landscapes of methylated DNA and its reader MeCP2 across the neuronal genome as well as the function of MeCP2 as a transcriptional modulator. Following this, we will outline common MECP2 mutations and genotype-phenotype correlations in both diseases, with particular focus on mutations associated with relatively mild disease in RTT. We will also summarize decades of disease modeling and resulting molecular, synaptic, and behavioral phenotypes associated with RTT and MDS. Finally, we list several therapeutics in the development pipeline for RTT and MDS and available evidence of their safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget E Collins
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Neul
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, and Special Education, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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17
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Negraes PD, Trujillo CA, Yu NK, Wu W, Yao H, Liang N, Lautz JD, Kwok E, McClatchy D, Diedrich J, de Bartolome SM, Truong J, Szeto R, Tran T, Herai RH, Smith SEP, Haddad GG, Yates JR, Muotri AR. Altered network and rescue of human neurons derived from individuals with early-onset genetic epilepsy. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7047-7068. [PMID: 33888873 PMCID: PMC8531162 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Early-onset epileptic encephalopathies are severe disorders often associated with specific genetic mutations. In this context, the CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by early-onset seizures, intellectual delay, and motor dysfunction. Although crucial for proper brain development, the precise targets of CDKL5 and its relation to patients' symptoms are still unknown. Here, induced pluripotent stem cells derived from individuals deficient in CDKL5 protein were used to generate neural cells. Proteomic and phosphoproteomic approaches revealed disruption of several pathways, including microtubule-based processes and cytoskeleton organization. While CDD-derived neural progenitor cells have proliferation defects, neurons showed morphological alterations and compromised glutamatergic synaptogenesis. Moreover, the electrical activity of CDD cortical neurons revealed hyperexcitability during development, leading to an overly synchronized network. Many parameters of this hyperactive network were rescued by lead compounds selected from a human high-throughput drug screening platform. Our results enlighten cellular, molecular, and neural network mechanisms of genetic epilepsy that could ultimately promote novel therapeutic opportunities for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla D Negraes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cleber A Trujillo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Nam-Kyung Yu
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hang Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan D Lautz
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ellius Kwok
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel McClatchy
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jolene Diedrich
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Justin Truong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Szeto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Roberto H Herai
- Experimental Multiuser Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Stephen E P Smith
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gabriel G Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), La Jolla, CA, USA.
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18
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Pascual-Alonso A, Martínez-Monseny AF, Xiol C, Armstrong J. MECP2-Related Disorders in Males. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9610. [PMID: 34502518 PMCID: PMC8431762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) is located at Xq28 and is a multifunctional gene with ubiquitous expression. Loss-of-function mutations in MECP2 are associated with Rett syndrome (RTT), which is a well-characterized disorder that affects mainly females. In boys, however, mutations in MECP2 can generate a wide spectrum of clinical presentations that range from mild intellectual impairment to severe neonatal encephalopathy and premature death. Thus, males can be more difficult to classify and diagnose than classical RTT females. In addition, there are some variants of unknown significance in MECP2, which further complicate the diagnosis of these children. Conversely, the entire duplication of the MECP2 gene is related to MECP2 duplication syndrome (MDS). Unlike in RTT, in MDS, males are predominantly affected. Usually, the duplication is inherited from an apparently asymptomatic carrier mother. Both syndromes share some characteristics, but also differ in some aspects regarding the clinical picture and evolution. In the following review, we present a thorough description of the different types of MECP2 variants and alterations that can be found in males, and explore several genotype-phenotype correlations, although there is still a lot to understand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Pascual-Alonso
- Fundació Per la Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; (A.P.-A.); (C.X.)
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain;
| | - Antonio F. Martínez-Monseny
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain;
- Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Genetic Medicine Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Clara Xiol
- Fundació Per la Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain; (A.P.-A.); (C.X.)
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain;
| | - Judith Armstrong
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa 39-57, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain;
- Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Genetic Medicine Section, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- CIBER-ER (Biomedical Network Research Center for Rare Diseases), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Puppo F, Pré D, Bang AG, Silva GA. Super-Selective Reconstruction of Causal and Direct Connectivity With Application to in vitro iPSC Neuronal Networks. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:647877. [PMID: 34335152 PMCID: PMC8323822 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.647877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advancements in the development of cell-based in-vitro neuronal network models, the lack of appropriate computational tools limits their analyses. Methods aimed at deciphering the effective connections between neurons from extracellular spike recordings would increase utility of in vitro local neural circuits, especially for studies of human neural development and disease based on induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC). Current techniques allow statistical inference of functional couplings in the network but are fundamentally unable to correctly identify indirect and apparent connections between neurons, generating redundant maps with limited ability to model the causal dynamics of the network. In this paper, we describe a novel mathematically rigorous, model-free method to map effective-direct and causal-connectivity of neuronal networks from multi-electrode array data. The inference algorithm uses a combination of statistical and deterministic indicators which, first, enables identification of all existing functional links in the network and then reconstructs the directed and causal connection diagram via a super-selective rule enabling highly accurate classification of direct, indirect, and apparent links. Our method can be generally applied to the functional characterization of any in vitro neuronal networks. Here, we show that, given its accuracy, it can offer important insights into the functional development of in vitro hiPSC-derived neuronal cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Puppo
- BioCircuits Institute and Center for Engineered Natural Intelligence, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Deborah Pré
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Anne G. Bang
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Gabriel A. Silva
- BioCircuits Institute, Center for Engineered Natural Intelligence, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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20
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Perveen N, Ashraf W, Alqahtani F, Fawad Rasool M, Samad N, Imran I. Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: What do we understand about protein alterations? Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:377-394. [PMID: 34132061 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
During neuronal diseases, neuronal proteins get disturbed due to changes in the connections of neurons. As a result, neuronal proteins get disturbed and cause epilepsy. At the genetic level, many mutations may take place in proteins like axon guidance proteins, leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 protein, microtubular protein, pore-forming, chromatin remodeling, and chemokine proteins which may lead toward temporal lobe epilepsy. These proteins can be targeted in the future for the treatment purpose of epilepsy. Novel avenues can be developed for therapeutic interventions by these new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Perveen
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Ashraf
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Faleh Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Fawad Rasool
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Noreen Samad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Imran Imran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
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21
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Goto-Silva L, Martins M, Murillo JR, Souza LRQ, Vitória G, Oliveira JT, Nascimento JM, Loiola EC, Nogueira FCS, Domont GB, Guimarães MZP, Tovar-Moll F, Rehen SK, Junqueira M. Quantitative profiling of axonal guidance proteins during the differentiation of human neurospheres. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2021; 1869:140656. [PMID: 33857633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Axon guidance is required for the establishment of brain circuits. Whether much of the molecular basis of axon guidance is known from animal models, the molecular machinery coordinating axon growth and pathfinding in humans remains to be elucidated. The use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from human donors has revolutionized in vitro studies of the human brain. iPSC can be differentiated into neuronal stem cells which can be used to generate neural tissue-like cultures, known as neurospheres, that reproduce, in many aspects, the cell types and molecules present in the brain. Here, we analyzed quantitative changes in the proteome of neurospheres during differentiation. Relative quantification was performed at early time points during differentiation using iTRAQ-based labeling and LC-MS/MS analysis. We identified 6438 proteins, from which 433 were downregulated and 479 were upregulated during differentiation. We show that human neurospheres have a molecular profile that correlates to the fetal brain. During differentiation, upregulated pathways are related to neuronal development and differentiation, cell adhesion, and axonal guidance whereas cell proliferation pathways were downregulated. We developed a functional assay to check for neurite outgrowth in neurospheres and confirmed that neurite outgrowth potential is increased after 10 days of differentiation and is enhanced by increasing cyclic AMP levels. The proteins identified here represent a resource to monitor neurosphere differentiation and coupled to the neurite outgrowth assay can be used to functionally explore neurological disorders using human neurospheres as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Goto-Silva
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Michele Martins
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 - bloco A 5° andar - Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Jimmy Rodriguez Murillo
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 - bloco A 5° andar - Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Leticia R Q Souza
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Vitória
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Júlia T Oliveira
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Juliana M Nascimento
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22281-100, Brazil; Department of Biosciences, Institute Science and Society, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Santos, SP 11015-020, Brazil
| | - Erick Correia Loiola
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Fabio C S Nogueira
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 - bloco A 5° andar - Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Gilberto B Domont
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 - bloco A 5° andar - Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Marília Zaluar P Guimarães
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22281-100, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rua Manoel Frota Moreira - Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tovar-Moll
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22281-100, Brazil
| | - Stevens Kastrup Rehen
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, 30 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22281-100, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rua Manoel Frota Moreira - Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil.
| | - Magno Junqueira
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 - bloco A 5° andar - Cidade Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil.
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22
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Rodrigues DC, Mufteev M, Weatheritt RJ, Djuric U, Ha KCH, Ross PJ, Wei W, Piekna A, Sartori MA, Byres L, Mok RSF, Zaslavsky K, Pasceri P, Diamandis P, Morris Q, Blencowe BJ, Ellis J. Shifts in Ribosome Engagement Impact Key Gene Sets in Neurodevelopment and Ubiquitination in Rett Syndrome. Cell Rep 2021; 30:4179-4196.e11. [PMID: 32209477 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of translation during human development is poorly understood, and its dysregulation is associated with Rett syndrome (RTT). To discover shifts in mRNA ribosomal engagement (RE) during human neurodevelopment, we use parallel translating ribosome affinity purification sequencing (TRAP-seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on control and RTT human induced pluripotent stem cells, neural progenitor cells, and cortical neurons. We find that 30% of transcribed genes are translationally regulated, including key gene sets (neurodevelopment, transcription and translation factors, and glycolysis). Approximately 35% of abundant intergenic long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are ribosome engaged. Neurons translate mRNAs more efficiently and have longer 3' UTRs, and RE correlates with elements for RNA-binding proteins. RTT neurons have reduced global translation and compromised mTOR signaling, and >2,100 genes are translationally dysregulated. NEDD4L E3-ubiquitin ligase is translationally impaired, ubiquitinated protein levels are reduced, and protein targets accumulate in RTT neurons. Overall, the dynamic translatome in neurodevelopment is disturbed in RTT and provides insight into altered ubiquitination that may have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deivid C Rodrigues
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Marat Mufteev
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Robert J Weatheritt
- Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Ugljesa Djuric
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Kevin C H Ha
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Vector Institute, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - P Joel Ross
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Wei Wei
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Alina Piekna
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Maria A Sartori
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Loryn Byres
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Rebecca S F Mok
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kirill Zaslavsky
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Peter Pasceri
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Phedias Diamandis
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Quaid Morris
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada; Vector Institute, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Benjamin J Blencowe
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - James Ellis
- Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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23
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Gomes AR, Fernandes TG, Cabral JM, Diogo MM. Modeling Rett Syndrome with Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: Mechanistic Outcomes and Future Clinical Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3751. [PMID: 33916879 PMCID: PMC8038474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2). Among many different roles, MeCP2 has a high phenotypic impact during the different stages of brain development. Thus, it is essential to intensively investigate the function of MeCP2, and its regulated targets, to better understand the mechanisms of the disease and inspire the development of possible therapeutic strategies. Several animal models have greatly contributed to these studies, but more recently human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have been providing a promising alternative for the study of RTT. The rapid evolution in the field of hPSC culture allowed first the development of 2D-based neuronal differentiation protocols, and more recently the generation of 3D human brain organoid models, a more complex approach that better recapitulates human neurodevelopment in vitro. Modeling RTT using these culture platforms, either with patient-specific human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) or genetically-modified hPSCs, has certainly contributed to a better understanding of the onset of RTT and the disease phenotype, ultimately allowing the development of high throughput drugs screening tests for potential clinical translation. In this review, we first provide a brief summary of the main neurological features of RTT and the impact of MeCP2 mutations in the neuropathophysiology of this disease. Then, we provide a thorough revision of the more recent advances and future prospects of RTT modeling with human neural cells derived from hPSCs, obtained using both 2D and organoids culture systems, and its contribution for the current and future clinical trials for RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Gomes
- Department of Bioengineering and IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.R.G.); (T.G.F.); (J.M.S.C.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular-João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago G. Fernandes
- Department of Bioengineering and IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.R.G.); (T.G.F.); (J.M.S.C.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M.S. Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.R.G.); (T.G.F.); (J.M.S.C.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Margarida Diogo
- Department of Bioengineering and IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.R.G.); (T.G.F.); (J.M.S.C.)
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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24
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Patient-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) and Cerebral Organoids for Drug Screening and Development in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Opportunities and Challenges. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020280. [PMID: 33669772 PMCID: PMC7922555 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represents a group of neurodevelopmental diseases characterized by persistent deficits in social communication, interaction, and repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, and activities. The etiopathogenesis is multifactorial with complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The clinical heterogeneity and complex etiology of this pediatric disorder have limited the development of pharmacological therapies. The major limit to ASD research remains a lack of relevant human disease models which can faithfully recapitulate key features of the human pathology and represent its genetic heterogeneity. Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), reprogrammed from somatic cells of patients into all types of patient-specific neural cells, have provided a promising cellular tool for disease modeling and development of novel drug treatments. The iPSCs technology allowed not only a better investigation of the disease etiopathogenesis but also opened up the potential for personalized therapies and offered new opportunities for drug discovery, pharmacological screening, and toxicity assessment. Moreover, iPSCs can be differentiated and organized into three-dimensional (3D) organoids, providing a model which mimics the complexity of the brain’s architecture and more accurately recapitulates tissue- and organ-level disease pathophysiology. The aims of this review were to describe the current state of the art of the use of human patient-derived iPSCs and brain organoids in modeling ASD and developing novel therapeutic strategies and to discuss the opportunities and major challenges in this rapidly moving field.
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Human iPSC-Derived 2D and 3D Platforms for Rapidly Assessing Developmental, Functional, and Terminal Toxicities in Neural Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041908. [PMID: 33672998 PMCID: PMC7918576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing global health threats has come an urgent need to rapidly develop and deploy safe and effective therapies. A common practice to fast track clinical adoption of compounds for new indications is to repurpose already approved therapeutics; however, many compounds considered safe to a specific application or population may elicit undesirable side effects when the dosage, usage directives, and/or clinical context are changed. For example, progenitor and developing cells may have different susceptibilities than mature dormant cells, which may yet be different than mature active cells. Thus, in vitro test systems should reflect the cellular context of the native cell: developing, nascent, or functionally active. To that end, we have developed high-throughput, two- and three-dimensional human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neural screening platforms that reflect different neurodevelopmental stages. As a proof of concept, we implemented this in vitro human system to swiftly identify the potential neurotoxicity profiles of 29 therapeutic compounds that could be repurposed as anti-virals. Interestingly, many compounds displayed high toxicity on early-stage neural tissues but not on later stages. Compounds with the safest overall viability profiles were further evaluated for functional assessment in a high-throughput calcium flux assay. Of the 29 drugs tested, only four did not modulate or have other potentially toxic effects on the developing or mature neurospheroids across all the tested dosages. These results highlight the importance of employing human neural cultures at different stages of development to fully understand the neurotoxicity profile of potential therapeutics across normal ontogeny.
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26
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Pintacuda G, Martín JM, Eggan KC. Mind the translational gap: using iPS cell models to bridge from genetic discoveries to perturbed pathways and therapeutic targets. Mol Autism 2021; 12:10. [PMID: 33557935 PMCID: PMC7869517 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-021-00417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social interactions as well as the presentation of restrictive and repetitive behaviors. ASD is highly heritable but genetically heterogenous with both common and rare genetic variants collaborating to predispose individuals to the disorder. In this review, we synthesize recent efforts to develop human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived models of ASD-related phenotypes. We firstly address concerns regarding the relevance and validity of available neuronal iPSC-derived models. We then critically evaluate the robustness of various differentiation and cell culture protocols used for producing cell types of relevance to ASD. By exploring iPSC models of ASD reported thus far, we examine to what extent cellular and neuronal phenotypes with potential relevance to ASD can be linked to genetic variants found to underlie it. Lastly, we outline promising strategies by which iPSC technology can both enhance the power of genetic studies to identify ASD risk factors and nominate pathways that are disrupted across groups of ASD patients that might serve as common points for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Pintacuda
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Jacqueline M Martín
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Kevin C Eggan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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27
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Trujillo CA, Adams JW, Negraes PD, Carromeu C, Tejwani L, Acab A, Tsuda B, Thomas CA, Sodhi N, Fichter KM, Romero S, Zanella F, Sejnowski TJ, Ulrich H, Muotri AR. Pharmacological reversal of synaptic and network pathology in human MECP2-KO neurons and cortical organoids. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e12523. [PMID: 33501759 PMCID: PMC7799367 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Duplication or deficiency of the X-linked MECP2 gene reliably produces profound neurodevelopmental impairment. MECP2 mutations are almost universally responsible for Rett syndrome (RTT), and particular mutations and cellular mosaicism of MECP2 may underlie the spectrum of RTT symptomatic severity. No clinically approved treatments for RTT are currently available, but human pluripotent stem cell technology offers a platform to identify neuropathology and test candidate therapeutics. Using a strategic series of increasingly complex human stem cell-derived technologies, including human neurons, MECP2-mosaic neurospheres to model RTT female brain mosaicism, and cortical organoids, we identified synaptic dysregulation downstream from knockout of MECP2 and screened select pharmacological compounds for their ability to treat this dysfunction. Two lead compounds, Nefiracetam and PHA 543613, specifically reversed MECP2-knockout cytologic neuropathology. The capacity of these compounds to reverse neuropathologic phenotypes and networks in human models supports clinical studies for neurodevelopmental disorders in which MeCP2 deficiency is the predominant etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleber A Trujillo
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's HospitalDepartment of Cellular & Molecular MedicineSchool of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Jason W Adams
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's HospitalDepartment of Cellular & Molecular MedicineSchool of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Department of NeurosciencesSchool of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Center for Academic Research and Training in AnthropogenyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Priscilla D Negraes
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's HospitalDepartment of Cellular & Molecular MedicineSchool of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- StemoniX IncMaple GroveMNUSA
| | - Cassiano Carromeu
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's HospitalDepartment of Cellular & Molecular MedicineSchool of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- StemoniX IncMaple GroveMNUSA
| | - Leon Tejwani
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's HospitalDepartment of Cellular & Molecular MedicineSchool of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Present address:
Interdepartmental Neuroscience ProgramYale School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Allan Acab
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's HospitalDepartment of Cellular & Molecular MedicineSchool of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Ben Tsuda
- Department of NeurosciencesSchool of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Computational Neurobiology LaboratorySalk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Charles A Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's HospitalDepartment of Cellular & Molecular MedicineSchool of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Terrence J Sejnowski
- Computational Neurobiology LaboratorySalk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCAUSA
- Institute for Neural ComputationUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Departamento de BioquímicaInstituto de QuímicaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's HospitalDepartment of Cellular & Molecular MedicineSchool of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Center for Academic Research and Training in AnthropogenyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
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28
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Ash RT, Park J, Suter B, Zoghbi HY, Smirnakis SM. Excessive Formation and Stabilization of Dendritic Spine Clusters in the MECP2-Duplication Syndrome Mouse Model of Autism. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0282-20.2020. [PMID: 33168618 PMCID: PMC7877475 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0282-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism-associated genetic mutations may perturb the balance between stability and plasticity of synaptic connections in the brain. Here, we report an increase in the formation and stabilization of dendritic spines in the cerebral cortex of the mouse model of MECP2-duplication syndrome, a high-penetrance form of syndromic autism. Increased stabilization is mediated entirely by spines that form cooperatively in 10-μm clusters and is observable across multiple cortical areas both spontaneously and following motor training. Excessive stability of dendritic spine clusters could contribute to behavioral rigidity and other phenotypes in syndromic autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Thomas Ash
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jiyoung Park
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Bernhard Suter
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Huda Yaya Zoghbi
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Stelios Manolis Smirnakis
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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29
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Zhang X, Li Z, Liu Y, Gai Z. Great Expectations: Induced pluripotent stem cell technologies in neurodevelopmental impairments. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:459-473. [PMID: 33390815 PMCID: PMC7757149 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.51842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cells such as skin fibroblasts, umbilical cord blood, peripheral blood, urinary epithelial cells, etc., are transformed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by reprogramming technology, a milestone in the stem-cell research field. IPSCs are similar to embryonic stem cells (ESCs), exhibiting the potential to differentiate into various somatic cells. Still, the former avoid problems of immune rejection and medical ethics in the study of ESCs and clinical trials. Neurodevelopmental disorders are chronic developmental brain dysfunctions that affect cognition, exercise, social adaptability, behavior, etc. Due to various inherited or acquired causes, they seriously affect the physical and psychological health of infants and children. These include generalized stunting / mental disability (GDD/ID), Epilepsy, autism spectrum disease (ASD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Most neurodevelopmental disorders are challenging to cure. Establishing a neurodevelopmental disorder system model is essential for researching and treating neurodevelopmental disorders. At this stage, the scarcity of samples is a bigger problem for studying neurological diseases based on the donor, ethics, etc. Some iPSCs are reprogrammed from somatic cells that carry disease-causing mutations. They differentiate into nerve cells by induction, which has the original characteristics of diseases. Disease-specific iPSCs are used to study the mechanism and pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. The process provided samples and the impetus for developing drugs and developing treatment plans for neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, this article mainly introduced the development of iPSCs, the currently established iPSCs disease models, and artificial organoids related to neurodevelopmental impairments. This technology will promote our understanding of neurodevelopmental impairments and bring great expectations to children with neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250022, China.,Jinan Pediatric Research Institute, Jinan Children's Hospital, Ji'nan 250022, China.,Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Children's Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Ji'nan 250033, China
| | - Zilong Li
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250022, China.,Jinan Pediatric Research Institute, Jinan Children's Hospital, Ji'nan 250022, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250022, China.,Jinan Pediatric Research Institute, Jinan Children's Hospital, Ji'nan 250022, China
| | - Zhongtao Gai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Qilu Children's Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250022, China.,Jinan Pediatric Research Institute, Jinan Children's Hospital, Ji'nan 250022, China
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30
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Cheffer A, Flitsch LJ, Krutenko T, Röderer P, Sokhranyaeva L, Iefremova V, Hajo M, Peitz M, Schwarz MK, Brüstle O. Human stem cell-based models for studying autism spectrum disorder-related neuronal dysfunction. Mol Autism 2020; 11:99. [PMID: 33308283 PMCID: PMC7733257 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-00383-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The controlled differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into neurons and glia offers a unique opportunity to study early stages of human central nervous system development under controlled conditions in vitro. With the advent of cell reprogramming and the possibility to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from any individual in a scalable manner, these studies can be extended to a disease- and patient-specific level. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is considered a neurodevelopmental disorder, with substantial evidence pointing to early alterations in neurogenesis and network formation as key pathogenic drivers. For that reason, ASD represents an ideal candidate for stem cell-based disease modeling. Here, we provide a concise review on recent advances in the field of human iPSC-based modeling of syndromic and non-syndromic forms of ASD, with a particular focus on studies addressing neuronal dysfunction and altered connectivity. We further discuss recent efforts to translate stem cell-based disease modeling to 3D via brain organoid and cell transplantation approaches, which enable the investigation of disease mechanisms in a tissue-like context. Finally, we describe advanced tools facilitating the assessment of altered neuronal function, comment on the relevance of iPSC-based models for the assessment of pharmaceutical therapies and outline potential future routes in stem cell-based ASD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arquimedes Cheffer
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lea Jessica Flitsch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tamara Krutenko
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pascal Röderer
- Life & Brain GmbH, Platform Cellomics, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Liubov Sokhranyaeva
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vira Iefremova
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mohamad Hajo
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Peitz
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- Life & Brain GmbH, Platform Cellomics, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- Cell Programming Core Facility, University of Bonn Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Karl Schwarz
- Life & Brain GmbH, Platform Cellomics, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 76, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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31
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Wu W, Yao H, Dwivedi I, Negraes PD, Zhao HW, Wang J, Trujillo CA, Muotri AR, Haddad GG. Methadone Suppresses Neuronal Function and Maturation in Human Cortical Organoids. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:593248. [PMID: 33328864 PMCID: PMC7719724 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.593248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has suggested that prenatal exposure to methadone causes multiple adverse effects on human brain development. Methadone not only suppresses fetal neurobehavior and alters neural maturation, but also leads to long-term neurological impairment. Due to logistical and ethical issues of accessing human fetal tissue, the effect of methadone on brain development and its underlying mechanisms have not been investigated adequately and are therefore not fully understood. Here, we use human cortical organoids which resemble fetal brain development to examine the effect of methadone on neuronal function and maturation during early development. During development, cortical organoids that are exposed to clinically relevant concentrations of methadone exhibited suppressed maturation of neuronal function. For example, organoids developed from 12th week till 24th week have an about 7-fold increase in AP firing frequency, but only half and a third of this increase was found in organoids exposed to 1 and 10 μM methadone, respectively. We further demonstrated substantial increases in INa (4.5-fold) and IKD (10.8-fold), and continued shifts of Na+ channel activation and inactivation during normal organoid development. Methadone-induced suppression of neuronal function was attributed to the attenuated increase in the densities of INa and IKD and the reduced shift of Na+ channel gating properties. Since normal neuronal electrophysiology and ion channel function are critical for regulating brain development, we believe that the effect of prolonged methadone exposure contributes to the delayed maturation, development fetal brain and potentially for longer term neurologic deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Hang Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Ila Dwivedi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Priscilla D Negraes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Helen W Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Cleber A Trujillo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell Program, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Gabriel G Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, United States
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32
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Pensado-López A, Veiga-Rúa S, Carracedo Á, Allegue C, Sánchez L. Experimental Models to Study Autism Spectrum Disorders: hiPSCs, Rodents and Zebrafish. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1376. [PMID: 33233737 PMCID: PMC7699923 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) affect around 1.5% of the global population, which manifest alterations in communication and socialization, as well as repetitive behaviors or restricted interests. ASD is a complex disorder with known environmental and genetic contributors; however, ASD etiology is far from being clear. In the past decades, many efforts have been put into developing new models to study ASD, both in vitro and in vivo. These models have a lot of potential to help to validate some of the previously associated risk factors to the development of the disorder, and to test new potential therapies that help to alleviate ASD symptoms. The present review is focused on the recent advances towards the generation of models for the study of ASD, which would be a useful tool to decipher the bases of the disorder, as well as to conduct drug screenings that hopefully lead to the identification of useful compounds to help patients deal with the symptoms of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Pensado-López
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.P.-L.); (S.V.-R.)
- Genomic Medicine Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Sara Veiga-Rúa
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.P.-L.); (S.V.-R.)
- Genomic Medicine Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Ángel Carracedo
- Genomic Medicine Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Catarina Allegue
- Genomic Medicine Group, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Laura Sánchez
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.P.-L.); (S.V.-R.)
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33
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Cavallo F, Troglio F, Fagà G, Fancelli D, Shyti R, Trattaro S, Zanella M, D'Agostino G, Hughes JM, Cera MR, Pasi M, Gabriele M, Lazzarin M, Mihailovich M, Kooy F, Rosa A, Mercurio C, Varasi M, Testa G. High-throughput screening identifies histone deacetylase inhibitors that modulate GTF2I expression in 7q11.23 microduplication autism spectrum disorder patient-derived cortical neurons. Mol Autism 2020; 11:88. [PMID: 33208191 PMCID: PMC7677843 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-00387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental condition affecting almost 1% of children, and represents a major unmet medical need with no effective drug treatment available. Duplication at 7q11.23 (7Dup), encompassing 26–28 genes, is one of the best characterized ASD-causing copy number variations and offers unique translational opportunities, because the hemideletion of the same interval causes Williams–Beuren syndrome (WBS), a condition defined by hypersociability and language strengths, thereby providing a unique reference to validate treatments for the ASD symptoms. In the above-indicated interval at 7q11.23, defined as WBS critical region, several genes, such as GTF2I, BAZ1B, CLIP2 and EIF4H, emerged as critical for their role in the pathogenesis of WBS and 7Dup both from mouse models and human studies. Methods We performed a high-throughput screening of 1478 compounds, including central nervous system agents, epigenetic modulators and experimental substances, on patient-derived cortical glutamatergic neurons differentiated from our cohort of induced pluripotent stem cell lines (iPSCs), monitoring the transcriptional modulation of WBS interval genes, with a special focus on GTF2I, in light of its overriding pathogenic role. The hits identified were validated by measuring gene expression by qRT-PCR and the results were confirmed by western blotting. Results We identified and selected three histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) that decreased the abnormal expression level of GTF2I in 7Dup cortical glutamatergic neurons differentiated from four genetically different iPSC lines. We confirmed this effect also at the protein level. Limitations In this study, we did not address the molecular mechanisms whereby HDAC inhibitors act on GTF2I. The lead compounds identified will now need to be advanced to further testing in additional models, including patient-derived brain organoids and mouse models recapitulating the gene imbalances of the 7q11.23 microduplication, in order to validate their efficacy in rescuing phenotypes across multiple functional layers within a translational pipeline towards clinical use. Conclusions These results represent a unique opportunity for the development of a specific class of compounds for treating 7Dup and other forms of intellectual disability and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cavallo
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, c/o High Definition Disease Modelling Lab: Stem Cell and Organoid Epigenetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Flavia Troglio
- High Definition Disease Modelling Lab: Stem Cell and Organoid Epigenetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fagà
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy.,IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Fancelli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy.,IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Reinald Shyti
- High Definition Disease Modelling Lab: Stem Cell and Organoid Epigenetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Trattaro
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, c/o High Definition Disease Modelling Lab: Stem Cell and Organoid Epigenetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy.,High Definition Disease Modelling Lab: Stem Cell and Organoid Epigenetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Zanella
- High Definition Disease Modelling Lab: Stem Cell and Organoid Epigenetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy.,Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giuseppe D'Agostino
- High Definition Disease Modelling Lab: Stem Cell and Organoid Epigenetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - James M Hughes
- High Definition Disease Modelling Lab: Stem Cell and Organoid Epigenetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy.,FPO - IRCCS, Candiolo Cancer Institute, SP 142 Km 3.95, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Cera
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy.,IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pasi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy.,IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Gabriele
- High Definition Disease Modelling Lab: Stem Cell and Organoid Epigenetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Maddalena Lazzarin
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, c/o High Definition Disease Modelling Lab: Stem Cell and Organoid Epigenetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Marija Mihailovich
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, c/o High Definition Disease Modelling Lab: Stem Cell and Organoid Epigenetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy.,High Definition Disease Modelling Lab: Stem Cell and Organoid Epigenetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alessandro Rosa
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Ciro Mercurio
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy.,IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Varasi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy.,IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Testa
- High Definition Disease Modelling Lab: Stem Cell and Organoid Epigenetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Via Santa Sofia 9, 20122, Milan, Italy. .,Human Technopole, Via Cristina Belgioioso, 171, 20157, Milan, Italy.
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Naujock M, Speidel A, Fischer S, Kizner V, Dorner-Ciossek C, Gillardon F. Neuronal Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Schizophrenia Patients in Two-Dimensional and in Three-Dimensional Cultures Reveals Increased Expression of the Kv4.2 Subunit DPP6 That Contributes to Decreased Neuronal Activity. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:1577-1587. [PMID: 33143549 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the molecular underpinnings of schizophrenia (SZ) are still incompletely understood, deficits in synaptic activity and neuronal connectivity have been identified as core pathomechanisms of SZ and other neuropsychiatric disorders. In this study, we generated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from skin fibroblasts from healthy donors and patients diagnosed with idiopathic SZ. We differentiated the human iPSC into cortical neurons both as adherent monolayers and as three-dimensional spheroids. RNA sequencing revealed little overlap in differentially expressed genes between 2D and 3D neuron cultures from SZ iPSC compared with controls. Notably, mRNA transcripts encoding dipeptidyl peptidase-like protein 6 (DPP6), an accessory subunit of Kv4.2 voltage-gated potassium channels, were massively increased in cortical neurons from SZ iPSC in the 2D and 3D model. Consistently, multielectrode array recordings and calcium imaging showed significantly decreased neuronal activity both in 2D and in 3D cultures from SZ neurons. To show a causal relationship, we treated iPSC-derived neurons in 2D cultures with lentiviral DPP6 shRNA vectors and the Kv4.2 channel blocker AmmTx3, respectively. Both treatments successfully reversed neuronal hypoexcitability and hypoactivity in cortical neurons from SZ iPSC. Our data highlight a contribution of DPP6 and Kv4.2 to the deficit in neurotransmission in an iPSC model for SZ, which may be of therapeutic relevance for a subset of SZ patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Naujock
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, CNS Diseases Research, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Anna Speidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, CNS Diseases Research, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Sandra Fischer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, CNS Diseases Research, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Valeria Kizner
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, CNS Diseases Research, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Cornelia Dorner-Ciossek
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, CNS Diseases Research, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Frank Gillardon
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, CNS Diseases Research, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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35
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Ghatak S, Talantova M, McKercher SR, Lipton SA. Novel Therapeutic Approach for Excitatory/Inhibitory Imbalance in Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 61:701-721. [PMID: 32997602 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-032320-015420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance, defined as the balance between excitation and inhibition of synaptic activity in a neuronal network, accounts in part for the normal functioning of the brain, controlling, for example, normal spike rate. In many pathological conditions, this fine balance is perturbed, leading to excessive or diminished excitation relative to inhibition, termed E/I imbalance, reflected in network dysfunction. E/I imbalance has emerged as a contributor to neurological disorders that occur particularly at the extremes of life, including autism spectrum disorder and Alzheimer's disease, pointing to the vulnerability of neuronal networks at these critical life stages. Hence, it is important to develop approaches to rebalance neural networks. In this review, we describe emerging therapies that can normalize the E/I ratio or the underlying abnormality that contributes to the imbalance in electrical activity, thus improving neurological function in these maladies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Ghatak
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience Translational Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - Maria Talantova
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience Translational Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - Scott R McKercher
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience Translational Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - Stuart A Lipton
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience Translational Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA; .,Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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36
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Drakulic D, Djurovic S, Syed YA, Trattaro S, Caporale N, Falk A, Ofir R, Heine VM, Chawner SJRA, Rodriguez-Moreno A, van den Bree MBM, Testa G, Petrakis S, Harwood AJ. Copy number variants (CNVs): a powerful tool for iPSC-based modelling of ASD. Mol Autism 2020; 11:42. [PMID: 32487215 PMCID: PMC7268297 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-00343-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients diagnosed with chromosome microdeletions or duplications, known as copy number variants (CNVs), present a unique opportunity to investigate the relationship between patient genotype and cell phenotype. CNVs have high genetic penetrance and give a good correlation between gene locus and patient clinical phenotype. This is especially effective for the study of patients with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD), including those falling within the autism spectrum disorders (ASD). A key question is whether this correlation between genetics and clinical presentation at the level of the patient can be translated to the cell phenotypes arising from the neurodevelopment of patient induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).Here, we examine how iPSCs derived from ASD patients with an associated CNV inform our understanding of the genetic and biological mechanisms underlying the aetiology of ASD. We consider selection of genetically characterised patient iPSCs; use of appropriate control lines; aspects of human neurocellular biology that can capture in vitro the patient clinical phenotype; and current limitations of patient iPSC-based studies. Finally, we consider how future research may be enhanced to maximise the utility of CNV patients for research of pathological mechanisms or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Drakulic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11042 Belgrade, 152, Serbia
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5007, Bergen, Norway
| | - Yasir Ahmed Syed
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Sebastiano Trattaro
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Epigenetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20146, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolò Caporale
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Epigenetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20146, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rivka Ofir
- BGU-iPSC Core Facility, The Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell (RMSC) Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Vivi M Heine
- Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Child and Youth Psychiatry, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel J R A Chawner
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Antonio Rodriguez-Moreno
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. de Utrera, Km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Giuseppe Testa
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Epigenetics, IEO, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20146, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Human Technopole, Via Cristina Belgioioso 171, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Spyros Petrakis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences/Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Adrian J Harwood
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
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37
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Yu ZX, Wang DY, Xu XH. Gene Editing to the Rescue: Reversal of Social Deficits Associated with MECP2 Duplication. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:567-569. [PMID: 32472288 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xian Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Dan-Yang Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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38
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Culotta L, Penzes P. Exploring the mechanisms underlying excitation/inhibition imbalance in human iPSC-derived models of ASD. Mol Autism 2020; 11:32. [PMID: 32393347 PMCID: PMC7216514 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-020-00339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a range of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and repetitive or restricted behaviors. ASD subjects exhibit complex genetic and clinical heterogeneity, thus hindering the discovery of pathophysiological mechanisms. Considering that several ASD-risk genes encode proteins involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity, neuronal excitability, and neuronal connectivity, one hypothesis that has emerged is that ASD arises from a disruption of the neuronal network activity due to perturbation of the synaptic excitation and inhibition (E/I) balance. The development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and recent advances in neuronal differentiation techniques provide a unique opportunity to model complex neuronal connectivity and to test the E/I hypothesis of ASD in human-based models. Here, we aim to review the latest advances in studying the different cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to E/I balance using iPSC-based in vitro models of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Culotta
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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39
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Yu B, Yuan B, Dai JK, Cheng TL, Xia SN, He LJ, Yuan YT, Zhang YF, Xu HT, Xu FQ, Liang ZF, Qiu ZL. Reversal of Social Recognition Deficit in Adult Mice with MECP2 Duplication via Normalization of MeCP2 in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:570-584. [PMID: 32144612 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00467-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is a basic nuclear protein involved in the regulation of gene expression and microRNA processing. Duplication of MECP2-containing genomic segments causes MECP2 duplication syndrome, a severe neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability, motor dysfunction, heightened anxiety, epilepsy, autistic phenotypes, and early death. Reversal of the abnormal phenotypes in adult mice with MECP2 duplication (MECP2-TG) by normalizing the MeCP2 levels across the whole brain has been demonstrated. However, whether different brain areas or neural circuits contribute to different aspects of the behavioral deficits is still unknown. Here, we found that MECP2-TG mice showed a significant social recognition deficit, and were prone to display aversive-like behaviors, including heightened anxiety-like behaviors and a fear generalization phenotype. In addition, reduced locomotor activity was observed in MECP2-TG mice. However, appetitive behaviors and learning and memory were comparable in MECP2-TG and wild-type mice. Functional magnetic resonance imaging illustrated that the differences between MECP2-TG and wild-type mice were mainly concentrated in brain areas regulating emotion and social behaviors. We used the CRISPR-Cas9 method to restore normal MeCP2 levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BST) of adult MECP2-TG mice, and found that normalization of MeCP2 levels in the mPFC but not in the BST reversed the social recognition deficit. These data indicate that the mPFC is responsible for the social recognition deficit in the transgenic mice, and provide new insight into potential therapies for MECP2 duplication syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jian-Kun Dai
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Tian-Lin Cheng
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Xia
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ling-Jie He
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yi-Ting Yuan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yue-Fang Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Hua-Tai Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Fu-Qiang Xu
- Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Liang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zi-Long Qiu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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40
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Pascual-Alonso A, Blasco L, Vidal S, Gean E, Rubio P, O'Callaghan M, Martínez-Monseny AF, Castells AA, Xiol C, Català V, Brandi N, Pacheco P, Ros C, Del Campo M, Guillén E, Ibañez S, Sánchez MJ, Lapunzina P, Nevado J, Santos F, Lloveras E, Ortigoza-Escobar JD, Tejada MI, Maortua H, Martínez F, Orellana C, Roselló M, Mesas MA, Obón M, Plaja A, Fernández-Ramos JA, Tizzano E, Marín R, Peña-Segura JL, Alcántara S, Armstrong J. Molecular characterization of Spanish patients with MECP2 duplication syndrome. Clin Genet 2020; 97:610-620. [PMID: 32043567 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MECP2 duplication syndrome (MDS) is an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a severe to profound intellectual disability, early onset hypotonia and diverse psycho-motor and behavioural features. To date, fewer than 200 cases have been published. We report the clinical and molecular characterization of a Spanish MDS cohort that included 19 boys and 2 girls. Clinical suspicions were confirmed by array comparative genomic hybridization and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). Using, a custom in-house MLPA assay, we performed a thorough study of the minimal duplicated region, from which we concluded a complete duplication of both MECP2 and IRAK1 was necessary for a correct MDS diagnosis, as patients with partial MECP2 duplications lacked some typical clinical traits present in other MDS patients. In addition, the duplication location may be related to phenotypic severity. This observation may provide a new approach for genotype-phenotype correlations, and thus more personalized genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Pascual-Alonso
- Fundación San Juan de Dios, Servicio de Medicina Genética y Molecular, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Blasco
- Fundación San Juan de Dios, Servicio de Medicina Genética y Molecular, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Vidal
- Fundación San Juan de Dios, Servicio de Medicina Genética y Molecular, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Gean
- Departamento de Medicina Genética y Molecular, Hospital Universitario San Juan de Dios, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Rubio
- Departamento de Medicina Genética y Molecular, Hospital Universitario San Juan de Dios, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar O'Callaghan
- Departamento de Neurología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario San Juan de Dios, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio F Martínez-Monseny
- Departamento de Medicina Genética y Molecular, Hospital Universitario San Juan de Dios, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Aina Castells
- Fundación San Juan de Dios, Servicio de Medicina Genética y Molecular, Barcelona, Spain.,Neural Development Lab, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELL, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Xiol
- Fundación San Juan de Dios, Servicio de Medicina Genética y Molecular, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Català
- Unitad de Biología Celular y Genética Médica, Departament of BCFyI, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Brandi
- Servicio de Medicina Genètica i Molecular, Hospital Universitario San Juan de Dios, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paola Pacheco
- Servicio de Medicina Genètica i Molecular, Hospital Universitario San Juan de Dios, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlota Ros
- Servicio de Medicina Genètica i Molecular, Hospital Universitario San Juan de Dios, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Del Campo
- Pediatrics, Genetic Epidemiology, Hospital Valle Hebrón, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Encarna Guillén
- Unidad de Genética, Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Salva Ibañez
- Unidad de Genética, Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - María J Sánchez
- Unidad de Genética, Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER (Biomedical Network Research Center for Rare Diseases), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Nevado
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER (Biomedical Network Research Center for Rare Diseases), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Santos
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan D Ortigoza-Escobar
- Departamento de Neurología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario San Juan de Dios, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María I Tejada
- CIBERER (Biomedical Network Research Center for Rare Diseases), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Servicio de Genética, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biocruces, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Hiart Maortua
- CIBERER (Biomedical Network Research Center for Rare Diseases), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Servicio de Genética, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biocruces, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Francisco Martínez
- Unidad de Genética, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Orellana
- Unidad de Genética, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Roselló
- Unidad de Genética, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - María Obón
- Area de Genètica Clínica i Consell Genètic, Laboratoris ICS, Girona, Spain
| | - Alberto Plaja
- Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Eduardo Tizzano
- Area Genética Clínica y Molecular, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosario Marín
- Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar Unidad de Genética, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José L Peña-Segura
- Unidad de Neuropediatría, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Soledad Alcántara
- Neural Development Lab, Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELL, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Armstrong
- Servicio de Medicina Genètica i Molecular, Hospital Universitario San Juan de Dios, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER (Biomedical Network Research Center for Rare Diseases), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
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41
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Amin N, Tan X, Ren Q, Zhu N, Botchway BOA, Hu Z, Fang M. Recent advances of induced pluripotent stem cells application in neurodegenerative diseases. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 95:109674. [PMID: 31255650 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell is defined by its ability to self-renewal and generates differentiated functional cell types, which are derived from the embryo and various sources of postnatal animal. These cells can be divided according to their potential development into totipotent, unipotent, multipotent andpluripotent. Pluripotent is considered as the most important type due to its advantageous capability to create different cell types of the body in a similar behavior as embryonic stem cell. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are adult cells that maintain the characteristics of embryonic stem cells because it can be genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state via express genes and transcription factors. Such cells provide an efficient pathway to explorehuman diseases and their corresponding therapy, particularly, neurodevelopmental disorders. Consequently, iPSCs can be investigated to check the specific mutations of neurodegenerative disease due to their unique ability to differentiate into neural cell types and/or neural organoids. The current review addresses the different neurodegenerative diseases model by using iPSCs approach such as Alzheimer's diseases (AD), Parkinson diseases (PD),multiplesclerosis(MS) and psychiatric disorders. We also highlight the importance of autophagy in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashwa Amin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Egypt
| | - Xiaoning Tan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiannan Ren
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Hebei North University,Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Benson O A Botchway
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiying Hu
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Department, Zhejiang Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Hospital, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Marong Fang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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42
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Freel BA, Sheets JN, Francis KR. iPSC modeling of rare pediatric disorders. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 332:108533. [PMID: 31811832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Discerning the underlying pathological mechanisms and the identification of therapeutic strategies to treat individuals affected with rare neurological diseases has proven challenging due to a host of factors. For instance, rare diseases affecting the nervous system are inherently lacking in appropriate patient sample availability compared to more common diseases, while animal models often do not accurately recapitulate specific disease phenotypes. These challenges impede research that may otherwise illuminate aspects of disease initiation and progression, leading to the ultimate identification of potential therapeutics. The establishment of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as a human cellular model with defined genetics has provided the unique opportunity to study rare diseases within a controlled environment. iPSC models enable researchers to define mutational effects on specific cell types and signaling pathways within increasingly complex systems. Among rare diseases, pediatric diseases affecting neurodevelopment and neurological function highlight the critical need for iPSC-based disease modeling due to the inherent difficulty associated with collecting human neural tissue and the complexity of the mammalian nervous system. Rare neurodevelopmental disorders are therefore ideal candidates for utilization of iPSC-based in vitro studies. In this review, we address both the state of the iPSC field in the context of their utility and limitations for neurodevelopmental studies, as well as speculating about the future applications and unmet uses for iPSCs in rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A Freel
- Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Jordan N Sheets
- Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Kevin R Francis
- Cellular Therapies and Stem Cell Biology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
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43
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Oliveira B, Çerağ Yahya A, Novarino G. Modeling cell-cell interactions in the brain using cerebral organoids. Brain Res 2019; 1724:146458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ojeda J, Ávila A. Early Actions of Neurotransmitters During Cortex Development and Maturation of Reprogrammed Neurons. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2019; 11:33. [PMID: 31824293 PMCID: PMC6881277 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2019.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the brain is shaped by a myriad of factors among which neurotransmitters play remarkable roles before and during the formation and maturation of synaptic circuits. Cellular processes such as neurogenesis, morphological development, synaptogenesis and maturation of synapses are temporary and spatially regulated by the local or distal influence of neurotransmitters in the developing cortex. Thus, research on this area has contributed to the understanding of fundamental mechanisms of brain development and to shed light on the etiology of various human neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and Rett syndrome (RTT), among others. Recently, the field of neuroscience has been shaken by an explosive advance of experimental approaches linked to the use of induced pluripotent stem cells and reprogrammed neurons. This new technology has allowed researchers for the first time to model in the lab the unique events that take place during early human brain development and to explore the mechanisms that cause synaptopathies. In this context, the role of neurotransmitters during early stages of cortex development is beginning to be re-evaluated and a revision of the state of the art has become necessary in a time when new protocols are being worked out to differentiate stem cells into functional neurons. New perspectives on reconsidering the function of neurotransmitters include opportunities for methodological advances, a better understanding of the origin of mental disorders and the potential for development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ojeda
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Biomedical Sciences Research Laboratory, Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ariel Ávila
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Biomedical Sciences Research Laboratory, Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Trujillo CA, Gao R, Negraes PD, Gu J, Buchanan J, Preissl S, Wang A, Wu W, Haddad GG, Chaim IA, Domissy A, Vandenberghe M, Devor A, Yeo GW, Voytek B, Muotri AR. Complex Oscillatory Waves Emerging from Cortical Organoids Model Early Human Brain Network Development. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 25:558-569.e7. [PMID: 31474560 PMCID: PMC6778040 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Structural and transcriptional changes during early brain maturation follow fixed developmental programs defined by genetics. However, whether this is true for functional network activity remains unknown, primarily due to experimental inaccessibility of the initial stages of the living human brain. Here, we developed human cortical organoids that dynamically change cellular populations during maturation and exhibited consistent increases in electrical activity over the span of several months. The spontaneous network formation displayed periodic and regular oscillatory events that were dependent on glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling. The oscillatory activity transitioned to more spatiotemporally irregular patterns, and synchronous network events resembled features similar to those observed in preterm human electroencephalography. These results show that the development of structured network activity in a human neocortex model may follow stable genetic programming. Our approach provides opportunities for investigating and manipulating the role of network activity in the developing human cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleber A Trujillo
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Richard Gao
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Institute for Neural Computation, Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Priscilla D Negraes
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jing Gu
- Center for Epigenomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Justin Buchanan
- Center for Epigenomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sebastian Preissl
- Center for Epigenomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Allen Wang
- Center for Epigenomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gabriel G Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Isaac A Chaim
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alain Domissy
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matthieu Vandenberghe
- Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anna Devor
- Department of Radiology, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bradley Voytek
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Institute for Neural Computation, Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind and Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind and Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Iakoucheva LM, Muotri AR, Sebat J. Getting to the Cores of Autism. Cell 2019; 178:1287-1298. [PMID: 31491383 PMCID: PMC7039308 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The genetic architecture of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is itself a diverse allelic spectrum that consists of rare de novo or inherited variants in hundreds of genes and common polygenic risk at thousands of loci. ASD susceptibility genes are interconnected at the level of transcriptional and protein networks, and many function as genetic regulators of neurodevelopment or synaptic proteins that regulate neural activity. So that the core underlying neuropathologies can be further elucidated, we emphasize the importance of first defining subtypes of ASD on the basis of the phenotypic signatures of genes in model systems and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia M Iakoucheva
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; University of California San Diego, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan Sebat
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; University of California San Diego, Beyster Center for Psychiatric Genomics, La Jolla, CA 92093.
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Abstract
The structure of neuronal circuits that subserve cognitive functions in the brain is shaped and refined throughout development and into adulthood. Evidence from human and animal studies suggests that the cellular and synaptic substrates of these circuits are atypical in neuropsychiatric disorders, indicating that altered structural plasticity may be an important part of the disease biology. Advances in genetics have redefined our understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders and have revealed a spectrum of risk factors that impact pathways known to influence structural plasticity. In this Review, we discuss the importance of recent genetic findings on the different mechanisms of structural plasticity and propose that these converge on shared pathways that can be targeted with novel therapeutics.
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Abstract
Exosomes have been implicated in intercellular communication in cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. We explored their function in brain development. Proteomic analysis demonstrated that exosomes from isogenic control cultures contain neurodevelopmental signaling proteins, which are lacking in exosomes from MECP2 loss-of-function (MECP2LOF) cultures. Treating MECP2LOF neural cultures with control exosomes rescues neurodevelopmental deficits, increasing neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and network activity. Exosomes function similarly in vivo: injecting purified exosomes into the lateral ventricles of P4 mouse brains increased hippocampal neurogenesis. These findings significantly advance the field by demonstrating that neural exosomes contain diverse protein cargo predicted to affect multiple outcome measures of neural development and that exosomes signal between cells in developing neural circuits to promote neural circuit development and function. Exosomes are thought to be released by all cells in the body and to be involved in intercellular communication. We tested whether neural exosomes can regulate the development of neural circuits. We show that exosome treatment increases proliferation in developing neural cultures and in vivo in dentate gyrus of P4 mouse brain. We compared the protein cargo and signaling bioactivity of exosomes released by hiPSC-derived neural cultures lacking MECP2, a model of the neurodevelopmental disorder Rett syndrome, with exosomes released by isogenic rescue control neural cultures. Quantitative proteomic analysis indicates that control exosomes contain multiple functional signaling networks known to be important for neuronal circuit development. Treating MECP2-knockdown human primary neural cultures with control exosomes rescues deficits in neuronal proliferation, differentiation, synaptogenesis, and synchronized firing, whereas exosomes from MECP2-deficient hiPSC neural cultures lack this capability. These data indicate that exosomes carry signaling information required to regulate neural circuit development.
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de Souza JS, Ferreira DR, Herai R, Carromeu C, Torres LB, Araujo BHS, Cugola F, Maciel RMB, Muotri AR, Giannocco G. Altered Gene Expression of Thyroid Hormone Transporters and Deiodinases in iPS MeCP2-Knockout Cells-Derived Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:8277-8295. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01645-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Russo FB, Brito A, de Freitas AM, Castanha A, de Freitas BC, Beltrão-Braga PCB. The use of iPSC technology for modeling Autism Spectrum Disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 130:104483. [PMID: 31129084 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that influence social skills, involving communication, interaction, and behavior, usually with repetitive and restrictive manners. Due to the variety of genes involved in ASDs and several possible environmental factors influence, there is still no answer to what really causes syndromic and non-syndromic types of ASDs, usually affecting each individual in a unique way. However, we know that the mechanism underlying ASDs involves brain functioning. The human brain is a complex structure composed of close to 100 billion cells, which is a big challenge to study counting just with post mortem tissue investigation or genetic approaches. Therefore, human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) technology has been used as a tool to produce viable cells for understanding a working brain. Taking advantage of patient-derived stem cells, researchers are now able to generate neurons, glial cells and brain organoids in vitro to model ASDs. In this review we report data from different studies showing how iPSCs have been a critical tool to study the different phenotypes of ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiele Baldino Russo
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anita Brito
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Andrelissa Castanha
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz C de Freitas
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Cristina Baleeiro Beltrão-Braga
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics, School of Arts Sciences and Humanities, São Paulo, SP 03828-000, Brazil.
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