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Pyari G, Bansal H, Roy S. Optogenetically mediated large volume suppression and synchronized excitation of human ventricular cardiomyocytes. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:1479-1503. [PMID: 37415050 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in cardiac optogenetics is to have minimally invasive large volume excitation and suppression for effective cardioversion and treatment of tachycardia. It is important to study the effect of light attenuation on the electrical activity of cells in in vivo cardiac optogenetic experiments. In this computational study, we present a detailed analysis of the effect of light attenuation in different channelrhodopsins (ChRs)-expressing human ventricular cardiomyocytes. The study shows that sustained illumination from the myocardium surface used for suppression, simultaneously results in spurious excitation in deeper tissue regions. Tissue depths of suppressed and excited regions have been determined for different opsin expression levels. It is shown that increasing the expression level by 5-fold enhances the depth of suppressed tissue from 2.24 to 3.73 mm with ChR2(H134R) (ChR2 with a single point mutation at position H134), 3.78 to 5.12 mm with GtACR1 (anion-conducting ChR from cryptophyte algae Guillardia theta) and 6.63 to 9.31 mm with ChRmine (a marine opsin gene from Tiarina fusus). Light attenuation also results in desynchrony in action potentials in different tissue regions under pulsed illumination. It is further shown that gradient-opsin expression not only enables suppression up to the same level of tissue depth but also enables synchronized excitation under pulsed illumination. The study is important for the effective treatment of tachycardia and cardiac pacing and for extending the scale of cardiac optogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gur Pyari
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India
| | - Himanshu Bansal
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India
| | - Sukhdev Roy
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, 282005, India.
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2
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El-Husseiny HM, Mady EA, El-Dakroury WA, Doghish AS, Tanaka R. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels: smart state of-the-art platforms for cardiac tissue engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1174075. [PMID: 37449088 PMCID: PMC10337592 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1174075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedicine and tissue regeneration have made significant advancements recently, positively affecting the whole healthcare spectrum. This opened the way for them to develop their applications for revitalizing damaged tissues. Thus, their functionality will be restored. Cardiac tissue engineering (CTE) using curative procedures that combine biomolecules, biomimetic scaffolds, and cells plays a critical part in this path. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels (SRHs) are excellent three-dimensional (3D) biomaterials for tissue engineering (TE) and various biomedical applications. They can mimic the intrinsic tissues' physicochemical, mechanical, and biological characteristics in a variety of ways. They also provide for 3D setup, adequate aqueous conditions, and the mechanical consistency required for cell development. Furthermore, they function as competent delivery platforms for various biomolecules. Many natural and synthetic polymers were used to fabricate these intelligent platforms with innovative enhanced features and specialized capabilities that are appropriate for CTE applications. In the present review, different strategies employed for CTE were outlined. The light was shed on the limitations of the use of conventional hydrogels in CTE. Moreover, diverse types of SRHs, their characteristics, assembly and exploitation for CTE were discussed. To summarize, recent development in the construction of SRHs increases their potential to operate as intelligent, sophisticated systems in the reconstruction of degenerated cardiac tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein M. El-Husseiny
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Eman A. Mady
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Behavior and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Walaa A. El-Dakroury
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S. Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Egypt
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ryou Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
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Mousaei Ghasroldasht M, Seok J, Park HS, Liakath Ali FB, Al-Hendy A. Stem Cell Therapy: From Idea to Clinical Practice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052850. [PMID: 35269990 PMCID: PMC8911494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is a new and promising mode of therapy for patients who have limited or no other options for the treatment of their illness. Due to their pleotropic therapeutic potential through the inhibition of inflammation or apoptosis, cell recruitment, stimulation of angiogenesis, and differentiation, stem cells present a novel and effective approach to several challenging human diseases. In recent years, encouraging findings in preclinical studies have paved the way for many clinical trials using stem cells for the treatment of various diseases. The translation of these new therapeutic products from the laboratory to the market is conducted under highly defined regulations and directives provided by competent regulatory authorities. This review seeks to familiarize the reader with the process of translation from an idea to clinical practice, in the context of stem cell products. We address some required guidelines for clinical trial approval, including regulations and directives presented by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States, as well as those of the European Medicine Agency (EMA). Moreover, we review, summarize, and discuss regenerative medicine clinical trial studies registered on the Clinicaltrials.gov website.
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Biopolymer Matrices Based on Chitosan and Fibroin: A Review Focused on Methods for Studying Surface Properties. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/polysaccharides2010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For the creation of tissue-engineered structures based on natural biopolymers with the necessary chemical, physical, adhesive, morphological, and regenerative properties, biocompatible materials based on polysaccharides and proteins are used. This work is devoted to a problem of the technology of polymeric materials for biomedical purposes: the creation of biopolymer tissue engineering matrix and the development of a methodology for studying morphology and functional properties of their surface to establish the prospects for using the material for contact with living objects. The conditions for the formation of scaffolds based on composite materials of chitosan and fibroin determine the structure of the material, the thickness and orientation of molecular layers, the surface morphology, and other parameters that affect cell adhesion and growth. The analysis of studies of the morphology and properties of the surface of biopolymer matrices obtained using different methods of molding from solutions of chitosan and fibroin is carried out.
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Optimizing the Use of iPSC-CMs for Cardiac Regeneration in Animal Models. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091561. [PMID: 32887495 PMCID: PMC7552322 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In 2006, the first induced pluripotent stem cells were generated by reprogramming skin cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells undergo fast cell division, can differentiate into many different cell types, can be patient-specific, and do not raise ethical issues. Thus, they offer great promise as in vitro disease models, drug toxicity testing platforms, and for autologous tissue regeneration. Heart failure is one of the major causes of death worldwide. It occurs when the heart cannot meet the body’s metabolic demands. Induced pluripotent stem cells can be differentiated into cardiac myocytes, can form patches resembling native cardiac tissue, and can engraft to the damaged heart. However, despite correct host/graft coupling, most animal studies demonstrate an arrhythmogenicity of the engrafted tissue and variable survival. This is partially because of the heterogeneity and immaturity of the cells. New evidence suggests that by modulating induced pluripotent stem cells-cardiac myocytes (iPSC-CM) metabolism by switching substrates and changing metabolic pathways, you can decrease iPSC-CM heterogeneity and arrhythmogenicity. Novel culture methods and tissue engineering along with animal models of heart failure are needed to fully unlock the potential of cardiac myocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells for cardiac regeneration. Abstract Heart failure (HF) is a common disease in which the heart cannot meet the metabolic demands of the body. It mostly occurs in individuals 65 years or older. Cardiac transplantation is the best option for patients with advanced HF. High numbers of patient-specific cardiac myocytes (CMs) can be generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and can possibly be used to treat HF. While some studies found iPSC-CMS can couple efficiently to the damaged heart and restore cardiac contractility, almost all found iPSC-CM transplantation is arrhythmogenic, thus hampering the use of iPSC-CMs for cardiac regeneration. Studies show that iPSC-CM cultures are highly heterogeneous containing atrial-, ventricular- and nodal-like CMs. Furthermore, they have an immature phenotype, resembling more fetal than adult CMs. There is an urgent need to overcome these issues. To this end, a novel and interesting avenue to increase CM maturation consists of modulating their metabolism. Combined with careful engineering and animal models of HF, iPSC-CMs can be assessed for their potential for cardiac regeneration and a cure for HF.
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Abstract
Stem cells carry the remarkable ability to differentiate into different cell types while retaining the capability to self-replicate and maintain the characteristics of their parent cells, referred to as potency. Stem cells have been studied extensively to better understand human development and organogenesis. Because of advances in stem cell-based therapies, regenerative medicine has seen significant growth. Ophthalmic conditions, some of which are leading causes of blindness worldwide, are being treated with stem cell therapies. Great results have also been obtained in the treatment of oral and maxillofacial defects. Stem-cell-based therapies have great potential in the treatment of chronic medical conditions like diabetes and cardiomyopathy. The unique property of stem cells to migrate towards cancer cells makes them excellent vectors for the transportation of bioactive agents or for targeting cancer cells, both primary and metastatic. While these therapeutic strategies are extremely promising, they are not without limitations. Failure to completely eradicate the tumor and tumor relapse are some of those concerns. Stem cells share some characteristics with cancer stem cells, raising concerns for increasing the risk of cancer occurrence. Ethical concerns due to the fetal origin of stem cells and cost are other major obstacles in the large-scale implementation of such therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Nawab
- Hospitalist, Geisinger Holy Spirit, Camp Hill, USA
| | - Deepak Bhere
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Anthony Bommarito
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Muhammad Mufti
- Internal Medicine, St. Mary's Medical Center, Long Beach, USA
| | - Awais Naeem
- Internal Medicine, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, PAK
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Yang J, Sui X, Li Q, Zhao W, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Chen P, Zhang L. In Situ Encapsulation of Postcryopreserved Cells Using Alginate Polymer and Zwitterionic Betaine. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:2621-2630. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao, 266235, China
| | - Xiaojie Sui
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao, 266235, China
| | - Qingsi Li
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao, 266235, China
| | - Weiqiang Zhao
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao, 266235, China
| | - Jiamin Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao, 266235, China
| | - Yingnan Zhu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao, 266235, China
| | - Pengguang Chen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao, 266235, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao, 266235, China
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8
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Barzegar M, Kaur G, Gavins FNE, Wang Y, Boyer CJ, Alexander JS. Potential therapeutic roles of stem cells in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Stem Cell Res 2019; 37:101421. [PMID: 30933723 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2019.101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/RI), produced by an initial interruption of organ blood flow and its subsequent restoration, contributes significantly to the pathophysiologies of stroke, myocardial infarction, renal I/RI, intestinal I/RI and liver I/RI, which are major causes of disability (including transplant failure) and even mortality. While the restoration of blood flow is required to restore oxygen and nutrient requirements, reperfusion often triggers local and systemic inflammatory responses and subsequently elevate the ischemic insult where the duration of ischemia determines the magnitude of I/RI damage. I/RI increases vascular leakage, changes transcriptional and cell death programs, drives leukocyte entrapment and inflammation and oxidative stress in tissues. Therapeutic approaches which reduce complications associated with I/RI are desperately needed to address the clinical and economic burden created by I/RI. Stem cells (SC) represent ubiquitous and uncommitted cell populations with the ability to self-renew and differentiate into one or more developmental 'fates'. Like immune cells, stem cells can home to and penetrate I/R-injured tissues, where they can differentiate into target tissues and induce trophic paracrine signaling which suppress injury and maintain tissue functions perturbed by ischemia-reperfusion. This review article summarizes the present use and possible protective mechanisms underlying stem cell protection in diverse forms of ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barzegar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - G Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - F N E Gavins
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - C J Boyer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - J S Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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Singh BK, Dutta PK. Chitin, Chitosan, and Silk Fibroin Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds: A Prospective Approach for Regenerative Medicine. SPRINGER SERIES ON POLYMER AND COMPOSITE MATERIALS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-2511-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Chitosan: A Promising Substrate for Regenerative Medicine in Drug Formulation. SPRINGER SERIES ON POLYMER AND COMPOSITE MATERIALS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-2511-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Freeman R, Boekhoven J, Dickerson MB, Naik RR, Stupp SI. Biopolymers and supramolecular polymers as biomaterials for biomedical applications. MRS BULLETIN 2015; 40:1089-1101. [PMID: 26989295 PMCID: PMC4790466 DOI: 10.1557/mrs.2015.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein- and peptide-based structural biopolymers are abundant building blocks of biological systems. Either in their natural forms, such as collagen, silk or fibronectin, or as related synthetic materials they can be used in various technologies. An emerging area is that of biomimetic materials inspired by protein-based biopolymers, which are made up of small molecules rather than macromolecules and can therefore be described as supramolecular polymers. These materials are very useful in biomedical applications because of their ability to imitate the extracellular matrix both in architecture and their capacity to signal cells. This article describes important features of the natural extracellular matrix and highlight how these features are being incorporated into biomaterials composed of biopolymers and supramolecular polymers. We particularly focus on the structures, properties, and functions of collagen, fibronectin, silk, and the supramolecular polymers inspired by them as biomaterials for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Freeman
- Simpson Querrey Institute of BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Job Boekhoven
- Simpson Querrey Institute of BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Matthew B Dickerson
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433-7702
| | - Rajesh R Naik
- 711 Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433-7702
| | - Samuel I Stupp
- Simpson Querrey Institute of BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Departments of Materials and Science & Engineering, Chemistry, Medicine, and Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Zhuge Y, Patlolla B, Ramakrishnan C, Beygui RE, Zarins CK, Deisseroth K, Kuhl E, Abilez OJ. Human pluripotent stem cell tools for cardiac optogenetics. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2015; 2014:6171-4. [PMID: 25571406 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2014.6945038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
It is likely that arrhythmias should be avoided for therapies based on human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CM) to be effective. Towards achieving this goal, we introduced light-activated channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), a cation channel activated with 480 nm light, into human embryonic stem cells (hESC). By using in vitro approaches, hESC-CM are able to be activated with light. ChR2 is stably transduced into undifferentiated hESC via a lentiviral vector. Via directed differentiation, hESC(ChR2)-CM are produced and subjected to optical stimulation. hESC(ChR2)-CM respond to traditional electrical stimulation and produce similar contractility features as their wild-type counterparts but only hESC(ChR2)-CM can be activated by optical stimulation. Here it is shown that a light sensitive protein can enable in vitro optical control of hESC-CM and that this activation occurs optimally above specific light stimulation intensity and pulse width thresholds. For future therapy, in vivo optical stimulation along with optical inhibition could allow for acute synchronization of implanted hPSC-CM with patient cardiac rhythms.
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13
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Baril P, Ezzine S, Pichon C. Monitoring the spatiotemporal activities of miRNAs in small animal models using molecular imaging modalities. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:4947-72. [PMID: 25749473 PMCID: PMC4394458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16034947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by binding mRNA targets via sequence complementary inducing translational repression and/or mRNA degradation. A current challenge in the field of miRNA biology is to understand the functionality of miRNAs under physiopathological conditions. Recent evidence indicates that miRNA expression is more complex than simple regulation at the transcriptional level. MiRNAs undergo complex post-transcriptional regulations such miRNA processing, editing, accumulation and re-cycling within P-bodies. They are dynamically regulated and have a well-orchestrated spatiotemporal localization pattern. Real-time and spatio-temporal analyses of miRNA expression are difficult to evaluate and often underestimated. Therefore, important information connecting miRNA expression and function can be lost. Conventional miRNA profiling methods such as Northern blot, real-time PCR, microarray, in situ hybridization and deep sequencing continue to contribute to our knowledge of miRNA biology. However, these methods can seldom shed light on the spatiotemporal organization and function of miRNAs in real-time. Non-invasive molecular imaging methods have the potential to address these issues and are thus attracting increasing attention. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of methods used to detect miRNAs and discusses their contribution in the emerging field of miRNA biology and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Baril
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France.
| | - Safia Ezzine
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France.
| | - Chantal Pichon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France.
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Park YJ, Koh J, Gauna AE, Chen S, Cha S. Identification of regulatory factors for mesenchymal stem cell-derived salivary epithelial cells in a co-culture system. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112158. [PMID: 25402494 PMCID: PMC4234408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Sjögren’s syndrome or head and neck cancer patients who have undergone radiation therapy suffer from severe dry mouth (xerostomia) due to salivary exocrine cell death. Regeneration of the salivary glands requires a better understanding of regulatory mechanisms by which stem cells differentiate into exocrine cells. In our study, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells were co-cultured with primary salivary epithelial cells from C57BL/6 mice. Co-cultured bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells clearly resembled salivary epithelial cells, as confirmed by strong expression of salivary gland epithelial cell-specific markers, such as alpha-amylase, muscarinic type 3 receptor, aquaporin-5, and cytokeratin 19. To identify regulatory factors involved in this differentiation, transdifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells were analyzed temporarily by two-dimensional-gel-electrophoresis, which detected 58 protein spots (>1.5 fold change, p<0.05) that were further categorized into 12 temporal expression patterns. Of those proteins only induced in differentiated mesenchymal stem cells, ankryin-repeat-domain-containing-protein 56, high-mobility-group-protein 20B, and transcription factor E2a were selected as putative regulatory factors for mesenchymal stem cell transdifferentiation based on putative roles in salivary gland development. Induction of these molecules was confirmed by RT-PCR and western blotting on separate sets of co-cultured mesenchymal stem cells. In conclusion, our study is the first to identify differentially expressed proteins that are implicated in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into salivary gland epithelial cells. Further investigation to elucidate regulatory roles of these three transcription factors in mesenchymal stem cell reprogramming will provide a critical foundation for a novel cell-based regenerative therapy for patients with xerostomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jong Park
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jin Koh
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Adrienne E. Gauna
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sixue Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Biology, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Seunghee Cha
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Taegtmeyer H, Lubrano G. Rethinking cardiac metabolism: metabolic cycles to refuel and rebuild the failing heart. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2014; 6:90. [PMID: 25374668 PMCID: PMC4191265 DOI: 10.12703/p6-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The heart is a self-renewing biological pump that converts chemical energy into mechanical energy. The entire process of energy conversion is subject to complex regulation at the transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. Within this system, energy transfer occurs with high efficiency, facilitated by a series of compound-conserved cycles. At the same time, the constituent myocardial proteins themselves are continuously made and degraded in order to adjust to changes in energy demand and changes in the extracellular environment. We recently have identified signals arising from intermediary metabolism that regulate the cycle of myocardial protein turnover. Using a new conceptual framework, we discuss the principle of metabolic cycles and their importance for refueling and for rebuilding the failing heart.
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Willinger T, Flavell RA. ESCaping rejection: A step forward for embryonic-stem-cell-based regenerative medicine. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 14:3-4. [PMID: 24388169 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) for regenerative medicine currently faces several hurdles, including immune rejection of transplanted cells. Now in Cell Stem Cell, Rong et al. (2014) describe a strategy to protect hESCs from immune rejection while avoiding systemic immunosuppression, potentially facilitating clinical implementation of hESC-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Willinger
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Delalat B, Goreham RV, Vasilev K, Harding FJ, Voelcker NH. Subtle Changes in Surface Chemistry Affect Embryoid Body Cell Differentiation: Lessons Learnt from Surface-Bound Amine Density Gradients. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:1715-25. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Delalat
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Australia
| | - Renee V. Goreham
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Australia
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Australia
| | - Frances J. Harding
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Australia
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Boekhoven J, Stupp SI. 25th anniversary article: supramolecular materials for regenerative medicine. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:1642-59. [PMID: 24496667 PMCID: PMC4015801 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In supramolecular materials, molecular building blocks are designed to interact with one another via non-covalent interactions in order to create function. This offers the opportunity to create structures similar to those found in living systems that combine order and dynamics through the reversibility of intermolecular bonds. For regenerative medicine there is a great need to develop materials that signal cells effectively, deliver or bind bioactive agents in vivo at controlled rates, have highly tunable mechanical properties, but at the same time, can biodegrade safely and rapidly after fulfilling their function. These requirements make supramolecular materials a great platform to develop regenerative therapies. This review illustrates the emerging science of these materials and their use in a number of applications for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Job Boekhoven
- Institute for Bio Nanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Samuel I. Stupp
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Chemistry, and Medicine, Institute for Bio Nanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA, , Homepage: http://stupp.northwestern.edu
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Cong W, Liu F, Wang C, Wang G. X-ray micro-modulated luminescence tomography (XMLT). OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:5572-5580. [PMID: 24663898 PMCID: PMC4086334 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.005572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Imaging depth of optical microscopy has been fundamentally limited to millimeter or sub-millimeter due to strong scattering of light in a biological sample. X-ray microscopy can resolve spatial details of few microns deep inside a sample but contrast resolution is inadequate to depict heterogeneous features at cellular or sub-cellular levels. To enhance and enrich biological contrast at large imaging depth, various nanoparticles are introduced and become essential to basic research and molecular medicine. Nanoparticles can be functionalized as imaging probes, similar to fluorescent and bioluminescent proteins. LiGa(5)O(8):Cr(3+) nanoparticles were recently synthesized to facilitate luminescence energy storage with x-ray pre-excitation and subsequently stimulated luminescence emission by visible/near-infrared (NIR) light. In this paper, we propose an x-ray micro-modulated luminescence tomography (XMLT, or MLT to be more general) approach to quantify a nanophosphor distribution in a thick biological sample with high resolution. Our numerical simulation studies demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Cong
- Biomedical Imaging Center, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Fenglin Liu
- Biomedical Imaging Center, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Computed Tomography Nondestructive Testing, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Biomedical Imaging Center, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Ge Wang
- Biomedical Imaging Center, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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Xu J, Lacoske MH, Theodorakis EA. Neurotrophic natural products: chemistry and biology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:956-87. [PMID: 24353244 PMCID: PMC3945720 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases and spinal cord injury affect approximately 50 million people worldwide, bringing the total healthcare cost to over 600 billion dollars per year. Nervous system growth factors, that is, neurotrophins, are a potential solution to these disorders, since they could promote nerve regeneration. An average of 500 publications per year attests to the significance of neurotrophins in biomedical sciences and underlines their potential for therapeutic applications. Nonetheless, the poor pharmacokinetic profile of neurotrophins severely restricts their clinical use. On the other hand, small molecules that modulate neurotrophic activity offer a promising therapeutic approach against neurological disorders. Nature has provided an impressive array of natural products that have potent neurotrophic activities. This Review highlights the current synthetic strategies toward these compounds and summarizes their ability to induce neuronal growth and rehabilitation. It is anticipated that neurotrophic natural products could be used not only as starting points in drug design but also as tools to study the next frontier in biomedical sciences: the brain activity map project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358 (USA), Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu
| | - Michelle H. Lacoske
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358 (USA), Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu
| | - Emmanuel A. Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358 (USA), Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu
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21
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Xu J, Lacoske MH, Theodorakis EA. Neurotrophe Naturstoffe - ihre Chemie und Biologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Miklas JW, Nunes SS, Radisic M. Engineering Cardiac Tissues from Pluripotent Stem Cells for Drug Screening and Studies of Cell Maturation. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201300064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Abilez OJ. Cardiac optogenetics. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2013; 2012:1386-9. [PMID: 23366158 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2012.6346197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For therapies based on human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CM) to be effective, arrhythmias must be avoided. Towards achieving this goal, light-activated channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), a cation channel activated with 480 nm light, and a first generation halorhodopsin (NpHR1.0), an anion pump activated by 580 nm light, have been introduced into hiPSC. By using in vitro approaches, hiPSC-CM are able to be optogenetically activated and inhibited. ChR2 and NpHR1.0 are stably transduced into undifferentiated hiPSC via a lentiviral vector. Via directed differentiation, both wildtype hiPSC-CM (hiPSC(WT)-CM) and hiPSC(ChR2/NpHR)-CM are produced and subjected to both electrical and optical stimulation. Both hiPSC(WT)-CM and hiPSC(ChR2/NpHR)-CM respond to traditional electrical stimulation and produce similar contractility features but only hiPSC(ChR2/NpHR)-CM can be synchronized and inhibited by optical stimulation. Here it is shown that light sensitive proteins can enable in vitro optical control of hiPSC-CM. For future therapy, in vivo optical stimulation could allow precise and specific synchronization of implanted hiPSC-CM with patient cardiac rates and rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar J Abilez
- Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Zhou W, Wang K, Ruan W, Bo Z, Liu L, Cao Z, Chai L, Cao G. Higher methylation in genomic DNA indicates incomplete reprogramming in induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Reprogram 2013; 15:92-9. [PMID: 23379582 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2012.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells can be created successfully through the inner cell mass (ICM), nuclear transfer, and defined-factor induction. Unfortunately, the epigenetic characteristics of the cells produced are poorly understood. In this article, we compared expression levels of enzymes involved in epigenetic modifications across six pluripotent stem cell lines. Six of the 11 genes evaluated here (Dnmt3a, Dnmt3b, Tet1, Ezh2, Mll1, and Lsd1) showed abnormally low levels of expression in the two germ-line chimeric induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines. We also conducted locus-specific analysis of DNA methylation at 9 loci. Although iPSCs did express Oct4, the Oct4 promoter region was shown to have a higher level of DNA methylation. The Xist and Line-1 repeating sequences differed relatively little in methylation level across the cell lines, but Peg3, Peg10, and H19 exhibited high degrees of variation in the pattern of DNA methylation. Meg3 in the Dlk1-Dio3 imprinting cluster was incompletely methylated in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and nuclear transfer (nt) ESCs. However, in germ-line chimeric iPSCs, Meg3 was almost entirely methylated. ESC and ntESC lines showed twice as much Meg3 expression than in the iPSC lines. The genomic 5mC contents detected by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicated that, despite their germ-line chimeric abilities, iPSCs remained incompletely reprogrammed, even though no direct evidence is shown here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, PR China
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25
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Garbern JC, Mummery CL, Lee RT. Model systems for cardiovascular regenerative biology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 3:a014019. [PMID: 23545574 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a014019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent clinical need to develop new therapeutic approaches to treat heart failure, but the biology of cardiovascular regeneration is complex. Model systems are required to advance our understanding of biological mechanisms of cardiac regeneration as well as to test therapeutic approaches to regenerate tissue and restore cardiac function following injury. An ideal model system should be inexpensive, easily manipulated, easily reproducible, physiologically representative of human disease, and ethically sound. In this review, we discuss computational, cell-based, tissue, and animal models that have been used to elucidate mechanisms of cardiovascular regenerative biology or to test proposed therapeutic methods to restore cardiac function following disease or injury.
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Chan YS, Göke J, Lu X, Venkatesan N, Feng B, Su IH, Ng HH. A PRC2-Dependent Repressive Role of PRDM14 in Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Reprogramming. Stem Cells 2013; 31:682-92. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Myers FB, Abilez OJ, Zarins CK, Lee LP. Label-free electrophysiological cytometry for stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte clusters. LAB ON A CHIP 2013. [PMID: 23207961 PMCID: PMC3556464 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40905d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell therapies hold great promise for repairing tissues damaged due to disease or injury. However, a major obstacle facing this field is the difficulty in identifying cells of a desired phenotype from the heterogeneous population that arises during stem cell differentiation. Conventional fluorescence flow cytometry and magnetic cell purification require exogenous labeling of cell surface markers which can interfere with the performance of the cells of interest. Here, we describe a non-genetic, label-free cell cytometry method based on electrophysiological response to stimulus. As many of the cell types relevant for regenerative medicine are electrically-excitable (e.g. cardiomyocytes, neurons, smooth muscle cells), this technology is well-suited for identifying cells from heterogeneous stem cell progeny without the risk and expense associated with molecular labeling or genetic modification. Our label-free cell cytometer is capable of distinguishing clusters of undifferentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from iPSC-derived cardiomyocyte (iPSC-CM) clusters. The system utilizes a microfluidic device with integrated electrodes for both electrical stimulation and recording of extracellular field potential (FP) signals from suspended cells in flow. The unique electrode configuration provides excellent rejection of field stimulus artifact while enabling sensitive detection of FPs with a noise floor of 2 μV(rms). Cells are self-aligned to the recording electrodes via hydrodynamic flow focusing. Based on automated analysis of these extracellular signals, the system distinguishes cardiomyocytes from non-cardiomyocytes. This is an entirely new approach to cell cytometry, in which a cell's functionality is assessed rather than its expression profile or physical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank B. Myers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Oscar J. Abilez
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christopher K. Zarins
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Luke P. Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Corresponding author:
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28
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Z. Asumda F. Towards the development of a reliable protocol for mesenchymal stem cell cardiomyogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/scd.2013.31003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bernal A, Fernández M, Pérez LM, San Martín N, Gálvez BG. Method for obtaining committed adult mesenchymal precursors from skin and lung tissue. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53215. [PMID: 23300894 PMCID: PMC3534150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The present study reports an easy and efficient method for obtaining adult mesenchymal precursors from different adult mouse tissues. Materials and Methods We describe the isolation and expansion of mesenchymal precursors from skin and lung by a non-enzymatic method. Skin and lung mesenchymal precursors isolated by a modified explant technique were characterized in vitro by defined morphology and by a specific gene expression profile and surface markers. Results and Conclusions Our results show that these precursors express stem cell and mesenchymal surface markers as well as epithelial markers. However, they are negative for markers of endothelium, cardiac and skeletal muscle or adipose tissue, indicating that they have initiated commitment to the tissues from which were isolated. These precursors can migrate without any stimulus and in response to stimuli as SDF1, MCP1 and TNFα and can be differentiated into epithelial lineages. Based on the properties of these precursors from adult tissues, we propose their use as tools for regenerative biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Bernal
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Fernández
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M. Pérez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria San Martín
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz G. Gálvez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Stem cells are a population of undifferentiated cells characterized by the ability to extensively proliferate (self-renewal), usually arise from a single cell (clonal), and differentiate into different types of cells and tissue (potent). There are several sources of stem cells with varying potencies. Pluripotent cells are embryonic stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of the embryo and induced pluripotent cells are formed following reprogramming of somatic cells. Pluripotent cells can differentiate into tissue from all 3 germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm). Multipotent stem cells may differentiate into tissue derived from a single germ layer such as mesenchymal stem cells which form adipose tissue, bone, and cartilage. Tissue-resident stem cells are oligopotent since they can form terminally differentiated cells of a specific tissue. Stem cells can be used in cellular therapy to replace damaged cells or to regenerate organs. In addition, stem cells have expanded our understanding of development as well as the pathogenesis of disease. Disease-specific cell lines can also be propagated and used in drug development. Despite the significant advances in stem cell biology, issues such as ethical controversies with embryonic stem cells, tumor formation, and rejection limit their utility. However, many of these limitations are being bypassed and this could lead to major advances in the management of disease. This review is an introduction to the world of stem cells and discusses their definition, origin, and classification, as well as applications of these cells in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Kolios
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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Masumoto H, Matsuo T, Yamamizu K, Uosaki H, Narazaki G, Katayama S, Marui A, Shimizu T, Ikeda T, Okano T, Sakata R, Yamashita JK. Pluripotent stem cell-engineered cell sheets reassembled with defined cardiovascular populations ameliorate reduction in infarct heart function through cardiomyocyte-mediated neovascularization. Stem Cells 2012; 30:1196-205. [PMID: 22438013 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although stem cell therapy is a promising strategy for cardiac restoration, the heterogeneity of transplanted cells has been hampering the precise understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms. Previously, we established a cardiovascular cell differentiation system from mouse pluripotent stem cells, in which cardiomyocytes (CMs), endothelial cells (ECs), and mural cells (MCs) can be systematically induced and purified. Combining this with cell sheet technology, we generated cardiac tissue sheets reassembled with defined cardiovascular populations. Here, we show the potentials and mechanisms of cardiac tissue sheet transplantation in cardiac function after myocardial infarction (MI). Transplantation of the cardiac tissue sheet to a rat MI model showed significant and sustained improvement of systolic function accompanied by neovascularization. Reduction of the infarct wall thinning and fibrotic length indicated the attenuation of left ventricular remodeling. Cell tracing with species-specific fluorescent in situ hybridization after transplantation revealed a relatively early loss of transplanted cells and an increase in endogenous neovascularization in the proximity of the graft, suggesting an indirect angiogenic effect of cardiac tissue sheets rather than direct CM contributions. We prospectively dissected the functional mechanisms with cell type-controlled sheet analyses. Sheet CMs were the main source of vascular endothelial growth factor. Transplantation of sheets lacking CMs resulted in the disappearance of neovascularization and subsequent functional improvement, indicating that the beneficial effects of the sheet were achieved by sheet CMs. ECs and MCs enhanced the sheet functions and structural integration. Supplying CMs to ischemic regions with cellular interaction could be a strategic key in future cardiac cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Masumoto
- Department of Stem Cell Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Rennie K, Gruslin A, Hengstschläger M, Pei D, Cai J, Nikaido T, Bani-Yaghoub M. Applications of amniotic membrane and fluid in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:721538. [PMID: 23093978 PMCID: PMC3474290 DOI: 10.1155/2012/721538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The amniotic membrane (AM) and amniotic fluid (AF) have a long history of use in surgical and prenatal diagnostic applications, respectively. In addition, the discovery of cell populations in AM and AF which are widely accessible, nontumorigenic and capable of differentiating into a variety of cell types has stimulated a flurry of research aimed at characterizing the cells and evaluating their potential utility in regenerative medicine. While a major focus of research has been the use of amniotic membrane and fluid in tissue engineering and cell replacement, AM- and AF-derived cells may also have capabilities in protecting and stimulating the repair of injured tissues via paracrine actions, and acting as vectors for biodelivery of exogenous factors to treat injury and diseases. Much progress has been made since the discovery of AM and AF cells with stem cell characteristics nearly a decade ago, but there remain a number of problematic issues stemming from the inherent heterogeneity of these cells as well as inconsistencies in isolation and culturing methods which must be addressed to advance the field towards the development of cell-based therapies. Here, we provide an overview of the recent progress and future perspectives in the use of AM- and AF-derived cells for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Rennie
- Neurogenesis and Brain Repair, National Research Council-Institute for Biological Sciences, Bldg. M-54, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Andrée Gruslin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada KIH 845
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada KIH 845
| | - Markus Hengstschläger
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Duanqing Pei
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Jinglei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kai Yuan Avenue, Science Park, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Toshio Nikaido
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Mahmud Bani-Yaghoub
- Neurogenesis and Brain Repair, National Research Council-Institute for Biological Sciences, Bldg. M-54, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada KIH 845
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Wang J, Wei X, Ling J, Huang Y, Gong Q, Huo Y. Identification and characterization of side population cells from adult human dental pulp after ischemic culture. J Endod 2012; 38:1489-97. [PMID: 23063223 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stem cells have been isolated by their ability to efflux Hoechst 33342 dye and are referred to as the side population (SP). Because the lack of specific surface markers has hindered the isolation and subsequent biochemical characterization of dental pulp stem cells, this study sought to determine the existence of SP cells and the expression of ABCG2 in human dental pulp and evaluate whether such SP cells had features associated with stem cells. METHODS First, we defined the localization of the SP in healthy and inflammatory human dental pulp. Then, SP cells were isolated from human dental pulp after ischemic culture with flow cytometry and the Hoechst 33342 dye efflux assay. Sorted cells were subjected to several tests to determine whether the isolated SP cells displayed features consistent with the stem cell phenotype, including the colony-forming capacity, the multilineage differentiation ability in vitro, and the expression of stem cell markers. We also evaluated the effect of long-term culture on the marker ABCG2. RESULTS SP cells in human dental pulp possess mesenchymal stem cell characteristics such as colony-forming efficiency, self-renewal, and multilineage differentiation capabilities and are able to differentiate into odontoblast/osteoblast-like cells, adipocytes, neural-like cells, and endothelial cells. However, under the present conditions, ABCG2 expression decreased along with cell passage. CONCLUSIONS SP cells in human dental pulp were enriched in stem cells compared with main population cells after ischemic culture, suggesting a potential use for these subfractions of human dental pulp stem/progenitor cells in tissue engineering, but the culture condition in vitro should be improved before tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Wang
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Masumoto H, Sakata R. Cardiovascular surgery for realization of regenerative medicine. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012; 60:744-55. [PMID: 22933086 DOI: 10.1007/s11748-012-0139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is emerging as a new approach to the treatment of severe cardiovascular diseases that are resistant to conventional therapies. Although the type of cell transplanted (e.g., pluripotent stem cells, bone marrow-derived stem cells, skeletal myoblasts, or cardiac stem cells) influences the outcome of stem cell transplantation, the method of transplantation is also important, as the efficiency of engraftment after simple needle injection is poor. Scaffold-free cell sheet transplantation technology is one of the most promising methods in this regard. Although the results of clinical trials of stem cell therapy have been marginal to date, further elucidation of the actual mechanisms of cardiac repair following cell therapy would enhance the potential for full-scale implementation of stem cell therapy. In addition to stem cell therapy, the field of cardiovascular regenerative medicine includes interspecific chimera technology, drug delivery systems using biodegradable materials, and gene therapy. Integration of these new modalities with conventional therapies will be important to realize the goal of cardiovascular regenerative medicine tailored to the condition of each individual patient. Cardiovascular surgery would be an excellent means of carrying out this strategy and could potentially resolve the health problems of the increasing number of advanced cardiovascular patients. Herein, we review the recent basic and clinical research associated with the realization of regenerative medicine in the field of cardiovascular surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Masumoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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36
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Baumer Y, Leder C, Ziegler M, Schönberger T, Ochmann C, Perk A, Degen H, Schmid-Horch B, Elvers M, Münch G, Ungerer M, Schlosshauer B, Gawaz M. The recombinant bifunctional protein αCD133-GPVI promotes repair of the infarcted myocardium in mice. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:1152-64. [PMID: 22448969 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04710.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone-marrow-derived progenitor cells are important in myocardial repair mechanisms following prolonged ischemia. Cell-based therapy of diseased myocardium is limited by a low level of tissue engraftment. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was the development of the bifunctional protein αCD133-glycoprotein (GP)VI as an effective treatment for supporting vascular and myocardial repair mechanisms. RESULTS We have generated and characterized a bifunctional molecule (αCD133-GPVI) that binds both to the subendothelium of the injured microvasculature and to CD133(+) progenitor cells with high affinity. αCD133-GPVI enhances progenitor cell adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins and differentiation into mature endothelial cells. In vivo studies showed that αCD133-GPVI favors adhesion of circulating progenitor cells to the injured vessel wall (intravital microscopy). Also, treatment of mice undergoing experimental myocardial infarction with αCD133-GPVI-labeled progenitor cells reduces infarction size and preserves myocardial function. CONCLUSIONS The bifunctional trapping protein αCD133-GPVI represents a novel and promising therapeutic option for limiting heart failure of the ischemic myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Baumer
- NMI, Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Regenerative Medicine I, Reutlingen University Clinic of Tübingen, Germany
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37
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Vunjak-Novakovic G, Lui KO, Tandon N, Chien KR. Bioengineering heart muscle: a paradigm for regenerative medicine. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2012; 13:245-67. [PMID: 21568715 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071910-124701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The idea of extending the lifetime of our organs is as old as humankind, fueled by major advances in organ transplantation, novel drugs, and medical devices. However, true regeneration of human tissue has become increasingly plausible only in recent years. The human heart has always been a focus of such efforts, given its notorious inability to repair itself following injury or disease. We discuss here the emerging bioengineering approaches to regeneration of heart muscle as a paradigm for regenerative medicine. Our focus is on biologically inspired strategies for heart regeneration, knowledge gained thus far about how to make a "perfect" heart graft, and the challenges that remain to be addressed for tissue-engineered heart regeneration to become a clinical reality. We emphasize the need for interdisciplinary research and training, as recent progress in the field is largely being made at the interfaces between cardiology, stem cell science, and bioengineering.
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Ziegler M, Elvers M, Baumer Y, Leder C, Ochmann C, Schönberger T, Jürgens T, Geisler T, Schlosshauer B, Lunov O, Engelhardt S, Simmet T, Gawaz M. The bispecific SDF1-GPVI fusion protein preserves myocardial function after transient ischemia in mice. Circulation 2012; 125:685-96. [PMID: 22223428 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.070508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CXCR4-positive bone marrow cells (BMCs) are critically involved in cardiac repair mechanisms contributing to preserved cardiac function. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) is the most prominent BMC homing factor known to augment BMC engraftment, which is a limiting step of stem cell-based therapy. After myocardial infarction, SDF-1 expression is rapidly upregulated and promotes myocardial repair. METHODS AND RESULTS We have established a bifunctional protein consisting of an SDF-1 domain and a glycoprotein VI (GPVI) domain with high binding affinity to the SDF-1 receptor CXCR4 and extracellular matrix proteins that become exposed after tissue injury. SDF1-GPVI triggers chemotaxis of CXCR4-positive cells, preserves cell survival, enhances endothelial differentiation of BMCs in vitro, and reveals proangiogenic effects in ovo. In a mouse model of myocardial infarction, administration of the bifunctional protein leads to enhanced recruitment of BMCs, increases capillary density, reduces infarct size, and preserves cardiac function. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that administration of SDF1-GPVI may be a promising strategy to treat myocardial infarction to promote myocardial repair and to preserve cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Ziegler
- Innere Medizin III, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, Tübingen, Germany
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39
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Westman-Brinkmalm A, Abramsson A, Pannee J, Gang C, Gustavsson MK, von Otter M, Blennow K, Brinkmalm G, Heumann H, Zetterberg H. SILAC zebrafish for quantitative analysis of protein turnover and tissue regeneration. J Proteomics 2011; 75:425-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Silvester NC, George CH. Searching for new cardiovascular drugs: towards improved systems for drug screening? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:1155-70. [PMID: 22646984 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.625652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pharmaceutical industry urgently needs new ways of profiling the safety and efficacy of new cardiovascular (CV) drugs and more effectively transitioning these compounds through the stages of CV drug screening. This article reviews new technologies and methodological innovations and assesses whether these frameworks offer improved solutions to the problems facing the contemporary CV drug development. AREAS COVERED The article comprises literature derived from a systematic search (from 2000 onwards) using the US patent office and ESP@CENET search engines as well as through multiple Boolean terms. The article focuses on patents relating to technologies and resources and categorises the patents according to their niche in the CV drug screening landscape. EXPERT OPINION The CV drug pipeline is stalling due to the inability of many contemporary drug screening frameworks to discriminate between safe, efficacious therapy and hazardous off-target effect. Given the current limitations of drug screening frameworks, there is little scope for expanding the CV drug portfolio with newer, safer drugs with improved mechanisms of action. New screening modalities are urgently needed. Searches reveal that there are few examples of truly new technologies and systems in the patent literature. This apparent failure to revamp facets of the CV drug screening process can only perpetuate the inability of current platforms to improve the CV drug pipeline. Consequently, with few exceptions, there is stagnation in pre-clinical assay design that limits the pharmaceutical industry's ability to search for new drugs in new and more effective ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Silvester
- Cardiff University, Wales Heart Research Institute , School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN , UK
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41
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Ta HT, Prabhu S, Leitner E, Jia F, von Elverfeldt D, Jackson KE, Heidt T, Nair AKN, Pearce H, von Zur Muhlen C, Wang X, Peter K, Hagemeyer CE. Enzymatic single-chain antibody tagging: a universal approach to targeted molecular imaging and cell homing in cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 2011; 109:365-73. [PMID: 21700932 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.249375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Antibody-targeted delivery of imaging agents can enhance the sensitivity and accuracy of current imaging techniques. Similarly, homing of effector cells to disease sites increases the efficacy of regenerative cell therapy while reducing the number of cells required. Currently, targeting can be achieved via chemical conjugation to specific antibodies, which typically results in the loss of antibody functionality and in severe cell damage. An ideal conjugation technique should ensure retention of antigen-binding activity and functionality of the targeted biological component. OBJECTIVE To develop a biochemically robust, highly reproducible, and site-specific coupling method using the Staphylococcus aureus sortase A enzyme for the conjugation of a single-chain antibody (scFv) to nanoparticles and cells for molecular imaging and cell homing in cardiovascular diseases. This scFv specifically binds to activated platelets, which play a pivotal role in thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and inflammation. METHODS AND RESULTS The conjugation procedure involves chemical and enzyme-mediated coupling steps. The scFv was successfully conjugated to iron oxide particles (contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging) and to model cells. Conjugation efficiency ranged between 50% and 70%, and bioactivity of the scFv after coupling was preserved. The targeting of scFv-coupled cells and nanoparticles to activated platelets was strong and specific as demonstrated in in vitro static adhesion assays, in a flow chamber system, in mouse intravital microscopy, and in in vivo magnetic resonance imaging of mouse carotid arteries. CONCLUSIONS This unique biotechnological approach provides a versatile and broadly applicable tool for procuring targeted regenerative cell therapy and targeted molecular imaging in cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Ta
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Lee BR, Lee KH, Kang E, Kim DS, Lee SH. Microfluidic wet spinning of chitosan-alginate microfibers and encapsulation of HepG2 cells in fibers. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2011; 5:22208. [PMID: 21799714 PMCID: PMC3145233 DOI: 10.1063/1.3576903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The successful encapsulation of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells would greatly assist a broad range of applications in tissue engineering. Due to the harsh conditions during standard chitosan fiber fabrication processes, encapsulation of HepG2 cells in chitosan fibers has been challenging. Here, we describe the successful wet-spinning of chitosan-alginate fibers using a coaxial flow microfluidic chip. We determined the optimal mixing conditions for generating chitosan-alginate fibers, including a 1:5 ratio of 2% (w∕w) water-soluble chitosan (WSC) solution to 2% (w∕w) alginate solution. Ratio including higher than 2% (w∕w) WSC solution increased aggregation throughout the mixture. By suspending cells in the WSC-alginate solution, we successfully fabricated HepG2 cell-laden fibers. The encapsulated HepG2 cells in the chitosan-alginate fibers were more viable than cells encapsulated in pure alginate fibers, suggesting that cross-linked chitosan provides a better environment for HepG2 cells than alginate alone. In addition, we found that the adhesion of HepG2 cells on the chitosan-alginate fiber is much better than that on the alginate fibers.
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Shi C, Li Q, Zhao Y, Chen W, Chen B, Xiao Z, Lin H, Nie L, Wang D, Dai J. Stem-cell-capturing collagen scaffold promotes cardiac tissue regeneration. Biomaterials 2011; 32:2508-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Raof NA, Raja WK, Castracane J, Xie Y. Bioengineering embryonic stem cell microenvironments for exploring inhibitory effects on metastatic breast cancer cells. Biomaterials 2011; 32:4130-9. [PMID: 21411140 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The recreation of an in vitro microenvironment to understand and manipulate the proliferation and migration of invasive breast cancer cells may allow one to put a halt to their metastasis capacity. Invasive cancer cells have been linked to embryonic stem (ES) cells as they possess certain similar characteristics and gene signatures. Embryonic microenvironments have the potential to reprogram cancer cells into a less invasive phenotype and help elucidate tumorigenesis and metastasis. In this study, we explored the feasibility of reconstructing embryonic microenvironments using mouse ES cells cultured in alginate hydrogel and investigated the interactions of ES cells and highly invasive breast cancer cells in 2D, 2&1/2D, and 3D cultures. Results showed that mouse ES cells inhibited the growth and tumor spheroid formation of breast cancer cells. The mouse ES cell microenvironment was further constructed and optimized in 3D alginate hydrogel microbeads, and co-cultured with breast cancer cells. Migration analysis displayed a significant reduction in the average velocity and trajectory of breast cancer cell locomotion compared to control, suggesting that bioengineered mouse ES cell microenvironments inhibited the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. This study may act as a platform to open up new options to understand and harness tumor cell plasticity and develop therapeutics for metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurazhani Abdul Raof
- The College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York (SUNY), 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
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Baskin KK, Taegtmeyer H. Taking pressure off the heart: the ins and outs of atrophic remodelling. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 90:243-50. [PMID: 21354996 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our work on atrophic remodelling of the heart has led us to appreciate the simple principles in biology: (i) the dynamic nature of intracellular protein turnover, (ii) the return to the foetal gene programme when the heart remodels, and (iii) the adaptive changes of cardiac metabolism. Although the molecular mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy are many, much less is known regarding the molecular mechanisms of cardiac atrophy. We state the case that knowing more about mechanisms of atrophic remodelling may provide insights into cellular consequences of metabolic and haemodynamic unloading of the stressed heart. Overall we strive to find an answer to the question: 'What makes the failing heart shrink and become stronger?' We speculate that signals arising from intermediary metabolism of energy-providing substrates are likely candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedryn K Baskin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The University of Texas School of Medicine at Houston, 6431 Fannin, MSB 1.246, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Heldman AW, Zambrano JP, Hare JM. Cell therapy for heart disease: where are we in 2011? J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57:466-8. [PMID: 21251588 PMCID: PMC4746499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
The past few years have witnessed remarkable advances in stem cell biology and human genetics, and we have arrived at an era in which patient-specific cell and tissue models are now practical. The recent identification of cardiovascular progenitor cells, as well as the identification of genetic variants underlying congenital heart disorders and adult disease, opens the door to the development of human models of human cardiovascular disease. We review the current understanding of the contribution of progenitor cells to cardiogenesis and outline how pluripotent stem cells can be applied to the modeling of cardiovascular disorders of genetic origin. A key challenge will be to implement these models in an efficient manner to develop a molecular understanding of how genes lead to disease and to screen for genes and drugs that modify the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Musunuru
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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48
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Rodríguez-Serrano F, Alvarez P, Caba O, Picón M, Marchal JA, Perán M, Prados J, Melguizo C, Rama AR, Boulaiz H, Aránega A. Promotion of human adipose-derived stem cell proliferation mediated by exogenous nucleosides. Cell Biol Int 2010; 34:917-924. [PMID: 20522021 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Adult stem cells are becoming the best option for regenerative medicine because they have low tumourigenic potential and permit autologous transplantation, even without in vitro culture. Our objectives were to evaluate the effects of exogenous nucleosides on the proliferation of hASCs (human adipose-derived stem cells), with or without co-treatment with 5-aza (5-azacytidine), and to analyse the expression of lamin A/C during cardiomyocyte differentiation of these cells. We isolated hASCs from human lipoaspirates that were positive for mesenchymal stem cell markers. We found that 5-aza induces a dose-dependent inhibition of hASC proliferation [IC50 (inhibitory concentration 50): 5.37 microM], whereas exogenous nucleosides significantly promote the proliferation of hASCs and partially revert the antiproliferative effect of the drug. Multipotentiality of isolated hASCs was confirmed by adipogenic, osteogenic and cardiomyogenic induction. 5-Aza-induced cells expressed cardiac troponins I and T and myosin light chain 2, myocardial markers that were directly correlated with lamin A/C expression. Our results support the importance of the nucleoside supplementation of media to improve conditions for the expansion and maintenance of hASCs in culture. In addition, the quantification of lamin A/C expression appears to be a good marker for the characterization of cardiomyocyte differentiation of stem cells that has rarely been used.
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Nelson TJ, Behfar A, Yamada S, Martinez-Fernandez A, Terzic A. Stem cell platforms for regenerative medicine. Clin Transl Sci 2010; 2:222-7. [PMID: 19779576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-8062.2009.00096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of chronic degenerative diseases associated with aging demographics mandates development of effective approaches for tissue repair. As diverse stem cells directly contribute to innate healing, the capacity for de novo tissue reconstruction harbors a promising role for regenerative medicine. Indeed, a spectrum of natural stem cell sources ranging from embryonic to adult progenitors has been recently identified with unique characteristics for regeneration. The accessibility and applicability of the regenerative armamentarium has been further expanded with stem cells engineered by nuclear reprogramming. Through strategies of replacement to implant functional tissues, regeneration to transplant progenitor cells or rejuvenation to activate endogenous self-repair mechanisms, the overarching goal of regenerative medicine is to translate stem cell platforms into practice and achieve cures for diseases limited to palliative interventions. Harnessing the full potential of each platform will optimize matching stem cell-based biologics with the disease-specific niche environment of individual patients to maximize the quality of long-term management, while minimizing the needs for adjunctive therapy. Emerging discovery science with feedback from clinical translation is therefore poised to transform medicine offering safe and effective stem cell biotherapeutics to enable personalized solutions for incurable diseases.
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50
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Practical cell labeling with magnetite cationic liposomes for cell manipulation. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 110:124-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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