1
|
Ectopic Leptin Production by Intraocular Pancreatic Islet Organoids Ameliorates the Metabolic Phenotype of ob/ob Mice. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060387. [PMID: 34198579 PMCID: PMC8231910 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreatic islets of Langerhans consist of endocrine cells that secrete peptide hormones into the blood circulation in response to metabolic stimuli. When transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye (ACE), pancreatic islets engraft and maintain morphological features of native islets as well as islet-specific vascularization and innervation patterns. In sufficient amounts, intraocular islets are able to maintain glucose homeostasis in diabetic mice. Islet organoids (pseudo-islets), which are formed by self-reassembly of islet cells following disaggregation and genetic manipulation, behave similarly to native islets. Here, we tested the hypothesis that genetically engineered intraocular islet organoids can serve as production sites for leptin. To test this hypothesis, we chose the leptin-deficient ob/ob mouse as a model system, which becomes severely obese, hyperinsulinemic, hyperglycemic, and insulin resistant. We generated a Tet-OFF-based beta-cell-specific adenoviral expression construct for mouse leptin, which allowed efficient transduction of native beta-cells, optical monitoring of leptin expression by co-expressed fluorescent proteins, and the possibility to switch-off leptin expression by treatment with doxycycline. Intraocular transplantation of islet organoids formed from transduced islet cells, which lack functional leptin receptors, to ob/ob mice allowed optical monitoring of leptin expression and ameliorated their metabolic phenotype by improving bodyweight, glucose tolerance, serum insulin, and C-peptide levels.
Collapse
|
2
|
Ferguson D, Blenden M, Hutson I, Du Y, Harris CA. Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts Protect ob/ob Mice From Obesity and Metabolic Complications. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3275-3286. [PMID: 30085057 PMCID: PMC6109302 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The global obesity epidemic is fueling alarming rates of diabetes, associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Leptin is a hormone secreted by adipose tissue that is a key regulator of body weight (BW) and energy expenditure. Leptin-deficient humans and mice are obese, diabetic, and infertile and have hepatic steatosis. Although leptin replacement therapy can alleviate the pathologies seen in leptin-deficient patients and mouse models, treatment is costly and requires daily injections. Because adipocytes are the source of leptin secretion, we investigated whether mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), capable of forming adipocytes, could be injected into ob/ob mice and prevent the metabolic phenotype seen in these leptin-deficient mice. We performed a single subcutaneous injection of MEFs into leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. The MEF injection formed a single fat pad that is histologically similar to white adipose tissue. The ob/ob mice receiving MEFs (obRs) had significantly lower BW compared with nontreated ob/ob mice, primarily because of decreased adipose tissue mass. Additionally, obR mice had significantly less liver steatosis and greater glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. obR mice also manifested lower food intake and greater energy expenditure than ob/ob mice, providing a mechanism underlying their metabolic improvement. Furthermore, obRs have sustained metabolic protection and restoration of fertility. Collectively, our studies show the importance of functional adipocytes in preventing metabolic abnormalities seen in leptin deficiency and point to the possibility of cell-based therapies for the treatment of leptin-deficient states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ferguson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mitchell Blenden
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Irina Hutson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yingqiu Du
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Charles A Harris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs St. Louis Healthcare System, John Cochran Division, St. Louis, Missouri
- Correspondence: Charles A. Harris, MD, PhD, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
DiSilvestro DJ, Melgar-Bermudez E, Yasmeen R, Fadda P, Lee LJ, Kalyanasundaram A, Gilor CL, Ziouzenkova O. Leptin Production by Encapsulated Adipocytes Increases Brown Fat, Decreases Resistin, and Improves Glucose Intolerance in Obese Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153198. [PMID: 27055280 PMCID: PMC4824514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroendocrine effects of leptin on metabolism hold promise to be translated into a complementary therapy to traditional insulin therapy for diabetes and obesity. However, injections of leptin can provoke inflammation. We tested the effects of leptin, produced in the physiological adipocyte location, on metabolism in mouse models of genetic and dietary obesity. We generated 3T3-L1 adipocytes constitutively secreting leptin and encapsulated them in a poly-L-lysine membrane, which protects the cells from immune rejection. Ob/ob mice (OB) were injected with capsules containing no cells (empty, OB[Emp]), adipocytes (OB[3T3]), or adipocytes overexpressing leptin (OB[Lep]) into both visceral fat depots. Leptin was found in the plasma of OB[Lep], but not OB[Emp] and OB[3T3] mice at the end of treatment (72 days). The OB[Lep] and OB[3T3] mice have transiently suppressed appetite and weight loss compared to OB[Emp]. Only OB[Lep] mice have greater brown fat mass, metabolic rate, and reduced resistin plasma levels compared to OB[Emp]. Glucose tolerance was markedly better in OB[Lep]vs. OB[Emp] and OB[3T3] mice as well as in wild type mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance treated with encapsulated leptin-producing adipocytes. Our proof-of-principle study provides evidence of long-term improvement of glucose tolerance with encapsulated adipocytes producing leptin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J. DiSilvestro
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Emiliano Melgar-Bermudez
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Rumana Yasmeen
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Paolo Fadda
- Genomics Shared Resource, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - L. James Lee
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Anuradha Kalyanasundaram
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Chen L. Gilor
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Ouliana Ziouzenkova
- Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
The fat‐derived hormone, leptin, is well known to regulate body weight. However, there is now substantial evidence that leptin also plays a primary role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, independent of actions on food intake, energy expenditure or body weight. As such, leptin might have clinical utility in treating hyperglycemia, particularly in conditions of leptin deficiency, such as lipodystrophy and diabetes mellitus. The mechanisms through which leptin modulates glucose metabolism have not been fully elucidated. Leptin receptors are widely expressed in peripheral tissues, including the endocrine pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle and adipose, and both direct and indirect leptin action on these tissues contributes to the control of glucose homeostasis. Here we review the role of leptin in glucose homeostasis, along with our present understanding of the mechanisms involved. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2012.00203.x, 2012)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Denroche
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The Life Sciences Institute
| | - Frank K Huynh
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The Life Sciences Institute
| | - Timothy J Kieffer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The Life Sciences Institute ; Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang F, Zhang X, Maiseyeu A, Mihai G, Yasmeen R, DiSilvestro D, Maurya SK, Periasamy M, Bergdall KV, Duester G, Sen CK, Roy S, Lee LJ, Rajagopalan S, Ziouzenkova O. The prolonged survival of fibroblasts with forced lipid catabolism in visceral fat following encapsulation in alginate-poly-L-lysine. Biomaterials 2012; 33:5638-49. [PMID: 22575837 PMCID: PMC3815596 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although alginate-poly-L-lysine (AP(L)) encapsulation of cells producing bioactive peptides has been widely tested, it is unknown whether AP(L) supports lasting catabolic functions of encapsulated cells in adipose tissue, which are required for obesity reduction. We tested functions of AP(L)-encapsulated fibroblasts isolated from wild-type (WT) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a1 knockout mice (KO), which resist obesity on a high-fat (HF) diet, have a higher metabolic rate, and express increased levels of thermogenic uncoupling protein-1 (Ucp1) in their deleterious visceral fat depots compared to WT mice. To enable in vivo detection and quantification, fibroblasts were stably transfected with green-fluorescent protein. WT- or KO-containing microcapsules were injected into two visceral depots of WT mice fed an HF diet. Eighty days after transplantation, microcapsules were located in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging. KO microcapsules prevented weight gain in obese WT mice compared to a mock- and WT capsule-injected groups on an HF diet. The weight loss in KO-treated mice corresponded to lipid reduction and induction of thermogenesis in the injected visceral fat. The non-treated subcutaneous fat was not altered. Our data suggest that the AP(L) polymer supports long-term catabolic functions of genetically-modified fibroblasts, which can be potentially used for depot-specific obesity treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangping Yang
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xulang Zhang
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andrei Maiseyeu
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Georgeta Mihai
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rumana Yasmeen
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David DiSilvestro
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Santosh K. Maurya
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Muthu Periasamy
- Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - K. Valerie Bergdall
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gregg Duester
- Development and Aging Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States, 92037, USA
| | - Chandan K. Sen
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sashwati Roy
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - L. James Lee
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Multiple approaches have been investigated with the ultimate goal of providing insulin independence to patients with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Approaches to produce insulin-secreting cells in culture, convert non-β-cells into functional β-cells or engineer autologous cells to express and secrete insulin in a meal-responsive manner have all been described. This research has been facilitated by significant improvements in both viral and non-viral gene delivery approaches that have enabled new experimental strategies. Many studies have examined possible avenues to confer islet cytoprotection against immune rejection, inflammation and apoptosis by genetic manipulation of islet cells prior to islet transplantation. Here we review several reports based on the reprogramming of pancreas and gut endocrine cells to treat diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Tudurí
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Spitz IM. Mifepristone: where do we come from and where are we going? Contraception 2010; 82:442-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
8
|
A localizable, biological-based system for the delivery of bioactive IGF-1 utilizing microencapsulated genetically modified human fibroblasts. ASAIO J 2009; 55:259-65. [PMID: 19390433 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0b013e31819b0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a potent mitogen and differentiation factor with particular relevance to orthopedic tissue engineering. A biologically based Ca2+-alginate microcapsule vehicle, utilizing genetically modified primary normal human fibroblasts (NHFs), was developed and characterized for localized synthesis and delivery of human IGF-1 (hIGF-1). Normal human fibroblasts were transfected to overexpress the hIGF-1 gene, leading to cells that expressed 4 ng of hIGF-1 per 10(6) cells per 24 hours. Encapsulation within alginate led to a six-fold enhancement in the generation and release of hIGF-1 to 22 ng of hIGF-1 per 10(6) cells per 24 hours. Release was constitutive, predictable, and exhibited highly repeatable first-order kinetics with no initial burst. Released growth factor was biologically active and exhibited a proliferative effect comparable to commercially available recombinant hIGF-1. The magnitude of hIGF-1 release met the requirements of orthopedic tissue generation, and this approach is considered an attractive alternative to other proposed methods of growth factor delivery.
Collapse
|