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Lee JH. Oxidative stress and the multifaceted roles of ATM in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. Redox Biol 2024; 75:103269. [PMID: 39018798 PMCID: PMC11301354 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase is best known as a master regulator of the DNA damage response. However, accumulating evidence has unveiled an equally vital function for ATM in sensing oxidative stress and orchestrating cellular antioxidant defenses to maintain redox homeostasis. ATM can be activated through a non-canonical pathway involving intermolecular disulfide crosslinking of the kinase dimers, distinct from its canonical activation by DNA double-strand breaks. Structural studies have elucidated the conformational changes that allow ATM to switch into an active redox-sensing state upon oxidation. Notably, loss of ATM function results in elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, altered antioxidant profiles, and mitochondrial dysfunction across multiple cell types and tissues. This oxidative stress arising from ATM deficiency has been implicated as a central driver of the neurodegenerative phenotypes in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) patients, potentially through mechanisms involving oxidative DNA damage, PARP hyperactivation, and widespread protein aggregation. Moreover, defective ATM oxidation sensing disrupts transcriptional programs and RNA metabolism, with detrimental impacts on neuronal homeostasis. Significantly, antioxidant therapy can ameliorate cellular and organismal abnormalities in various ATM-deficient models. This review synthesizes recent advances illuminating the multifaceted roles of ATM in preserving redox balance and mitigating oxidative insults, providing a unifying paradigm for understanding the complex pathogenesis of A-T disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Research Center of Ecomimetics, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Lee JH. Targeting the ATM pathway in cancer: Opportunities, challenges and personalized therapeutic strategies. Cancer Treat Rev 2024; 129:102808. [PMID: 39106770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase plays a pivotal role in orchestrating the DNA damage response, maintaining genomic stability, and regulating various cellular processes. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of ATM's structure, activation mechanisms, and various functions in cancer development, progression, and treatment. I discuss ATM's dual nature as both a tumor suppressor and potential promoter of cancer cell survival in certain contexts. The article explores the complex signaling pathways mediated by ATM, its interactions with other DNA repair mechanisms, and its influence on cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis, and metabolism. I examine the clinical implications of ATM alterations, including their impact on cancer predisposition, prognosis, and treatment response. The review highlights recent advances in ATM-targeted therapies, discussing ongoing clinical trials of ATM inhibitors and their potential in combination with other treatment modalities. I also address the challenges in developing effective biomarkers for ATM activity and patient selection strategies for personalized cancer therapy. Finally, I outline future research directions, emphasizing the need for refined biomarker development, optimized combination therapies, and strategies to overcome potential resistance mechanisms. This comprehensive overview underscores the critical importance of ATM in cancer biology and its emerging potential as a therapeutic target in precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Research Center of Ecomimetics, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Wei Y, Jia S, Ding Y, Xia S, Giunta S. Balanced basal-levels of ROS (redox-biology), and very-low-levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (cold-inflammaging), as signaling molecules can prevent or slow-down overt-inflammaging, and the aging-associated decline of adaptive-homeostasis. Exp Gerontol 2023; 172:112067. [PMID: 36535453 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.112067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Both reactive oxygen species (ROS) from redox-biology and pro-inflammatory cytokines from innate immunity/and other sources, in addition to their role in redox-biology, and in defense and repair, have long been regarded as potentially harmful factors associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory states. However, their important physiological functions as signaling molecules have been demonstrated to be of importance, also in Geroscience, particularly when ROS are at balanced basal levels (redox-biology) and pro-inflammatory cytokines are at very low levels (cold-inflammaging). Under these conditions, both of these components (alone or in combination) may act as signaling/response molecules involved in regulating/maintaining or restoring adaptive homeostasis during aging, particularly in the early phases of even very-mild non-damaging internal or external environmental stimuli that could nevertheless elicit low-grade warnings-signals for homeostatic stability. If signals potentially perturbing homeostasis persist, the levels of ROS and pro-inflammatory mediators increase resulting in a switch from adaptive to maladaptive responses which may lead to oxidative stress and overt-inflammaging (or even to an overt inflammatory state), thus paving the way to the risks of aging-related diseases (ARDs). Conversely, upon adaptive-responses, low-levels of ROS and very-low-levels of pro-inflammatory-cytokines, alone or in combination, can result in an amplified capacity to prevent or slow-down overt-inflammaging (2-fold to 4-fold increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines) thus maintaining or restoring homeostasis. Therefore, these signaling molecules may also have the sequential incremental potential to prevent or slow the subsequent decline of adaptive homeostasis that will occur later in the lifespan. These scenarios may lead us to conceive of, and conceptualize, both these molecules and their basal-low levels, as well as their dynamics and the time-course of responses, as 'potential important pillars of adaptive-homeostasis in aging' since the earliest phases of the occurrence of any even very- mild environmental potential imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Wei
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shuang Jia
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Ding
- Shanghai Medical Information Center, Shanghai Health Development Research Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shijin Xia
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Sergio Giunta
- Casa di Cura Prof. Nobili-GHC Garofalo Health Care, Bologna, Italy.
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Mitochondria-Targeted Human Catalase in the Mouse Longevity MCAT Model Mitigates Head-Tilt Bedrest-Induced Neuro-Inflammation in the Hippocampus. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12111838. [DOI: 10.3390/life12111838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microgravity (modeled by head-tilt bedrest and hind-limb unloading), experienced during prolonged spaceflight, results in neurological consequences, central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, and potentially impairment during the performance of critical tasks. Similar pathologies are observed in bedrest, sedentary lifestyle, and muscle disuse on Earth. In our previous study, we saw that head-tilt bedrest together with social isolation upregulated the milieu of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus and plasma. These changes were mitigated in a MCAT mouse model overexpressing human catalase in the mitochondria, pointing out the importance of ROS signaling in this stress response. Here, we used a head-tilt model in socially housed mice to tease out the effects of head-tilt bedrest without isolation. In order to find the underlying molecular mechanisms that provoked the cytokine response, we measured CD68, an indicator of microglial activation in the hippocampus, as well as changes in normal in-cage behavior. We hypothesized that hindlimb unloading (HU) will elicit microglial hippocampal activations, which will be mitigated in the MCAT ROS-quenching mice model. Indeed, we saw an elevation of the activated microglia CD68 marker following HU in the hippocampus, and this pathology was mitigated in MCAT mice. Additionally, we identified cytokines in the hippocampus, which had significant positive correlations with CD68 and negative correlations with exploratory behaviors, indicating a link between neuroinflammation and behavioral consequences. Unveiling a correlation between molecular and behavioral changes could reveal a biomarker indicative of these responses and could also result in a potential target for the treatment and prevention of cognitive changes following long space missions and/or muscle disuse on Earth.
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Electrophilic Aldehyde 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Mediated Signaling and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12111555. [PMID: 36358905 PMCID: PMC9687674 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a by-product of aerobic life, are highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons. The excess of ROS leads to oxidative stress, instigating the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the lipid membrane through a free radical chain reaction and the formation of the most bioactive aldehyde, known as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). 4-HNE functions as a signaling molecule and toxic product and acts mainly by forming covalent adducts with nucleophilic functional groups in proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. The mitochondria have been implicated as a site for 4-HNE generation and adduction. Several studies clarified how 4-HNE affects the mitochondria's functions, including bioenergetics, calcium homeostasis, and mitochondrial dynamics. Our research group has shown that 4-HNE activates mitochondria apoptosis-inducing factor (AIFM2) translocation and facilitates apoptosis in mice and human heart tissue during anti-cancer treatment. Recently, we demonstrated that a deficiency of SOD2 in the conditional-specific cardiac knockout mouse increases ROS, and subsequent production of 4-HNE inside mitochondria leads to the adduction of several mitochondrial respiratory chain complex proteins. Moreover, we highlighted the physiological functions of HNE and discussed their relevance in human pathophysiology and current discoveries concerning 4-HNE effects on mitochondria.
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Marx C, Sonnemann J, Maddocks ODK, Marx-Blümel L, Beyer M, Hoelzer D, Thierbach R, Maletzki C, Linnebacher M, Heinzel T, Krämer OH. Global metabolic alterations in colorectal cancer cells during irinotecan-induced DNA replication stress. Cancer Metab 2022; 10:10. [PMID: 35787728 PMCID: PMC9251592 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-022-00286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic adaptations can allow cancer cells to survive DNA-damaging chemotherapy. This unmet clinical challenge is a potential vulnerability of cancer. Accordingly, there is an intense search for mechanisms that modulate cell metabolism during anti-tumor therapy. We set out to define how colorectal cancer CRC cells alter their metabolism upon DNA replication stress and whether this provides opportunities to eliminate such cells more efficiently. METHODS We incubated p53-positive and p53-negative permanent CRC cells and short-term cultured primary CRC cells with the topoisomerase-1 inhibitor irinotecan and other drugs that cause DNA replication stress and consequently DNA damage. We analyzed pro-apoptotic mitochondrial membrane depolarization and cell death with flow cytometry. We evaluated cellular metabolism with immunoblotting of electron transport chain (ETC) complex subunits, analysis of mitochondrial mRNA expression by qPCR, MTT assay, measurements of oxygen consumption and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and metabolic flux analysis with the Seahorse platform. Global metabolic alterations were assessed using targeted mass spectrometric analysis of extra- and intracellular metabolites. RESULTS Chemotherapeutics that cause DNA replication stress induce metabolic changes in p53-positive and p53-negative CRC cells. Irinotecan enhances glycolysis, oxygen consumption, mitochondrial ETC activation, and ROS production in CRC cells. This is connected to increased levels of electron transport chain complexes involving mitochondrial translation. Mass spectrometric analysis reveals global metabolic adaptations of CRC cells to irinotecan, including the glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and pentose phosphate pathways. P53-proficient CRC cells, however, have a more active metabolism upon DNA replication stress than their p53-deficient counterparts. This metabolic switch is a vulnerability of p53-positive cells to irinotecan-induced apoptosis under glucose-restricted conditions. CONCLUSION Drugs that cause DNA replication stress increase the metabolism of CRC cells. Glucose restriction might improve the effectiveness of classical chemotherapy against p53-positive CRC cells. The topoisomerase-1 inhibitor irinotecan and other chemotherapeutics that cause DNA damage induce metabolic adaptations in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells irrespective of their p53 status. Irinotecan enhances the glycolysis and oxygen consumption in CRC cells to deliver energy and biomolecules necessary for DNA repair and their survival. Compared to p53-deficient cells, p53-proficient CRC cells have a more active metabolism and use their intracellular metabolites more extensively. This metabolic switch creates a vulnerability to chemotherapy under glucose-restricted conditions for p53-positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Marx
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Building 905, Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Institute for Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany.
- Current Address: Center for Pandemic Vaccines and Therapeutics (ZEPAI), Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Sonnemann
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Jena University Hospital, Children's Clinic, Jena, Germany
- Research Center Lobeda, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver D K Maddocks
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lisa Marx-Blümel
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Jena University Hospital, Children's Clinic, Jena, Germany
- Research Center Lobeda, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mandy Beyer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Building 905, Mainz, Germany
| | - Doerte Hoelzer
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
- Current address: Biopharmaceutical New Technologies (BioNTech) Corporation, Mainz, Germany
| | - René Thierbach
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Claudia Maletzki
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Clinic of General, University of Rostock, VisceralRostock, Germany
- Current address: Department of Medicine, Clinic III - Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Clinic of General, University of Rostock, VisceralRostock, Germany
| | - Thorsten Heinzel
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Institute for Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Building 905, Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Institute for Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Sies H, Belousov VV, Chandel NS, Davies MJ, Jones DP, Mann GE, Murphy MP, Yamamoto M, Winterbourn C. Defining roles of specific reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell biology and physiology. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:499-515. [PMID: 35190722 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 273.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
'Reactive oxygen species' (ROS) is a generic term that defines a wide variety of oxidant molecules with vastly different properties and biological functions that range from signalling to causing cell damage. Consequently, the description of oxidants needs to be chemically precise to translate research on their biological effects into therapeutic benefit in redox medicine. This Expert Recommendation article pinpoints key issues associated with identifying the physiological roles of oxidants, focusing on H2O2 and O2.-. The generic term ROS should not be used to describe specific molecular agents. We also advocate for greater precision in measurement of H2O2, O2.- and other oxidants, along with more specific identification of their signalling targets. Future work should also consider inter-organellar communication and the interactions of redox-sensitive signalling targets within organs and whole organisms, including the contribution of environmental exposures. To achieve these goals, development of tools that enable site-specific and real-time detection and quantification of individual oxidants in cells and model organisms are needed. We also stress that physiological O2 levels should be maintained in cell culture to better mimic in vivo redox reactions associated with specific cell types. Use of precise definitions and analytical tools will help harmonize research among the many scientific disciplines working on the common goal of understanding redox biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Sies
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Vsevolod V Belousov
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Christine Winterbourn
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Aguado J, Gómez-Inclán C, Leeson HC, Lavin MF, Shiloh Y, Wolvetang EJ. The hallmarks of aging in Ataxia-Telangiectasia. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 79:101653. [PMID: 35644374 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is caused by absence of the catalytic activity of ATM, a protein kinase that plays a central role in the DNA damage response, many branches of cellular metabolism, redox and mitochondrial homeostasis, and cell cycle regulation. A-T is a complex disorder characterized mainly by progressive cerebellar degeneration, immunodeficiency, radiation sensitivity, genome instability, and predisposition to cancer. It is increasingly recognized that the premature aging component of A-T is an important driver of this disease, and A-T is therefore an attractive model to study the aging process. This review outlines the current state of knowledge pertaining to the molecular and cellular signatures of aging in A-T and proposes how these new insights can guide novel therapeutic approaches for A-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Aguado
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Cecilia Gómez-Inclán
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hannah C Leeson
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Martin F Lavin
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yosef Shiloh
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ernst J Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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Subramanian GN, Yeo AJ, Gatei MH, Coman DJ, Lavin MF. Metabolic Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Ataxia-Telangiectasia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:653. [PMID: 35453338 PMCID: PMC9032508 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase is, as the name implies, mutated in the human genetic disorder ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T). This protein has its "finger in many pies", being responsible for the phosphorylation of many thousands of proteins in different signaling pathways in its role in protecting the cell against a variety of different forms of stress that threaten to perturb cellular homeostasis. The classical role of ATM is the protection against DNA damage, but it is evident that it also plays a key role in maintaining cell homeostasis in the face of oxidative and other forms of non-DNA damaging stress. The presence of ATM is not only in the nucleus to cope with damage to DNA, but also in association with other organelles in the cytoplasm, which suggests a greater protective role. This review attempts to address this greater role of ATM in protecting the cell against both external and endogenous damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abrey Jie Yeo
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Magtouf Hnaidi Gatei
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - David John Coman
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Martin Francis Lavin
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
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10
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Yeo AJ, Subramanian GN, Chong KL, Gatei M, Parton RG, Coman D, Lavin MF. An anaplerotic approach to correct the mitochondrial dysfunction in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T). Mol Metab 2021; 54:101354. [PMID: 34637921 PMCID: PMC8599162 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATM, the protein defective in the human genetic disorder, ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) plays a central role in response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and in protecting the cell against oxidative stress. We showed that A-T cells are hypersensitive to metabolic stress which can be accounted for by a failure to exhibit efficient endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondrial signalling and Ca2+ transfer in response to nutrient deprivation resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction. The objective of the current study is to use an anaplerotic approach using the fatty acid, heptanoate (C7), a metabolic product of the triglyceride, triheptanoin to correct the defect in ER-mitochondrial signalling and enhance cell survival of A-T cells in response to metabolic stress. METHODS We treated control cells and A-T cells with the anaplerotic agent, heptanoate to determine their sensitivity to metabolic stress induced by inhibition of glycolysis with 2- deoxyglucose (2DG) using live-cell imaging to monitor cell survival for 72 h using the Incucyte system. We examined ER-mitochondrial signalling in A-T cells exposed to metabolic stress using a suite of techniques including immunofluorescence staining of Grp75, ER-mitochondrial Ca2+ channel, the VAPB-PTPIP51 ER-mitochondrial tether complexes as well as proximity ligation assays between Grp75-IP3R1 and VAPB1-PTPIP51 to establish a functional interaction between ER and mitochondria. Finally, we also performed metabolomic analysis using LC-MS/MS assay to determine altered levels of TCA intermediates A-T cells compared to healthy control cells. RESULTS We demonstrate that heptanoate corrects all aspects of the defective ER-mitochondrial signalling observed in A-T cells. Heptanoate enhances ER-mitochondrial contacts; increases the flow of calcium from the ER to the mitochondrion; restores normal mitochondrial function and mitophagy and increases the resistance of ATM-deficient cells and cells from A-T patients to metabolic stress-induced killing. The defect in mitochondrial function in ATM-deficient cells was accompanied by more reliance on aerobic glycolysis as shown by increased lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), accumulation of lactate, and reduced levels of both acetyl CoA and ATP which are all restored by heptanoate. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that heptanoate corrects metabolic stress in A-T cells by restoring ER-mitochondria signalling and mitochondrial function and suggest that the parent compound, triheptanoin, has immense potential as a novel therapeutic agent for patients with A-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Yeo
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - G N Subramanian
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - K L Chong
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M Gatei
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - R G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - D Coman
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M F Lavin
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia.
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11
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Cellular functions of the protein kinase ATM and their relevance to human disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:796-814. [PMID: 34429537 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a master regulator of double-strand DNA break (DSB) signalling and stress responses. For three decades, ATM has been investigated extensively to elucidate its roles in the DNA damage response (DDR) and in the pathogenesis of ataxia telangiectasia (A-T), a human neurodegenerative disease caused by loss of ATM. Although hundreds of proteins have been identified as ATM phosphorylation targets and many important roles for this kinase have been identified, it is still unclear how ATM deficiency leads to the early-onset cerebellar degeneration that is common in all individuals with A-T. Recent studies suggest the existence of links between ATM deficiency and other cerebellum-specific neurological disorders, as well as the existence of broader similarities with more common neurodegenerative disorders. In this Review, we discuss recent structural insights into ATM regulation, and possible aetiologies of A-T phenotypes, including reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunction, alterations in transcription, R-loop metabolism and alternative splicing, defects in cellular proteostasis and metabolism, and potential pathogenic roles for hyper-poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation.
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12
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Blignaut M, Harries S, Lochner A, Huisamen B. Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Protein Kinase: A Potential Master Puppeteer of Oxidative Stress-Induced Metabolic Recycling. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8850708. [PMID: 33868575 PMCID: PMC8032526 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8850708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated protein kinase (ATM) has recently come to the fore as a regulatory protein fulfilling many roles in the fine balancing act of metabolic homeostasis. Best known for its role as a transducer of DNA damage repair, the activity of ATM in the cytosol is enjoying increasing attention, where it plays a central role in general cellular recycling (macroautophagy) as well as the targeted clearance (selective autophagy) of damaged mitochondria and peroxisomes in response to oxidative stress, independently of the DNA damage response. The importance of ATM activation by oxidative stress has also recently been highlighted in the clearance of protein aggregates, where the expression of a functional ATM construct that cannot be activated by oxidative stress resulted in widespread accumulation of protein aggregates. This review will discuss the role of ATM in general autophagy, mitophagy, and pexophagy as well as aggrephagy and crosstalk between oxidative stress as an activator of ATM and its potential role as a master regulator of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite Blignaut
- Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Sarah Harries
- Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Amanda Lochner
- Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Barbara Huisamen
- Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
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13
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Yeo AJ, Chong KL, Gatei M, Zou D, Stewart R, Withey S, Wolvetang E, Parton RG, Brown AD, Kastan MB, Coman D, Lavin MF. Impaired endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial signaling in ataxia-telangiectasia. iScience 2021; 24:101972. [PMID: 33437944 PMCID: PMC7788243 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that ATM mutated in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) plays a key role in protecting against mitochondrial dysfunction, the mechanism for which remains unresolved. We demonstrate here that ATM-deficient cells are exquisitely sensitive to nutrient deprivation, which can be explained by defective cross talk between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondrion. Tethering between these two organelles in response to stress was reduced in cells lacking ATM, and consistent with this, Ca2+ release and transfer between ER and mitochondria was reduced dramatically when compared with control cells. The impact of this on mitochondrial function was evident from an increase in oxygen consumption rates and a defect in mitophagy in ATM-deficient cells. Our findings reveal that ER-mitochondrial connectivity through IP3R1-GRP75-VDAC1, to maintain Ca2+ homeostasis, as well as an abnormality in mitochondrial fusion defective in response to nutrient stress, can account for at least part of the mitochondrial dysfunction observed in A-T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrey J. Yeo
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kok L. Chong
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Magtouf Gatei
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dongxiu Zou
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Sarah Withey
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ernst Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert G. Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - David Coman
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Martin F. Lavin
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
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14
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Joardar N, Guevara-Flores A, Martínez-González JDJ, Sinha Babu SP. Thiol antioxidant thioredoxin reductase: A prospective biochemical crossroads between anticancer and antiparasitic treatments of the modern era. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:249-267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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15
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Brand MD. Riding the tiger - physiological and pathological effects of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generated in the mitochondrial matrix. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:592-661. [PMID: 33148057 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1828258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Elevated mitochondrial matrix superoxide and/or hydrogen peroxide concentrations drive a wide range of physiological responses and pathologies. Concentrations of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in the mitochondrial matrix are set mainly by rates of production, the activities of superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2) and peroxiredoxin-3 (PRDX3), and by diffusion of hydrogen peroxide to the cytosol. These considerations can be used to generate criteria for assessing whether changes in matrix superoxide or hydrogen peroxide are both necessary and sufficient to drive redox signaling and pathology: is a phenotype affected by suppressing superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production; by manipulating the levels of SOD2, PRDX3 or mitochondria-targeted catalase; and by adding mitochondria-targeted SOD/catalase mimetics or mitochondria-targeted antioxidants? Is the pathology associated with variants in SOD2 and PRDX3 genes? Filtering the large literature on mitochondrial redox signaling using these criteria highlights considerable evidence that mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide drive physiological responses involved in cellular stress management, including apoptosis, autophagy, propagation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, cellular senescence, HIF1α signaling, and immune responses. They also affect cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and the cell cycle. Filtering the huge literature on pathologies highlights strong experimental evidence that 30-40 pathologies may be driven by mitochondrial matrix superoxide or hydrogen peroxide. These can be grouped into overlapping and interacting categories: metabolic, cardiovascular, inflammatory, and neurological diseases; cancer; ischemia/reperfusion injury; aging and its diseases; external insults, and genetic diseases. Understanding the involvement of mitochondrial matrix superoxide and hydrogen peroxide concentrations in these diseases can facilitate the rational development of appropriate therapies.
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16
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Shiloh Y. The cerebellar degeneration in ataxia-telangiectasia: A case for genome instability. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 95:102950. [PMID: 32871349 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Research on the molecular pathology of genome instability disorders has advanced our understanding of the complex mechanisms that safeguard genome stability and cellular homeostasis at large. Once the culprit genes and their protein products are identified, an ongoing dialogue develops between the research lab and the clinic in an effort to link specific disease symptoms to the functions of the proteins that are missing in the patients. Ataxi A-T elangiectasia (A-T) is a prominent example of this process. A-T's hallmarks are progressive cerebellar degeneration, immunodeficiency, chronic lung disease, cancer predisposition, endocrine abnormalities, segmental premature aging, chromosomal instability and radiation sensitivity. The disease is caused by absence of the powerful protein kinase, ATM, best known as the mobilizer of the broad signaling network induced by double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the DNA. In parallel, ATM also functions in the maintenance of the cellular redox balance, mitochondrial function and turnover and many other metabolic circuits. An ongoing discussion in the A-T field revolves around the question of which ATM function is the one whose absence is responsible for the most debilitating aspect of A-T - the cerebellar degeneration. This review suggests that it is the absence of a comprehensive role of ATM in responding to ongoing DNA damage induced mainly by endogenous agents. It is the ensuing deterioration and eventual loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells, which are very vulnerable to ATM absence due to a unique combination of physiological features, which kindles the cerebellar decay in A-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Shiloh
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University Medical School, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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17
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Di Cara F, Andreoletti P, Trompier D, Vejux A, Bülow MH, Sellin J, Lizard G, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Savary S. Peroxisomes in Immune Response and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163877. [PMID: 31398943 PMCID: PMC6721249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response is essential to protect organisms from infection and an altered self. An organism’s overall metabolic status is now recognized as an important and long-overlooked mediator of immunity and has spurred new explorations of immune-related metabolic abnormalities. Peroxisomes are essential metabolic organelles with a central role in the synthesis and turnover of complex lipids and reactive species. Peroxisomes have recently been identified as pivotal regulators of immune functions and inflammation in the development and during infection, defining a new branch of immunometabolism. This review summarizes the current evidence that has helped to identify peroxisomes as central regulators of immunity and highlights the peroxisomal proteins and metabolites that have acquired relevance in human pathologies for their link to the development of inflammation, neuropathies, aging and cancer. This review then describes how peroxisomes govern immune signaling strategies such as phagocytosis and cytokine production and their relevance in fighting bacterial and viral infections. The mechanisms by which peroxisomes either control the activation of the immune response or trigger cellular metabolic changes that activate and resolve immune responses are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Cara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Pierre Andreoletti
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Doriane Trompier
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Anne Vejux
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Margret H Bülow
- Molecular Developmental Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Sellin
- Molecular Developmental Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Mustapha Cherkaoui-Malki
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Savary
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Chessa
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Martino Ruggieri
- Unit of Rare Diseases of the Nervous System in Childhood, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics and Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Polizzi
- Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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19
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Sbodio JI, Snyder SH, Paul BD. Redox Mechanisms in Neurodegeneration: From Disease Outcomes to Therapeutic Opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1450-1499. [PMID: 29634350 PMCID: PMC6393771 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Once considered to be mere by-products of metabolism, reactive oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur species are now recognized to play important roles in diverse cellular processes such as response to pathogens and regulation of cellular differentiation. It is becoming increasingly evident that redox imbalance can impact several signaling pathways. For instance, disturbances of redox regulation in the brain mediate neurodegeneration and alter normal cytoprotective responses to stress. Very often small disturbances in redox signaling processes, which are reversible, precede damage in neurodegeneration. Recent Advances: The identification of redox-regulated processes, such as regulation of biochemical pathways involved in the maintenance of redox homeostasis in the brain has provided deeper insights into mechanisms of neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. Recent studies have also identified several post-translational modifications involving reactive cysteine residues, such as nitrosylation and sulfhydration, which fine-tune redox regulation. Thus, the study of mechanisms via which cell death occurs in several neurodegenerative disorders, reveal several similarities and dissimilarities. Here, we review redox regulated events that are disrupted in neurodegenerative disorders and whose modulation affords therapeutic opportunities. CRITICAL ISSUES Although accumulating evidence suggests that redox imbalance plays a significant role in progression of several neurodegenerative diseases, precise understanding of redox regulated events is lacking. Probes and methodologies that can precisely detect and quantify in vivo levels of reactive oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur species are not available. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Due to the importance of redox control in physiologic processes, organisms have evolved multiple pathways to counteract redox imbalance and maintain homeostasis. Cells and tissues address stress by harnessing an array of both endogenous and exogenous redox active substances. Targeting these pathways can help mitigate symptoms associated with neurodegeneration and may provide avenues for novel therapeutics. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 30, 1450-1499.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I. Sbodio
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Solomon H. Snyder
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bindu D. Paul
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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20
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Histone H2AX promotes neuronal health by controlling mitochondrial homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:7471-7476. [PMID: 30910969 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820245116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of histone H2AX is a major contributor to efficient DNA repair. We recently reported neurobehavioral deficits in mice lacking H2AX. Here we establish that this neural failure stems from impairment of mitochondrial function and repression of the mitochondrial biogenesis gene PGC-1α. H2AX loss leads to reduced levels of the major subunits of the mitochondrial respiratory complexes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and in the striatum, a brain region particularly vulnerable to mitochondrial damage. These defects are substantiated by disruption of the mitochondrial shape in H2AX mutant cells. Ectopic expression of PGC-1α restores mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complexes and mitigates cell death. H2AX knockout mice display increased neuronal death in the brain when challenged with 3-nitropronionic acid, which targets mitochondria. This study establishes a role for H2AX in mitochondrial homeostasis associated with neuroprotection.
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21
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The Emerging Role of Estrogens in Thyroid Redox Homeostasis and Carcinogenesis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2514312. [PMID: 30728883 PMCID: PMC6343143 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2514312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the most critical class of free radicals or reactive metabolites produced by all living organisms. ROS regulate several cellular functions through redox-dependent mechanisms, including proliferation, differentiation, hormone synthesis, and stress defense response. However, ROS overproduction or lack of appropriate detoxification is harmful to cells and can be linked to the development of several diseases, such as cancer. Oxidative damage in cellular components, especially in DNA, can promote the malignant transformation that has already been described in thyroid tissue. In thyrocyte physiology, NADPH oxidase enzymes produce large amounts of ROS that are necessary for hormone biosynthesis and might contribute to the high spontaneous mutation rate found in this tissue. Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, and its incidence is significantly higher in women than in men. Several lines of evidence suggest the sex hormone estrogen as a risk factor for thyroid cancer development. Estrogen in turn, besides being a potent growth factor for both normal and tumor thyroid cells, regulates different mechanisms of ROS generation. Our group demonstrated that the thyroid gland of adult female rats exhibits higher hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production and lower enzymatic antioxidant defense in comparison with male glands. In this review, we discuss the possible involvement of thyroid redox homeostasis and estrogen in the development of thyroid carcinogenesis.
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22
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Tolbert CE, Beck MV, Kilmer CE, Srougi MC. Loss of ATM positively regulates Rac1 activity and cellular migration through oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 508:1155-1161. [PMID: 30553448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a serine-threonine kinase that is integral in the response to DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs). Cells and tissues lacking ATM are prone to tumor development and enhanced tumor cell migration and invasion. Interestingly, ATM-deficient cells exhibit high levels of oxidative stress; however, the direct mechanism whereby ATM-associated oxidative stress may contribute to the cancer phenotype remains largely unexplored. Rac1, a member of the Rho family of GTPases, also plays an important regulatory role in cellular growth, motility, and cancer formation. Rac1 can be activated directly by reactive oxygen species (ROS), by a mechanism distinct from canonical guanine nucleotide exchange factor-driven activation. Here we show that loss of ATM kinase activity elevates intracellular ROS, leading to Rac1 activation. Rac1 activity drives cytoskeletal rearrangements resulting in increased cellular spreading and motility. Rac1 siRNA or treatment with the ROS scavenger N-Acetyl-L-cysteine restores wild-type migration. These studies demonstrate a novel mechanism whereby ATM activity and ROS generation regulates Rac1 to modulate pro-migratory cellular behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Tolbert
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Matthew V Beck
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Claire E Kilmer
- Biotechnology Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Melissa C Srougi
- Department of Chemistry, High Point University, High Point, NC, 27268, USA.
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23
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Zhang Y, Lee JH, Paull TT, Gehrke S, D'Alessandro A, Dou Q, Gladyshev VN, Schroeder EA, Steyl SK, Christian BE, Shadel GS. Mitochondrial redox sensing by the kinase ATM maintains cellular antioxidant capacity. Sci Signal 2018; 11:eaaq0702. [PMID: 29991649 PMCID: PMC6042875 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaq0702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are integral to cellular energy metabolism and ATP production and are involved in regulating many cellular processes. Mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which not only can damage cellular components but also participate in signal transduction. The kinase ATM, which is mutated in the neurodegenerative, autosomal recessive disease ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), is a key player in the nuclear DNA damage response. However, ATM also performs a redox-sensing function mediated through formation of ROS-dependent disulfide-linked dimers. We found that mitochondria-derived hydrogen peroxide promoted ATM dimerization. In HeLa cells, ATM dimers were localized to the nucleus and inhibited by the redox regulatory protein thioredoxin 1 (TRX1), suggesting the existence of a ROS-mediated, stress-signaling relay from mitochondria to the nucleus. ATM dimer formation did not affect its association with chromatin in the absence or presence of nuclear DNA damage, consistent with the separation of its redox and DNA damage signaling functions. Comparative analysis of U2OS cells expressing either wild-type ATM or the redox sensing-deficient C2991L mutant revealed that one function of ATM redox sensing is to promote glucose flux through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) by increasing the abundance and activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), thereby increasing cellular antioxidant capacity. The PPP produces the coenzyme NADPH needed for a robust antioxidant response, including the regeneration of TRX1, indicating the existence of a regulatory feedback loop involving ATM and TRX1. We propose that loss of the mitochondrial ROS-sensing function of ATM may cause cellular ROS accumulation and oxidative stress in A-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichong Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Tanya T Paull
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Sarah Gehrke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Qianhui Dou
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | - Vadim N Gladyshev
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | | | - Samantha K Steyl
- Department of Chemistry, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Brooke E Christian
- Department of Chemistry, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
| | - Gerald S Shadel
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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24
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Robinson AR, Yousefzadeh MJ, Rozgaja TA, Wang J, Li X, Tilstra JS, Feldman CH, Gregg SQ, Johnson CH, Skoda EM, Frantz MC, Bell-Temin H, Pope-Varsalona H, Gurkar AU, Nasto LA, Robinson RAS, Fuhrmann-Stroissnigg H, Czerwinska J, McGowan SJ, Cantu-Medellin N, Harris JB, Maniar S, Ross MA, Trussoni CE, LaRusso NF, Cifuentes-Pagano E, Pagano PJ, Tudek B, Vo NV, Rigatti LH, Opresko PL, Stolz DB, Watkins SC, Burd CE, Croix CMS, Siuzdak G, Yates NA, Robbins PD, Wang Y, Wipf P, Kelley EE, Niedernhofer LJ. Spontaneous DNA damage to the nuclear genome promotes senescence, redox imbalance and aging. Redox Biol 2018; 17:259-273. [PMID: 29747066 PMCID: PMC6006678 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of senescent cells over time contributes to aging and age-related diseases. However, what drives senescence in vivo is not clear. Here we used a genetic approach to determine if spontaneous nuclear DNA damage is sufficient to initiate senescence in mammals. Ercc1-/∆ mice with reduced expression of ERCC1-XPF endonuclease have impaired capacity to repair the nuclear genome. Ercc1-/∆ mice accumulated spontaneous, oxidative DNA damage more rapidly than wild-type (WT) mice. As a consequence, senescent cells accumulated more rapidly in Ercc1-/∆ mice compared to repair-competent animals. However, the levels of DNA damage and senescent cells in Ercc1-/∆ mice never exceeded that observed in old WT mice. Surprisingly, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were increased in tissues of Ercc1-/∆ mice to an extent identical to naturally-aged WT mice. Increased enzymatic production of ROS and decreased antioxidants contributed to the elevation in oxidative stress in both Ercc1-/∆ and aged WT mice. Chronic treatment of Ercc1-/∆ mice with the mitochondrial-targeted radical scavenger XJB-5-131 attenuated oxidative DNA damage, senescence and age-related pathology. Our findings indicate that nuclear genotoxic stress arises, at least in part, due to mitochondrial-derived ROS, and this spontaneous DNA damage is sufficient to drive increased levels of ROS, cellular senescence, and the consequent age-related physiological decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andria R Robinson
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Matthew J Yousefzadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Tania A Rozgaja
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Xuesen Li
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jeremy S Tilstra
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Chelsea H Feldman
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Siobhán Q Gregg
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | | - Erin M Skoda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Marie-Céline Frantz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Harris Bell-Temin
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Hannah Pope-Varsalona
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Aditi U Gurkar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Luigi A Nasto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, G. Gaslini Children's Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Renã A S Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Heike Fuhrmann-Stroissnigg
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jolanta Czerwinska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sara J McGowan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | | | - Jamie B Harris
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Salony Maniar
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Mark A Ross
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Christy E Trussoni
- Division of Gastroenterology and Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Eugenia Cifuentes-Pagano
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Patrick J Pagano
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Barbara Tudek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nam V Vo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Lora H Rigatti
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Patricia L Opresko
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Christin E Burd
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Claudette M St Croix
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Gary Siuzdak
- The Scripps Research Institute California, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nathan A Yates
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Center, Schools of the Health Sciences University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Paul D Robbins
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine and the Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Eric E Kelley
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Laura J Niedernhofer
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine and the Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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25
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Histone H2AX deficiency causes neurobehavioral deficits and impaired redox homeostasis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1526. [PMID: 29670103 PMCID: PMC5906610 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03948-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ATM drives DNA repair by phosphorylating the histone variant H2AX. While ATM mutations elicit prominent neurobehavioral phenotypes, neural roles for H2AX have been elusive. We report impaired motor learning and balance in H2AX-deficient mice. Mitigation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) reverses the behavioral deficits. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts deficient for H2AX exhibit increased ROS production and failure to activate the antioxidant response pathway controlled by the transcription factor NRF2. The NRF2 targets GCLC and NQO1 are depleted in the striatum of H2AX knockouts, one of the regions most vulnerable to ROS-mediated damage. These findings establish a role for ROS in the behavioral deficits of H2AX knockout mice and reveal a physiologic function of H2AX in mediating influences of oxidative stress on NRF2-transcriptional targets and behavior. H2AX is a histone variant with an essential function in DNA double-strand break repair and genome stability. Here, Weyemi and colleagues show that loss of neuronal H2AX leads to locomotor dysfunction and alteration in oxidative stress response.
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26
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Berger ND, Stanley FKT, Moore S, Goodarzi AA. ATM-dependent pathways of chromatin remodelling and oxidative DNA damage responses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0283. [PMID: 28847820 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a serine/threonine protein kinase with a master regulatory function in the DNA damage response. In this role, ATM commands a complex biochemical network that signals the presence of oxidative DNA damage, including the dangerous DNA double-strand break, and facilitates subsequent repair. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding ATM-dependent chromatin remodelling and epigenomic alterations that are required to maintain genomic integrity in the presence of DNA double-strand breaks and/or oxidative stress. We will focus particularly on the roles of ATM in adjusting nucleosome spacing at sites of unresolved DNA double-strand breaks within complex chromatin environments, and the impact of ATM on preserving the health of cells within the mammalian central nervous system.This article is part of the themed issue 'Chromatin modifiers and remodellers in DNA repair and signalling'.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Daniel Berger
- Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Fintan K T Stanley
- Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Shaun Moore
- Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Aaron A Goodarzi
- Robson DNA Science Centre, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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27
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Zaki-Dizaji M, Akrami SM, Azizi G, Abolhassani H, Aghamohammadi A. Inflammation, a significant player of Ataxia-Telangiectasia pathogenesis? Inflamm Res 2018; 67:559-570. [PMID: 29582093 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-018-1142-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ataxia-Telangiectasia (A-T) syndrome is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cerebellar ataxia, oculocutaneous telangiectasia, immunodeficiency, chromosome instability, radiosensitivity, and predisposition to malignancy. There is growing evidence that A-T patients suffer from pathologic inflammation that is responsible for many symptoms of this syndrome, including neurodegeneration, autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease, accelerated aging, and insulin resistance. In addition, epidemiological studies have shown A-T heterozygotes, somewhat like deficient patients, are susceptible to ionizing irradiation and have a higher risk of cancers and metabolic disorders. AREA COVERED This review summarizes clinical and molecular findings of inflammation in A-T syndrome. CONCLUSION Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM), a master regulator of the DNA damage response is the protein known to be associated with A-T and has a complex nuclear and cytoplasmic role. Loss of ATM function may induce immune deregulation and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Zaki-Dizaji
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, 62 Qarib St., Keshavarz Blvd., Tehran, 14194, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Akrami
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, 62 Qarib St., Keshavarz Blvd., Tehran, 14194, Iran.,Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, 62 Qarib St., Keshavarz Blvd., Tehran, 14194, Iran.
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28
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Anichini C, Lotti F, Longini M, Felici C, Proietti F, Buonocore G. Antioxidant Strategies in Genetic Syndromes with High Neoplastic Risk in Infant Age. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1778.19256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Anichini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Federica Lotti
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Mariangela Longini
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Cosetta Felici
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Proietti
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Buonocore
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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29
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Absence of ERK5/MAPK7 delays tumorigenesis in Atm-/- mice. Oncotarget 2018; 7:74435-74447. [PMID: 27793024 PMCID: PMC5342677 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a cell cycle checkpoint kinase that upon activation by DNA damage leads to cell cycle arrest and DNA repair or apoptosis. The absence of Atm or the occurrence of loss-of-function mutations in Atm predisposes to tumorigenesis. MAPK7 has been implicated in numerous types of cancer with pro-survival and pro-growth roles in tumor cells, but its functional relation with tumor suppressors is not clear. In this study, we show that absence of MAPK7 delays death due to spontaneous tumor development in Atm−/− mice. Compared with Atm−/− thymocytes, Mapk7−/−Atm−/− thymocytes exhibited an improved response to DNA damage (increased phosphorylation of H2AX) and a restored apoptotic response after treatment of mice with ionizing radiation. These findings define an antagonistic function of ATM and MAPK7 in the thymocyte response to DNA damage, and suggest that the lack of MAPK7 inhibits thymic lymphoma growth in Atm−/− mice by partially restoring the DNA damage response in thymocytes.
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30
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Lee JH, Mand MR, Kao CH, Zhou Y, Ryu SW, Richards AL, Coon JJ, Paull TT. ATM directs DNA damage responses and proteostasis via genetically separable pathways. Sci Signal 2018; 11:eaan5598. [PMID: 29317520 PMCID: PMC5898228 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan5598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase ATM is a master regulator of the DNA damage response but also responds directly to oxidative stress. Loss of ATM causes ataxia telangiectasia, a neurodegenerative disorder with pleiotropic symptoms that include cerebellar dysfunction, cancer, diabetes, and premature aging. We genetically separated the activation of ATM by DNA damage from that by oxidative stress using separation-of-function mutations. We found that deficient activation of ATM by the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex and DNA double-strand breaks resulted in loss of cell viability, checkpoint activation, and DNA end resection in response to DNA damage. In contrast, loss of oxidative activation of ATM had minimal effects on DNA damage-related outcomes but blocked ATM-mediated initiation of checkpoint responses after oxidative stress and resulted in deficiencies in mitochondrial function and autophagy. In addition, expression of a variant ATM incapable of activation by oxidative stress resulted in widespread protein aggregation. These results indicate a direct relationship between the mechanism of ATM activation and its effects on cellular metabolism and DNA damage responses in human cells and implicate ATM in the control of protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Lee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Michael R Mand
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Chung-Hsuan Kao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yi Zhou
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Seung W Ryu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Alicia L Richards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tanya T Paull
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate redox signaling necessary for numerous cellular functions. Yet, high levels of ROS in cells and tissues can cause damage and cell death. Therefore, regulation of redox homeostasis is essential for ROS-dependent signaling that does not incur cellular damage. Cells achieve this optimal balance by coordinating ROS production and elimination. In this Minireview, we discuss the mechanisms by which proliferating cancer and T cells maintain a carefully controlled redox balance. Greater insight into such redox biology may enable precisely targeted manipulation of ROS for effective medical therapies against cancer or immunological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyewon Kong
- From the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- From the Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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32
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Zaki-Dizaji M, Akrami SM, Abolhassani H, Rezaei N, Aghamohammadi A. Ataxia telangiectasia syndrome: moonlighting ATM. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2017; 13:1155-1172. [PMID: 29034753 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2017.1392856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) a multisystem disorder primarily characterized by cerebellar degeneration, telangiectasia, immunodeficiency, cancer susceptibility and radiation sensitivity. Identification of the gene defective in this syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated gene (ATM), and further characterization of the disorder together with a greater insight into the function of the ATM protein have expanded our knowledge about the molecular pathogenesis of this disease. Area covered: In this review, we have attempted to summarize the different roles of ATM signaling that have provided new insights into the diverse clinical phenotypes exhibited by A-T patients. Expert commentary: ATM, in addition to DNA repair response, is involved in many cytoplasmic roles that explain diverse phenotypes of A-T patients. It seems accumulation of DNA damage, persistent DNA damage response signaling, and chronic oxidative stress are the main players in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Zaki-Dizaji
- a Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran , Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Akrami
- a Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran , Iran.,c Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine , Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge , Stockholm , Sweden.,d Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Network (PIDNet ), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Nima Rezaei
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran , Iran.,e Department of Immunology and Biology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,f Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA) , Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tehran , Iran
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran , Iran
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Nayler SP, Powell JE, Vanichkina DP, Korn O, Wells CA, Kanjhan R, Sun J, Taft RJ, Lavin MF, Wolvetang EJ. Human iPSC-Derived Cerebellar Neurons from a Patient with Ataxia-Telangiectasia Reveal Disrupted Gene Regulatory Networks. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:321. [PMID: 29081736 PMCID: PMC5645492 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare genetic disorder caused by loss of function of the ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated kinase and is characterized by a predisposition to cancer, pulmonary disease, immune deficiency and progressive degeneration of the cerebellum. As animal models do not faithfully recapitulate the neurological aspects, it remains unclear whether cerebellar degeneration is a neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative phenotype. To address the necessity for a human model, we first assessed a previously published protocol for the ability to generate cerebellar neuronal cells, finding it gave rise to a population of precursors highly enriched for markers of the early hindbrain such as EN1 and GBX2, and later more mature cerebellar markers including PTF1α, MATH1, HOXB4, ZIC3, PAX6, and TUJ1. RNA sequencing was used to classify differentiated cerebellar neurons generated from integration-free A-T and control induced pluripotent stem cells. Comparison of RNA sequencing data with datasets from the Allen Brain Atlas reveals in vitro-derived cerebellar neurons are transcriptionally similar to discrete regions of the human cerebellum, and most closely resemble the cerebellum at 22 weeks post-conception. We show that patient-derived cerebellar neurons exhibit disrupted gene regulatory networks associated with synaptic vesicle dynamics and oxidative stress, offering the first molecular insights into early cerebellar pathogenesis of ataxia-telangiectasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam P Nayler
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Joseph E Powell
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Darya P Vanichkina
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Othmar Korn
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Christine A Wells
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Refik Kanjhan
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Jian Sun
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ryan J Taft
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Department of Integrated Systems Biology and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Health Services, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.,Illumina, Inc.,, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Martin F Lavin
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ernst J Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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34
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Poletto M, Yang D, Fletcher SC, Vendrell I, Fischer R, Legrand AJ, Dianov GL. Modulation of proteostasis counteracts oxidative stress and affects DNA base excision repair capacity in ATM-deficient cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:10042-10055. [PMID: 28973444 PMCID: PMC5622344 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is a syndrome associated with loss of ATM protein function. Neurodegeneration and cancer predisposition, both hallmarks of A-T, are likely to emerge as a consequence of the persistent oxidative stress and DNA damage observed in this disease. Surprisingly however, despite these severe features, a lack of functional ATM is still compatible with early life, suggesting that adaptation mechanisms contributing to cell survival must be in place. Here we address this gap in our knowledge by analysing the process of human fibroblast adaptation to the lack of ATM. We identify profound rearrangement in cellular proteostasis occurring very early on after loss of ATM in order to counter protein damage originating from oxidative stress. Change in proteostasis, however, is not without repercussions. Modulating protein turnover in ATM-depleted cells also has an adverse effect on the DNA base excision repair pathway, the major DNA repair system that deals with oxidative DNA damage. As a consequence, the burden of unrepaired endogenous DNA lesions intensifies, progressively leading to genomic instability. Our study provides a glimpse at the cellular consequences of loss of ATM and highlights a previously overlooked role for proteostasis in maintaining cell survival in the absence of ATM function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Poletto
- CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX37DQ, UK
| | - Di Yang
- CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX37DQ, UK
| | - Sally C. Fletcher
- CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX37DQ, UK
| | - Iolanda Vendrell
- CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX37DQ, UK
- TDI Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Target Discovery Institute University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford OX37FZ, UK
| | - Roman Fischer
- TDI Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Target Discovery Institute University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford OX37FZ, UK
| | - Arnaud J. Legrand
- CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX37DQ, UK
| | - Grigory L. Dianov
- CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Department of Oncology, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX37DQ, UK
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentyeva 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
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35
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Choy KR, Watters DJ. Neurodegeneration in ataxia-telangiectasia: Multiple roles of ATM kinase in cellular homeostasis. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:33-46. [PMID: 28543935 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is characterized by neuronal degeneration, cancer, diabetes, immune deficiency, and increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation. A-T is attributed to the deficiency of the protein kinase coded by the ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) gene. ATM is a sensor of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and signals to cell cycle checkpoints and the DNA repair machinery. ATM phosphorylates numerous substrates and activates many cell-signaling pathways. There has been considerable debate about whether a defective DNA damage response is causative of the neurological aspects of the disease. In proliferating cells, ATM is localized mainly in the nucleus; however, in postmitotic cells such as neurons, ATM is mostly cytoplasmic. Recent studies reveal an increasing number of roles for ATM in the cytoplasm, including activation by oxidative stress. ATM associates with organelles including mitochondria and peroxisomes, both sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and aging. ATM is also associated with synaptic vesicles and has a role in regulating cellular homeostasis and autophagy. The cytoplasmic roles of ATM provide a new perspective on the neurodegenerative process in A-T. This review will examine the expanding roles of ATM in cellular homeostasis and relate these functions to the complex A-T phenotype. Developmental Dynamics 247:33-46, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Rui Choy
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dianne J Watters
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Su C, Zhao H, Zhao Y, Ji H, Wang Y, Zhi L, Li X. RUG3 and ATM synergistically regulate the alternative splicing of mitochondrial nad2 and the DNA damage response in Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43897. [PMID: 28262819 PMCID: PMC5338318 DOI: 10.1038/srep43897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The root apical meristem (RAM) determines both RAM activity and the growth of roots. Plant roots are constantly exposed to adverse environmental stresses that can cause DNA damage or cell cycle arrest in the RAM; however, the mechanism linking root meristematic activity and RAM size to the DNA damage response (DDR) is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that a loss of function in RCC1/UVR8/GEF-Like 3 (RUG3) substantially augmented the DDR and produced a cell cycle arrest in the RAM in rug3 mutant, leading to root growth retardation. Furthermore, the mutation of RUG3 caused increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and ROS scavengers improved the observed cell cycle arrest and reduced RAM activity level in rug3 plants. Most importantly, we detected a physical interaction between RUG3 and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a key regulator of the DDR, suggesting that they synergistically modulated the alternative splicing of nad2. Our findings reveal a novel synergistic effect of RUG3 and ATM on the regulation of mitochondrial function, redox homeostasis, and the DDR in the RAM, and outline a protective mechanism for DNA damage repair and the restoration of mitochondrial function that involves RUG3-mediated mitochondrial retrograde signaling and the activation of an ATM-mediated DDR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China.,Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hebei 050021, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Zhao
- Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hebei 050021, P.R. China.,College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Hebei 050024, P.R. China
| | - Yankun Zhao
- Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hebei 050021, P.R. China.,Shijiazhuang Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Hebei 050041, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Youning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Liya Zhi
- Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hebei 050021, P.R. China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
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Mitochondrial-Targeted Catalase: Extended Longevity and the Roles in Various Disease Models. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 146:203-241. [PMID: 28253986 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The free-radical theory of aging was proposed more than 50 years ago. As one of the most popular mechanisms explaining the aging process, it has been extensively studied in several model organisms. However, the results remain controversial. The mitochondrial version of free-radical theory of aging proposes that mitochondria are both the primary sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the primary targets of ROS-induced damage. One critical ROS is hydrogen peroxide, which is naturally degraded by catalase in peroxisomes or glutathione peroxidase within mitochondria. Our laboratory developed mice-overexpressing catalase targeted to mitochondria (mCAT), peroxisomes (pCAT), or the nucleus (nCAT) in order to investigate the role of hydrogen peroxide in different subcellular compartments in aging and age-related diseases. The mCAT mice have demonstrated the largest effects on life span and healthspan extension. This chapter will discuss the mCAT phenotype and review studies using mCAT to investigate the roles of mitochondrial oxidative stresses in various disease models, including metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis, cardiac aging, heart failure, skeletal muscle pathology, sensory defect, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. As ROS has been increasingly recognized as essential signaling molecules that may be beneficial in hormesis, stress response and immunity, the potential pleiotropic, or adverse effects of mCAT are also discussed. Finally, the development of small-molecule mitochondrial-targeted therapeutic approaches is reviewed.
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Shiloh Y, Lederman HM. Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T): An emerging dimension of premature ageing. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 33:76-88. [PMID: 27181190 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A-T is a prototype genome instability syndrome and a multifaceted disease. A-T leads to neurodegeneration - primarily cerebellar atrophy, immunodeficiency, oculocutaneous telangiectasia (dilated blood vessels), vestigial thymus and gonads, endocrine abnormalities, cancer predisposition and varying sensitivity to DNA damaging agents, particularly those that induce DNA double-strand breaks. With the recent increase in life expectancy of A-T patients, the premature ageing component of this disease is gaining greater awareness. The complex A-T phenotype reflects the ever growing number of functions assigned to the protein encoded by the responsible gene - the homeostatic protein kinase, ATM. The quest to thoroughly understand the complex A-T phenotype may reveal yet elusive ATM functions.
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Mittler R. ROS Are Good. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:11-19. [PMID: 27666517 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1502] [Impact Index Per Article: 214.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are thought to play a dual role in plant biology. They are required for many important signaling reactions, but are also toxic byproducts of aerobic metabolism. Recent studies revealed that ROS are necessary for the progression of several basic biological processes including cellular proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, cell death-that was previously thought to be the outcome of ROS directly killing cells by oxidation, in other words via oxidative stress-is now considered to be the result of ROS triggering a physiological or programmed pathway for cell death. This Opinion focuses on the possibility that ROS are beneficial to plants, supporting cellular proliferation, physiological function, and viability, and that maintaining a basal level of ROS in cells is essential for life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Mittler
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
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Oxidative stress, mitochondrial abnormalities and antioxidant defense in Ataxia-telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome and Nijmegen breakage syndrome. Redox Biol 2016; 11:375-383. [PMID: 28063379 PMCID: PMC5219618 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare pleiotropic genetic disorders, Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), Bloom syndrome (BS) and Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) are characterised by immunodeficiency, extreme radiosensitivity, higher cancer susceptibility, premature aging, neurodegeneration and insulin resistance. Some of these functional abnormalities can be explained by aberrant DNA damage response and chromosomal instability. It has been suggested that one possible common denominator of these conditions could be chronic oxidative stress caused by endogenous ROS overproduction and impairment of mitochondrial homeostasis. Recent studies indicate new, alternative sources of oxidative stress in A-T, BS and NBS cells, including NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), oxidised low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) or Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP). Mitochondrial abnormalities such as changes in the ultrastructure and function of mitochondria, excess mROS production as well as mitochondrial damage have also been reported in A-T, BS and NBS cells. A-T, BS and NBS cells are inextricably linked to high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and thereby, chronic oxidative stress may be a major phenotypic hallmark in these diseases. Due to the presence of mitochondrial disturbances, A-T, BS and NBS may be considered mitochondrial diseases. Excess activity of antioxidant enzymes and an insufficient amount of low molecular weight antioxidants indicate new pharmacological strategies for patients suffering from the aforementioned diseases. However, at the current stage of research we are unable to ascertain if antioxidants and free radical scavengers can improve the condition or prolong the survival time of A-T, BS and NBS patients. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct experimental studies in a human model.
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Yang Z, Shen Y, Oishi H, Matteson EL, Tian L, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Restoring oxidant signaling suppresses proarthritogenic T cell effector functions in rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:331ra38. [PMID: 27009267 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad7151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), CD4(+)T cells hyperproliferate during clonal expansion, differentiating into cytokine-producing effector cells that contribute to disease pathology. However, the metabolic underpinnings of this hyperproliferation remain unclear. In contrast to healthy T cells, naïve RA T cells had a defect in glycolytic flux due to the up-regulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). Excess G6PD shunted glucose into the pentose phosphate pathway, resulting in NADPH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) accumulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) consumption. With surplus reductive equivalents, RA T cells insufficiently activated the redox-sensitive kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), bypassed the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint, and hyperproliferated. Moreover, insufficient ATM activation biased T cell differentiation toward the T helper 1 (TH1) and TH17 lineages, imposing a hyperinflammatory phenotype. We have identified several interventions that replenish intracellular ROS, which corrected the abnormal proliferative behavior of RA T cells and successfully suppressed synovial inflammation. Thus, rebalancing glucose utilization and restoring oxidant signaling may provide a therapeutic strategy to prevent autoimmunity in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hisashi Oishi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric L Matteson
- Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Lu Tian
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jörg J Goronzy
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Rothblum-Oviatt C, Wright J, Lefton-Greif MA, McGrath-Morrow SA, Crawford TO, Lederman HM. Ataxia telangiectasia: a review. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:159. [PMID: 27884168 PMCID: PMC5123280 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
DEFINITION OF THE DISEASE Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is an autosomal recessive disorder primarily characterized by cerebellar degeneration, telangiectasia, immunodeficiency, cancer susceptibility and radiation sensitivity. A-T is often referred to as a genome instability or DNA damage response syndrome. EPIDEMIOLOGY The world-wide prevalence of A-T is estimated to be between 1 in 40,000 and 1 in 100,000 live births. CLINICAL DESCRIPTION A-T is a complex disorder with substantial variability in the severity of features between affected individuals, and at different ages. Neurological symptoms most often first appear in early childhood when children begin to sit or walk. They have immunological abnormalities including immunoglobulin and antibody deficiencies and lymphopenia. People with A-T have an increased predisposition for cancers, particularly of lymphoid origin. Pulmonary disease and problems with feeding, swallowing and nutrition are common, and there also may be dermatological and endocrine manifestations. ETIOLOGY A-T is caused by mutations in the ATM (Ataxia Telangiectasia, Mutated) gene which encodes a protein of the same name. The primary role of the ATM protein is coordination of cellular signaling pathways in response to DNA double strand breaks, oxidative stress and other genotoxic stress. DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis of A-T is usually suspected by the combination of neurologic clinical features (ataxia, abnormal control of eye movement, and postural instability) with one or more of the following which may vary in their appearance: telangiectasia, frequent sinopulmonary infections and specific laboratory abnormalities (e.g. IgA deficiency, lymphopenia especially affecting T lymphocytes and increased alpha-fetoprotein levels). Because certain neurological features may arise later, a diagnosis of A-T should be carefully considered for any ataxic child with an otherwise elusive diagnosis. A diagnosis of A-T can be confirmed by the finding of an absence or deficiency of the ATM protein or its kinase activity in cultured cell lines, and/or identification of the pathological mutations in the ATM gene. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS There are several other neurologic and rare disorders that physicians must consider when diagnosing A-T and that can be confused with A-T. Differentiation of these various disorders is often possible with clinical features and selected laboratory tests, including gene sequencing. ANTENATAL DIAGNOSIS Antenatal diagnosis can be performed if the pathological ATM mutations in that family have been identified in an affected child. In the absence of identifying mutations, antenatal diagnosis can be made by haplotype analysis if an unambiguous diagnosis of the affected child has been made through clinical and laboratory findings and/or ATM protein analysis. GENETIC COUNSELING Genetic counseling can help family members of a patient with A-T understand when genetic testing for A-T is feasible, and how the test results should be interpreted. MANAGEMENT AND PROGNOSIS Treatment of the neurologic problems associated with A-T is symptomatic and supportive, as there are no treatments known to slow or stop the neurodegeneration. However, other manifestations of A-T, e.g. immunodeficiency, pulmonary disease, failure to thrive and diabetes can be treated effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Wright
- The Ataxia Telangiectasia Clinical Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland USA
| | - Maureen A. Lefton-Greif
- The Ataxia Telangiectasia Clinical Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland USA
| | - Sharon A. McGrath-Morrow
- The Ataxia Telangiectasia Clinical Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Respiratory Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland USA
| | - Thomas O. Crawford
- The Ataxia Telangiectasia Clinical Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland USA
| | - Howard M. Lederman
- The Ataxia Telangiectasia Clinical Center, Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine and Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland USA
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Biagiotti S, Menotta M, Orazi S, Spapperi C, Brundu S, Fraternale A, Bianchi M, Rossi L, Chessa L, Magnani M. Dexamethasone improves redox state in ataxia telangiectasia cells by promoting an NRF2-mediated antioxidant response. FEBS J 2016; 283:3962-3978. [PMID: 27636396 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare incurable neurodegenerative disease caused by biallelic mutations in the gene for ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM). The lack of a functional ATM kinase leads to a pleiotropic phenotype, and oxidative stress is considered to have a crucial role in the complex physiopathology. Recently, steroids have been shown to reduce the neurological symptoms of the disease, although the molecular mechanism of this effect is largely unknown. In the present study, we have demonstrated that dexamethasone treatment of A-T lymphoblastoid cells increases the content of two of the most abundant antioxidants [glutathione (GSH) and NADPH] by up to 30%. Dexamethasone promoted the nuclear accumulation of the transcription factor nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 to drive expression of antioxidant pathways involved in GSH synthesis and NADPH production. The latter effect was via glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activation, as confirmed by increased enzyme activity and enhancement of the pentose phosphate pathway rate. This evidence indicates that glucocorticoids are able to potentiate antioxidant defenses to counteract oxidative stress in ataxia telangiectasia, and also reveals an unexpected role for dexamethasone in redox homeostasis and cellular antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Biagiotti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Italy
| | - Michele Menotta
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Italy
| | - Sara Orazi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Italy
| | - Chiara Spapperi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Italy
| | - Serena Brundu
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Italy
| | | | - Marzia Bianchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Italy
| | - Luigia Rossi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Italy
| | - Luciana Chessa
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University 'La Sapienza', Roma, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Italy
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Therapeutic Strategies for Oxidative Stress-Related Cardiovascular Diseases: Removal of Excess Reactive Oxygen Species in Adult Stem Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:2483163. [PMID: 27668035 PMCID: PMC5030421 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2483163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that acute and chronic uncontrolled overproduction of oxidative stress-related factors including reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), atherosclerosis, and diabetes. Moreover ROS mediate various signaling pathways underlying vascular inflammation in ischemic tissues. With respect to stem cell-based therapy, several studies clearly indicate that modulating antioxidant production at cellular levels enhances stem/progenitor cell functionalities, including proliferation, long-term survival in ischemic tissues, and complete differentiation of transplanted cells into mature vascular cells. Recently emerging therapeutic strategies involving adult stem cells, including endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), for treating ischemic CVDs have highlighted the need to control intracellular ROS production, because it critically affects the replicative senescence of ex vivo expanded therapeutic cells. Better understanding of the complexity of cellular ROS in stem cell biology might improve cell survival in ischemic tissues and enhance the regenerative potentials of transplanted stem/progenitor cells. In this review, we will discuss the nature and sources of ROS, drug-based therapeutic strategies for scavenging ROS, and EPC based therapeutic strategies for treating oxidative stress-related CVDs. Furthermore, we will discuss whether primed EPCs pretreated with natural ROS-scavenging compounds are crucial and promising therapeutic strategies for vascular repair.
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The Mitochondria-Regulated Immune Pathway Activated in the C. elegans Intestine Is Neuroprotective. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2399-414. [PMID: 27545884 PMCID: PMC7780887 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological mediators that originate outside the nervous system can affect neuronal health. However, their roles in neurodegeneration remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the p38MAPK-mediated immune pathway activated in intestinal cells of Caenorhabditis elegans upon mitochondrial dysfunction protects neurons in a cell-non-autonomous fashion. Specifically, mitochondrial complex I dysfunction induced by rotenone activates the p38MAPK/CREB/ATF-7-dependent innate immune response pathway in intestinal cells of C. elegans. Activation of p38MAPK in the gut is neuroprotective. Enhancing the p38MAPK-mediated immune pathway in intestinal cells alone suppresses rotenone-induced dopaminergic neuron loss, while downregulating it in the intestine exacerbates neurodegeneration. The p38MAPK/ATF-7 immune pathway modulates autophagy and requires autophagy and the PTEN-induced putative kinase PINK-1 for conferring neuroprotection. Thus, mitochondrial damage induces the clearance of mitochondria by the immune pathway, protecting the organism from the toxic effects of mitochondrial dysfunction. We propose that mitochondria are subject to constant surveillance by innate immune mechanisms. Chikka et al. find that mitochondrial complex I damage activates the p38MAPK/ATF-7 signaling pathway in the intestine of C. elegans. Activation of the p38MAPK/ATF-7 immune pathway in the intestine is neuroprotective and sufficient to prevent rotenone-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons.
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Munkácsy E, Khan MH, Lane RK, Borror MB, Park JH, Bokov AF, Fisher AL, Link CD, Rea SL. DLK-1, SEK-3 and PMK-3 Are Required for the Life Extension Induced by Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Disruption in C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006133. [PMID: 27420916 PMCID: PMC4946786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction underlies numerous age-related pathologies. In an effort to uncover how the detrimental effects of mitochondrial dysfunction might be alleviated, we examined how the nematode C. elegans not only adapts to disruption of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, but in many instances responds with extended lifespan. Studies have shown various retrograde responses are activated in these animals, including the well-studied ATFS-1-dependent mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). Such processes fall under the greater rubric of cellular surveillance mechanisms. Here we identify a novel p38 signaling cascade that is required to extend life when the mitochondrial electron transport chain is disrupted in worms, and which is blocked by disruption of the Mitochondrial-associated Degradation (MAD) pathway. This novel cascade is defined by DLK-1 (MAP3K), SEK-3 (MAP2K), PMK-3 (MAPK) and the reporter gene Ptbb-6::GFP. Inhibition of known mitochondrial retrograde responses does not alter induction of Ptbb-6::GFP, instead induction of this reporter often occurs in counterpoint to activation of SKN-1, which we show is under the control of ATFS-1. In those mitochondrial bioenergetic mutants which activate Ptbb-6::GFP, we find that dlk-1, sek-3 and pmk-3 are all required for their life extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Munkácsy
- The Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Cellular & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maruf H. Khan
- The Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Medicine (Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Medicine), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rebecca K. Lane
- The Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Megan B. Borror
- The Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jae H. Park
- The Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alex F. Bokov
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alfred L. Fisher
- Department of Medicine (Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Medicine), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas VA Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Healthy Aging, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Link
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics & Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Shane L. Rea
- The Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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Oxidative Stress in Cancer-Prone Genetic Diseases in Pediatric Age: The Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:4782426. [PMID: 27239251 PMCID: PMC4863121 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4782426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a distinctive sign in several genetic disorders characterized by cancer predisposition, such as Ataxia-Telangiectasia, Fanconi Anemia, Down syndrome, progeroid syndromes, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, and Costello syndrome. Recent literature unveiled new molecular mechanisms linking oxidative stress to the pathogenesis of these conditions, with particular regard to mitochondrial dysfunction. Since mitochondria are one of the major sites of ROS production as well as one of the major targets of their action, this dysfunction is thought to be the cause of the prooxidant status. Deeper insight of the pathogenesis of the syndromes raises the possibility to identify new possible therapeutic targets. In particular, the use of mitochondrial-targeted agents seems to be an appropriate clinical strategy in order to improve the quality of life and the life span of the patients.
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48
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in DDR-related cancer predisposition syndromes. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1865:184-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yang HT, Yang MC, Sun JJ, Guo F, Lan JF, Wang XW, Zhao XF, Wang JX. Catalase eliminates reactive oxygen species and influences the intestinal microbiota of shrimp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:63-73. [PMID: 26314524 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal innate immune response is an important defense mechanism of animals and humans against external pathogens. The mechanism of microbiota homeostasis in host intestines has been well studied in mammals and Drosophila. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antimicrobial peptides have been reported to play important roles in homeostasis. However, how to maintain the microbiota homeostasis in crustacean intestine needs to be elucidated. In this study, we identified a novel catalase (MjCAT) involved in ROS elimination in kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus. MjCAT mRNA was widely distributed in hemocytes, heart, hepatopancreas, gills, stomach, and intestine. After the shrimp were challenged with pathogenic bacteria via oral infection, the expression level of MjCAT was upregulated, and the enzyme activity was increased in the intestine. ROS level was also increased in the intestine at early time after oral infection and recovered rapidly. When MjCAT was knocked down by RNA interference (RNAi), high ROS level maintained longer time, and the number of bacteria number was declined in the shrimp intestinal lumen than those in the control group, but the survival rate of the MjCAT-RNAi shrimp was declined. Further study demonstrated that the intestinal villi protruded from epithelial lining of the intestinal wall were damaged by the high ROS level in MjCAT-knockdown shrimp. These results suggested that MjCAT participated in the intestinal host-microbe homeostasis by regulating ROS level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ting Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Ming-Chong Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Jie-Jie Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Fang Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Jiang-Feng Lan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Xian-Wei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.
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50
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Abstract
Ataxia is a disorder of balance and coordination resulted from dysfunctions involving cerebellum and its afferent and efferent connections. While a variety of disorders can cause secondary ataxias, the list of genetic causes of ataxias is growing longer. Genetic abnormalities may involve mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, abnormal mechanisms of DNA repair, possible protein misfolding, and abnormalities in cytoskeletal proteins. Few ataxias are fully treatable while hope for efficacious gene therapy and pharmacotherapy is emerging. A discussion of the ataxias is presented here with brief mention of acquired ataxias, and a greater focus on inherited ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Akbar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, L3-100, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Tetsuo Ashizawa
- Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 South Newell Drive, L3-100, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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