1
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Wang X, Gao Y, Sun X. Effect of Taspine hydrochloride on the repair of rat skin wounds by regulating keratinocyte growth factor signal. Bioengineered 2021; 13:789-799. [PMID: 34898359 PMCID: PMC8805989 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2012920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the regulation of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) in the process of repairing rat skin wounds by taspine hydrochloride (TA/HCl), 45 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were purchased and divided into an experimental group, a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) control group, and a basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) control group, each with 15 only. A back trauma model was innovatively adopted to prevent rats from biting and contaminating. The wound healing time and healing rate of the rat, and the Hydroxyproline (Hyp) and KGF expressions were observed. Morphological changes of wound tissue and the number of capillaries were observed after hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The results showed that wound healing rate of experimental group and bFGF group was significantly higher than that of DMSO group (P < 0.05) after 2–15 days, and wound healing time of experimental group was 18 days, which was significantly lower than that of the DMSO group (P < 0.05). Expression levels of Hyp and KGF in the granulation tissue of rats in the experimental group were much higher than those in the DMSO control group after trauma (P < 0.05). In early stage of wound tissue repair, the number of new capillaries formed in experimental group was significantly higher than that in DMSO control group (P < 0.05). In summary, this study innovatively focused on KGF. The mechanism of TA/HCL promoting rat skin wound healing was closely related to KGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochen Sun
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Lixia District of Jinan, Jinan, China
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2
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Wang ST, Neo BH, Betts RJ. Glycosaminoglycans: Sweet as Sugar Targets for Topical Skin Anti-Aging. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021; 14:1227-1246. [PMID: 34548803 PMCID: PMC8449875 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s328671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, linear polysaccharides comprised of repeating disaccharide units with pleiotropic biological functions, with the non-sulfated GAG hyaluronic acid (HA), and sulfated GAGs dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, heparan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and to a lesser extent heparin all being expressed in skin. Their ability to regulate keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, inflammatory processes and extracellular matrix composition and quality demonstrates their critical role in regulating skin physiology. Similarly, the water-binding properties of GAGs and structural qualities, particularly for HA, are crucial for maintaining proper skin form and hydration. The biological importance of GAGs, as well as extensive evidence that their properties and functions are altered in both chronological and extrinsic skin aging, makes them highly promising targets to improve cosmetic skin quality. Within the present review, we examine the cutaneous biological activity of GAGs alongside the protein complexes they form called proteoglycans and summarize the age-related changes of these molecules in skin. We also examine current topical interventional approaches to modulate GAGs for improved skin quality such as direct exogenous administration of GAGs, with a particular interest in strategies targeted at potentiating GAG levels in skin through either attenuating GAG degradation or increasing GAG production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Tein Wang
- L'Oréal Research & Innovation, L'Oréal Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Hoe Neo
- L'Oréal Research & Innovation, L'Oréal Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Bártolo IP, Reis RL, Marques AP, Cerqueira M. Keratinocyte Growth Factor-based Strategies for Wound Re-epithelialization. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:665-676. [PMID: 34238035 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Wound re-epithelialization is a dynamic process that comprises the formation of new epithelium through an active signaling network between several growth factors and various cell types. The main players are keratinocytes that migrate from the wound edges onto the wound bed, to restore the epidermal barrier. One of the most important molecules involved in the re-epithelialization process is Keratinocyte Growth Factor (KGF), since it is central on promoting both migration and proliferation of keratinocytes. Stromal cells, like dermal fibroblasts, are the main producers of this factor, acting on keratinocytes through paracrine signaling. Multiple therapeutic strategies to delivery KGF have been proposed in order to boost wound healing by targeting re-epithelialization. This has been achieved through a range of different approaches, such as topical application, using controlled release-based methods with different biomaterials (hydrogels, nanoparticles and membranes) and also through gene therapy techniques. Among these strategies, KGF delivery via biomaterials and genetic-based strategies show great effectiveness in sustained KGF levels at the wound site, leading to efficient wound closure. Under this scope, this review aims at highlighting the importance of KGF as one of the key molecules on wound re-epithelialization, as well as to provide a critical overview of the different potential therapeutic strategies exploited so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês P Bártolo
- 3B's Research Group, 226382, Barco, Portugal.,Laboratorio Associado ICVS 3B's, 511313, Guimaraes, Portugal;
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, 226382, Guimaraes, Portugal.,Laboratorio Associado ICVS 3B's, 511313, Braga/Guimaraes, Portugal;
| | - Alexandra P Marques
- 3B's Research Group, 226382, Guimaraes, Portugal.,Laboratorio Associado ICVS 3B's, 511313, Braga/Guimaraes, Portugal;
| | - Mariana Cerqueira
- 3B's Research Group, 226382, Guimaraes, Portugal.,Laboratorio Associado ICVS 3B's, 511313, Braga/Guimaraes, Portugal;
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4
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Ahmadi-Ashtiani HR, Bishe P, Baldisserotto A, Buso P, Manfredini S, Vertuani S. Stem Cells as a Target for the Delivery of Active Molecules to Skin by Topical Administration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062251. [PMID: 32213974 PMCID: PMC7139485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous stem cells, gained great attention in the field of regenerative medicine as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of skin and hair disorders and various types of skin cancers. Cutaneous stem cells play a key role in several processes like the renovation of skin structures in the condition of homeostasis and after injuries, the hair follicle growth and the reconstruction and production of melanocytes. Thus, gaining effective access to skin stem cells for therapeutic interventions that often involve active molecules with non-favorable characteristics for skin absorption is a valuable achievement. The topical route with high patient compliance and several other benefits is gaining increasing importance in basic and applied research. However, the major obstacle for topical drug delivery is the effective barrier provided by skin against penetration of the vast majority of exogenous molecules. The research in this field is focusing more and more on new strategies to circumvent and pass this barrier effectively. In this article the existing approaches are discussed considering physical and chemical methods along with utilization of novel drug delivery systems to enhance penetration of drugs to the skin. In particular, attention has been paid to studies finalized to the delivery of molecules to cutaneous stem cells with the aim of transferring signals, modulating their metabolic program, inducing physiological modifications and stem cell gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid-Reza Ahmadi-Ashtiani
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 194193311, Iran;
- Cosmetic, Hygienic and Detergent Sciences and Technology Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 19419311, Iran
- Correspondence: (H.-R.A.-A.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-21-226400515 (H.-R.A.-A.); +39-0532-455258 (A.B.)
| | - Parisa Bishe
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 194193311, Iran;
- Cosmetic, Hygienic and Detergent Sciences and Technology Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 19419311, Iran
| | - Anna Baldisserotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, Master Course in Cosmetic Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.B.); (S.M.); (S.V.)
- Correspondence: (H.-R.A.-A.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-21-226400515 (H.-R.A.-A.); +39-0532-455258 (A.B.)
| | - Piergiacomo Buso
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, Master Course in Cosmetic Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.B.); (S.M.); (S.V.)
| | - Stefano Manfredini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, Master Course in Cosmetic Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.B.); (S.M.); (S.V.)
| | - Silvia Vertuani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Prevention, Master Course in Cosmetic Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.B.); (S.M.); (S.V.)
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5
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Mao Y, Chen X, Xia Y, Xie X. Repair Effects of KGF on Ischemia-Reperfusion–Induced Flap Injury via Activating Nrf2 Signaling. J Surg Res 2019; 244:547-557. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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6
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Muhamed I, Sproul EP, Ligler FS, Brown AC. Fibrin Nanoparticles Coupled with Keratinocyte Growth Factor Enhance the Dermal Wound-Healing Rate. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:3771-3780. [PMID: 30604611 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Expediting the wound-healing process is critical for patients chronically ill from nonhealing wounds and diseases such as hemophilia or diabetes or who have suffered trauma including easily infected open wounds. FDA-approved external tissue sealants include the topical application of fibrin gels, which can be 500 times denser than natural fibrin clots. With lower clot porosity and higher polymerization rates than physiologically formed fibrin clots, the commercial gels quickly stop blood loss but impede the later clot degradation kinetics and thus retard tissue-healing rates. The fibrin nanoparticles (FBNs) described here are constructed from physiologically relevant fibrin concentrations that support new tissue and dermal wound scaffold formation when coupled with growth factors. The FBNs, synthesized in a microfluidic droplet generator, support cell adhesion and traction generation, and when coupled to keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), support cell migration and in vivo wound healing. The FBN-KGF particles enhance cell migration in vitro greater than FBN alone or free KGF and also improve healing outcomes in a murine full thickness injury model compared to saline, bulk fibrin sealant, free KGF, or bulk fibrin mixed with KGF treatments. Furthermore, FBN can be potentially administered with other tissue-healing factors and inflammatory mediators to improve wound-healing outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaeel Muhamed
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Raleigh 27695 , North Carolina , United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute , North Carolina State University , Raleigh 27695 , North Carolina , United States
| | - Erin P Sproul
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Raleigh 27695 , North Carolina , United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute , North Carolina State University , Raleigh 27695 , North Carolina , United States
| | - Frances S Ligler
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Raleigh 27695 , North Carolina , United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute , North Carolina State University , Raleigh 27695 , North Carolina , United States
| | - Ashley C Brown
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering , North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Raleigh 27695 , North Carolina , United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute , North Carolina State University , Raleigh 27695 , North Carolina , United States
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7
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Denzinger M, Link A, Kurz J, Krauss S, Thoma R, Schlensak C, Wendel HP, Krajewski S. Keratinocyte Growth Factor Modified Messenger RNA Accelerating Cell Proliferation and Migration of Keratinocytes. Nucleic Acid Ther 2018; 28:335-347. [PMID: 30376406 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2018.0737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) plays a central role in wound healing as it induces cell proliferation and motility. The use of growth factors such as KGF is therefore viewed as a promising approach in wound therapy, although effective application remains a major problem because of inactivation and the resulting short half-life of applied growth factors in wound beds. Therefore, the rational of this study was to develop and investigate an innovative strategy to improve wound healing using an in vitro-transcribed modified KGF messenger RNA (mRNA). After transfection of cells, we evaluated the effects of the produced KGF protein on cell migration and reepithelialization of keratinocytes using a scratch assay. The results demonstrate that KGF-mRNA-transfected cells exhibited a high KGF protein release that is sufficient to significantly improve reepithelialization in the performed scratch assays. Transfection with growth factor mRNA therefore seems to be a promising therapeutic strategy, especially for difficult wounds, as it leads to a temporary increase of growth factor expression in the treated wound area without interfering with the DNA of the nucleus, as seen in gene therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Denzinger
- 1 Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Tuebingen, Germany.,2 Department of Plastic Surgery, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Antonia Link
- 1 Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Julia Kurz
- 1 Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Krauss
- 2 Department of Plastic Surgery, BG Trauma Center Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Robert Thoma
- 1 Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Schlensak
- 1 Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hans Peter Wendel
- 1 Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Krajewski
- 1 Clinical Research Laboratory, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Center, Tuebingen, Germany
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8
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Endowing iPSC-Derived MSCs with Angiogenic and Keratinogenic Differentiation Potential: A Promising Cell Source for Skin Tissue Engineering. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8459503. [PMID: 30302340 PMCID: PMC6158941 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8459503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) hold tremendous potential for personalized cell-based therapy for skin regeneration. Aiming to establish human iPSCs as a potential cell source for skin tissue engineering, we expect to obtain an epidermal-like cell line with angiogenic and keratinogenic differentiation potential via inducing iPSC-derived mesenchymal stem cells (iPSC-MSCs) with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and/or keratinocyte growth factor (KGF). The results show that iPSC-MSCs were successfully induced with a positive FGFR/KGFR expression on the cell surface. BFGF/KGF induction could significantly increase the expression of vascularization marker CD31 and keratinization marker CK10, respectively, while when combined together, although CD31 and CK10 were still positively expressed, their expressions were lower than that of the single induction group, suggesting that the effects of the two growth factors interfered with each other. This cell line with angiogenic and keratinogenic differentiation potential provides a promising new source of cells for the construction of well vascularized and keratinized tissue engineered skin, furthermore establishing an effective strategy for iPSC-based therapy in skin tissue engineering.
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9
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Qu Y, Cao C, Wu Q, Huang A, Song Y, Li H, Zuo Y, Chu C, Li J, Man Y. The dual delivery of KGF and bFGF by collagen membrane to promote skin wound healing. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1508-1518. [PMID: 29706001 DOI: 10.1002/term.2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The major challenges associated with skin regeneration can include hindered vascularization and an insufficient degree of epithelization. In view of the complexity of these processes and the control signals on which they depend, one possible solution to these limitations could be simulating normal skin development and wound repair via the exogenous delivery of multiple cytokines. Here, we report the use of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF or FGF-7) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF or FGF-2) released chemically modified collagen membranes to facilitate skin wound healing. The results from in vitro studies confirmed that this system resulted in higher cellular proliferation and faster cell migration. After transplanting the biomaterial onto an excisional wound healing model, the dual growth factor group, compared with the single growth factor groups and empty control group, showed more highly developed vascular networks and organized epidermal regeneration in the wounds. As a consequence, this experimental group showed mature epidermal coverage. Overall, this novel approach of releasing growth factors from a collagen membrane opens new avenues for fulfilling unmet clinical needs for wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Cong Cao
- Center of Stomatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Ai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ying Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Hongling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zuo
- Research Center for Nano-Biomaterials, and Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Chenyu Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jidong Li
- Research Center for Nano-Biomaterials, and Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yi Man
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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10
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Instructive microenvironments in skin wound healing: Biomaterials as signal releasing platforms. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 129:95-117. [PMID: 29627369 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Skin wound healing aims to repair and restore tissue through a multistage process that involves different cells and signalling molecules that regulate the cellular response and the dynamic remodelling of the extracellular matrix. Nowadays, several therapies that combine biomolecule signals (growth factors and cytokines) and cells are being proposed. However, a lack of reliable evidence of their efficacy, together with associated issues such as high costs, a lack of standardization, no scalable processes, and storage and regulatory issues, are hampering their application. In situ tissue regeneration appears to be a feasible strategy that uses the body's own capacity for regeneration by mobilizing host endogenous stem cells or tissue-specific progenitor cells to the wound site to promote repair and regeneration. The aim is to engineer instructive systems to regulate the spatio-temporal delivery of proper signalling based on the biological mechanisms of the different events that occur in the host microenvironment. This review describes the current state of the different signal cues used in wound healing and skin regeneration, and their combination with biomaterial supports to create instructive microenvironments for wound healing.
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11
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Abadir P, Hosseini S, Faghih M, Ansari A, Lay F, Smith B, Beselman A, Vuong D, Berger A, Tian J, Rini D, Keenahan K, Budman J, Inagami T, Fedarko N, Marti G, Harmon J, Walston J. Topical Reformulation of Valsartan for Treatment of Chronic Diabetic Wounds. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:434-443. [PMID: 29078982 PMCID: PMC10941026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wounds are among the most devastating and difficult to treat consequences of diabetes. Dysregulation of the skin renin-angiotensin system is implicated in abnormal wound healing in diabetic and older adults. Given this, we sought to determine the effects of topical reformulations of the angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers losartan and valsartan and the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril on wound healing in diabetic and aged mice with further validation in older diabetic pigs. The application of 1% valsartan gel compared with other tested formulations and placebo facilitated and significantly accelerated closure time and increased tensile strength in mice, and was validated in the porcine model. One percent of valsartan gel-treated wounds also exhibited higher mitochondrial content, collagen deposition, phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic homologs 2 and 3 and common mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4, alpha-smooth muscle actin, CD31, phospho-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Knockout of the angiotensin subtype 2 receptors abolished the beneficial effects of angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers, suggesting a role for angiotensin subtype 2 receptors in chronic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Abadir
- Division of Geriatrics Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Sayed Hosseini
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mahya Faghih
- Division of Geriatrics Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amir Ansari
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Frank Lay
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara Smith
- Cell Biology Imaging Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aleksandra Beselman
- Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Diep Vuong
- Division of Geriatrics Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan Berger
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David Rini
- Art as Applied to Medicine, Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin Keenahan
- Department of Bioengineering Innovation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua Budman
- Department of Bioengineering Innovation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tadashi Inagami
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Neal Fedarko
- Division of Geriatrics Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guy Marti
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Clinique Saint Jean, Melun, France
| | - John Harmon
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeremy Walston
- Division of Geriatrics Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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12
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Gizaw M, Thompson J, Faglie A, Lee SY, Neuenschwander P, Chou SF. Electrospun Fibers as a Dressing Material for Drug and Biological Agent Delivery in Wound Healing Applications. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 5:E9. [PMID: 29382065 PMCID: PMC5874875 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex tissue regeneration process that promotes the growth of new tissue to provide the body with the necessary barrier from the outside environment. In the class of non-healing wounds, diabetic wounds, and ulcers, dressing materials that are available clinically (e.g., gels and creams) have demonstrated only a slow improvement with current available technologies. Among all available current technologies, electrospun fibers exhibit several characteristics that may provide novel replacement dressing materials for the above-mentioned wounds. Therefore, in this review, we focus on recent achievements in electrospun drug-eluting fibers for wound healing applications. In particular, we review drug release, including small molecule drugs, proteins and peptides, and gene vectors from electrospun fibers with respect to wound healing. Furthermore, we provide an overview on multifunctional dressing materials based on electrospun fibers, including those that are capable of achieving wound debridement and wound healing simultaneously as well as multi-drugs loading/types suitable for various stages of the healing process. Our review provides important and sufficient information to inform the field in development of fiber-based dressing materials for clinical treatment of non-healing wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulugeta Gizaw
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Thompson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA.
| | - Addison Faglie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA.
| | - Shih-Yu Lee
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA.
| | - Pierre Neuenschwander
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA.
| | - Shih-Feng Chou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75799, USA.
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13
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Cai W, Salvador-Reyes LA, Zhang W, Chen QY, Matthew S, Ratnayake R, Seo SJ, Dolles S, Gibson DJ, Paul VJ, Luesch H. Apratyramide, a Marine-Derived Peptidic Stimulator of VEGF-A and Other Growth Factors with Potential Application in Wound Healing. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:91-99. [PMID: 29205032 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel linear depsipeptide enriched with tyrosine-derived moieties, termed apratyramide, was isolated from an apratoxin-producing cyanobacterium. The structure was determined using a combination of NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and chiral analysis of the acid hydrolyzate and confirmed by total synthesis. Apratyramide up-regulated multiple growth factors at the transcript level in human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells and induced the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) from HaCaT cells, suggesting the compound's potential wound-healing properties through growth factor induction. Transcriptome analysis and sequential validation supported the hypothesis and indicated its mode of action (MOA) through the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway, which is functionally related to wound healing and angiogenesis. The conditioned medium of HaCaT cells treated with apratyramide induced angiogenesis in vitro. An ex vivo rabbit corneal epithelial model was applied to confirm the VEGF-A induction in this wound-healing model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilibeth A. Salvador-Reyes
- Marine
Science Institute, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon
City 1100, Philippines
| | - Wei Zhang
- School
of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Valerie J. Paul
- Smithsonian Marine Station, Fort Pierce, Florida 34949, United States
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14
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Abstract
Green Fluorescent protein (GFP), used as a cellular tag, provides researchers with a valuable method of measuring gene expression and cell tracking. However, there is evidence to suggest that the immunogenicity and cytotoxicity of GFP potentially confounds the interpretation of in vivo experimental data. Studies have shown that GFP expression can deteriorate over time as GFP tagged cells are prone to death. Therefore, the cells that were originally marked with GFP do not survive and cannot be accurately traced over time. This review will present current evidence for the immunogenicity and cytotoxicity of GFP in in vivo studies by characterizing these responses.
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15
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Tabor A, Pergolizzi JV, Marti G, Harmon J, Cohen B, Lequang JA. Raising Awareness Among Healthcare Providers about Epidermolysis Bullosa and Advancing Toward a Cure. THE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND AESTHETIC DERMATOLOGY 2017; 10:36-48. [PMID: 28670357 PMCID: PMC5479476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is an orphan disease that affects about half a million people worldwide, but may not be familiar to all clinicians. The authors' goal was to present a short description of this condition and current research in the form of a narrative review. Methods: The authors reviewed the literature on epidermolysis bullosa in order to describe the condition and current genetic research. Results: There are at least 31 subtypes of EB, including junctional EB, dystrophic EB, and Kindler syndrome. Genetic research is crucial in finding strategies to manage and possibly cure EB, which is often undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. EB may present in newborns and may persist over the course of a lifetime. Serious complications can occur with EB, including chronic blisters, wounds, ulcers, pruritus, clubbing of hands and feet, and amputations. Pain is frequently reported. About 80 percent of patients with recessive dystrophic EB will succumb to squamous cell carcinoma by age 55. Promising directions for future research include genome editing, gene therapy, and cell-based therapies. Conclusion: Our growing understanding of genetics and cell therapies may lead to promising therapeutic advances to treat this challenging condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guy Marti
- Department of Surgery and Hendrix Burn/Wound Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John Harmon
- Department of Surgery and Hendrix Burn/Wound Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bernard Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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16
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Abstract
Wounds are among the most common, painful, debilitating and costly conditions in older adults. Disruption of the angiotensin type 1 receptors (AT1R), has been associated with impaired wound healing, suggesting a critical role for AT1R in this repair process. Biological functions of angiotensin type 2 receptors (AT2R) are less studied. We investigated effects of genetically disrupting AT2R on rate and quality of wound healing. Our results suggest that AT2R effects on rate of wound closure depends on the phase of wound healing. We observed delayed healing during early phase of wound healing (inflammation). An accelerated healing rate was seen during later stages (proliferation and remodeling). By day 12, fifty percent of AT2R−/− mice had complete wound closure as compared to none in either C57/BL6 or AT1R−/− mice. There was a significant increase in AT1R, TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 expression during the proliferative and remodeling phases in AT2R−/− mice. Despite the accelerated closure rate, AT2R−/− mice had more fragile healed skin. Our results suggest that in the absence of AT2R, wound healing rate is accelerated, but yielded worse skin quality. Elucidating the contribution of both of the angiotensin receptors may help fine tune future intervention aimed at wound repair in older individuals.
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17
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Xiao Y, Ahadian S, Radisic M. Biochemical and Biophysical Cues in Matrix Design for Chronic and Diabetic Wound Treatment. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 23:9-26. [PMID: 27405960 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Progress in biomaterial science and engineering and increasing knowledge in cell biology have enabled us to develop functional biomaterials providing appropriate biochemical and biophysical cues for tissue regeneration applications. Tissue regeneration is particularly important to treat chronic wounds of people with diabetes. Understanding and controlling the cellular microenvironment of the wound tissue are important to improve the wound healing process. In this study, we review different biochemical (e.g., growth factors, peptides, DNA, and RNA) and biophysical (e.g., topographical guidance, pressure, electrical stimulation, and pulsed electromagnetic field) cues providing a functional and instructive acellular matrix to heal diabetic chronic wounds. The biochemical and biophysical signals generally regulate cell-matrix interactions and cell behavior and function inducing the tissue regeneration for chronic wounds. Some technologies and devices have already been developed and used in the clinic employing biochemical and biophysical cues for wound healing applications. These technologies can be integrated with smart biomaterials to deliver therapeutic agents to the wound tissue in a precise and controllable manner. This review provides useful guidance in understanding molecular mechanisms and signals in the healing of diabetic chronic wounds and in designing instructive biomaterials to treat them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xiao
- 1 Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,2 Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samad Ahadian
- 2 Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- 1 Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,2 Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Vij M, Natarajan P, Yadav AK, Patil KM, Pandey T, Gupta N, Santhiya D, Kumar VA, Fernandes M, Ganguli M. Efficient Cellular Entry of (r-x-r)-Type Carbamate–Plasmid DNA Complexes and Its Implication for Noninvasive Topical DNA Delivery to Skin. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1779-90. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manika Vij
- Department
of Structural Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, South
Campus, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India 110020
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, India 110001
| | - Poornemaa Natarajan
- Department
of Structural Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, South
Campus, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India 110020
| | - Amit K. Yadav
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India 411008
| | - Kiran M. Patil
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India 411008
| | - Tanuja Pandey
- Department
of Structural Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, South
Campus, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India 110020
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, New Delhi, India 110042
| | - Deenan Santhiya
- Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Main Bawana Road, New Delhi, India 110042
| | | | | | - Munia Ganguli
- Department
of Structural Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, South
Campus, Mathura Road, New Delhi, India 110020
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, India 110001
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19
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Liu Z, Xu Y, Chen L, Xie J, Tang J, Zhao J, Shu B, Qi S, Chen J, Liang G, Luo G, Wu J, He W, Liu X. Dendritic epidermal T cells facilitate wound healing in diabetic mice. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:2375-2384. [PMID: 27347345 PMCID: PMC4891450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The impairment of skin repair in diabetic patients can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. Proper proliferation, apoptosis and migration in keratinocytes are vital for skin repair, but in diabetic patients, hyperglycemia impairs this process. Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) are an important part of the resident cutaneous immunosurveillance program. We observed a reduction in the number of DETCs in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model. This reduction in DETCs resulted in decreased IGF-1 and KGF production in the epidermis, which is closely associated with diabetic delayed wound closure. DETCs ameliorated the poor wound-healing conditions in diabetic mice by increasing keratinocyte migration and proliferation and decreasing keratinocyte apoptosis in diabetes-like microenvironments. Our results elucidate a new mechanism for diabetic delayed wound closure and point to a new strategy for the treatment of wounds in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyang Liu
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yingbin Xu
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Julin Xie
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jinming Tang
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jingling Zhao
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Bin Shu
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Shaohai Qi
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease ProteomicsChongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Guangping Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease ProteomicsChongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Gaoxing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease ProteomicsChongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease ProteomicsChongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing 400038, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Disease ProteomicsChongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Xusheng Liu
- Department of Burns, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, P. R. China
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20
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Vij M, Natarajan P, Pattnaik BR, Alam S, Gupta N, Santhiya D, Sharma R, Singh A, Ansari KM, Gokhale RS, Natarajan VT, Ganguli M. Non-invasive topical delivery of plasmid DNA to the skin using a peptide carrier. J Control Release 2016; 222:159-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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21
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Foldvari M, Chen DW, Nafissi N, Calderon D, Narsineni L, Rafiee A. Non-viral gene therapy: Gains and challenges of non-invasive administration methods. J Control Release 2015; 240:165-190. [PMID: 26686079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is becoming an influential part of the rapidly increasing armamentarium of biopharmaceuticals for improving health and combating diseases. Currently, three gene therapy treatments are approved by regulatory agencies. While these treatments utilize viral vectors, non-viral alternative technologies are also being developed to improve the safety profile and manufacturability of gene carrier formulations. We present an overview of gene-based therapies focusing on non-viral gene delivery systems and the genetic therapeutic tools that will further revolutionize medical treatment with primary focus on the range and development of non-invasive delivery systems for dermal, transdermal, ocular and pulmonary administrations and perspectives on other administration methods such as intranasal, oral, buccal, vaginal, rectal and otic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Foldvari
- School of Pharmacy, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Ding Wen Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Nafiseh Nafissi
- School of Pharmacy, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Daniella Calderon
- School of Pharmacy, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Lokesh Narsineni
- School of Pharmacy, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Amirreza Rafiee
- School of Pharmacy, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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22
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Zakrewsky M, Kumar S, Mitragotri S. Nucleic acid delivery into skin for the treatment of skin disease: Proofs-of-concept, potential impact, and remaining challenges. J Control Release 2015; 219:445-456. [PMID: 26385169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acids (NAs) hold significant potential for the treatment of several diseases. Topical delivery of NAs for the treatment of skin diseases is especially advantageous since it bypasses the challenges associated with systemic administration which suffers from enzymatic degradation, systemic toxicity and lack of targeting to skin. However, the skin's protective barrier function limits the delivery of NAs into skin after topical application. Here, we highlight strategies for enhancing delivery of NAs into skin, and provide evidence that translation of topical NA therapies could have a transformative impact on the treatment of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zakrewsky
- Center for Bioengineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Sunny Kumar
- Center for Bioengineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- Center for Bioengineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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23
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Foldvari M, Rafiee A. Perspectives on Using Nanoscale Delivery Systems in Dermatological Treatment. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-014-0092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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