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Kim YH, Kim H, Park SC, Kwon Y, Yeom K, Cho W, Kwon T, Yun H, Sung JH, Lee SK, Luu TT, Nam CH, Kim KT. High-harmonic generation from a flat liquid-sheet plasma mirror. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2328. [PMID: 37087465 PMCID: PMC10122666 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
High-harmonic radiation can be generated when an ultra-intense laser beam is reflected from an over-dense plasma, known as a plasma mirror. It is considered a promising technique for generating intense attosecond pulses in the extreme ultraviolet and X-ray wavelength ranges. However, a solid target used for the formation of the over-dense plasma is completely damaged by the interaction. Thus, it is challenging to use a solid target for applications such as time-resolved studies and attosecond streaking experiments that require a large amount of data. Here we demonstrate that high-harmonic radiation can be continuously generated from a liquid plasma mirror in both the coherent wake emission and relativistic oscillating mirror regimes. These results will pave the way for the development of bright, stable, and high-repetition-rate attosecond light sources, which can greatly benefit the study of ultrafast laser-matter interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hwan Kim
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Kim
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Cheol Park
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjin Kwon
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghoon Yeom
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Wosik Cho
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyong Kwon
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok Yun
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee Sung
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ku Lee
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Tran Trung Luu
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, SAR Hong Kong, China
| | - Chang Hee Nam
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Taec Kim
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Artificial intelligence for online characterization of ultrashort X-ray free-electron laser pulses. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17809. [PMID: 36280680 PMCID: PMC9592592 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21646-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) as the world’s brightest light sources provide ultrashort X-ray pulses with a duration typically in the order of femtoseconds. Recently, they have approached and entered the attosecond regime, which holds new promises for single-molecule imaging and studying nonlinear and ultrafast phenomena such as localized electron dynamics. The technological evolution of XFELs toward well-controllable light sources for precise metrology of ultrafast processes has been, however, hampered by the diagnostic capabilities for characterizing X-ray pulses at the attosecond frontier. In this regard, the spectroscopic technique of photoelectron angular streaking has successfully proven how to non-destructively retrieve the exact time–energy structure of XFEL pulses on a single-shot basis. By using artificial intelligence techniques, in particular convolutional neural networks, we here show how this technique can be leveraged from its proof-of-principle stage toward routine diagnostics even at high-repetition-rate XFELs, thus enhancing and refining their scientific accessibility in all related disciplines.
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3
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Wu S, Liu Y, Liu Q, Wang SP, Chen Z, Li T. Hybridized Frequency Combs in Multimode Cavity Electromechanical System. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:153901. [PMID: 35499901 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.153901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The cavity electromechanical devices with radiation-pressure interaction induced Kerr-like nonlinearity are promising candidates to generate microwave frequency combs. We construct a silicon-nitride membrane based superconducting cavity electromechanical device and study two mechanical modes synergistic frequency combs. Around the threshold of intracavity field instability, we first show independent frequency combs with tooth spacing equal to each mechanical mode frequency. At the overlap boundaries of these two individual mechanical mode mediated instability thresholds, we observe hybridization of frequency combs based on the cavity field mediated indirect coupling between these two mechanical modes. The spectrum lines turn out to be unequally spaced, but can be recognized in combinations of the coexisting frequency combs. Beyond the boundary, the comb reverts to the single mode case, and which mechanical mode frequency will the tooth spacing be depends on the mode competition. Our work demonstrates mechanical mode competition enabled switchability of frequency comb tooth spacing and can be extended to other devices with multiple nonlinearities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sishi Wu
- Quantum Physics and Quantum Information Division, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yulong Liu
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qichun Liu
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuai-Peng Wang
- Quantum Physics and Quantum Information Division, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tiefu Li
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- School of Integrated Circuits and Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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4
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Koll LM, Maikowski L, Drescher L, Vrakking MJJ, Witting T. Phase-locking of time-delayed attosecond XUV pulse pairs. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:7082-7095. [PMID: 35299479 DOI: 10.1364/oe.452018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a setup for the generation of phase-locked attosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulse pairs. The attosecond pulse pairs are generated by high harmonic generation (HHG) driven by two phase-locked near-infrared (NIR) pulses that are produced using an actively stabilized Mach-Zehnder interferometer compatible with near-single cycle pulses. The attosecond XUV pulses can be delayed over a range of 400 fs with a sub-10-as delay jitter. We validate the precision and the accuracy of the setup by XUV optical interferometry and by retrieving the energies of Rydberg states of helium in an XUV pump-NIR probe photoelectron spectroscopy experiment.
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5
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Wu C, Li L, Yeung M, Wu S, Cousens S, Tietze S, Dromey B, Zhou C, Ruan S, Zepf M. Proposal for complete characterization of attosecond pulses from relativistic plasmas. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:389-402. [PMID: 35201216 DOI: 10.1364/oe.444043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we propose two full-optical-setup and single-shot measurable approaches for complete characterization of attosecond pulses from surface high harmonic generation (SHHG): SHHG-SPIDER (spectral phase interferometry for direct electric field reconstruction) and SHHG-SEA-SPIDER (spatially encoded arrangement for SPIDER). 1D- and 2D-EPOCH PIC (particle-in-cell) simulations were performed to generate the attosecond pulses from relativistic plasmas under different conditions. Pulse trains dominated by single isolated peak as well as complex pulse train structures are extensively discussed for both methods, which showed excellent accuracy in the complete reconstruction of the attosecond field with respect to the direct Fourier transformed result. Kirchhoff integral theorem has been used for the near-to-far-field transformation. This far-field propagation method allows us to relate these results to potential experimental implementations of the scheme. The impact of comprehensive experimental parameters for both apparatus, such as spectral shear, spatial shear, cross-angle, time delay, and intensity ratio between the two replicas has been investigated thoroughly. These methods are applicable to complete characterization for SHHG attosecond pulses driven by a few to hundreds of terawatts femtosecond laser systems.
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6
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Electron quantum path control in high harmonic generation via chirp variation of strong laser pulses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23882. [PMID: 34903823 PMCID: PMC8668923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantum phases of the electron paths driven by an ultrafast laser in high harmonic generation in an atomic gas depends linearly on the instantaneous cycle-averaged laser intensity. Using high laser intensities, a complete single ionisation of the atomic gas may occur before the laser pulse peak. Therefore, high harmonic generation could be localised only in a temporal window at the leading edge of laser pulse envelope. Varying the laser frequency chirp of an intense ultrafast laser pulse, the centre, and the width of the temporal window, that the high harmonic generation phenomenon occurs, could be controlled with high accuracy. This way, both the duration and the phase of the electron trajectories, that generate efficiently high harmonics, is fully controlled. A method of spectral control and selection of the high harmonic extreme ultraviolet light from distinct quantum paths is experimentally demonstrated. Furthermore, a phenomenological numerical model enlightens the physical processes that take place. This novel approach of the electron quantum path selection via laser chirp is a simple and versatile way of controlling the time-spectral characteristics of the coherent extreme ultraviolet light with applications in the fields of attosecond pulses and soft x-ray nano-imaging.
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7
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Skruszewicz S, Przystawik A, Schwickert D, Sumfleth M, Namboodiri M, Hilbert V, Klas R, Gierschke P, Schuster V, Vorobiov A, Haunhorst C, Kip D, Limpert J, Rothhardt J, Laarmann T. Table-top interferometry on extreme time and wavelength scales. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:40333-40344. [PMID: 34809377 DOI: 10.1364/oe.446563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Short-pulse metrology and dynamic studies in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) spectral range greatly benefit from interferometric measurements. In this contribution a Michelson-type all-reflective split-and-delay autocorrelator operating in a quasi amplitude splitting mode is presented. The autocorrelator works under a grazing incidence angle in a broad spectral range (10 nm - 1 μm) providing collinear propagation of both pulse replicas and thus a constant phase difference across the beam profile. The compact instrument allows for XUV pulse autocorrelation measurements in the time domain with a single-digit attosecond precision and a useful scan length of about 1 ps enabling a decent resolution of E/ΔE = 2000 at 26.6 eV. Its performance for selected spectroscopic applications requiring moderate resolution at short wavelengths is demonstrated by characterizing a sharp electronic transition at 26.6 eV in Ar gas. The absorption of the 11th harmonic of a frequency-doubled Yb-fiber laser leads to the well-known 3s3p64p1P1 Fano resonance of Ar atoms. We benchmark our time-domain interferometry results with a high-resolution XUV grating spectrometer and find an excellent agreement. The common-path interferometer opens up new opportunities for short-wavelength femtosecond and attosecond pulse metrology and dynamic studies on extreme time scales in various research fields.
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8
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Abstract
The interaction of electrons with strong laser fields is usually treated with semiclassical theory, where the laser is represented by an external field. There are analytic solutions for the free electron wave functions, which incorporate the interaction with the laser field exactly, but the joint effect of the atomic binding potential presents an obstacle for the analysis. Moreover, the radiation is a dynamical system, the number of photons changes during the interactions. Thus, it is legitimate to ask how can one treat the high order processes nonperturbatively, in such a way that the electron-atom interaction and the quantized nature of radiation be simultaneously taken into account? An analytic method is proposed to answer this question in the framework of nonrelativistic quantum electrodynamics. As an application, a quantum optical generalization of the strong-field Kramers-Heisenberg formula is derived for describing high-harmonic generation. Our formalism is suitable to analyse, among various quantal effects, the possible role of arbitrary photon statistics of the incoming field. The present paper is dedicated to the memory of Prof. Dr. Fritz Ehlotzky, who had significantly contributed to the theory of strong-field phenomena over many decades.
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9
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Walker S, Reiff R, Jaron-Becker A, Becker A. Characterization of vacuum and deep ultraviolet pulses via two-photon autocorrelation signals. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:3083-3086. [PMID: 34197386 DOI: 10.1364/ol.427200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of ultrashort vacuum and deep ultraviolet pulses is important in view of applications of those pulses for spectroscopic and dynamical imaging of atoms, molecules, and materials. We present an extension of the autocorrelation technique, applied for measurement of the pulse duration via a single Gaussian function. Analytic solutions for two-photon ionization of atoms by Gaussian pulses are used along with an expansion of the pulse to be characterized using multiple Gaussians at multi-color central frequencies. This approach allows one to use two-photon autocorrelation signals to characterize isolated ultrashort pulses and pulse trains, i.e., the time-dependent amplitude and phase variation of the electric field. The potential of the method is demonstrated using vacuum and deep ultraviolet pulses and pulse trains obtained from numerical simulations of macroscopic high harmonic spectra.
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10
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Helk T, Berger E, Jamnuch S, Hoffmann L, Kabacinski A, Gautier J, Tissandier F, Goddet JP, Chang HT, Oh J, Pemmaraju CD, Pascal TA, Sebban S, Spielmann C, Zuerch M. Table-top extreme ultraviolet second harmonic generation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/21/eabe2265. [PMID: 34138744 PMCID: PMC8133706 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The lack of available table-top extreme ultraviolet (XUV) sources with high enough fluxes and coherence properties has limited the availability of nonlinear XUV and x-ray spectroscopies to free-electron lasers (FELs). Here, we demonstrate second harmonic generation (SHG) on a table-top XUV source by observing SHG near the Ti M2,3 edge with a high-harmonic seeded soft x-ray laser. Furthermore, this experiment represents the first SHG experiment in the XUV. First-principles electronic structure calculations suggest the surface specificity and separate the observed signal into its resonant and nonresonant contributions. The realization of XUV-SHG on a table-top source opens up more accessible opportunities for the study of element-specific dynamics in multicomponent systems where surface, interfacial, and bulk-phase asymmetries play a driving role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Helk
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Emma Berger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sasawat Jamnuch
- ATLAS Materials Physics Laboratory, Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92023, USA
| | - Lars Hoffmann
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Adeline Kabacinski
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Julien Gautier
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Fabien Tissandier
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Jean-Philipe Goddet
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Hung-Tzu Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Juwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - C Das Pemmaraju
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, CA 94025, USA
| | - Tod A Pascal
- ATLAS Materials Physics Laboratory, Department of NanoEngineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92023, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92023, USA
- Sustainable Power and Energy Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92023, USA
| | - Stephane Sebban
- Laboratoire d'Optique Appliquée, ENSTA Paris, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Christian Spielmann
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Zuerch
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Krivtsov AM, Murachev AS. Transition to thermal equilibrium in a crystal subjected to instantaneous deformation. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:215403. [PMID: 33567419 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abe517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An adiabatic transition between two equilibrium states corresponding to different stiffnesses in an infinite chain of particles is studied. Initially, the particles have random displacements and random velocities corresponding to uniform initial temperature distributions. An instantaneous change in the parameters of the chain initiates a transitional process. Analytical expressions for the chain temperature as a function of time are obtained from statistical analysis of the dynamic equations. It is shown that the transition process is oscillatory and that the temperature converges non-monotonically to a new equilibrium state, in accordance with what is usually unexpected for thermal processes. The analytical results are supplemented by numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Krivtsov
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Institute for Problems in Mechanical Engineering of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - A S Murachev
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Institute for Problems in Mechanical Engineering of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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12
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Mashiko H, Chen MC, Asaga K, Oshima A, Katayama I, Takeda J, Nishikawa T, Oguri K. Spatially resolved spectral phase interferometry with an isolated attosecond pulse. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:21025-21034. [PMID: 32680150 DOI: 10.1364/oe.393922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate spatially resolved supercontinuum spectral phase interferometry with an isolated attosecond pulse (IAP). The measured spatial-spectral interferogram over the broadband region indicates a high degree of IAP coherence in both spatial and spectral domains. In addition, the spectral-delay interferogram shows periodic temporal oscillations over the full IAP continuous spectrum, which indicates high temporal coherence. The supercontinuum spectral phase interferometry with broadband IAP will contribute to exploring spatiotemporal dispersive electronic dynamics through phase-based spectroscopy in the future.
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13
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Makos I, Orfanos I, Nayak A, Peschel J, Major B, Liontos I, Skantzakis E, Papadakis N, Kalpouzos C, Dumergue M, Kühn S, Varju K, Johnsson P, L'Huillier A, Tzallas P, Charalambidis D. Α 10-gigawatt attosecond source for non-linear XUV optics and XUV-pump-XUV-probe studies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3759. [PMID: 32111920 PMCID: PMC7048767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantum mechanical motion of electrons and nuclei in systems spatially confined to the molecular dimensions occurs on the sub-femtosecond to the femtosecond timescales respectively. Consequently, the study of ultrafast electronic and, in specific cases, nuclear dynamics requires the availability of light pulses with attosecond (asec) duration and of sufficient intensity to induce two-photon processes, essential for probing the intrinsic system dynamics. The majority of atoms, molecules and solids absorb in the extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) spectral region, in which the synthesis of the required attosecond pulses is feasible. Therefore, the XUV spectral region optimally serves the study of such ultrafast phenomena. Here, we present a detailed review of the first 10-GW class XUV attosecond source based on laser driven high harmonic generation in rare gases. The pulse energy of this source largely exceeds other laser driven attosecond sources and is comparable to the pulse energy of femtosecond Free-Electron-Laser (FEL) XUV sources. The measured pulse duration in the attosecond pulse train is 650 ± 80 asec. The uniqueness of the combined high intensity and short pulse duration of the source is evidenced in non-linear XUV-optics experiments. It further advances the implementation of XUV-pump-XUV-probe experiments and enables the investigation of strong field effects in the XUV spectral region.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Makos
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, GR71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Physics, University of Crete, GR71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - I Orfanos
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, GR71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Department of Physics, University of Crete, GR71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - A Nayak
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, GR71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,ELI-ALPS, ELI-Hu Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics tér 13, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary.,Institute of Physics, University of Szeged, Dom tér 9, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - J Peschel
- Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - B Major
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-Hu Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics tér 13, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - I Liontos
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, GR71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - E Skantzakis
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, GR71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - N Papadakis
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, GR71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - C Kalpouzos
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, GR71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - M Dumergue
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-Hu Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics tér 13, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - S Kühn
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-Hu Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics tér 13, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - K Varju
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-Hu Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics tér 13, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, Dom tér 9, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - P Johnsson
- Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - A L'Huillier
- Department of Physics, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - P Tzallas
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, GR71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,ELI-ALPS, ELI-Hu Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics tér 13, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - D Charalambidis
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, GR71110, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. .,Department of Physics, University of Crete, GR71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. .,ELI-ALPS, ELI-Hu Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics tér 13, H-6720, Szeged, Hungary.
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14
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Maroju PK, Grazioli C, Di Fraia M, Moioli M, Ertel D, Ahmadi H, Plekan O, Finetti P, Allaria E, Giannessi L, De Ninno G, Spezzani C, Penco G, Spampinati S, Demidovich A, Danailov MB, Borghes R, Kourousias G, Sanches Dos Reis CE, Billé F, Lutman AA, Squibb RJ, Feifel R, Carpeggiani P, Reduzzi M, Mazza T, Meyer M, Bengtsson S, Ibrakovic N, Simpson ER, Mauritsson J, Csizmadia T, Dumergue M, Kühn S, Nandiga Gopalakrishna H, You D, Ueda K, Labeye M, Bækhøj JE, Schafer KJ, Gryzlova EV, Grum-Grzhimailo AN, Prince KC, Callegari C, Sansone G. Attosecond pulse shaping using a seeded free-electron laser. Nature 2020; 578:386-391. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Troß J, Trallero-Herrero CA. High harmonic generation spectroscopy via orbital angular momentum. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:084308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5115152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Troß
- James R. Macdonald Laboratory, Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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16
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Tross J, Kolliopoulos G, Trallero-Herrero CA. Self referencing attosecond interferometer with zeptosecond precision. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:22960-22969. [PMID: 31510580 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.022960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work we demonstrate the generation of two intense, ultrafast laser pulses that allow a controlled interferometric measurement of higher harmonic generation pulses with 12.8 attoseconds in resolution (half the atomic unit of time) and a precision as low as 680 zeptoseconds (10-21 seconds). We create two replicas of a driving femtosecond pulse which share the same optical path except at the focus where they converge to two foci. An attosecond pulse train emerges from each focus through the process of high harmonic generation. The two attosecond pulse trains from each focus interfere in the far field producing a clear interference pattern in the extreme ultraviolet region. By controlling the relative optical phase (carrier envelope phase for pulsed fields) between the two driving laser pulses we are able to actively influence the delay between the pulses and are able to perform very stable and precise pump-probe experiments. Because of the phase shaping operation occurs homogeneously across the entire spatial profile, we effectively create two indistinguishable intense laser pulses or a common path interferometer for attosecond pulses. Commonality across the two beams means that they are extremely stable to environmental and mechanical fluctuations up to a Rayleigh range from the focus. In our opinion this represents an ideal source for homodyne and heterodyne spectroscopic measurements with sub-attosecond precision.
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17
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Endo T, Tsubouchi M, Itakura R. Plasma-mirror frequency-resolved optical gating using a liquid-sheet jet in ultraviolet region. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:3234-3237. [PMID: 31259929 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.003234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate plasma-mirror frequency-resolved optical gating (PM-FROG) using a liquid-sheet jet of water and characterize a waveform of a high-repetition laser pulse (1 kHz) in the ultraviolet (UV) region. The measured PM-FROG trace is reconstructed by the least-squares generalized projections algorithm. The retrieved UV spectral phase is consistent with that by self-diffraction FROG. The complex reflection coefficient of a plasma mirror is discussed in terms of the free electron density dependence. The PM-FROG technique is applicable to not only the pulse characterization, but also the investigation of ionization dynamics of a liquid.
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18
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Itakura R, Akagi H, Otobe T. Characterization of 20-fs VUV pulses by plasma-mirror frequency-resolved optical gating. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:2282-2285. [PMID: 31042203 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.002282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) pulses (λ∼160 nm) with 20-fs duration can be fully characterized by plasma-mirror frequency-resolved optical gating. Plasma is formed as an ultrafast optical switch on a fused silica surface by irradiation of an intense near-infrared (NIR) femtosecond laser pulse. We measure the spectra of the VUV pulses reflected off plasma as a function of the delay with respect to the NIR pulse and reconstruct it to simultaneously extract a nearly Fourier-transform limited VUV pulse shape and a time-dependent reflectivity of plasma using the least-squares generalized projections algorithm. We show that there is almost no spatial dependence of the VUV pulse shape, whereas the plasma mirror reflectivity strongly depends on the spatial region.
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19
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Quintard L, Strelkov V, Vabek J, Hort O, Dubrouil A, Descamps D, Burgy F, Péjot C, Mével E, Catoire F, Constant E. Optics-less focusing of XUV high-order harmonics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau7175. [PMID: 30972360 PMCID: PMC6450687 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau7175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
By experimentally studying high-order harmonic beams generated in gases, we show how the spatial characteristics of these ultrashort extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) beams can be finely controlled when a single fundamental beam generates harmonics in a thin gas medium. We demonstrate that these XUV beams can be emitted as converging beams and thereby get focused after generation. We study this optics-less focusing using a spatially chirped beam that acts as a probe located inside the harmonic generation medium. We analyze the XUV beam evolution with an analytical model and obtain very good agreement with experimental measurements. The XUV foci sizes and positions vary strongly with the harmonic order, and the XUV waist can be located at arbitrarily large distances from the generating medium. We discuss how intense XUV fields can be obtained with optics-less focusing and how the order-dependent XUV beam characteristics are compatible with broadband XUV irradiation and attosecond science.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Quintard
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, Centre Laser Intenses et Applications (CELIA), 43 rue P. Noailles, 33400 Talence, France
| | - V. Strelkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38, Vavilova Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (State University), 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - J. Vabek
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, Centre Laser Intenses et Applications (CELIA), 43 rue P. Noailles, 33400 Talence, France
| | - O. Hort
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, Centre Laser Intenses et Applications (CELIA), 43 rue P. Noailles, 33400 Talence, France
| | - A. Dubrouil
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, Centre Laser Intenses et Applications (CELIA), 43 rue P. Noailles, 33400 Talence, France
| | - D. Descamps
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, Centre Laser Intenses et Applications (CELIA), 43 rue P. Noailles, 33400 Talence, France
| | - F. Burgy
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, Centre Laser Intenses et Applications (CELIA), 43 rue P. Noailles, 33400 Talence, France
| | - C. Péjot
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, Centre Laser Intenses et Applications (CELIA), 43 rue P. Noailles, 33400 Talence, France
| | - E. Mével
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, Centre Laser Intenses et Applications (CELIA), 43 rue P. Noailles, 33400 Talence, France
| | - F. Catoire
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, Centre Laser Intenses et Applications (CELIA), 43 rue P. Noailles, 33400 Talence, France
| | - E. Constant
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, Centre Laser Intenses et Applications (CELIA), 43 rue P. Noailles, 33400 Talence, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière (ILM), 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Abstract
Refraction is a well-known optical phenomenon that alters the direction of light waves propagating through matter. Microscopes, lenses and prisms based on refraction are indispensable tools for controlling light beams at visible, infrared, ultraviolet and X-ray wavelengths1. In the past few decades, a range of extreme-ultraviolet and soft-X-ray sources has been developed in laboratory environments2-4 and at large-scale facilities5,6. But the strong absorption of extreme-ultraviolet radiation in matter hinders the development of refractive lenses and prisms in this spectral region, for which reflective mirrors and diffractive Fresnel zone plates7 are instead used for focusing. Here we demonstrate control over the refraction of extreme-ultraviolet radiation by using a gas jet with a density gradient across the profile of the extreme-ultraviolet beam. We produce a gas-phase prism that leads to a frequency-dependent deflection of the beam. The strong deflection near to atomic resonances is further used to develop a deformable refractive lens for extreme-ultraviolet radiation, with low absorption and a focal length that can be tuned by varying the gas pressure. Our results open up a route towards the transfer of refraction-based techniques, which are well established in other spectral regions, to the extreme-ultraviolet domain.
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21
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Klas R, Kirsche A, Tschernajew M, Rothhardt J, Limpert J. Annular beam driven high harmonic generation for high flux coherent XUV and soft X-ray radiation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:19318-19327. [PMID: 30114107 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.019318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Separation of the high average power driving laser beam from the generated XUV to soft-X-ray radiation poses great challenges in collinear HHG setups due to the losses and the limited power handling capabilities of the typically used separating optics. This paper demonstrates the potential of driving HHG with annular beams, which allow for a straightforward and power scalable separation via a simple pinhole, resulting in a measured driving laser suppression of 5⋅10-3. The approach is characterized by an enormous flexibility as it can be applied to a broad range of input parameters and generated photon energies. Phase matching aspects are analyzed in detail and an HHG conversion efficiency that is only 27% lower than using a Gaussian beam under identical conditions is demonstrated, revealing the viability of the annular beam approach for high flux coherent short-wavelength sources and high average power driving lasers.
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22
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Giannessi L, Allaria E, Prince KC, Callegari C, Sansone G, Ueda K, Morishita T, Liu CN, Grum-Grzhimailo AN, Gryzlova EV, Douguet N, Bartschat K. Coherent control schemes for the photoionization of neon and helium in the Extreme Ultraviolet spectral region. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7774. [PMID: 29773811 PMCID: PMC5958097 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25833-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The seeded Free-Electron Laser (FEL) FERMI is the first source of short-wavelength light possessing the full coherence of optical lasers, together with the extreme power available from FELs. FERMI provides longitudinally coherent radiation in the Extreme Ultraviolet and soft x-ray spectral regions, and therefore opens up wide new fields of investigation in physics. We first propose experiments exploiting this property to provide coherent control of the photoionization of neon and helium, carry out numerical calculations to find optimum experimental parameters, and then describe how these experiments may be realized. The approach uses bichromatic illumination of a target and measurement of the products of the interaction, analogous to previous Brumer-Shapiro-type experiments in the optical spectral range. We describe operational schemes for the FERMI FEL, and simulate the conditions necessary to produce light at the fundamental and second or third harmonic frequencies, and to control the phase with respect to the fundamental. We conclude that a quantitative description of the phenomena is extremely challenging for present state-of-the-art theoretical and computational methods, and further development is necessary. Furthermore, the intensity available may already be excessive for the experiments proposed on helium. Perspectives for further development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Giannessi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy.,ENEA C.R. Frascati, 00044, Frascati, Italy
| | - Enrico Allaria
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Kevin C Prince
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Carlo Callegari
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sansone
- Dipartimento di Fisica, CNR-IFN, Politecnico di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy.,Physikalisches Institut der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kiyoshi Ueda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Toru Morishita
- Institute for Advanced Science, The University of Electro-communications, 1-5-1 Chofu-ga-oka, Chofu-shi, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan
| | - Chien Nan Liu
- Department of Physics, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, 24205, Taiwan
| | - Alexei N Grum-Grzhimailo
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Elena V Gryzlova
- Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Nicolas Douguet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa, 50311, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, 32816, USA
| | - Klaus Bartschat
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa, 50311, USA
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23
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Micro-Focusing of Broadband High-Order Harmonic Radiation by a Double Toroidal Mirror. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7111159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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24
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Kanno M, Inada N, Kono H. Single-active-electron analysis of laser-polarization effects on atomic/molecular multiphoton excitation. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:154310. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4994876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kanno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Inada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Kono
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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25
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Towards XUV pump-probe experiments in the femtosecond to sub-femtosecond regime: New measurement of the helium two-photon ionization cross-section. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Split-And-Delay Unit for FEL Interferometry in the XUV Spectral Range. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7060544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Nisoli M, Decleva P, Calegari F, Palacios A, Martín F. Attosecond Electron Dynamics in Molecules. Chem Rev 2017; 117:10760-10825. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Nisoli
- Department
of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, IFN-CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Piero Decleva
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Universitá di Trieste and IOM- CNR, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesca Calegari
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, IFN-CNR, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department
of Physics, University of Hamburg, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alicia Palacios
- Departamento
de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín
- Departamento
de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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28
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29
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Charalambidis D, Chikán V, Cormier E, Dombi P, Fülöp JA, Janáky C, Kahaly S, Kalashnikov M, Kamperidis C, Kühn S, Lepine F, L’Huillier A, Lopez-Martens R, Mondal S, Osvay K, Óvári L, Rudawski P, Sansone G, Tzallas P, Várallyay Z, Varjú K. The Extreme Light Infrastructure—Attosecond Light Pulse Source (ELI-ALPS) Project. SPRINGER SERIES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64840-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Attosecond streaking measurement of extreme ultraviolet pulses using a long-wavelength electric field. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35594. [PMID: 27752115 PMCID: PMC5067518 DOI: 10.1038/srep35594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-wavelength lasers have great potential to become a new-generation drive laser for tabletop coherent light sources in the soft X-ray region. Because of the significantly low conversion efficiency from a long-wavelength light field to high-order harmonics, their pulse characterization has been carried out by measuring the carrier-envelope phase and/or spatial dependences of high harmonic spectra. However, these photon detection schemes, in general, have difficulty in obtaining information on the spectral phases, which is crucial to determine the temporal structures of high-order harmonics. Here, we report the first attosecond streaking measurement of high harmonics generated by few-cycle optical pulses at 1.7 μm from a BiB3O6-based optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier. This is also the first demonstration of time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using high harmonics from a long-wavelength drive laser other than Ti:sapphire lasers, which paves the way towards ultrafast soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
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31
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Tsatrafyllis N, Bergues B, Schröder H, Veisz L, Skantzakis E, Gray D, Bodi B, Kuhn S, Tsakiris GD, Charalambidis D, Tzallas P. The ion microscope as a tool for quantitative measurements in the extreme ultraviolet. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21556. [PMID: 26868370 PMCID: PMC4751500 DOI: 10.1038/srep21556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a tool for quantitative measurements in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectral region measuring spatially resolved atomic ionization products at the focus of an EUV beam. The ionizing radiation is a comb of the 11(th)-15(th) harmonics of a Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser beam produced in a Xenon gas jet. The spatial ion distribution at the focus of the harmonics is recorded using an ion microscope. Spatially resolved single- and two-photon ionization products of Argon and Helium are observed. From such ion distributions single- and two-photon generalized cross sections can be extracted by a self-calibrating method. The observation of spatially resolved two-EUV-photon ionization constitutes an initial step towards future single-shot temporal characterization of attosecond pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Tsatrafyllis
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, PO Box 1527, GR71110 Heraklion (Crete), Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, PO Box 2208, GR71003 Heraklion (Crete), Greece
| | - B. Bergues
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - H. Schröder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - L. Veisz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Physics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - E. Skantzakis
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, PO Box 1527, GR71110 Heraklion (Crete), Greece
| | - D. Gray
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, PO Box 1527, GR71110 Heraklion (Crete), Greece
| | - B. Bodi
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, PO Box 1527, GR71110 Heraklion (Crete), Greece
- Wigner Research Center for Physics, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - S. Kuhn
- ELI Attosecond Light Pulse Source, ELI-Hu Kft., Dugonics ter 13, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - G. D. Tsakiris
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D. Charalambidis
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, PO Box 1527, GR71110 Heraklion (Crete), Greece
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, PO Box 2208, GR71003 Heraklion (Crete), Greece
- ELI Attosecond Light Pulse Source, ELI-Hu Kft., Dugonics ter 13, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - P. Tzallas
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, PO Box 1527, GR71110 Heraklion (Crete), Greece
- ELI Attosecond Light Pulse Source, ELI-Hu Kft., Dugonics ter 13, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
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32
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Chen C, Tao Z, Hernández-García C, Matyba P, Carr A, Knut R, Kfir O, Zusin D, Gentry C, Grychtol P, Cohen O, Plaja L, Becker A, Jaron-Becker A, Kapteyn H, Murnane M. Tomographic reconstruction of circularly polarized high-harmonic fields: 3D attosecond metrology. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501333. [PMID: 26989782 PMCID: PMC4788484 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Bright, circularly polarized, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft x-ray high-harmonic beams can now be produced using counter-rotating circularly polarized driving laser fields. Although the resulting circularly polarized harmonics consist of relatively simple pairs of peaks in the spectral domain, in the time domain, the field is predicted to emerge as a complex series of rotating linearly polarized bursts, varying rapidly in amplitude, frequency, and polarization. We extend attosecond metrology techniques to circularly polarized light by simultaneously irradiating a copper surface with circularly polarized high-harmonic and linearly polarized infrared laser fields. The resulting temporal modulation of the photoelectron spectra carries essential phase information about the EUV field. Utilizing the polarization selectivity of the solid surface and by rotating the circularly polarized EUV field in space, we fully retrieve the amplitude and phase of the circularly polarized harmonics, allowing us to reconstruct one of the most complex coherent light fields produced to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309–0440, USA
| | - Zhensheng Tao
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309–0440, USA
| | - Carlos Hernández-García
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309–0440, USA
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, University of Salamanca, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Piotr Matyba
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309–0440, USA
| | - Adra Carr
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309–0440, USA
| | - Ronny Knut
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309–0440, USA
| | - Ofer Kfir
- Solid State Institute and Physics Department, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Dimitry Zusin
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309–0440, USA
| | - Christian Gentry
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309–0440, USA
| | - Patrik Grychtol
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309–0440, USA
| | - Oren Cohen
- Solid State Institute and Physics Department, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Luis Plaja
- Grupo de Investigación en Aplicaciones del Láser y Fotónica, University of Salamanca, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Andreas Becker
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309–0440, USA
| | - Agnieszka Jaron-Becker
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309–0440, USA
| | - Henry Kapteyn
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309–0440, USA
| | - Margaret Murnane
- Department of Physics and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309–0440, USA
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33
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Campi F, Coudert-Alteirac H, Miranda M, Rading L, Manschwetus B, Rudawski P, L'Huillier A, Johnsson P. Design and test of a broadband split-and-delay unit for attosecond XUV-XUV pump-probe experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:023106. [PMID: 26931833 DOI: 10.1063/1.4941722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present the design of a split-and-delay unit for the production of two delayed replicas of an incident extreme ultraviolet (XUV) pulse. The device features a single grazing incidence reflection in combination with attenuation of remaining infrared light co-propagating with the XUV beam, offering a high throughput without the need of introducing additional optics that would further decrease the XUV flux. To achieve the required spatial and temporal stabilities, the device is controlled by two PID-controllers monitoring the delay and the beam pointing using an optical reference laser beam, making collimation of the beam by additional optics unnecessary. Finally, we demonstrate the stability of the split-and-delay unit by performing all-reflective autocorrelation measurements on broadband few-cycle laser pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Campi
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - H Coudert-Alteirac
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - M Miranda
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - L Rading
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - B Manschwetus
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - P Rudawski
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - A L'Huillier
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - P Johnsson
- Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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34
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Chu HH, Yang CH, Liu SC, Wang J. Single-shot temporal envelope measurement of ultrashort extreme-UV pulses by spatially encoded transmission gating. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:34082-34092. [PMID: 26832064 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.034082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Single-shot ultrashort extreme-UV(EUV) pulse waveform measurement is demonstrated by utilizing strong field ionization of H2 gas for transmission gating. A cross-propagating intense near-IR gate pulse ionizes the EUV absorbing H2 molecules into EUV-non-absorbing H2++ (two protons) and creates a time sweep of transmission encoded spatially across the EUV pulse. The temporal envelope is then retrieved from the lopsided spatial profile of the transmitted pulse. This method not only measures EUV temporal envelope for each single shot, but also determines timing jitter and envelope fluctuation statistically, thus is particularly useful for characterizing low-repetition-rate fluctuating EUV/soft x-ray sources.
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Enhanced multi-colour gating for the generation of high-power isolated attosecond pulses. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10084. [PMID: 25997917 PMCID: PMC4441196 DOI: 10.1038/srep10084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated attosecond pulses (IAP) generated by high-order harmonic generation are valuable tools that enable dynamics to be studied on the attosecond time scale. The applicability of these IAP would be widened drastically by increasing their energy. Here we analyze the potential of using multi-colour driving pulses for temporally gating the attosecond pulse generation process. We devise how this approach can enable the generation of IAP with the available high-energy kHz-repetition-rate Ytterbium-based laser amplifiers (delivering 180-fs, 1030-nm pulses). We show theoretically that this requires a three-colour field composed of the fundamental and its second harmonic as well as a lower-frequency auxiliary component. We present pulse characterization measurements of such auxiliary pulses generated directly by white-light seeded OPA with the required significantly shorter pulse duration than that of the fundamental. This, combined with our recent experimental results on three-colour waveform synthesis, proves that the theoretically considered multi-colour drivers for IAP generation can be realized with existing high-power laser technology. The high-energy driver pulses, combined with the strongly enhanced single-atom-level conversion efficiency we observe in our calculations, thus make multi-colour drivers prime candidates for the development of unprecedented high-energy IAP sources in the near future.
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Itakura R, Kumada T, Nakano M, Akagi H. Frequency-resolved optical gating for characterization of VUV pulses using ultrafast plasma mirror switching. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:10914-10924. [PMID: 25969187 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.010914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a method for characterizing vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) pulses based on time-resolved reflection spectroscopy of fused silica pumped by an intense laser pulse. Plasma mirror reflection is used as an ultrafast optical switch, which enables us to measure frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) traces. The VUV temporal waveform can be retrieved from the measured FROG trace using principal component generalized projections algorithm with modification. The temporal profile of the plasma mirror reflectivity is also extracted simultaneously.
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Dubrouil A, Hort O, Catoire F, Descamps D, Petit S, Mével E, Strelkov VV, Constant E. Spatio–spectral structures in high-order harmonic beams generated with Terawatt 10-fs pulses. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4637. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Takahashi EJ, Lan P, Mücke OD, Nabekawa Y, Midorikawa K. Attosecond nonlinear optics using gigawatt-scale isolated attosecond pulses. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2691. [PMID: 24158092 PMCID: PMC3826624 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
High-energy isolated attosecond pulses required for the most intriguing nonlinear attosecond experiments as well as for attosecond-pump/attosecond-probe spectroscopy are still lacking at present. Here we propose and demonstrate a robust generation method of intense isolated attosecond pulses, which enable us to perform a nonlinear attosecond optics experiment. By combining a two-colour field synthesis and an energy-scaling method of high-order harmonic generation, the maximum pulse energy of the isolated attosecond pulse reaches as high as 1.3 μJ. The generated pulse with a duration of 500 as, as characterized by a nonlinear autocorrelation measurement, is the shortest and highest-energy pulse ever with the ability to induce nonlinear phenomena. The peak power of our tabletop light source reaches 2.6 GW, which even surpasses that of an extreme-ultraviolet free-electron laser. The short duration of attosecond pulses makes them interesting for ultrafast experiments, although it has so far been difficult to generate isolated attosecond pulses with sufficiently high power. Here the authors achieve high-intensity isolated attosecond pulses with a tabletop setup, based on a scaled-up high-order harmonic generation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji J Takahashi
- Extreme Photonics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi 351-0198, Japan
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Few-femtosecond time-resolved measurements of X-ray free-electron lasers. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3762. [PMID: 24781868 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers, with pulse durations ranging from a few to several hundred femtoseconds, are uniquely suited for studying atomic, molecular, chemical and biological systems. Characterizing the temporal profiles of these femtosecond X-ray pulses that vary from shot to shot is not only challenging but also important for data interpretation. Here we report the time-resolved measurements of X-ray free-electron lasers by using an X-band radiofrequency transverse deflector at the Linac Coherent Light Source. We demonstrate this method to be a simple, non-invasive technique with a large dynamic range for single-shot electron and X-ray temporal characterization. A resolution of less than 1 fs root mean square has been achieved for soft X-ray pulses. The lasing evolution along the undulator has been studied with the electron trapping being observed as the X-ray peak power approaches 100 GW.
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Abstract
Understanding the coupled electronic and nuclear dynamics in molecules by using pump-probe schemes requires not only the use of short enough laser pulses but also wavelengths and intensities that do not modify the intrinsic behavior of the system. In this respect, extreme UV pulses of few-femtosecond and attosecond durations have been recognized as the ideal tool because their short wavelengths ensure a negligible distortion of the molecular potential. In this work, we propose the use of two twin extreme UV pulses to create a molecular interferometer from direct and sequential two-photon ionization processes that leave the molecule in the same final state. We theoretically demonstrate that such a scheme allows for a complete identification of both electronic and nuclear phases in the wave packet generated by the pump pulse. We also show that although total ionization yields reveal entangled electronic and nuclear dynamics in the bound states, doubly differential yields (differential in both electronic and nuclear energies) exhibit in addition the dynamics of autoionization, i.e., of electron correlation in the ionization continuum. Visualization of such dynamics is possible by varying the time delay between the pump and the probe pulses.
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Use of photoelectron energy spectrum transfer equation for the measurement of a narrowband XUV pulse. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-011-4943-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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43
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Sansone G, Pfeifer T, Simeonidis K, Kuleff AI. Electron Correlation in Real Time. Chemphyschem 2011; 13:661-80. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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44
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Moshammer R, Pfeifer T, Rudenko A, Jiang YH, Foucar L, Kurka M, Kühnel KU, Schröter CD, Ullrich J, Herrwerth O, Kling MF, Liu XJ, Motomura K, Fukuzawa H, Yamada A, Ueda K, Ishikawa KL, Nagaya K, Iwayama H, Sugishima A, Mizoguchi Y, Yase S, Yao M, Saito N, Belkacem A, Nagasono M, Higashiya A, Yabashi M, Ishikawa T, Ohashi H, Kimura H, Togashi T. Second-order autocorrelation of XUV FEL pulses via time resolved two-photon single ionization of He. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:21698-21706. [PMID: 22109020 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.021698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Second-order autocorrelation spectra of XUV free-electron laser pulses from the Spring-8 Compact SASE Source (SCSS) have been recorded by time and momentum resolved detection of two-photon single ionization of He at 20.45 eV using a split-mirror delay-stage in combination with high-resolution recoil-ion momentum spectroscopy (COLTRIMS). From the autocorrelation trace we extract a coherence time of 8 ± 2 fs and a mean pulse duration of 28 ± 5 fs, much shorter than estimations based on electron bunch-length measurements. Simulations within the partial coherence model [Opt. Lett. 35, 3441 (2010)] are in agreement with experiment if a pulse-front tilt across the FEL beam diameter is taken into account that leads to a temporal shift of about 6 fs between both pulse replicas.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Moshammer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Tao H, Allison TK, Wright TW, Stooke AM, Khurmi C, van Tilborg J, Liu Y, Falcone RW, Belkacem A, Martinez TJ. Ultrafast internal conversion in ethylene. I. The excited state lifetime. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:244306. [PMID: 21721629 DOI: 10.1063/1.3604007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a combined theoretical and experimental approach, we investigate the non-adiabatic dynamics of the prototypical ethylene (C(2)H(4)) molecule upon π → π∗ excitation. In this first part of a two part series, we focus on the lifetime of the excited electronic state. The femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectrum (TRPES) of ethylene is simulated based on our recent molecular dynamics simulation using the ab initio multiple spawning method with multi-state second order perturbation theory [H. Tao, B. G. Levine, and T. J. Martinez, J. Phys. Chem. A 113, 13656 (2009)]. We find excellent agreement between the TRPES calculation and the photoion signal observed in a pump-probe experiment using femtosecond vacuum ultraviolet (hν = 7.7 eV) pulses for both pump and probe. These results explain the apparent discrepancy over the excited state lifetime between theory and experiment that has existed for ten years, with experiments [e.g., P. Farmanara, V. Stert, and W. Radloff, Chem. Phys. Lett. 288, 518 (1998) and K. Kosma, S. A. Trushin, W. Fuss, and W. E. Schmid, J. Phys. Chem. A 112, 7514 (2008)] reporting much shorter lifetimes than predicted by theory. Investigation of the TRPES indicates that the fast decay of the photoion yield originates from both energetic and electronic factors, with the energetic factor playing a larger role in shaping the signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tao
- Department of Chemistry and PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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46
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Fushitani M, Matsuda A, Hishikawa A. Time-resolved EUV photoelectron spectroscopy of dissociating I2 by laser harmonics at 80 nm. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:9600-9606. [PMID: 21643218 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.009600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Generation of single-order laser harmonics in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and the application to the time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of I(2) are demonstrated. The EUV pulses at 80 nm were generated from Kr as the 5th order harmonics of intense 400 nm laser pulses and then separated from other harmonic orders by a thin indium foil. The pump-probe photoelectron spectroscopy of I(2) in the B (3)Π(0(u)(+)) and B" (1)Π(1(u)) states excited by visible laser pulses at 490 nm showed a rapid increase in the yield of atomic iodine (~400 fs), reflecting the dissociation dynamics evolving simultaneously in the two excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Fushitani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
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Kumar S, Kang HS, Kim DE. Generation of isolated single attosecond hard X-ray pulse in enhanced self-amplified spontaneous emission scheme. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:7537-7545. [PMID: 21503061 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.007537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The generation of isolated attosecond hard x-ray pulse has been studied under the enhanced self-amplified spontaneous emission (ESASE) scheme with the density and energy modulation of an electron bunch. It is demonstrated in simulation that an isolated attosecond hard x-ray pulse of a high contrast ratio can be produced by adjusting a driver laser wavelength and the energy distribution of an electron bunch. An isolated attosecond pulse of ~146 attosecond full-width half-maximum (FWHM) at 0.1 nm wavelength is obtained with a saturation length of 34 meter for the electron beam parameters of Korean X-ray Free Electron laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POTECH), Pohang, 790-784, South Korea
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Tarasevitch A, Wieczorek J, Kohn R, Bovensiepen U, von der Linde D. Two-beam high-order harmonics from solids: coupling mechanisms. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 82:056410. [PMID: 21230605 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.82.056410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The polarization of the two beam (driver-probe) high-order harmonic generation from solids is measured. The experiments, together with computer simulations, allow us to distinguish two different coupling mechanisms of the driver and the probe, resulting in different harmonic efficiencies and spectral slopes. We find that in the nonrelativistic regime the coupling is mostly due to the nonlinear plasma density modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tarasevitch
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany.
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Allison TK, Wright TW, Stooke AM, Khurmi C, van Tilborg J, Liu Y, Falcone RW, Belkacem A. Femtosecond spectroscopy with vacuum ultraviolet pulse pairs. OPTICS LETTERS 2010; 35:3664-3666. [PMID: 21042384 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.003664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We combine different wavelengths from an intense high-order harmonics source with variable delay at the focus of a split-mirror interferometer to conduct pump-probe experiments on gas-phase molecules. We report measurements of the time resolution (<44 fs) and spatial profiles (4 μm × 12 μm) at the focus of the apparatus. We demonstrate the utility of this two-color, high-order-harmonic technique by time resolving molecular hydrogen elimination from C(2)H(4) excited into its absorption band at 161 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Allison
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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50
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Skantzakis E, Tzallas P, Kruse JE, Kalpouzos C, Faucher O, Tsakiris GD, Charalambidis D. Tracking autoionizing-wave-packet dynamics at the 1-fs temporal scale. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:043902. [PMID: 20867844 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.043902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present time-resolved studies and Fourier transform spectroscopy of inner-shell excited states undergoing Auger decay and doubly excited autoionizing states, utilizing coherent extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) radiation continua. Series of states spanning a range of ∼4 eV are excited simultaneously. An XUV probe pulse tracks the oscillatory and decaying evolution of the formed wave packet. The Fourier transform of the measured trace reproduces the spectrum of the series. The present work paves the way for ultrabroadband XUV spectroscopy and studies of ultrafast dynamics in all states of matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Skantzakis
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, P.O. Box 1527, GR-711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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