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Zhou T, Chen X, López-Pujol J, Bai G, Herrando-Moraira S, Nualart N, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Zhao G. Genetically- and environmentally-dependent processes drive interspecific and intraspecific divergence in the Chinese relict endemic genus Dipteronia. PLANT DIVERSITY 2024; 46:585-599. [PMID: 39290880 PMCID: PMC11403150 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
China is a hotspot of relict plant species that were once widespread throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Recent research has demonstrated that the occurrence of long-term stable refugia in the mountainous regions of central and south-western China allowed their persistence through the late Neogene climate fluctuations. One of these relict lineages is Dipteronia, an oligotypic tree genus with a fossil record extending to the Paleocene. Here, we investigated the genetic variability, demographic dynamics and diversification patterns of the two currently recognized Dipteronia species (D ipteronia sinensis and D . dyeriana). Molecular data were obtained from 45 populations of Dipteronia by genotyping three cpDNA regions, two single copy nuclear genes and 15 simple sequence repeat loci. The genetic study was combined with niche comparison analyses on the environmental space, ecological niche modeling, and landscape connectivity analysis. We found that the two Dipteronia species have highly diverged both in genetic and ecological terms. Despite the incipient speciation processes that can be observed in D. sinensis, the occurrence of long-term stable refugia and, particularly, a dispersal corridor along Daba Shan-west Qinling, likely ensured its genetic and ecological integrity to date. Our study will not only help us to understand how populations of Dipteronia species responded to the tectonic and climatic changes of the Cenozoic, but also provide insight into how Arcto-Tertiary relict plants in East Asia survived, evolved, and diversified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiaodan Chen
- College of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jordi López-Pujol
- Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB), CSIC-CMCNB, Barcelona 08038, Catalonia, Spain
- Escuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Espíritu Santo (UEES), Samborondón 091650, Ecuador
| | - Guoqing Bai
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
| | | | - Neus Nualart
- Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB), CSIC-CMCNB, Barcelona 08038, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yuemei Zhao
- School of Biological Sciences, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang, China
| | - Guifang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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2
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Chen K, Wang B, Chen C, Zhou G. The relationship between niche breadth and phylogenetic characteristics of eight species of rhubarb on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Asia. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11040. [PMID: 38435020 PMCID: PMC10904883 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The relationship between spatial distribution and phylogeny has been widely debated in recent decades. To understand biogeographic and evolutionary history relationships and to explore the interspecific similarities and phylogenetic correlations of niche characteristics, we collected and recorded all distribution points for eight species of rhubarb on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, used different methods to describe the ecological niche, and explored the relationship between phylogeny, ecological niche, and distribution range. The results reveal that: (1) the ranges of optimal environmental variables for species with close kinship are not exactly the same, ecologically similar species are not necessarily sister species, and the overlap of rhubarb has no significant correlation with phylogeny. Therefore, the impact of ecological dimensions on species formation is greater than that of geographical latitude for the eight species of rhubarb. (2) Among the eight species of rhubarb, the breadth of ecological niche is positively correlated with the current suitable habitat area and negatively correlated with fluctuations in future suitable habitat area. In the future, except for Rheum tanguticum and Rheum palmatum, the suitable planting areas for the other six species of rhubarb will decrease as greenhouse gas emissions concentrations and time increase. Therefore, species with smaller ecological niches are at a greater risk of habitat loss compared to species with larger ecological niches. (3) In both existing and future distribution prediction models of rhubarb, we observed that both the widely distributed Rheum spiciforme and the niche narrow Rheum nobile, all eight species of rhubarb are present in the Hengduan Mountains, based on our analysis, we propose that the Hengduan Mountains should be regarded as a priority conservation area for rhubarb, to preserve the species' biodiversity. Our study lays the groundwork for identifying evolutionary trends in ecological specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyang Chen
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of ScienceXiningChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bo Wang
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of ScienceXiningChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Chen Chen
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of ScienceXiningChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Guoying Zhou
- Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of ScienceXiningChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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3
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Dimitrov D, Xu X, Su X, Shrestha N, Liu Y, Kennedy JD, Lyu L, Nogués-Bravo D, Rosindell J, Yang Y, Fjeldså J, Liu J, Schmid B, Fang J, Rahbek C, Wang Z. Diversification of flowering plants in space and time. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7609. [PMID: 37993449 PMCID: PMC10665465 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid diversification and high species richness of flowering plants is regarded as 'Darwin's second abominable mystery'. Today the global spatiotemporal pattern of plant diversification remains elusive. Using a newly generated genus-level phylogeny and global distribution data for 14,244 flowering plant genera, we describe the diversification dynamics of angiosperms through space and time. Our analyses show that diversification rates increased throughout the early Cretaceous and then slightly decreased or remained mostly stable until the end of the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction event 66 million years ago. After that, diversification rates increased again towards the present. Younger genera with high diversification rates dominate temperate and dryland regions, whereas old genera with low diversification dominate the tropics. This leads to a negative correlation between spatial patterns of diversification and genus diversity. Our findings suggest that global changes since the Cenozoic shaped the patterns of flowering plant diversity and support an emerging consensus that diversification rates are higher outside the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Dimitrov
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172 Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Xiaoting Xu
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiangyan Su
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Nawal Shrestha
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jonathan D Kennedy
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Lisha Lyu
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - David Nogués-Bravo
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James Rosindell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Yong Yang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Rd., Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jon Fjeldså
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172 Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jianquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Zhiheng Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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4
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Denk T, Bouchal JM, Güner HT, Coiro M, Butzmann R, Pigg KB, Tiffney BH. Cenozoic migration of a desert plant lineage across the North Atlantic. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:2668-2684. [PMID: 36651063 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Previous paleobotanical work concluded that Paleogene elements of the sclerophyllous subhumid vegetation of western Eurasia and western North America were endemic to these disjunct regions, suggesting that the southern areas of the Holarctic flora were isolated at that time. Consequently, molecular studies invoked either parallel adaptation to dry climates from related ancestors, or long-distance dispersal in explaining disjunctions between the two regions, dismissing the contemporaneous migration of dry-adapted lineages via land bridges as unlikely. We report Vauquelinia (Rosaceae), currently endemic to western North America, in Cenozoic strata of western Eurasia. Revision of North American fossils previously assigned to Vauquelinia confirmed a single fossil-species of Vauquelinia and one of its close relative Kageneckia. We established taxonomic relationships of fossil-taxa using diagnostic character combinations shared with modern species and constructed a time-calibrated phylogeny. The fossil record suggests that Vauquelinia, currently endemic to arid and subdesert environments, originated under seasonally arid climates in the Eocene of western North America and subsequently crossed the Paleogene North Atlantic land bridge (NALB) to Europe. This pattern is replicated by other sclerophyllous, dry-adapted and warmth-loving plants, suggesting that several of these taxa potentially crossed the North Atlantic via the NALB during Eocene times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Denk
- Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 10405, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes M Bouchal
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - H Tuncay Güner
- Department of Forest Botany, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34473 Bahçeköy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mario Coiro
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Ronin Institute for Independent Scholarship, Montclair, NJ, 07043-2314, USA
| | - Rainer Butzmann
- Independent Researcher, Fuggerstraße 8, 81373, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathleen B Pigg
- School of Life Sciences and Biodiversity Knowledge Integration Center, Arizona State University, Box 874501, Tempe, AZ, 85287-4501, USA
| | - Bruce H Tiffney
- Department of Earth Science and College of Creative Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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5
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Nie ZL, Hodel R, Ma ZY, Johnson G, Ren C, Meng Y, Ickert-Bond SM, Liu XQ, Zimmer E, Wen J. Climate-influenced boreotropical survival and rampant introgressions explain the thriving of New World grapes in the north temperate zone. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:1183-1203. [PMID: 36772845 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The north temperate region was characterized by a warm climate and a rich thermophilic flora before the Eocene, but early diversifications of the temperate biome under global climate change and biome shift remain uncertain. Moreover, it is becoming clear that hybridization/introgression is an important driving force of speciation in plant diversity. Here, we applied analyses from biogeography and phylogenetic networks to account for both introgression and incomplete lineage sorting based on genomic data from the New World Vitis, a charismatic component of the temperate North American flora with known and suspected gene flow among species. Biogeographic inference and fossil evidence suggest that the grapes were widely distributed from North America to Europe during the Paleocene to the Eocene, followed by widespread extinction and survival of relicts in the tropical New World. During the climate warming in the early Miocene, a Vitis ancestor migrated northward from the refugia with subsequent diversification in the North American region. We found strong evidence for widespread incongruence and reticulate evolution among nuclear genes within both recent and ancient lineages of the New World Vitis. Furthermore, the organellar genomes showed strong conflicts with the inferred species tree from the nuclear genomes. Our phylogenomic analyses provided an important assessment of the wide occurrence of reticulate introgression in the New World Vitis, which potentially represents one of the most important mechanisms for the diversification of Vitis species in temperate North America and even the entire temperate Northern Hemisphere. The scenario we report here may be a common model of temperate diversification of flowering plants adapted to the global climate cooling and fluctuation in the Neogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Long Nie
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Richard Hodel
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA
| | - Zhi-Yao Ma
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Gabriel Johnson
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA
| | - Chen Ren
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Ying Meng
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Stefanie M Ickert-Bond
- Herbarium (ALA), University of Alaska Museum of the North, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA
| | - Xiu-Qun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Elizabeth Zimmer
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA
| | - Jun Wen
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA
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6
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Paliocha M, Schubert M, Preston JC, Fjellheim S. Independent recruitment of FRUITFULL-like transcription factors in the convergent origins of vernalization-responsive grass flowering. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 179:107678. [PMID: 36535518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Flowering in response to low temperatures (vernalization) has evolved multiple times independently across angiosperms as an adaptation to match reproductive development with the short growing season of temperate habitats. Despite the context of a generally conserved flowering time network, evidence suggests that the genes underlying vernalization responsiveness are distinct across major plant clades. Whether different or similar mechanisms underlie vernalization-induced flowering at narrower (e.g., family-level) phylogenetic scales is not well understood. To test the hypothesis that vernalization responsiveness has evolved convergently in temperate species of the grass family (Poaceae), we carried out flowering time experiments with and without vernalization in several representative species from different subfamilies. We then determined the likelihood that vernalization responsiveness evolved through parallel mechanisms by quantifying the response of Pooideae vernalization pathway FRUITFULL (FUL)-like genes to extended periods of cold. Our results demonstrate that vernalization-induced flowering has evolved multiple times independently in at least five grass subfamilies, and that different combinations of FUL-like genes have been recruited to this pathway on several occasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Paliocha
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Marian Schubert
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Jill Christine Preston
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Siri Fjellheim
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
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7
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Heritage S, Seiffert ER. Total evidence time-scaled phylogenetic and biogeographic models for the evolution of sea cows (Sirenia, Afrotheria). PeerJ 2022; 10:e13886. [PMID: 36042864 PMCID: PMC9420408 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular phylogenetic studies that have included sirenians from the genera Trichechus, Dugong, and Hydrodamalis have resolved their interrelationships but have yielded divergence age estimates that are problematically discordant. The ages of these lineage splits have profound implications for how to interpret the sirenian fossil record-including clade membership, biogeographic patterns, and correlations with Earth history events. In an effort to address these issues, here we present a total evidence phylogenetic analysis of Sirenia that includes living and fossil species and applies Bayesian tip-dating methods to estimate their interrelationships and divergence times. In addition to extant sirenians, our dataset includes 56 fossil species from 106 dated localities and numerous afrotherian outgroup taxa. Genetic, morphological, temporal, and biogeographic data are assessed simultaneously to bring all available evidence to bear on sirenian phylogeny. The resulting time-tree is then used for Bayesian geocoordinates reconstruction analysis, which models ancestral geographic areas at splits throughout the phylogeny, thereby allowing us to infer the direction and timing of dispersals. Our results suggest that Pan-Sirenia arose in North Africa during the latest Paleocene and that the Eocene evolution of stem sirenians was primarily situated in the Tethyan realm. In the late Eocene, some lineages moved into more northern European latitudes, an area that became the source region for a key trans-Atlantic dispersal towards the Caribbean and northern-adjacent west Atlantic. This event led to the phylogenetic and biogeographic founding of crown Sirenia with the Dugongidae-Trichechidae split occurring at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary (~33.9 Ma), temporally coincident with the onset of dropping global sea levels and temperatures. This region became the nexus of sirenian diversification and supported taxonomically-rich dugongid communities until the earliest Pliocene. The Dugonginae-Hydrodamalinae split occurred near Florida during the early Miocene (~21.2 Ma) and was followed by a west-bound dispersal that gave rise to the Pacific hydrodamalines. The late middle Miocene (~12.2 Ma) split of Dugong from all other dugongines also occurred near Florida and our analyses suggest that the Indo-Pacific distribution of modern dugongs is the result of a trans-Pacific dispersal. From at least the early Miocene, trichechid evolution was based entirely in South America, presumably within the Pebas Wetlands System. We infer that the eventual establishment of Amazon drainage into the South Atlantic allowed the dispersal of Trichechus out of South America no earlier than the mid-Pliocene. Our analyses provide a new temporal and biogeographic framework for understanding major events in sirenian evolution and their possible relationships to oceanographic and climatic changes. These hypotheses can be further tested with the recovery and integration of new fossil evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Heritage
- Duke Lemur Center Museum of Natural History, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Erik R. Seiffert
- Duke Lemur Center Museum of Natural History, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Mammalogy, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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8
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Brachert TC, Felis T, Gagnaison C, Hoehle M, Reuter M, Spreter PM. Slow-growing reef corals as climate archives: A case study of the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum 40 Ma ago. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm3875. [PMID: 35594346 PMCID: PMC9122318 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm3875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The skeletons of stony corals on tropical shallow-water reefs are high-resolution climate archives. However, their systematic use for unlocking climate dynamics of the geologic past is limited by the susceptibility of the porous aragonite skeleton to diagenetic alterations. Here, we present oxygen and carbon isotope time series (monthly resolution) from reef corals with an unusual unaltered preservation from the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO) "hyperthermal" (40 million years ago). Annual extension of the corals at the studied midlatitude site (France) was remarkably low (0.2 cm). Nonetheless, isotope signatures display no evidence for kinetic disequilibria that discredit their use as climate archive, but growth rate-dependent annual signal amplitude attenuations need corrections using an innovative sampling approach. Thereafter, we present evidence of symbiotic zooxanthellae in reef corals of the Paleogene and subdued sea surface temperature seasonality of only 7° to 8°C during the MECO, consistent with the globally equant climate of the hothouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Brachert
- Institute for Geophysics and Geology, University of Leipzig, Talstrasse 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Felis
- MARUM—Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 8, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Cyril Gagnaison
- Département de Géosciences, B2R-EA 7511, UniLaSalle, Terre & Sciences (Site de Beauvais), 19 Rue Pierre Waguet, BP30313, F-60026 Beauvais CEDEX, France
| | - Marlene Hoehle
- Institute for Geophysics and Geology, University of Leipzig, Talstrasse 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Reuter
- Institute of Geography and Geology, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 17a, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Philipp M. Spreter
- Institute for Geophysics and Geology, University of Leipzig, Talstrasse 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Straume EO, Nummelin A, Gaina C, Nisancioglu KH. Climate transition at the Eocene-Oligocene influenced by bathymetric changes to the Atlantic-Arctic oceanic gateways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2115346119. [PMID: 35446685 PMCID: PMC9169914 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115346119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eocene–Oligocene Transition (∼33.9 Ma) marks the largest step transformation within the Cenozoic cooling trend and is characterized by a sudden growth of the Antarctic ice sheets, cooling of the interior ocean, and the establishment of strong meridional temperature gradients. Here we examine the climatic impact of oceanic gateway changes at the Eocene–Oligocene Transition by implementing detailed paleogeographic reconstructions with realistic paleobathymetric models for the Atlantic–Arctic basins in a state-of-the-art earth system model (the Norwegian Earth System Model [NorESM-F]). We demonstrate that the warm Eocene climate is highly sensitive to depth variations of the Greenland–Scotland Ridge and the proto–Fram Strait as they control the freshwater leakage from the Arctic to the North Atlantic. Our results, and proxy evidence, suggest that changes in these gateways controlled the ocean circulation and played a critical role in the growth of land-based ice sheets, alongside CO2-driven global cooling. Specifically, we suggest that a shallow connection between the Arctic and North Atlantic restricted the southward flow of fresh surface waters during the Late Eocene allowing for a North Atlantic overturning circulation. Consequently, the Southern Hemisphere cooled by several degrees paving the way for the glaciation of Antarctica. Shortly after, the connection to the Arctic deepened due to weakening dynamic support from the Iceland Mantle Plume. This weakened the North Atlantic overturning and cooled the Northern Hemisphere, thereby promoting glaciations there. Our study points to a controlling role of the Northeast Atlantic gateways and decreasing atmospheric CO2 in the onset of glaciations in both hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eivind O. Straume
- Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0371 Norway
- The Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Aleksi Nummelin
- Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0371 Norway
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, 5838 Norway
| | - Carmen Gaina
- Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0371 Norway
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4072 Australia
| | - Kerim H. Nisancioglu
- Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, 0371 Norway
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, 5838 Norway
- Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, 7803 Norway
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Zhang L, Zhu X, Zhao Y, Guo J, Zhang T, Huang W, Huang J, Hu Y, Huang CH, Ma H. Phylotranscriptomics Resolves the Phylogeny of Pooideae and Uncovers Factors for Their Adaptive Evolution. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6521033. [PMID: 35134207 PMCID: PMC8844509 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to cool climates has occurred several times in different angiosperm groups. Among them, Pooideae, the largest grass subfamily with ∼3,900 species including wheat and barley, have successfully occupied many temperate regions and play a prominent role in temperate ecosystems. To investigate possible factors contributing to Pooideae adaptive evolution to cooling climates, we performed phylogenetic reconstruction using five gene sets (with 1,234 nuclear genes and their subsets) from 157 transcriptomes/genomes representing all 15 tribes and 24 of 26 subtribes. Our phylogeny supports the monophyly of all tribes (except Diarrheneae) and all subtribes with at least two species, with strongly supported resolution of their relationships. Molecular dating suggests that Pooideae originated in the late Cretaceous, with subsequent divergences under cooling conditions first among many tribes from the early middle to late Eocene and again among genera in the middle Miocene and later periods. We identified a cluster of gene duplications (CGD5) shared by the core Pooideae (with 80% Pooideae species) near the Eocene–Oligocene transition, coinciding with the transition from closed to open habitat and an upshift of diversification rate. Molecular evolutionary analyses homologs of CBF for cold resistance uncovered tandem duplications during the core Pooideae history, dramatically increasing their copy number and possibly promoting adaptation to cold habitats. Moreover, duplication of AP1/FUL-like genes before the Pooideae origin might have facilitated the regulation of the vernalization pathway under cold environments. These and other results provide new insights into factors that likely have contributed to the successful adaptation of Pooideae members to temperate regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xinxin Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Yiyong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Taikui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Weichen Huang
- Department of Biology, the Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Biology, the Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Chien-Hsun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Biology, the Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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11
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Zhang Q, Ree RH, Salamin N, Xing Y, Silvestro D. Fossil-Informed Models Reveal a Boreotropical Origin and Divergent Evolutionary Trajectories in the Walnut Family (Juglandaceae). Syst Biol 2021; 71:242-258. [PMID: 33964165 PMCID: PMC8677545 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperate woody plants in the Northern Hemisphere have long been known to exhibit high species richness in East Asia and North America and significantly lower diversity in Europe, but the causes of this pattern remain debated. Here, we quantify the roles of dispersal, niche evolution, and extinction in shaping the geographic diversity of the temperate woody plant family Juglandaceae (walnuts and their relatives). Integrating evidence from molecular, morphological, fossil, and (paleo)environmental data, we find strong support for a Boreotropical origin of the family with contrasting evolutionary trajectories between the temperate subfamily Juglandoideae and the tropical subfamily Engelhardioideae. Juglandoideae rapidly evolved frost tolerance when the global climate shifted to ice-house conditions from the Oligocene, with diversification at high latitudes especially in Europe and Asia during the Miocene. Subsequent range contraction at high latitudes and high levels of extinction in Europe driven by global cooling led to the current regional disparity in species diversity. Engelhardioideae showed temperature conservatism while adapting to increased humidity, tracking tropical climates to low latitudes since the middle Eocene with comparatively little diversification, perhaps due to high competition in the tropical zone. The biogeographic history of Juglandaceae shows that the North Atlantic land bridge and Europe played more critical roles than previously thought in linking the floras of East Asia and North America, and showcases the complex interplay among climate change, niche evolution, dispersal, and extinction that shaped the modern disjunct pattern of species richness in temperate woody plants. [Boreotropical origin; climatic niche evolution; disjunct distribution; dispersal; diversity anomaly; extinction; Juglandaceae.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 666303 Mengla, China
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Richard H Ree
- Life Sciences Section, Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Nicolas Salamin
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yaowu Xing
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 666303 Mengla, China
- Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 666303 Mengla, China
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Tardif D, Toumoulin A, Fluteau F, Donnadieu Y, Le Hir G, Barbolini N, Licht A, Ladant JB, Sepulchre P, Viovy N, Hoorn C, Dupont-Nivet G. Orbital variations as a major driver of climate and biome distribution during the greenhouse to icehouse transition. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh2819. [PMID: 34678067 PMCID: PMC8535791 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh2819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest increasing sensitivity to orbital variations across the Eocene-Oligocene greenhouse to icehouse climate transition. However, climate simulations and paleoenvironmental studies mostly provide snapshots of the past climate, therefore overlooking the role of this short-term variability in driving major environmental changes and possibly biasing model-data comparisons. We address this problem by performing numerical simulations describing the end-members of eccentricity, obliquity, and precession. The orbitally induced biome variability obtained in our simulations allows to reconcile previous apparent mismatch between models and paleobotanical compilations. We show that precession-driven intermittent monsoon-like climate may have taken place during the Eocene, resulting in biomes shifting from shrubland to tropical forest in the intertropical convergence zone migration region. Our Oligocene simulations suggest that, along with decreased pCO2, orbital variations crucially modulated major faunal dispersal events around the EOT such as the Grande Coupure by creating and fragmenting the biome corridors along several key land bridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Tardif
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Collège de France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
- Corresponding author.
| | - Agathe Toumoulin
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Collège de France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Frédéric Fluteau
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Yannick Donnadieu
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Collège de France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Guillaume Le Hir
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Natasha Barbolini
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexis Licht
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Collège de France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Ladant
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Sepulchre
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Viovy
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Carina Hoorn
- Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Dupont-Nivet
- Géosciences Rennes, UMR CNRS 6118, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Institute of Geosciences, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany
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13
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Chazot N, Condamine FL, Dudas G, Peña C, Kodandaramaiah U, Matos-Maraví P, Aduse-Poku K, Elias M, Warren AD, Lohman DJ, Penz CM, DeVries P, Fric ZF, Nylin S, Müller C, Kawahara AY, Silva-Brandão KL, Lamas G, Kleckova I, Zubek A, Ortiz-Acevedo E, Vila R, Vane-Wright RI, Mullen SP, Jiggins CD, Wheat CW, Freitas AVL, Wahlberg N. Conserved ancestral tropical niche but different continental histories explain the latitudinal diversity gradient in brush-footed butterflies. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5717. [PMID: 34588433 PMCID: PMC8481491 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25906-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The global increase in species richness toward the tropics across continents and taxonomic groups, referred to as the latitudinal diversity gradient, stimulated the formulation of many hypotheses to explain the underlying mechanisms of this pattern. We evaluate several of these hypotheses to explain spatial diversity patterns in a butterfly family, the Nymphalidae, by assessing the contributions of speciation, extinction, and dispersal, and also the extent to which these processes differ among regions at the same latitude. We generate a time-calibrated phylogeny containing 2,866 nymphalid species (~45% of extant diversity). Neither speciation nor extinction rate variations consistently explain the latitudinal diversity gradient among regions because temporal diversification dynamics differ greatly across longitude. The Neotropical diversity results from low extinction rates, not high speciation rates, and biotic interchanges with other regions are rare. Southeast Asia is also characterized by a low speciation rate but, unlike the Neotropics, is the main source of dispersal events through time. Our results suggest that global climate change throughout the Cenozoic, combined with tropical niche conservatism, played a major role in generating the modern latitudinal diversity gradient of nymphalid butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chazot
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 16, 75651, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Systematic Biology Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Fabien L Condamine
- CNRS, UMR 5554 Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (Université de Montpellier|CNRS|IRD|EPHE), Place Eugene Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Gytis Dudas
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carlos Peña
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Ullasa Kodandaramaiah
- IISER-TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE), School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Pável Matos-Maraví
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Kwaku Aduse-Poku
- Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Perimeter College, Georgia State University, 33 Gilmer Street, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Marianne Elias
- ISYEB, CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Andrew D Warren
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - David J Lohman
- City College of New York and Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
- National Museum of Natural History, Manila, Philippines
| | - Carla M Penz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Phil DeVries
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Zdenek F Fric
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Soren Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chris Müller
- Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Akito Y Kawahara
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Karina L Silva-Brandão
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Av. Candido Rondom, 400, 13083-875, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gerardo Lamas
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Irena Kleckova
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Zubek
- Nature Education Centre, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 5, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elena Ortiz-Acevedo
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Departamento de Química y Biología, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard I Vane-Wright
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK
| | - Sean P Mullen
- 5 Cummington Street, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Chris D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama
| | | | - Andre V L Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Niklas Wahlberg
- Systematic Biology Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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14
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Matsunaga KK, Smith SY. Fossil palm reading: using fruits to reveal the deep roots of palm diversity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:472-494. [PMID: 33624301 PMCID: PMC8048450 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Fossils are essential for understanding evolutionary history because they provide direct evidence of past diversity and geographic distributions. However, resolving systematic relationships between fossils and extant taxa, an essential step for many macroevolutionary studies, requires extensive comparative work on morphology and anatomy. While palms (Arecaceae) have an excellent fossil record that includes numerous fossil fruits, many are difficult to identify due in part to limited comparative data on modern fruit structure. METHODS We studied fruits of 207 palm species, representing nearly every modern genus, using X-ray microcomputed tomography. We then developed a morphological data set to test whether the fossil record of fruits can improve our understanding of palm diversity in the deep past. To evaluate the accuracy with which this data set recovers systematic relationships, we performed phylogenetic pseudofossilization analyses. We then used the data set to investigate the phylogenetic relationships of five previously published fossil palm fruits. RESULTS Phylogenetic analyses of fossils and pseudofossilization of extant taxa show that fossils can be placed accurately to the tribe and subtribe level with this data set, but node support must be considered. The phylogenetic relationships of the fossils suggest origins of many modern lineages in the Cretaceous and early Paleogene. Three of these fossils are suitable as new node calibrations for palms. CONCLUSIONS This work improves our knowledge of fruit structure in palms, lays a foundation for applying fossil fruits to macroevolutionary studies, and provides new insights into the evolutionary history and early diversification of Arecaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly K.S. Matsunaga
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Museum of PaleontologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Present address:
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology & Biodiversity InstituteUniversity of KansasLawrenceKS66045USA
| | - Selena Y. Smith
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Museum of PaleontologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
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15
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Butrim MJ, Royer DL. Leaf-economic strategies across the Eocene-Oligocene transition correlate with dry season precipitation and paleoelevation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1772-1785. [PMID: 33290590 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT; 34-33 Ma) was marked by global cooling and increased seasonality and aridity, leading to a shift in North American floras from subtropical forests to deciduous hardwood forests similar to today. This shift is well documented taxonomically and biogeographically, but its ecological nature is less known. METHODS Using the relationship between petiole cross-sectional area and leaf mass, we estimated leaf dry mass per area (LMA), a functional trait tied to plant resource investment and expenditure, at 22 western North American sites spanning the EOT to determine how the broad restructuring of vegetation during this time was reflected in leaf economics. RESULTS There was no overall shift in LMA between pre-EOT and post-EOT floras; instead, changes in LMA across sites were mostly driven by a negative correlation with dry-season precipitation and a positive correlation with paleoelevation. These patterns held for both whole sites and subsets of sites containing taxa with similar biogeographical histories (taxa that persisted in the highlands across the EOT or that migrated to the lowlands) and are consistent with most observations in extant floras. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide a geological context for understanding environmentally paced changes in leaf-economic strategies, particularly linking leaf economic strategies to dry-season precipitation and paleoelevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Butrim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Dana L Royer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
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16
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Toumoulin A, Kunzmann L, Moraweck K, Sack L. Reconstructing leaf area from fragments: testing three methods using a fossil paleogene species. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1786-1797. [PMID: 33315244 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Fossil leaf traits can enable reconstruction of ancient environments and climates. Among these, leaf size has been particularly studied because it reflects several climatic forcings (e.g., precipitation and surface temperature) and, potentially, environment characteristics (e.g., nutrient availability, local topography, and openness of vegetation). However, imperfect preservation and fragmentation can corrupt its utilization. We provide improved methodology to estimate leaf size from fossil fragments. METHODS We apply three methods: (1) visually reconstructing leaf area based on taxon-specific gross morphology; (2) estimating intact leaf area from vein density based on a vein scaling relationship; and (3) a novel complementary method, determining intact leaf length based on the tapering of the midvein in the fragment. We test the three methods for fossils of extinct Eotrigonobalanus furcinervis (Fagaceae) from two lignite horizons of the middle and late Eocene of central Germany respectively (~45/46 and 35/36 Ma). RESULTS The three methods, including the new one, yield consistent leaf size reconstructions. The vein scaling method showed a shift to larger leaf size, from the middle to the late Eocene. CONCLUSIONS These methods constitute a toolbox with different solutions to reconstruct leaf size from fossil fragments depending on fossil preservation. Fossil leaf size reconstruction has great potential to improve physiognomy-based paleoenvironmental reconstructions and the interpretation of the fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Toumoulin
- Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstrasse 159, Dresden, 01109, Germany
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Technopole Arbois, 13545 Cedex 04, Aix-en-Provence, BP80, France
| | - Lutz Kunzmann
- Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstrasse 159, Dresden, 01109, Germany
| | - Karolin Moraweck
- Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstrasse 159, Dresden, 01109, Germany
| | - Lawren Sack
- UCLA Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA
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Cramwinckel MJ, Coxall HK, Śliwińska KK, Polling M, Harper DT, Bijl PK, Brinkhuis H, Eldrett JS, Houben AJP, Peterse F, Schouten S, Reichart G, Zachos JC, Sluijs A. A Warm, Stratified, and Restricted Labrador Sea Across the Middle Eocene and Its Climatic Optimum. PALEOCEANOGRAPHY AND PALEOCLIMATOLOGY 2020; 35:e2020PA003932. [PMID: 33134852 PMCID: PMC7590098 DOI: 10.1029/2020pa003932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Several studies indicate that North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation might have initiated during the globally warm Eocene (56-34 Ma). However, constraints on Eocene surface ocean conditions in source regions presently conducive to deep water formation are sparse. Here we test whether ocean conditions of the middle Eocene Labrador Sea might have allowed for deep water formation by applying (organic) geochemical and palynological techniques, on sediments from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 647. We reconstruct a long-term sea surface temperature (SST) drop from ~30°C to ~27°C between 41.5 to 38.5 Ma, based on TEX86. Superimposed on this trend, we record ~2°C warming in SST associated with the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO; ~40 Ma), which is the northernmost MECO record as yet, and another, likely regional, warming phase at ~41.1 Ma, associated with low-latitude planktic foraminifera and dinoflagellate cyst incursions. Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages together with planktonic foraminiferal stable oxygen isotope ratios overall indicate low surface water salinities and strong stratification. Benthic foraminifer stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios differ from global deep ocean values by 1-2‰ and 2-4‰, respectively, indicating geographic basin isolation. Our multiproxy reconstructions depict a consistent picture of relatively warm and fresh but also highly variable surface ocean conditions in the middle Eocene Labrador Sea. These conditions were unlikely conducive to deep water formation. This implies either NADW did not yet form during the middle Eocene or it formed in a different source region and subsequently bypassed the southern Labrador Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot J. Cramwinckel
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of GeoscienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Now at School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre SouthamptonUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Helen K. Coxall
- Department of Geological SciencesStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | | | - Marcel Polling
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of GeoscienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Now at Naturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Dustin T. Harper
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSanta CruzCAUSA
- Now at Department of GeologyThe University of KansasLawrenceKSUSA
| | - Peter K. Bijl
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of GeoscienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Henk Brinkhuis
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of GeoscienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, and Utrecht UniversityDen BurgThe Netherlands
| | - James S. Eldrett
- Shell International Exploration and Production B. V.RijswijkThe Netherlands
| | - Alexander J. P. Houben
- Applied Geosciences TeamNetherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)UtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Francien Peterse
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of GeoscienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Stefan Schouten
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of GeoscienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, and Utrecht UniversityDen BurgThe Netherlands
| | - Gert‐Jan Reichart
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of GeoscienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, and Utrecht UniversityDen BurgThe Netherlands
| | | | - Appy Sluijs
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of GeoscienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Abstract
During the Eocene, high-latitude regions were much warmer than today and substantial polar ice sheets were lacking. Indeed, the initiation of significant polar ice sheets near the end of the Eocene has been closely linked to global cooling. Here, we examine the relationship between global temperatures and continental-scale polar ice sheets following the establishment of ice sheets on Antarctica ∼34 million years ago, using records of surface temperatures from around the world. We find that high-latitude temperatures were almost as warm after the initiation of Antarctic glaciation as before, challenging our basic understanding of how climate works, and of the development of climate and ice volume through time. Falling atmospheric CO2 levels led to cooling through the Eocene and the expansion of Antarctic ice sheets close to their modern size near the beginning of the Oligocene, a period of poorly documented climate. Here, we present a record of climate evolution across the entire Oligocene (33.9 to 23.0 Ma) based on TEX86 sea surface temperature (SST) estimates from southwestern Atlantic Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 516 (paleolatitude ∼36°S) and western equatorial Atlantic Ocean Drilling Project Site 929 (paleolatitude ∼0°), combined with a compilation of existing SST records and climate modeling. In this relatively low CO2 Oligocene world (∼300 to 700 ppm), warm climates similar to those of the late Eocene continued with only brief interruptions, while the Antarctic ice sheet waxed and waned. SSTs are spatially heterogenous, but generally support late Oligocene warming coincident with declining atmospheric CO2. This Oligocene warmth, especially at high latitudes, belies a simple relationship between climate and atmospheric CO2 and/or ocean gateways, and is only partially explained by current climate models. Although the dominant climate drivers of this enigmatic Oligocene world remain unclear, our results help fill a gap in understanding past Cenozoic climates and the way long-term climate sensitivity responded to varying background climate states.
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Ding WN, Ree RH, Spicer RA, Xing YW. Ancient orogenic and monsoon-driven assembly of the world's richest temperate alpine flora. Science 2020; 369:578-581. [PMID: 32732426 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb4484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how alpine biotas formed in response to historical environmental change may improve our ability to predict and mitigate the threats to alpine species posed by global warming. In the world's richest temperate alpine flora, that of the Tibet-Himalaya-Hengduan region, phylogenetic reconstructions of biome and geographic range evolution show that extant lineages emerged by the early Oligocene and diversified first in the Hengduan Mountains. By the early to middle Miocene, accelerated diversification and colonization of adjacent regions were likely driven jointly by mountain building and intensification of the Asian monsoon. The alpine flora of the Hengduan Mountains has continuously existed far longer than any other alpine flora on Earth and illustrates how modern biotas have been shaped by past geological and climatic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Na Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Richard H Ree
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605, USA.
| | - Robert A Spicer
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China.,Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China.,School of Environment, Earth, and Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Yao-Wu Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China. .,Center of Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
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20
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Liu Q, Xie Y, Liu B, Zhou Z, Feng Z, Chen Y. A transcriptomic variation map provides insights into the genetic basis of Pinus massoniana Lamb. evolution and the association with oleoresin yield. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:375. [PMID: 32791991 PMCID: PMC7427074 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02577-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.), the dominant native coniferous species in southern China, is commercially important for supplying timber and oleoresin. However, knowledge of the genetic variability of masson pine germplasm is still limited. In this study, the genetic diversity and population structure of masson pine germplasm were assessed using 204 wild accessions from 10 main distribution regions using 94,194 core single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained from transcriptome sequencing data. RESULTS The average expected heterozygosity was 0.2724, implying abundant genetic diversity within masson pine germplasm. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 3.29% of the variation was sourced from genetic differentiation. Structure analysis identified two geographically distinct groups. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) showed that one of those groups was further divided into two clusters. Sichuan and Chongqing provenance is the geographical origin, which diffused outward along two different lines. Oleoresin yield is reflected in the evolution of the two groups, and exhibits two different trends along the two lines of diffusion. The oleoresin yield may be associated with the genes of chitinase, CYP720B, cytochrome P450, ABC transporter, and AP2/ethylene-responsive transcription factor (ERF) based on SNPs and expression. CONCLUSIONS SNP markers from transcriptome sequencing are highly capable of evaluating genetic diversity within different species, as well as the genetic control of objective traits. The functions of these genes will be verified in future studies, and those genes strongly associated with oleoresin yield will be used to improve yields by means of early genotype selection and genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Liu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yini Xie
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichun Zhou
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhongping Feng
- Laoshan Forest Farm of Chunan County, Chunan, 311700, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadong Chen
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, 101300, People's Republic of China
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21
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Pinseel E, Janssens SB, Verleyen E, Vanormelingen P, Kohler TJ, Biersma EM, Sabbe K, Van de Vijver B, Vyverman W. Global radiation in a rare biosphere soil diatom. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2382. [PMID: 32404869 PMCID: PMC7221085 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil micro-organisms drive the global carbon and nutrient cycles that underlie essential ecosystem functions. Yet, we are only beginning to grasp the drivers of terrestrial microbial diversity and biogeography, which presents a substantial barrier to understanding community dynamics and ecosystem functioning. This is especially true for soil protists, which despite their functional significance have received comparatively less interest than their bacterial counterparts. Here, we investigate the diversification of Pinnularia borealis, a rare biosphere soil diatom species complex, using a global sampling of >800 strains. We document unprecedented high levels of species-diversity, reflecting a global radiation since the Eocene/Oligocene global cooling. Our analyses suggest diversification was largely driven by colonization of novel geographic areas and subsequent evolution in isolation. These results illuminate our understanding of how protist diversity, biogeographical patterns, and members of the rare biosphere are generated, and suggest allopatric speciation to be a powerful mechanism for diversification of micro-organisms. It is generally thought many microbes, owing to their ubiquity and dispersal capability, lack biogeographic structuring and clear speciation patterns compared to macroorganisms. However, Pinseel et al. demonstrate multiple cycles of colonization and diversification in Pinnularia borealis, a rare biosphere soil diatom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Pinseel
- Laboratory of Protistology & Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S8, 9000 Gent, Belgium. .,Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860, Meise, Belgium. .,Ecosystem Management Research Group (ECOBE), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium. .,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, 850 W Dickson St, SCEN 601, Fayetteville, AR, 72701-1201, USA.
| | | | - Elie Verleyen
- Laboratory of Protistology & Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S8, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vanormelingen
- Laboratory of Protistology & Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S8, 9000 Gent, Belgium.,Natuurpunt, Michiel Coxiestraat 11, 2800, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Tyler J Kohler
- Department of Ecology, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic.,Stream Biofilm and Ecosystem Research Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne, GR B0 422, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth M Biersma
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK.,Natural History Museum of Denmark, Øster Farimagsgade 5-Building 7, DK-1353, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Koen Sabbe
- Laboratory of Protistology & Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S8, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Bart Van de Vijver
- Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860, Meise, Belgium.,Ecosystem Management Research Group (ECOBE), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Wim Vyverman
- Laboratory of Protistology & Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S8, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
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22
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Hernández-Gutiérrez R, Magallón S. The timing of Malvales evolution: Incorporating its extensive fossil record to inform about lineage diversification. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 140:106606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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23
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Abstract
Abstract
The Afrotropics house a diverse freshwater ichthyofauna with > 3000 species, almost all of which are endemic. Recent progress in dated phylogenetics and palaeontology of several groups of Afrotropical freshwater fishes (AFFs) has allowed the testing of palaeoecology- and palaeogeography-based hypotheses explaining their early presence in Africa. Seven hypotheses were tested for 37 most-inclusive monophyletic groups of AFFs. Results indicated that ten lineages originated from direct, but asynchronous, marine-to-freshwater shifts. These lineages contribute < 2% to the current AFF species richness. Eleven lineages colonized the Afrotropics from the Orient after the Afro-Arabian plate collided with Eurasia in the early Oligocene. These lineages contribute ~20% to the total diversity. There are seven sister relationships between Afrotropical and Neotropical taxa. For only three of them (4% of the species diversity), the continental drift vicariance hypothesis was not rejected. Distributions of the other four younger trans-Atlantic lineages are better explained by post-drifting long-distance dispersal. In those cases, I discuss the possibility of dispersal through the Northern Hemisphere as an alternative to direct trans-Atlantic dispersal. The origins of ten AFF lineages, including the most species-rich Pseudocrenilabrinae (> 1100 species), are not yet established with confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lavoué
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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24
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Hutchinson DK, Coxall HK, OʹRegan M, Nilsson J, Caballero R, de Boer AM. Arctic closure as a trigger for Atlantic overturning at the Eocene-Oligocene Transition. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3797. [PMID: 31439843 PMCID: PMC6706372 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eocene-Oligocene Transition (EOT), approximately 34 Ma ago, marks a period of major global cooling and inception of the Antarctic ice sheet. Proxies of deep circulation suggest a contemporaneous onset or strengthening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Proxy evidence of gradual salinification of the North Atlantic and tectonically driven isolation of the Arctic suggest that closing the Arctic-Atlantic gateway could have triggered the AMOC at the EOT. We demonstrate this trigger of the AMOC using a new paleoclimate model with late Eocene boundary conditions. The control simulation reproduces Eocene observations of low Arctic salinities. Subsequent closure of the Arctic-Atlantic gateway triggers the AMOC by blocking freshwater inflow from the Arctic. Salt advection feedbacks then lead to cessation of overturning in the North Pacific. These circulation changes imply major warming of the North Atlantic Ocean, and simultaneous cooling of the North Pacific, but no interhemispheric change in temperatures. Proxies of deep circulation suggest that the onset or strengthening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation occurred at the Eocene-Oligocene Transition. The authors show, using a paleoclimate model of the late Eocene, that a shift from Pacific to Atlantic overturning can be triggered at this time by closing the Arctic–Atlantic gateway.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Hutchinson
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Helen K Coxall
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matt OʹRegan
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Nilsson
- Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Caballero
- Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agatha M de Boer
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Herrando-Moraira S, Calleja JA, Galbany-Casals M, Garcia-Jacas N, Liu JQ, López-Alvarado J, López-Pujol J, Mandel JR, Massó S, Montes-Moreno N, Roquet C, Sáez L, Sennikov A, Susanna A, Vilatersana R. Nuclear and plastid DNA phylogeny of tribe Cardueae (Compositae) with Hyb-Seq data: A new subtribal classification and a temporal diversification framework. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 137:313-332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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26
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Brunke AJ, Żyła D, Yamamoto S, Solodovnikov A. Baltic amber Staphylinini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae): a rove beetle fauna on the eve of our modern climate. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cenozoic climate cooling, particularly during the Eocene, has drastically shaped modern biological assemblages through a shift from an equable greenhouse to a polarized icehouse. Present-day Europe lies in a highly seasonal and temperate area that strongly embodies this modern icehouse climate. Baltic amber provides a Middle Eocene snapshot of the European fauna before this large-scale change. Here, we focused on the rove beetle tribe Staphylinini and conducted a comprehensive phylogenetic study of all known Baltic amber fossils in a total-evidence phylogenetic framework that integrates morphology with molecular data from six gene fragments. Based on our well-resolved topology, we propose the following: †Baltognathina subtrib. nov., Afroquediina subtrib. nov., Antimerina subtrib. nov., †Baltognathus aenigmaticus gen. et sp. nov., †Eolophorus gen. nov., †Laevisaurus robustus and †Laevisaurus gracilis gen. et spp. nov., †Hemiquedius europaeus sp. nov. and †Bolitogyrus fragmentus sp. nov. †Quedius cretaceus is placed as junior synonym of †Cretoquedius infractus. The earliest definitive fossils of Quediina are reported herein from the Eocene. The Staphylinini fauna of Middle Eocene Europe combined thermophilic, freeze-intolerant lineages with freeze-tolerant, temperate lineages and, unlike most other staphylinid or beetle lineages, all have since become extinct in the Palaearctic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam James Brunke
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dagmara Żyła
- Department of Natural History, Upper Silesian Museum, Bytom, Poland
| | - Shûhei Yamamoto
- Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
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27
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Śliwińska KK, Thomsen E, Schouten S, Schoon PL, Heilmann-Clausen C. Climate- and gateway-driven cooling of Late Eocene to earliest Oligocene sea surface temperatures in the North Sea Basin. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4458. [PMID: 30872690 PMCID: PMC6418185 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During the late Eocene, the Earth’s climate experienced several transient temperature fluctuations including the Vonhof cooling event (C16n.1n; ~35.8 Ma) hitherto known mainly from the southern oceans. Here we reconstruct sea-surface temperatures (SST) and provide δ18O and δ13C foraminiferal records for the late Eocene and earliest Oligocene in the North Sea Basin. Our data reveal two main perturbations: (1), an abrupt brief cooling of ~4.5 °C dated to ~35.8 Ma and synchronous with the Vonhof cooling, which thus may be a global event, and (2) a gradual nearly 10 °C temperature fall starting at 36.1 Ma and culminating near the Eocene-Oligocene transition at ~33.9 Ma. The late Priabonian temperature trend in the North Sea shows some resemblance IODP Site U1404 from the North Atlantic, offshore Newfoundland; and is in contrast to the more abrupt change observed in the deep-sea δ18O records from the southern oceans. The cooling in the North Sea is large compared to the pattern seen in the North Atlantic record. This difference may be influenced by a late Eocene closure of the warm gateways connecting the North Sea with the Atlantic and Tethys oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasia K Śliwińska
- GEUS Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Department of Stratigraphy, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Erik Thomsen
- Aarhus University, Department of Geoscience, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 2, 8000, Århus C, Denmark
| | - Stefan Schouten
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Utrecht University, Texel, The Netherlands.,Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra L Schoon
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Utrecht University, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Claus Heilmann-Clausen
- Aarhus University, Department of Geoscience, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 2, 8000, Århus C, Denmark
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28
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Tang CQ, Matsui T, Ohashi H, Dong YF, Momohara A, Herrando-Moraira S, Qian S, Yang Y, Ohsawa M, Luu HT, Grote PJ, Krestov PV, Ben LePage, Werger M, Robertson K, Hobohm C, Wang CY, Peng MC, Chen X, Wang HC, Su WH, Zhou R, Li S, He LY, Yan K, Zhu MY, Hu J, Yang RH, Li WJ, Tomita M, Wu ZL, Yan HZ, Zhang GF, He H, Yi SR, Gong H, Song K, Song D, Li XS, Zhang ZY, Han PB, Shen LQ, Huang DS, Luo K, López-Pujol J. Identifying long-term stable refugia for relict plant species in East Asia. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4488. [PMID: 30367062 PMCID: PMC6203703 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06837-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Today East Asia harbors many “relict” plant species whose ranges were much larger during the Paleogene-Neogene and earlier. The ecological and climatic conditions suitable for these relict species have not been identified. Here, we map the abundance and distribution patterns of relict species, showing high abundance in the humid subtropical/warm-temperate forest regions. We further use Ecological Niche Modeling to show that these patterns align with maps of climate refugia, and we predict species’ chances of persistence given the future climatic changes expected for East Asia. By 2070, potentially suitable areas with high richness of relict species will decrease, although the areas as a whole will probably expand. We identify areas in southwestern China and northern Vietnam as long-term climatically stable refugia likely to preserve ancient lineages, highlighting areas that could be prioritized for conservation of such species. East Asia contains “relict” plant species that persist under narrow climatic conditions after once having wider distributions. Here, using distribution records coupled with ecological niche models, the authors identify long-term stable refugia possessing past, current and future climatic suitability favoring ancient plant lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Q Tang
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University, 650091, Kunming, China.
| | - Tetsuya Matsui
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Haruka Ohashi
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Yi-Fei Dong
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University, 650091, Kunming, China
| | - Arata Momohara
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Sonia Herrando-Moraira
- Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-ICUB), Passeig del Migdia s/n, Barcelona, 08038, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Shenhua Qian
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, 400045, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongchuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, 400045, Chongqing, China.
| | - Masahiko Ohsawa
- The Nature Conservancy Society of Japan, Mitoyo Bldg. 2F, 1-16-10 Shinkawa, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0033, Japan
| | - Hong Truong Luu
- Southern Institute of Ecology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Paul J Grote
- Northeastern Research Institute of Petrified Wood and Mineral Resources, Nakhon Ratchasima Rajabhat University, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Pavel V Krestov
- Botanical Garden-Institute FEB RAS, Makovskii Str. 142, Vladivostok, Russia, 690024
| | - Ben LePage
- Pacific Gas and Electric Company, 3401 Crow Canyon Road, San Ramon, CA, 94583, USA.,The Academy of Natural Science, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA
| | - Marinus Werger
- Plant Ecology & Biodiversity, Utrecht University, Domplein 29, Utrecht, 3512 JE, Netherlands
| | - Kevin Robertson
- Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy, 13093 Henry Beadel Drive, Tallahassee, FL, 32312, USA
| | - Carsten Hobohm
- Interdisciplinary Institute of environmental, Social and Human Studies, University of Flensburg, Flensburg, Germany
| | - Chong-Yun Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University, 650091, Kunming, China
| | - Ming-Chun Peng
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University, 650091, Kunming, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University, 650091, Kunming, China
| | - Huan-Chong Wang
- Institute of Botany, Yunnan University, 650091, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wen-Hua Su
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University, 650091, Kunming, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University, 650091, Kunming, China
| | - Shuaifeng Li
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, 650224, Kunming, China
| | - Long-Yuan He
- Kunming Institute of Forestry Exploration and Design, The State Forestry Administration of China, 650216, Kunming, China
| | - Kai Yan
- Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies, Kunming Institute of Botany-CAS, 650204, Kunming, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Zhu
- Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies, Kunming Institute of Botany-CAS, 650204, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruo-Han Yang
- Kunming Agrometeorological Station of Yunnan Province, 650228, Kunming, China
| | - Wang-Jun Li
- Guizhou University of Engineering Science, 551700, Bijie, China
| | - Mizuki Tomita
- Tokyo University of Information Sciences, 4-1 Onaridai Wakaba-ku, Chiba, 265-8501, Japan
| | - Zhao-Lu Wu
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University, 650091, Kunming, China
| | - Hai-Zhong Yan
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University, 650091, Kunming, China
| | - Guang-Fei Zhang
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University, 650091, Kunming, China
| | - Hai He
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Shapingba, 401331, Chongqing, China
| | - Si-Rong Yi
- Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, 404120, Chongqing, China
| | - Hede Gong
- School of Geography, Southwest China Forestry University, 650224, Kunming, China
| | - Kun Song
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding Song
- Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500, Chenggong, China
| | | | - Zhi-Ying Zhang
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University, 650091, Kunming, China
| | - Peng-Bin Han
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University, 650091, Kunming, China
| | - Li-Qin Shen
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University, 650091, Kunming, China
| | - Diao-Shun Huang
- Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, Yunnan University, 650091, Kunming, China
| | - Kang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ailaoshan Station for Subtropical Forest Ecosystem Studies, National Forest Ecosystem Research Station at Ailaoshan, 650091, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jordi López-Pujol
- Botanic Institute of Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-ICUB), Passeig del Migdia s/n, Barcelona, 08038, Catalonia, Spain
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Caetano DS, O'Meara BC, Beaulieu JM. Hidden state models improve state-dependent diversification approaches, including biogeographical models. Evolution 2018; 72:2308-2324. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Caetano
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Arkansas 72701
| | - Brian C. O'Meara
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Tennessee; Knoxville Tennessee 37996-1610
| | - Jeremy M. Beaulieu
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Arkansas; Fayetteville Arkansas 72701
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30
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Peat-Forming Environments and Evolution of Thick Coal Seam in Shengli Coalfield, China: Evidence from Geochemistry, Coal Petrology, and Palynology. MINERALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/min8030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Zhao Z, Li S. Extinction vs. Rapid Radiation: The Juxtaposed Evolutionary Histories of Coelotine Spiders Support the Eocene-Oligocene Orogenesis of the Tibetan Plateau. Syst Biol 2018; 66:988-1006. [PMID: 28431105 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syx042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary biology has long been concerned with how changing environments affect and drive the spatiotemporal development of organisms. Coelotine spiders (Agelenidae: Coelotinae) are common species in the temperate and subtropical areas of the Northern Hemisphere. Their long evolutionary history and the extremely imbalanced distribution of species richness suggest that Eurasian environments, especially since the Cenozoic, are the drivers of their diversification. We use phylogenetics, molecular dating, ancestral area reconstructions, diversity, and ecological niche analyses to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of 286 coelotine species from throughout the region. Based on eight genes (6.5 kb) and 2323 de novo DNA sequences, analyses suggest an Eocene South China origin for them. Most extant, widespread species belong to the southern (SCG) or northern (NCG) clades. The origin of coelotine spiders appears to associate with either the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum or the hot period in early Eocene. Tibetan uplifting events influenced the current diversity patterns of coelotines. The origin of SCG lies outside of the Tibetan Plateau. Uplifting in the southeastern area of the plateau blocked dispersal since the Late Eocene. Continuous orogenesis appears to have created localized vicariant events, which drove rapid radiation in SCG. North-central Tibet is the likely location of origin for NCG and many lineages likely experienced extinction owing to uplifting since early Oligocene. Their evolutionary histories correspond with recent geological evidence that high-elevation orographical features existed in the Tibetan region as early as 40-35 Ma. Our discoveries may be the first empirical evidence that links the evolution of organisms to the Eocene-Oligocene uplifting of the Tibetan Plateau. [Tibet; biogeography; ecology; molecular clock; diversification.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw 05282, Myanmar
| | - Shuqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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32
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Reconstructing Paleoclimate and Paleoecology Using Fossil Leaves. VERTEBRATE PALEOBIOLOGY AND PALEOANTHROPOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-94265-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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33
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Brunke AJ, Chatzimanolis S, Metscher BD, Wolf-Schwenninger K, Solodovnikov A. Dispersal of thermophilic beetles across the intercontinental Arctic forest belt during the early Eocene. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12972. [PMID: 29021627 PMCID: PMC5636899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Massive biotic change occurred during the Eocene as the climate shifted from warm and equable to seasonal and latitudinally stratified. Mild winter temperatures across Arctic intercontinental land bridges permitted dispersal of frost-intolerant groups until the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, while trans-Arctic dispersal in thermophilic groups may have been limited to the early Eocene, especially during short-lived hyperthermals. Some of these lineages are now disjunct between continents of the northern hemisphere. Although Eocene climate change may have been one of the most important drivers of these ancient patterns in modern animal and plant distributions, its particular events are rarely implicated or correlated with group-specific climatic requirements. Here we explored the climatic and geological drivers of a particularly striking Neotropical-Oriental disjunct distribution in the rove beetle Bolitogyrus, a suspected Eocene relict. We integrated evidence from Eocene fossils, distributional and climate data, paleoclimate, paleogeography, and phylogenetic divergence dating to show that intercontinental dispersal of Bolitogyrus ceased in the early Eocene, consistent with the termination of conditions required by thermophilic lineages. These results provide new insight into the poorly known and short-lived Arctic forest community of the Early Eocene and its surviving lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Brunke
- Third Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum of Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria.
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, K1A 0C6, ON, Canada.
| | - Stylianos Chatzimanolis
- Department of Biology, Geology and Environmental Science, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 615 McCallie Ave, Dept. 2653, Chattanooga, TN, 37403, USA
| | - Brian D Metscher
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Alexey Solodovnikov
- Biosystematics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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34
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Zhang SD, Jin JJ, Chen SY, Chase MW, Soltis DE, Li HT, Yang JB, Li DZ, Yi TS. Diversification of Rosaceae since the Late Cretaceous based on plastid phylogenomics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1355-1367. [PMID: 28186635 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships in Rosaceae have long been problematic because of frequent hybridisation, apomixis and presumed rapid radiation, and their historical diversification has not been clarified. With 87 genera representing all subfamilies and tribes of Rosaceae and six of the other eight families of Rosales (outgroups), we analysed 130 newly sequenced plastomes together with 12 from GenBank in an attempt to reconstruct deep relationships and reveal temporal diversification of this family. Our results highlight the importance of improving sequence alignment and the use of appropriate substitution models in plastid phylogenomics. Three subfamilies and 16 tribes (as previously delimited) were strongly supported as monophyletic, and their relationships were fully resolved and strongly supported at most nodes. Rosaceae were estimated to have originated during the Late Cretaceous with evidence for rapid diversification events during several geological periods. The major lineages rapidly diversified in warm and wet habits during the Late Cretaceous, and the rapid diversification of genera from the early Oligocene onwards occurred in colder and drier environments. Plastid phylogenomics offers new and important insights into deep phylogenetic relationships and the diversification history of Rosaceae. The robust phylogenetic backbone and time estimates we provide establish a framework for future comparative studies on rosaceous evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Dong Zhang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jian-Jun Jin
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Si-Yun Chen
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Mark W Chase
- Science Directorate, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, UK
- School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7800, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Hong-Tao Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Jun-Bo Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Ting-Shuang Yi
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
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35
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Pound MJ, Salzmann U. Heterogeneity in global vegetation and terrestrial climate change during the late Eocene to early Oligocene transition. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43386. [PMID: 28233862 PMCID: PMC5324063 DOI: 10.1038/srep43386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid global cooling at the Eocene – Oligocene Transition (EOT), ~33.9–33.5 Ma, is widely considered to mark the onset of the modern icehouse world. A large and rapid drop in atmospheric pCO2 has been proposed as the driving force behind extinctions in the marine realm and glaciation on Antarctica. However, the global terrestrial response to this cooling is uncertain. Here we present the first global vegetation and terrestrial temperature reconstructions for the EOT. Using an extensive palynological dataset, that has been statistically grouped into palaeo-biomes, we show a more transitional nature of terrestrial climate change by indicating a spatial and temporal heterogeneity of vegetation change at the EOT in both hemispheres. The reconstructed terrestrial temperatures show for many regions a cooling that started well before the EOT and continued into the Early Oligocene. We conclude that the heterogeneous pattern of global vegetation change has been controlled by a combination of multiple forcings, such as tectonics, sea-level fall and long-term decline in greenhouse gas concentrations during the late Eocene to early Oligocene, and does not represent a single response to a rapid decline in atmospheric pCO2 at the EOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Pound
- Department of Geography, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Ulrich Salzmann
- Department of Geography, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
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36
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Hyeong K, Kuroda J, Seo I, Wilson PA. Response of the Pacific inter-tropical convergence zone to global cooling and initiation of Antarctic glaciation across the Eocene Oligocene Transition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30647. [PMID: 27507793 PMCID: PMC4979033 DOI: 10.1038/srep30647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 34 million years ago across the Eocene–Oligocene transition (EOT), Earth’s climate tipped from a largely unglaciated state into one that sustained large ice sheets on Antarctica. Antarctic glaciation is attributed to a threshold response to slow decline in atmospheric CO2 but our understanding of the feedback processes triggered and of climate change on the other contents is limited. Here we present new geochemical records of terrigenous dust accumulating on the sea floor across the EOT from a site in the central equatorial Pacific. We report a change in dust chemistry from an Asian affinity to a Central-South American provenance that occurs geologically synchronously with the initiation of stepwise global cooling, glaciation of Antarctica and aridification on the northern continents. We infer that the inter-tropical convergence zone of intense precipitation extended to our site during late Eocene, at least four degrees latitude further south than today, but that it migrated northwards in step with global cooling and initiation of Antarctic glaciation. Our findings point to an atmospheric teleconnection between extratropical cooling and rainfall climate in the tropics and the mid-latitude belt of the westerlies operating across the most pivotal transition in climate state of the Cenozoic Era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiseong Hyeong
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Junichiro Kuroda
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Inah Seo
- Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, South Korea.,School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Paul A Wilson
- National Oceanography Center Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
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37
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Major ontogenetic transitions during Volvox (Chlorophyta) evolution: when and where might they have occurred? Dev Genes Evol 2016; 226:349-54. [PMID: 27461033 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-016-0557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper represents an attempt to unify data from various lines of Volvox research: developmental biology, biogeography, and evolution. Several species (such as Volvox carteri and Volvox spermatosphaera) are characterized by rapid divisions of asexual reproductive cells, which may proceed in darkness. By contrast, several other species (such as Volvox aureus, Volvox globator, and Volvox tertius) exhibit slow and light/dependent divisions. The transition from the former pattern of asexual life cycle to the latter one has occurred in three lineages of the genus Volvox. Since V. aureus (unlike V. carteri) is able to complete the life cycle at a short photoperiod (8 h light/16 h dark regime), it is reasonable to suggest that the abovementioned evolutionary transitions might have occurred as adaptations to short winter days in high latitudes under warm climate conditions in the deep past. In the case of the lineage leading to V. tertius + Volvox dissipatrix, the crucial reorganizations of asexual life cycle might have occurred between about 45 and 60 million years ago in relatively high latitudes of Southern Hemisphere.
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38
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Eronen JT, Janis CM, Chamberlain CP, Mulch A. Mountain uplift explains differences in Palaeogene patterns of mammalian evolution and extinction between North America and Europe. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:20150136. [PMID: 26041349 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterns of late Palaeogene mammalian evolution appear to be very different between Eurasia and North America. Around the Eocene-Oligocene (EO) transition global temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere plummet: following this, European mammal faunas undergo a profound extinction event (the Grande Coupure), while in North America they appear to pass through this temperature event unscathed. Here, we investigate the role of surface uplift to environmental change and mammalian evolution through the Palaeogene (66-23 Ma). Palaeogene regional surface uplift in North America caused large-scale reorganization of precipitation patterns, particularly in the continental interior, in accord with our combined stable isotope and ecometric data. Changes in mammalian faunas reflect that these were dry and high-elevation palaeoenvironments. The scenario of Middle to Late Eocene (50-37 Ma) surface uplift, together with decreasing precipitation in higher-altitude regions of western North America, explains the enigma of the apparent lack of the large-scale mammal faunal change around the EO transition that characterized western Europe. We suggest that North American mammalian faunas were already pre-adapted to cooler and drier conditions preceding the EO boundary, resulting from the effects of a protracted history of surface uplift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi T Eronen
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Research Institutes, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt/Main, Germany Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christine M Janis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - C Page Chamberlain
- Department of Environmental Earth Systems Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andreas Mulch
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberg Research Institutes, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt/Main, Germany Institut für Geowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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39
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Dedeine F, Dupont S, Guyot S, Matsuura K, Wang C, Habibpour B, Bagnères AG, Mantovani B, Luchetti A. Historical biogeography of Reticulitermes termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) inferred from analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear loci. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 94:778-790. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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40
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Schluter D. Speciation, Ecological Opportunity, and Latitude (American Society of Naturalists Address). Am Nat 2016; 187:1-18. [PMID: 26814593 DOI: 10.1086/684193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Evolutionary hypotheses to explain the greater numbers of species in the tropics than the temperate zone include greater age and area, higher temperature and metabolic rates, and greater ecological opportunity. These ideas make contrasting predictions about the relationship between speciation processes and latitude, which I elaborate and evaluate. Available data suggest that per capita speciation rates are currently highest in the temperate zone and that diversification rates (speciation minus extinction) are similar between latitudes. In contrast, clades whose oldest analyzed dates precede the Eocene thermal maximum, when the extent of the tropics was much greater than today, tend to show highest speciation and diversification rates in the tropics. These findings are consistent with age and area, which is alone among hypotheses in predicting a time trend. Higher recent speciation rates in the temperate zone than the tropics suggest an additional response to high ecological opportunity associated with low species diversity. These broad patterns are compelling but provide limited insights into underlying mechanisms, arguing that studies of speciation processes along the latitudinal gradient will be vital. Using threespine stickleback in depauperate northern lakes as an example, I show how high ecological opportunity can lead to rapid speciation. The results support a role for ecological opportunity in speciation, but its importance in the evolution of the latitudinal gradient remains uncertain. I conclude that per capita evolutionary rates are no longer higher in the tropics than the temperate zone. Nevertheless, the vast numbers of species that have already accumulated in the tropics ensure that total rate of species production remains highest there. Thus, tropical evolutionary momentum helps to perpetuate the steep latitudinal biodiversity gradient.
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41
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Brunke AJ, Chatzimanolis S, Schillhammer H, Solodovnikov A. Early evolution of the hyperdiverse rove beetle tribe Staphylinini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae) and a revision of its higher classification. Cladistics 2015; 32:427-451. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Brunke
- BioSystematics Natural History Museum of Denmark Universitetsparken 15 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Stylianos Chatzimanolis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Tennessee at Chattanooga 615 McCallie Ave. Dept. 2653 Chattanooga TN USA
| | - Harald Schillhammer
- Natural History Museum Vienna International Institute for Entomology Burgring 7 A ‐1010 Vienna Austria
| | - Alexey Solodovnikov
- BioSystematics Natural History Museum of Denmark Universitetsparken 15 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
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42
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Pointing SB, Burkhard Büdel, Convey P, Gillman LN, Körner C, Leuzinger S, Vincent WF. Biogeography of photoautotrophs in the high polar biome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:692. [PMID: 26442009 PMCID: PMC4566839 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The global latitudinal gradient in biodiversity weakens in the high polar biome and so an alternative explanation for distribution of Arctic and Antarctic photoautotrophs is required. Here we identify how temporal, microclimate and evolutionary drivers of biogeography are important, rather than the macroclimate features that drive plant diversity patterns elsewhere. High polar ecosystems are biologically unique, with a more central role for bryophytes, lichens and microbial photoautotrophs over that of vascular plants. Constraints on vascular plants arise mainly due to stature and ontogenetic barriers. Conversely non-vascular plant and microbial photoautotroph distribution is correlated with favorable microclimates and the capacity for poikilohydric dormancy. Contemporary distribution also depends on evolutionary history, with adaptive and dispersal traits as well as legacy influencing biogeography. We highlight the relevance of these findings to predicting future impacts on diversity of polar photoautotrophs and to the current status of plants in Arctic and Antarctic conservation policy frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B. Pointing
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Burkhard Büdel
- Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Peter Convey
- British Antarctic Survey, NERC, Cambridge, UK
- National Antarctic Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Len N. Gillman
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Sebastian Leuzinger
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Warwick F. Vincent
- Centre d’\Études Nordiques and Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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43
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Descombes P, Wisz MS, Leprieur F, Parravicini V, Heine C, Olsen SM, Swingedouw D, Kulbicki M, Mouillot D, Pellissier L. Forecasted coral reef decline in marine biodiversity hotspots under climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:2479-2487. [PMID: 25611594 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Coral bleaching events threaten coral reef habitats globally and cause severe declines of local biodiversity and productivity. Related to high sea surface temperatures (SST), bleaching events are expected to increase as a consequence of future global warming. However, response to climate change is still uncertain as future low-latitude climatic conditions have no present-day analogue. Sea surface temperatures during the Eocene epoch were warmer than forecasted changes for the coming century, and distributions of corals during the Eocene may help to inform models forecasting the future of coral reefs. We coupled contemporary and Eocene coral occurrences with information on their respective climatic conditions to model the thermal niche of coral reefs and its potential response to projected climate change. We found that under the RCP8.5 climate change scenario, the global suitability for coral reefs may increase up to 16% by 2100, mostly due to improved suitability of higher latitudes. In contrast, in its current range, coral reef suitability may decrease up to 46% by 2100. Reduction in thermal suitability will be most severe in biodiversity hotspots, especially in the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Our results suggest that many contemporary hotspots for coral reefs, including those that have been refugia in the past, spatially mismatch with future suitable areas for coral reefs posing challenges to conservation actions under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Descombes
- Unit of Ecology & Evolution, University of Fribourg, Ch. du Musée 10, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mary S Wisz
- Department of Ecology and Environment, DHI-Group, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Fabien Leprieur
- Laboratoire Ecologie des Systèmes Marins Côtiers UMR 5119, CNRS, IRD, IFREMER, UM2, UM1, cc 093, Place E. Bataillon, FR-34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Valerianio Parravicini
- CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, LABEX 'CORAIL', University of Perpignan, 66860, Perpignan, France
- CESAB-FRB, Immeuble Henri Poincaré, Domaine du Petit Arbois, FR-13857, Aix-en-Provence Cedex 3, France
| | - Christian Heine
- EarthByte Group, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Shell International Exploration & Production, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Steffen M Olsen
- Center for Ocean and Ice Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Didier Swingedouw
- EPOC, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy St Hilaire, 33615, Pessac cedex, France
| | - Michel Kulbicki
- Laboratoire Arago, UR "CoReUs", Institut pour la Recherche en Développement, Labex Corail, B.P. 44, 66651, Banyuls/mer, France
| | - David Mouillot
- Laboratoire Ecologie des Systèmes Marins Côtiers UMR 5119, CNRS, IRD, IFREMER, UM2, UM1, cc 093, Place E. Bataillon, FR-34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811, Australia
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Unit of Ecology & Evolution, University of Fribourg, Ch. du Musée 10, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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44
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Goldner A, Herold N, Huber M. Antarctic glaciation caused ocean circulation changes at the Eocene-Oligocene transition. Nature 2014; 511:574-7. [PMID: 25079555 DOI: 10.1038/nature13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Two main hypotheses compete to explain global cooling and the abrupt growth of the Antarctic ice sheet across the Eocene-Oligocene transition about 34 million years ago: thermal isolation of Antarctica due to southern ocean gateway opening, and declining atmospheric CO2 (refs 5, 6). Increases in ocean thermal stratification and circulation in proxies across the Eocene-Oligocene transition have been interpreted as a unique signature of gateway opening, but at present both mechanisms remain possible. Here, using a coupled ocean-atmosphere model, we show that the rise of Antarctic glaciation, rather than altered palaeogeography, is best able to explain the observed oceanographic changes. We find that growth of the Antarctic ice sheet caused enhanced northward transport of Antarctic intermediate water and invigorated the formation of Antarctic bottom water, fundamentally reorganizing ocean circulation. Conversely, gateway openings had much less impact on ocean thermal stratification and circulation. Our results support available evidence that CO2 drawdown--not gateway opening--caused Antarctic ice sheet growth, and further show that these feedbacks in turn altered ocean circulation. The precise timing and rate of glaciation, and thus its impacts on ocean circulation, reflect the balance between potentially positive feedbacks (increases in sea ice extent and enhanced primary productivity) and negative feedbacks (stronger southward heat transport and localized high-latitude warming). The Antarctic ice sheet had a complex, dynamic role in ocean circulation and heat fluxes during its initiation, and these processes are likely to operate in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Goldner
- 1] Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA [2] American Geophysical Union, Washington DC 20009, USA
| | - N Herold
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
| | - M Huber
- 1] Department of Earth Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA [2] Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for Earth, Ocean and Space Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
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45
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Evolution and biogeography of gymnosperms. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 75:24-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Fossil palm beetles refine upland winter temperatures in the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8095-100. [PMID: 24821798 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323269111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eocene climate and associated biotic patterns provide an analog system to understand their modern interactions. The relationship between mean annual temperatures and winter temperatures-temperature seasonality-may be an important factor in this dynamic. Fossils of frost-intolerant palms imply low Eocene temperature seasonality into high latitudes, constraining average winter temperatures there to >8 °C. However, their presence in a paleocommunity may be obscured by taphonomic and identification factors for macrofossils and pollen. We circumvented these problems by establishing the presence of obligate palm-feeding beetles (Chrysomelidae: Pachymerina) at three localities (a fourth, tentatively) in microthermal to lower mesothermal Early Eocene upland communities in Washington and British Columbia. This provides support for warmer winter Eocene climates extending northward into cooler Canadian uplands.
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Mannion PD, Upchurch P, Benson RBJ, Goswami A. The latitudinal biodiversity gradient through deep time. Trends Ecol Evol 2013; 29:42-50. [PMID: 24139126 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Today, biodiversity decreases from equatorial to polar regions. This is a fundamental pattern governing the distribution of extant organisms, the understanding of which is critical to predicting climatically driven biodiversity loss. However, its causes remain unresolved. The fossil record offers a unique perspective on the evolution of this latitudinal biodiversity gradient (LBG), providing a dynamic system in which to explore spatiotemporal diversity fluctuations. Deep-time studies indicate that a tropical peak and poleward decline in species diversity has not been a persistent pattern throughout the Phanerozoic, but is restricted to intervals of the Palaeozoic and the past 30 million years. A tropical peak might characterise cold icehouse climatic regimes, whereas warmer greenhouse regimes display temperate diversity peaks or flattened gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Mannion
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Paul Upchurch
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Roger B J Benson
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Anjali Goswami
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK; Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way, London, NW1 2HE, UK
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48
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Koecke AV, Muellner-Riehl AN, Pennington TD, Schorr G, Schnitzler J. Niche evolution through time and across continents: The story of Neotropical Cedrela (Meliaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:1800-1810. [PMID: 24018859 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1300059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Climatic and geological changes have been considered as major drivers of biological diversification. However, it has been generally assumed that lineages retain common environmental affinities, suggesting a limited capacity to switch their climatic niche. We tested this assumption with a study of the evolution of climatic niches in the Neotropical tree genus Cedrela (Meliaceae). • METHODS We combined distribution models of extant Cedrela with a dated molecular phylogeny based on one nuclear (ITS) and three plastid markers (psbA-trnH, trnS-G and psbB-T-N) to reconstruct the evolutionary dynamics of climatic niches. We calculated relative disparity of climatic tolerances over time to test for niche evolution within subclades or divergence between subclades and conservatism among closely related groups. Published fossil records and studies on paleosols were evaluated for the distribution and climatic conditions of extinct Cedrela. • KEY RESULTS The fossil record of Cedrela suggested a major biome shift from paratropical conditions into warm-temperate seasonal climates in the Early Oligocene of western North America. In the Miocene, Cedrela extended from North America (John Day Formation, Oregon, USA) to southern Central America (Gatún, Panama). Diversification in the early evolutionary history was mainly driven by changes in precipitation. Temperature had an increasing impact on ecological diversification of the genus from the Miocene onwards. Sister-species comparisons revealed that recent speciation events may be related to divergence of climatic tolerances. • CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the complexity of climatic niche dynamics, and shows how conservatism and evolution have acted on different temporal scales and climatic parameters in Cedrela.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Valerie Koecke
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F) & Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution, Grunelius-Moellgaard Laboratory, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Veter NM, DeSantis LRG, Yann LT, Donohue SL, Haupt RJ, Corapi SE, Fathel SL, Gootee EK, Loffredo LF, Romer JL, Velkovsky SM. Is Rapoport's rule a recent phenomenon? A deep time perspective on potential causal mechanisms. Biol Lett 2013; 9:20130398. [PMID: 23945207 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2013.0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroecology strives to identify ecological patterns on broad spatial and temporal scales. One such pattern, Rapoport's rule, describes the tendency of species' latitudinal ranges to increase with increasing latitude. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this rule. Some invoke climate, either through glaciation driving differential extinction of northern species or through increased seasonal variability at higher latitudes causing higher thermal tolerances and subsequently larger ranges. Alternatively, continental tapering or higher interspecific competition at lower latitudes may be responsible. Assessing the incidence of Rapoport's rule through deep time can help to distinguish between competing explanations. Using fossil occurrence data from the Palaeobiology Database, we test these hypotheses by evaluating mammalian compliance with the rule throughout the Caenozoic of North America. Adherence to Rapoport's rule primarily coincides with periods of intense cooling and increased seasonality, suggesting that extinctions caused by changing climate may have played an important role in erecting the latitudinal gradients in range sizes seen today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai M Veter
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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Terrestrial cooling in Northern Europe during the eocene-oligocene transition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:7562-7. [PMID: 23610424 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1210930110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Geochemical and modeling studies suggest that the transition from the "greenhouse" state of the Late Eocene to the "icehouse" conditions of the Oligocene 34-33.5 Ma was triggered by a reduction of atmospheric pCO2 that enabled the rapid buildup of a permanent ice sheet on the Antarctic continent. Marine records show that the drop in pCO2 during this interval was accompanied by a significant decline in high-latitude sea surface and deep ocean temperature and enhanced seasonality in middle and high latitudes. However, terrestrial records of this climate transition show heterogeneous responses to changing pCO2 and ocean temperatures, with some records showing a significant time lag in the temperature response to declining pCO2. We measured the Δ47 of aragonite shells of the freshwater gastropod Viviparus lentus from the Solent Group, Hampshire Basin, United Kingdom, to reconstruct terrestrial temperature and hydrologic change in the North Atlantic region during the Eocene-Oligocene transition. Our data show a decrease in growing-season surface water temperatures (~10 °C) during the Eocene-Oligocene transition, corresponding to an average decrease in mean annual air temperature of ~4-6 °C from the Late Eocene to Early Oligocene. The magnitude of cooling is similar to observed decreases in North Atlantic sea surface temperature over this interval and occurs during major glacial expansion. This suggests a close linkage between atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, Northern Hemisphere temperature, and expansion of the Antarctic ice sheets.
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