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Poudel SP, Behura SK. Relevance of the regulation of the brain-placental axis to the nocturnal bottleneck of mammals. Placenta 2024; 155:11-21. [PMID: 39121583 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2024.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evolutionary theory suggests that the ancestors of all placental animals were nocturnal. Visual perceptive function of mammalian brain has evolved extensively, but nearly 70 % of today's mammals are still nocturnal. While placental influence on brain development is known, if placenta plays a role in the visual perceptive function of mammalian brain remains untested. The present study aims to test this hypothesis. METHODS In this study, single-nuclei RNA sequencing was performed to identify genes expressed in the pig placenta and fetal brain, and then compared with the orthologous genes expressed in the placenta and fetal brain cells of mouse. Differential gene expression analysis was performed to identify placental genes regulated differentially between nocturnal and diurnal animals. Phylogenetic modeling was performed to test correlated evolution between placenta type, and the nocturnal or diurnal activity among different mammals. RESULTS The results showed that genes differentially regulated in the fetal brain were related to visual perception whereas the placental genes were related to the nocturnal or diurnal activity in placental animals. Phylogenetic modeling of these genes in thirty-four diverse mammalian species showed evidence for evolutionary link between placenta and the nocturnal/diurnal activity in animals. DISCUSSION The findings of this study suggest that the placenta plays a role in the evolution of visual perceptive function of brain to shape the nocturnal or diurnal activity of placental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar P Poudel
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Susanta K Behura
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; MU Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Interdisciplinary Reproduction and Health Group, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, 920 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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2
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Zhang Z, Gu Q, Chen L, Yuan D, Gu X, Qian H, Xie P, Liu Q, Hu Z. Selective microRNA expression of exosomes from retinal pigment epithelial cells by oxidative stress. Vision Res 2024; 220:108388. [PMID: 38593635 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The function of exosomal miRNAs (miRs) in retinal degeneration is largely unclear. We were aimed to investigate the functions of exosomes as well as their miRs derived from retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells following exposure to oxidative stress (OS). After the OS by lipopolysaccharide and rotenone on RPE cells, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) were upregulated, along with the decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and upregulated oxidative damage marker 8-OH-dG in RPE cells. RPE-derived exosomes were then isolated, identified, injected into the subretinal space in mice. After subretinal injection, RPE-exosomes after OS not only induced higher ROS level and apoptotic retinal cells, but also elevated IL-1β, IL-6 alongside TNF-α expressions among retina/RPE/choroidal complex. Next, miRs inside the exosomes were sequenced by the next generation sequencing (NGS) technology. NGS revealed that certain miRs were abundant in exosomes, while others were selectively kept by RPE cells. Further, downregulated miRs, like miR-125b-5p, miR-125a-5p, alongside miR-128-3p, and upregulated miR, such as miR-7-5p were validated byRT-qPCR. Finally, Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were used to find the possible target genes of those selective exosomal miRs. Our results proved that the RPE-derived exosomes after OS selectively express certain miRs, providing novel insights into the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xuzhou First People's Hospital, The Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University. Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Qinyuan Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Xuzhou First People's Hospital, The Affiliated Xuzhou Municipal Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University. Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Dongqing Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Xunyi Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Huiming Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Qinghuai Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
| | - Zizhong Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
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3
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Lisek M, Tomczak J, Swiatek J, Kaluza A, Boczek T. Histone Deacetylases in Retinoblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6910. [PMID: 39000021 PMCID: PMC11241206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma, a pediatric ocular malignancy, presents significant challenges in comprehending its molecular underpinnings and targeted therapeutic approaches. The dysregulated activity of histone deacetylases (HDACs) has been associated with retinoblastoma pathogenesis, influencing critical cellular processes like cell cycle regulation or retinal ganglion cell apoptosis. Through their deacetylase activity, HDACs exert control over key tumor suppressors and oncogenes, influencing the delicate equilibrium between proliferation and cell death. Furthermore, the interplay between HDACs and the retinoblastoma protein pathway, a pivotal aspect of retinoblastoma etiology, reveals a complex network of interactions influencing the tumor microenvironment. The examination of HDAC inhibitors, encompassing both established and novel compounds, offers insights into potential approaches to restore acetylation balance and impede retinoblastoma progression. Moreover, the identification of specific HDAC isoforms exhibiting varying expression in retinoblastoma provides avenues for personalized therapeutic strategies, allowing for interventions tailored to individual patient profiles. This review focuses on the intricate interrelationship between HDACs and retinoblastoma, shedding light on epigenetic mechanisms that control tumor development and progression. The exploration of HDAC-targeted therapies underscores the potential for innovative treatment modalities in the pursuit of more efficacious and personalized management strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Lisek
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (J.T.); (J.S.); (A.K.)
| | | | | | | | - Tomasz Boczek
- Department of Molecular Neurochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (J.T.); (J.S.); (A.K.)
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4
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Rajanala K, Upadhyay A. Epigenetic Switches in Retinal Homeostasis and Target for Drug Development. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2840. [PMID: 38474086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinal homeostasis, a tightly regulated process maintaining the functional integrity of the retina, is vital for visual function. Emerging research has unveiled the critical role of epigenetic regulation in controlling gene expression patterns during retinal development, maintenance, and response to mutational loads and injuries. Epigenetic switches, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs, play pivotal roles in orchestrating retinal gene expression and cellular responses through various intracellular, extracellular, and environmental modulators. This review compiles the current knowledge on epigenetic switches in retinal homeostasis, providing a deeper understanding of their impact on retinal structural integrity and function and using them as potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Ocugen Inc., 11 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
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5
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Fong BC, Chakroun I, Iqbal MA, Paul S, Bastasic J, O’Neil D, Yakubovich E, Bejjani AT, Ahmadi N, Carter A, Clark A, Leone G, Park DS, Ghanem N, Vandenbosch R, Slack RS. The Rb/E2F axis is a key regulator of the molecular signatures instructing the quiescent and activated adult neural stem cell state. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111578. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Lin X, Xiao Y, Song Y, Gan C, Deng X, Wang P, Liu J, Jiang Z, Peng L, Zhou D, He X, Bian J, Zhu C, Liu B, He H, Xu J. Rice microtubule-associated protein OsMAP65-3.1, but not OsMAP65-3.2, plays a critical role in phragmoplast microtubule organization in cytokinesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1030247. [PMID: 36388546 PMCID: PMC9643714 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1030247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In plants, MAP65 preferentially cross-links the anti-parallel microtubules (MTs) and plays an important role for cytokinesis. However, the functions of MAP65 isoforms in rice (Oryza sativa. L) are largely unknown. Here, we identified two MAP65-3 homologs in rice, OsMAP65-3.1 and OsMAP65-3.2. We found that both OsMAP65-3.1 and OsMAP65-3.2 were similar in dimerization and location to AtMAP65-3, and the expression of either rice genes driven by the AtMAP65-3 promoter suppressed the cytokinesis failure and growth defect of atmap65-3. However, OsMAP65-3.1 with native promoter also recovered the atmap65-3, but OsMAP65-3.2 with its own promoter had no effects. OsMAP65-3.1 but not OsMAP65-3.2 was actively expressed in tissues enriched with dividing cells. R1R2R3-Myb (MYB3R) transcription factors directly bound to the OsMAP65-3.1 promoter but not that of OsMAP65-3.2. Furthermore, osmap65-3.2 had no obvious phenotype, while either osmap65-3.1 or osmap65-3.1(+/-) was lethal. The eminent MTs around the daughter nuclei and cytokinesis defects were frequently observed in OsMAP65-3.1-defective plants. Taken together, our findings suggest that OsMAP65-3.1, rather than OsMAP65-3.2, plays essential roles in rice cytokinesis resulting from their differential expression which were passably directly regulated by OsMYB3Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Lin
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding of the Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongping Song
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding of the Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Cong Gan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding of the Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xingguang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding of the Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jialong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding of the Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhishu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding of the Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Limei Peng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding of the Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Dahu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding of the Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaopeng He
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding of the Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianmin Bian
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding of the Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Changlan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding of the Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Haohua He
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding of the Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology, and Genetic Breeding of the Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Zhang Y, Zhan K, Hu Z, Zhao G. SV40T/E6E7-Induced Proliferation Is Involved in the Activity of E2F3 in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141790. [PMID: 35883337 PMCID: PMC9312334 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A previous study demonstrated that SV40T does not require E2F1, E2F2, and E2F3 activators to induce proliferation in mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs). Our results showed that, at an early stage, primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) lacking the E2F1 expression have the capacity to proliferate and show E2F2 and E2F3 slight protein levels. At a late stage, primary BMECs deficient for E2F3 completely abolish any proliferative ability and exhibit a severe cell senescence signal, although the E2F2 can be expressed at a late stage of primary BMECs. Compared with the late stage of primary BMECs, the BMECs immortalized by SV40T and E6E7 restored the protein level of E2F3. In conclusion, this study revealed a molecular mechanism where E2F3 controls the BMECs’ proliferation and senescence. Abstract The E2F family of transcription factor is divided into activators and repressors that control cell proliferation. Bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) can be immortalized using human papillomavirus 16 E6E7 (HPV16 E6E7) and simian vacuolating virus 40 large T antigen (SV40T). In addition, SV40T does not require E2F1, E2F2, and E2F3 activators to induce proliferation in mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs). However, we report that E2F3 activator is required to induce the proliferation of BMECs. Our results showed that, at an early stage, primary BMECs lacking the E2F1 expression have the capacity to proliferate and show E2F2 and E2F3 slight protein levels. At a late stage, primary BMECs deficient for E2F3 completely abolish any proliferative ability and exhibit a severe cell senescence signal, although the E2F2 can be expressed at a late stage of primary BMECs. Compared with the late stage of primary BMECs, the BMECs immortalized by SV40T and E6E7 restored the protein level of E2F3 and enhanced the CDK4, CDK6, cyclin D3, and CDK2 protein level, leading to proliferating robustly. Surprisingly, it was found that p53, p21Cip1, and p27Kip1 were upregulated in SV40T and E6E7-immortalized BMECs, relatively to primary BMECs. Notably, Cdc2 was almost expressed in primary BMECs. However, Cdc2 was elevated in BMECs immortalized by SV40T and E6E7. In conclusion, this study revealed a molecular mechanism where E2F3 controls the BMECs’ proliferation and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Zhang
- Experimental Farm of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (K.Z.); (Z.H.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kang Zhan
- Experimental Farm of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (K.Z.); (Z.H.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zixuan Hu
- Experimental Farm of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (K.Z.); (Z.H.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guoqi Zhao
- Experimental Farm of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Z.); (K.Z.); (Z.H.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18852720422
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8
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Sainz de la Maza D, Hof-Michel S, Phillimore L, Bökel C, Amoyel M. Cell-cycle exit and stem cell differentiation are coupled through regulation of mitochondrial activity in the Drosophila testis. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110774. [PMID: 35545055 PMCID: PMC9350557 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas stem and progenitor cells proliferate to maintain tissue homeostasis, fully differentiated cells exit the cell cycle. How cell identity and cell-cycle state are coordinated during differentiation is still poorly understood. The Drosophila testis niche supports germline stem cells and somatic cyst stem cells (CySCs). CySCs give rise to post-mitotic cyst cells, providing a tractable model to study the links between stem cell identity and proliferation. We show that, while cell-cycle progression is required for CySC self-renewal, the E2f1/Dp transcription factor is dispensable for self-renewal but instead must be silenced by the Drosophila retinoblastoma homolog, Rbf, to permit differentiation. Continued E2f1/Dp activity inhibits the expression of genes important for mitochondrial activity. Furthermore, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis rescues the differentiation of CySCs with ectopic E2f1/Dp activity but not their cell-cycle exit. In sum, E2f1/Dp coordinates cell-cycle progression with stem cell identity by regulating the metabolic state of CySCs. CycE is critical for CySC self-renewal E2f/Dp does not act in self-renewal but must be silenced for differentiation E2f/Dp inhibits increases in oxidative metabolism involved in normal differentiation Increased mitochondrial biogenesis rescues differentiation of E2f/Dp-active cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sainz de la Maza
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Silvana Hof-Michel
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lee Phillimore
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Christian Bökel
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Philipps University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Marc Amoyel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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9
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Jiang Z, Li H, Schroer SA, Voisin V, Ju Y, Pacal M, Erdmann N, Shi W, Chung PED, Deng T, Chen NJ, Ciavarra G, Datti A, Mak TW, Harrington L, Dick FA, Bader GD, Bremner R, Woo M, Zacksenhaus E. Hypophosphorylated pRb knock-in mice exhibit hallmarks of aging and vitamin C-preventable diabetes. EMBO J 2022; 41:e106825. [PMID: 35023164 PMCID: PMC8844977 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive analysis of pRB phosphorylation in vitro, how this modification influences development and homeostasis in vivo is unclear. Here, we show that homozygous Rb∆K4 and Rb∆K7 knock‐in mice, in which either four or all seven phosphorylation sites in the C‐terminal region of pRb, respectively, have been abolished by Ser/Thr‐to‐Ala substitutions, undergo normal embryogenesis and early development, notwithstanding suppressed phosphorylation of additional upstream sites. Whereas Rb∆K4 mice exhibit telomere attrition but no other abnormalities, Rb∆K7 mice are smaller and display additional hallmarks of premature aging including infertility, kyphosis, and diabetes, indicating an accumulative effect of blocking pRb phosphorylation. Diabetes in Rb∆K7 mice is insulin‐sensitive and associated with failure of quiescent pancreatic β‐cells to re‐enter the cell cycle in response to mitogens, resulting in induction of DNA damage response (DDR), senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP), and reduced pancreatic islet mass and circulating insulin level. Pre‐treatment with the epigenetic regulator vitamin C reduces DDR, increases cell cycle re‐entry, improves islet morphology, and attenuates diabetes. These results have direct implications for cell cycle regulation, CDK‐inhibitor therapeutics, diabetes, and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Jiang
- Max Bell Research Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Huiqin Li
- Max Bell Research Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie A Schroer
- Max Bell Research Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Veronique Voisin
- The Donnelly Centre, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - YoungJun Ju
- Max Bell Research Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marek Pacal
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute - Sinai Health System, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Natalie Erdmann
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wei Shi
- Max Bell Research Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Philip E D Chung
- Max Bell Research Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tao Deng
- Max Bell Research Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nien-Jung Chen
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Giovanni Ciavarra
- Max Bell Research Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alessandro Datti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Network Biology Collaborative Centre, SMART Laboratory for High-Throughput Screening Programs, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tak W Mak
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lea Harrington
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Frederick A Dick
- Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Gary D Bader
- The Donnelly Centre, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rod Bremner
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute - Sinai Health System, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Minna Woo
- Max Bell Research Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eldad Zacksenhaus
- Max Bell Research Centre, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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10
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Mehramiz M, Porter T, Laws SM, Rainey-Smith SR. Sleep, Sirtuin 1 and Alzheimer's disease: A review. AGING BRAIN 2022; 2:100050. [PMID: 36908890 PMCID: PMC9997138 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2022.100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep plays a major role in brain health, and cognition. Disrupted sleep is a well-described symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, accumulating evidence suggests suboptimal sleep also increases AD risk. The deacetylase Sirtuin 1 (Sirt 1), encoded by the SIRT1 gene, impacts sleep via its relationship to wake-sleep neurotransmitters and somnogens. Evidence from animal and human studies supports a significant and complex relationship between sleep, Sirt 1/ SIRT1 and AD. Numerous hypotheses attempt to explain the critical impact of Sirt 1/ SIRT1 on wake- and sleep- promoting neurons, their related mechanisms and neurotransmitters. However, there is a paucity of studies assessing the interaction between sleep and Sirt 1/ SIRT1, as a principal component of sleep regulation, on AD pathology. In this review, we explore the potential association between Sirt 1/ SIRT1, sleep, and AD aetiology. Given sleep is a likely modifiable risk factor for AD, and recent studies suggest Sirt 1/ SIRT1 activation can be modulated by lifestyle or dietary approaches, further research in this area is required to explore its potential as a target for AD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrane Mehramiz
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Tenielle Porter
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Simon M Laws
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Rainey-Smith
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Lifestyle Approaches Towards Cognitive Health Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation (Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute), Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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11
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Lewis DA, Ly T. Cell Cycle Entry Control in Naïve and Memory CD8 + T Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:727441. [PMID: 34692683 PMCID: PMC8526999 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.727441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells play important roles in immunity and immuno-oncology. Upon antigen recognition and co-stimulation, naïve CD8+ T cells escape from dormancy to engage in a complex programme of cellular growth, cell cycle entry and differentiation, resulting in rapid proliferation cycles that has the net effect of producing clonally expanded, antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). A fraction of activated T cells will re-enter dormancy by differentiating into memory T cells, which have essential roles in adaptive immunity. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of cell cycle entry control in CD8+ T cells and crosstalk between these mechanisms and pathways regulating immunological phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Lewis
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Ly
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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12
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Mimura T, Funatsu H, Noma H, Kondo A, Mizota A. Silent Information Regulator T1 in Aqueous Humor of Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Open Ophthalmol J 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1874364102115010187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose:
The purpose of this study is to compare the aqueous humor level of Silent Information Regulator T1 (SIRT1) between patients with Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) and cataract patients.
Materials and Methods:
Aqueous humor level of SIRT1 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 13 patients with wet-type AMD (n=13, AMD group) and 13 patients with cataracts (cataract group). In addition, the thickness of each retinal layer was determined by optical coherence tomography.
Results:
The aqueous humor level of SIRT1 was significantly lower in the AMD group than in the cataract group (p=0.007). In the AMD group, the SIRT1 level was positively correlated with the thickness of the retinal ganglion cell layer (r=0.31) and the inner nuclear layer (r=0.76).
Conclusion:
The aqueous level of SIRT1 decreased as the ganglion cell layer and inner nuclear layer became thinner, suggesting that reduction of SIRT1 activity might be involved in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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13
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Ruiyang B, Panayi A, Ruifang W, Peng Z, Siqi F. Adiponectin in psoriasis and its comorbidities: a review. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:87. [PMID: 34372872 PMCID: PMC8353790 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01510-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease characterized by abnormal T cell activation and excessive proliferation of keratinocytes. In addition to skin manifestations, psoriasis has been associated with multiple metabolic comorbidities, such as obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes. An increasing amount of evidence has highlighted the core role of adipokines in adipose tissue and the immune system. This review focus on the role of adiponectin in the pathophysiology of psoriasis and its comorbidities, highlighting the future research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai Ruiyang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Adriana Panayi
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wu Ruifang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zhang Peng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Fu Siqi
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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14
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Herrera SC, Sainz de la Maza D, Grmai L, Margolis S, Plessel R, Burel M, O'Connor M, Amoyel M, Bach EA. Proliferative stem cells maintain quiescence of their niche by secreting the Activin inhibitor Follistatin. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2284-2294.e6. [PMID: 34363758 PMCID: PMC8387025 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aging causes stem cell dysfunction as a result of extrinsic and intrinsic changes. Decreased function of the stem cell niche is an important contributor to this dysfunction. We use the Drosophila testis to investigate what factors maintain niche cells. The testis niche comprises quiescent “hub” cells and supports two mitotic stem cell pools: germline stem cells and somatic cyst stem cells (CySCs). We identify the cell-cycle-responsive Dp/E2f1 transcription factor as a crucial non-autonomous regulator required in CySCs to maintain hub cell quiescence. Dp/E2f1 inhibits local Activin ligands through production of the Activin antagonist Follistatin (Fs). Inactivation of Dp/E2f1 or Fs in CySCs or promoting Activin receptor signaling in hub cells causes transdifferentiation of hub cells into fully functional CySCs. This Activin-dependent communication between CySCs and hub regulates the physiological decay of the niche with age and demonstrates that hub cell quiescence results from signals from surrounding stem cells. Dp/E2f1 is required in stem cells to non-autonomously maintain niche quiescence Dp/E2f1 promotes niche quiescence through Fs, an Activin antagonist Activin signaling in niche cells causes transdifferentiation into functional stem cells Fs in stem cells regulates the physiological decay of the niche with age
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador C Herrera
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Diego Sainz de la Maza
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Lydia Grmai
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shally Margolis
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Rebecca Plessel
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael Burel
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael O'Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marc Amoyel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Erika A Bach
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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15
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Combined Inactivation of Pocket Proteins and APC/C Cdh1 by Cdk4/6 Controls Recovery from DNA Damage in G1 Phase. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030550. [PMID: 33806417 PMCID: PMC7999910 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are redundant for normal cell division. Here we tested whether these redundancies are maintained during cell cycle recovery after a DNA damage-induced arrest in G1. Using non-transformed RPE-1 cells, we find that while Cdk4 and Cdk6 act redundantly during normal S-phase entry, they both become essential for S-phase entry after DNA damage in G1. We show that this is due to a greater overall dependency for Cdk4/6 activity, rather than to independent functions of either kinase. In addition, we show that inactivation of pocket proteins is sufficient to overcome the inhibitory effects of complete Cdk4/6 inhibition in otherwise unperturbed cells, but that this cannot revert the effects of Cdk4/6 inhibition in DNA damaged cultures. Indeed, we could confirm that, in addition to inactivation of pocket proteins, Cdh1-dependent anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/CCdh1) activity needs to be inhibited to promote S-phase entry in damaged cultures. Collectively, our data indicate that DNA damage in G1 creates a unique situation where high levels of Cdk4/6 activity are required to inactivate pocket proteins and APC/CCdh1 to promote the transition from G1 to S phase.
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16
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Bartoli-Leonard F, Wilkinson FL, Schiro A, Serracino Inglott F, Alexander MY, Weston R. Loss of SIRT1 in diabetes accelerates DNA damage-induced vascular calcification. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:836-849. [PMID: 32402066 PMCID: PMC7898956 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Vascular calcification is a recognized predictor of cardiovascular risk in the diabetic patient, with DNA damage and accelerated senescence linked to oxidative stress-associated pathological calcification. Having previously shown that systemic SIRT1 is reduced in diabetes, the aim was to establish whether SIRT1 is protective against a DNA damage-induced senescent and calcified phenotype in diabetic vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs). METHODS AND RESULTS Immunohistochemistry revealed decreased SIRT1 and increased DNA damage marker expression in diabetic calcified arteries compared to non-diabetic and non-calcified controls, strengthened by findings that vSMCs isolated from diabetic patients show elevated DNA damage and senescence, assessed by the Comet assay and telomere length. Hyperglycaemic conditions were used and induced DNA damage and enhanced senescence in vSMCs in vitro. Using H2O2 as a model of oxidative stress-induced DNA damage, pharmacological activation of SIRT1 reduced H2O2 DNA damage-induced calcification, prevented not only DNA damage, as shown by reduced comet tail length, but also decreased yH2AX foci formation, and attenuated calcification. While Ataxia Telanglectasia Mutated (ATM) expression was reduced following DNA damage, in contrast, SIRT1 activation significantly increased ATM expression, phosphorylating both MRE11 and NBS1, thus allowing formation of the MRN complex and increasing activation of the DNA repair pathway. CONCLUSION DNA damage-induced calcification is accelerated within a diabetic environment and can be attenuated in vitro by SIRT1 activation. This occurs through enhancement of the MRN repair complex within vSMCs and has therapeutic potential within the diabetic patient.
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MESH Headings
- Acid Anhydride Hydrolases/metabolism
- Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins/metabolism
- Calcium Chloride/toxicity
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cellular Senescence
- DNA Damage
- DNA Repair
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus/pathology
- Disease Progression
- Glucose/toxicity
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Hydrogen Peroxide/toxicity
- MRE11 Homologue Protein/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Osteogenesis
- Phenotype
- Phosphorylation
- Popliteal Artery/drug effects
- Popliteal Artery/enzymology
- Popliteal Artery/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- Sirtuin 1/deficiency
- Sirtuin 1/genetics
- Time Factors
- Vascular Calcification/enzymology
- Vascular Calcification/genetics
- Vascular Calcification/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bartoli-Leonard
- Department of Life Science, Translational Cardiovascular Science, Centre for Bioscience, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Fiona L Wilkinson
- Department of Life Science, Translational Cardiovascular Science, Centre for Bioscience, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Andrew Schiro
- Vascular Unit, Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Ferdinand Serracino Inglott
- Vascular Unit, Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - M Yvonne Alexander
- Department of Life Science, Translational Cardiovascular Science, Centre for Bioscience, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Ria Weston
- Department of Life Science, Translational Cardiovascular Science, Centre for Bioscience, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
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17
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Functional genomics identifies new synergistic therapies for retinoblastoma. Oncogene 2020; 39:5338-5357. [PMID: 32572160 PMCID: PMC7391301 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Local intravitreal or intra-arterial chemotherapy has improved therapeutic success for the pediatric cancer retinoblastoma (RB), but toxicity remains a major caveat. RB initiates primarily with RB1 loss or, rarely, MYCN amplification, but the critical downstream networks are incompletely understood. We set out to uncover perturbed molecular hubs, identify synergistic drug combinations to target these vulnerabilities, and expose and overcome drug resistance. We applied dynamic transcriptomic analysis to identify network hubs perturbed in RB versus normal fetal retina, and performed in vivo RNAi screens in RB1null and RB1wt;MYCNamp orthotopic xenografts to pinpoint essential hubs. We employed in vitro and in vivo studies to validate hits, define mechanism, develop new therapeutic modalities, and understand drug resistance. We identified BRCA1 and RAD51 as essential for RB cell survival. Their oncogenic activity was independent of BRCA1 functions in centrosome, heterochromatin, or ROS regulation, and instead linked to DNA repair. RAD51 depletion or inhibition with the small molecule inhibitor, B02, killed RB cells in a Chk1/Chk2/p53-dependent manner. B02 further synergized with clinically relevant topotecan (TPT) to engage this pathway, activating p53-BAX mediated killing of RB but not human retinal progenitor cells. Paradoxically, a B02/TPT-resistant tumor exhibited more DNA damage than sensitive RB cells. Resistance reflected dominance of the p53-p21 axis, which mediated cell cycle arrest instead of death. Deleting p21 or applying the BCL2/BCL2L1 inhibitor Navitoclax re-engaged the p53-BAX axis, and synergized with B02, TPT or both to override resistance. These data expose new synergistic therapies to trigger p53-induced killing in diverse RB subtypes.
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18
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Lu Y, Shiau F, Yi W, Lu S, Wu Q, Pearson JD, Kallman A, Zhong S, Hoang T, Zuo Z, Zhao F, Zhang M, Tsai N, Zhuo Y, He S, Zhang J, Stein-O'Brien GL, Sherman TD, Duan X, Fertig EJ, Goff LA, Zack DJ, Handa JT, Xue T, Bremner R, Blackshaw S, Wang X, Clark BS. Single-Cell Analysis of Human Retina Identifies Evolutionarily Conserved and Species-Specific Mechanisms Controlling Development. Dev Cell 2020; 53:473-491.e9. [PMID: 32386599 PMCID: PMC8015270 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has allowed high-resolution analysis of cell-type diversity and transcriptional networks controlling cell-fate specification. To identify the transcriptional networks governing human retinal development, we performed scRNA-seq analysis on 16 time points from developing retina as well as four early stages of retinal organoid differentiation. We identified evolutionarily conserved patterns of gene expression during retinal progenitor maturation and specification of all seven major retinal cell types. Furthermore, we identified gene-expression differences between developing macula and periphery and between distinct populations of horizontal cells. We also identified species-specific patterns of gene expression during human and mouse retinal development. Finally, we identified an unexpected role for ATOH7 expression in regulation of photoreceptor specification during late retinogenesis. These results provide a roadmap to future studies of human retinal development and may help guide the design of cell-based therapies for treating retinal dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fion Shiau
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wenyang Yi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences, at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Suying Lu
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health Systems, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, and Department of Lab Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Joel D Pearson
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health Systems, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, and Department of Lab Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Alyssa Kallman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Suijuan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Thanh Hoang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zhentao Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fangqi Zhao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Medical Center of Severe Cardiovascular of Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences, at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Nicole Tsai
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Physiology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yan Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Medical Center of Severe Cardiovascular of Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Genevieve L Stein-O'Brien
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thomas D Sherman
- Department of Oncology, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xin Duan
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Physiology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Elana J Fertig
- Department of Oncology, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Data Intensive Engineering and Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Mathematical Institute for Data Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Loyal A Goff
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Donald J Zack
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - James T Handa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tian Xue
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences, at the Microscale, Neurodegenerative Disorder Research Center, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Rod Bremner
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health Systems, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, and Department of Lab Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Center for Human Systems Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Xiaoqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Brian S Clark
- John F. Hardesty, MD, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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19
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Zocchi L, Wu SC, Benavente CA. Heavenly HELLS? A potential new therapeutic target for retinoblastoma. Oncoscience 2020; 7:23-25. [PMID: 32426419 PMCID: PMC7217136 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Zocchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie C Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Claudia A Benavente
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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20
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Zocchi L, Mehta A, Wu SC, Wu J, Gu Y, Wang J, Suh S, Spitale RC, Benavente CA. Chromatin remodeling protein HELLS is critical for retinoblastoma tumor initiation and progression. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:25. [PMID: 32071286 PMCID: PMC7028996 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-0210-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is an aggressive childhood cancer of the developing retina that initiates by biallelic RB1 gene inactivation. Tumor progression in retinoblastoma is driven by epigenetics, as retinoblastoma genomes are stable, but the mechanism(s) that drive these epigenetic changes remain unknown. Lymphoid-specific helicase (HELLS) protein is an epigenetic modifier directly regulated by the RB/E2F pathway. In this study, we used novel genetically engineered mouse models to investigate the role of HELLS during retinal development and tumorigenesis. Our results indicate that Hells-null retinal progenitor cells divide, undergo cell-fate specification, and give rise to fully laminated retinae with minor bipolar cells defects, but normal retinal function. Despite the apparent nonessential role of HELLS in retinal development, failure to transcriptionally repress Hells during retinal terminal differentiation due to retinoblastoma (RB) family loss significantly contributes to retinal tumorigenesis. Loss of HELLS drastically reduced ectopic division of differentiating cells in Rb1/p107-null retinae, significantly decreased the incidence of retinoblastoma, delayed tumor progression, and increased overall survival. Despite its role in heterochromatin formation, we found no evidence that Hells loss directly affected chromatin accessibility in the retina but functioned as transcriptional co-activator of E2F3, decreasing expression of cell cycle genes. We propose that HELLS is a critical downstream mediator of E2F-dependent ectopic proliferation in RB-null retinae. Together with the nontoxic effect of HELLS loss in the developing retina, our results suggest that HELLS and its downstream pathways could serve as potential therapeutic targets for retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Zocchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Aditi Mehta
- Pediatric Hematology and Pediatric Oncology, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA, 92868, USA.,Department of Graduate Medical Education, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Stephanie C Wu
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Yijun Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jingtian Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Susie Suh
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Robert C Spitale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Claudia A Benavente
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA. .,Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA. .,Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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21
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Aubry A, Yu T, Bremner R. Preclinical studies reveal MLN4924 is a promising new retinoblastoma therapy. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:2. [PMID: 32123578 PMCID: PMC7026052 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RB1 loss (RB1 null ) or MYCN amplification (MYCN amp ) in fetal human retina causes retinoblastoma. SKP2 loss kills RB1 null cells, but small molecule SKP2 inhibitors remain unexplored therapeutically. Whether SKP2 is synthetic lethal in MYCN amp retinoblastoma is unclear. SKP2 is the substrate recognition component of two Cullin-RING Ligase complexes (CRL1SKP2/SCFSKP2, and CRL4SKP2), a family of multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligases. NEDD8 activating enzyme (NAE) is required for Cullin neddylation and thus CRL activation. Here, we show that the NAE inhibitor, Pevonedistat (MLN4924), potently inhibits RB1 null and MYCN amp tumors. Intravitreal MLN4924 suppressed multiple human xenografts with EC80s from 20 ng to 3.5 μg. Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was 10-30 μg, highlighting a favorable therapeutic window. Inhibition of Cullin neddylation was similar in all cases, but cellular effects ranged from G1 arrest with apoptosis to G2/M arrest with endoreplication. However, even in less sensitive lines (EC50 ≈ 1 μM), prolonged exposure was lethal or induced persistent cytostasis. Mechanistically, depleting any single Cullin did not fully recapitulate drug phenotypes, but sensitivity to SKP2 loss correlated with that of drug. Thus, intravitreal MLN4924 is a promising new retinoblastoma therapy, mimicking the cancer-specific lethality of eliminating SKP2 complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Aubry
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5 Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 27 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1 Canada
| | - Tao Yu
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5 Canada
| | - Rod Bremner
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5 Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 27 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1 Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, 27 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1 Canada
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22
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Wei R, Ren X, Kong H, Lv Z, Chen Y, Tang Y, Wang Y, Xiao L, Yu T, Hacibekiroglu S, Liang C, Nagy A, Bremner R, Chen D. Rb1/Rbl1/Vhl loss induces mouse subretinal angiomatous proliferation and hemangioblastoma. JCI Insight 2019; 4:127889. [PMID: 31613797 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Von Hippel-Lindau (Vhl) protein inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor (Hif), yet its deletion in murine retina does not cause the extensive angiogenesis expected with Hif induction. The mechanism is unclear. Here we show that retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (Rb1) constrains expression of Hif target genes in the Vhl-/- retina. Deleting Rb1 induced extensive retinal neovascularization and autophagic ablation of photoreceptors in the Vhl-/- retina. RNA-sequencing, ChIP, and reporter assays showed Rb1 recruitment to and repression of certain Hif target genes. Activating Rb1 by deleting cyclin D1 induced a partial defect in the retinal superficial vascular plexus. Unexpectedly, removing Vhl suppressed retinoblastoma formation in murine Rb1/Rbl1-deficient retina but generated subretinal vascular growths resembling retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) and retinal capillary hemangioblastoma (RCH). Most stromal cells in the RAP/RCH-like lesions were Sox9+, suggesting a Müller glia origin, and expressed Lgals3, a marker of human brain hemangioblastoma. Thus, the Rb family limit Hif target gene expression in the Vhl-/- retina, and removing this inhibitory signal generates new models for RAP and RCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wei
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and.,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and.,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyu Kong
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and.,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongping Lv
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and.,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongjiang Chen
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, and Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yunjing Tang
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and.,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujiao Wang
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and.,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lirong Xiao
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and
| | - Tao Yu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabiha Hacibekiroglu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chen Liang
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and
| | - Andras Nagy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rod Bremner
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, and Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danian Chen
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, and.,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, and Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Mathsyaraja H, Freie B, Cheng PF, Babaeva E, Catchpole JT, Janssens D, Henikoff S, Eisenman RN. Max deletion destabilizes MYC protein and abrogates Eµ- Myc lymphomagenesis. Genes Dev 2019; 33:1252-1264. [PMID: 31395740 PMCID: PMC6719623 DOI: 10.1101/gad.325878.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although MAX is regarded as an obligate dimerization partner for MYC, its function in normal development and neoplasia is poorly defined. We show that B-cell-specific deletion of Max has a modest effect on B-cell development but completely abrogates Eµ-Myc-driven lymphomagenesis. While Max loss affects only a few hundred genes in normal B cells, it leads to the global down-regulation of Myc-activated genes in premalignant Eµ-Myc cells. We show that the balance between MYC-MAX and MNT-MAX interactions in B cells shifts in premalignant B cells toward a MYC-driven transcriptional program. Moreover, we found that MAX loss leads to a significant reduction in MYC protein levels and down-regulation of direct transcriptional targets, including regulators of MYC stability. This phenomenon is also observed in multiple cell lines treated with MYC-MAX dimerization inhibitors. Our work uncovers a layer of Myc autoregulation critical for lymphomagenesis yet partly dispensable for normal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haritha Mathsyaraja
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Brian Freie
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Pei-Feng Cheng
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Ekaterina Babaeva
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Jonathen T Catchpole
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Derek Janssens
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Steven Henikoff
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
| | - Robert N Eisenman
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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24
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Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-RB-E2F axis forms the core transcriptional machinery driving cell cycle progression, dictating the timing and fidelity of genome replication and ensuring genetic material is accurately passed through each cell division cycle. The ultimate effectors of this axis are members of a family of eight distinct E2F genes encoding transcriptional activators and repressors. E2F transcriptional activity is tightly regulated throughout the cell cycle via transcriptional and translational regulation, post-translational modifications, protein degradation, binding to cofactors and subcellular localization. Alterations in one or more key components of this axis (CDKs, cyclins, CDK inhibitors and the RB family of proteins) occur in virtually all cancers and result in heightened oncogenic E2F activity, leading to uncontrolled proliferation. In this Review, we discuss the activities of E2F proteins with an emphasis on the newest atypical E2F family members, the specific and redundant functions of E2F proteins, how misexpression of E2F transcriptional targets promotes cancer and both current and developing therapeutic strategies being used to target this oncogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey N Kent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Gustavo Leone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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25
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Guo H, Zhang L. MicroRNA-30a suppresses papillary thyroid cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion by directly targeting E2F7. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:209-215. [PMID: 31258655 PMCID: PMC6566087 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNA (miRNA/miR)-30a, a tumor-associated miRNA, has been implicated in the tumorigenesis and progression of different types of human cancer. Thyroid cancer is a common endocrine malignancy, of which papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) accounts for ~80-90% of all TC. However, the effect of miR-30a in PTC is yet to be fully elucidated. The TPC-1 human PTC cell line, as well as the normal human thyroid cell line (HT-ori3), were utilized in the current study. The PTC cell line was transfected with a miR-30a mimic. Subsequently, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the expression of miR-30a and E2F transcription factor 7 (E2F7). Cell proliferation was assessed via a MTT assay and transwell migration and invasion assays were performed to detect the migration and invasion of PTC cells. A dual-luciferase reporter assay was also utilized to clarify the association between miR-30a and E2F7. The results of the current study revealed that miR-30a was significantly downregulated in TPC-1 cells compared with HT-ori3 cells and that the expression of E2F7 was significantly upregulated in PTC cells. The upregulation of miR-30a also inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of PTC cells. Furthermore, the luciferase assay revealed that miR-30a binds to the 3'-UTR of E2F7. Additionally, the overexpression of miR-30a decreased E2F7 levels in TPC-1 cells. These results indicate that miR-30a functions as a tumor suppressor in PTC by direct targeting E2F7 and that miR-30a may be a novel therapeutic target for patients with PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Guo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, Shanxi 032200, P.R. China
| | - Linyun Zhang
- Shanxi Fenyang Prison Hospital, Fenyang, Shanxi 032200, P.R. China
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26
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Chen H, Chen J, Zhao L, Song W, Xuan Z, Chen J, Li Z, Song G, Hong L, Song P, Zheng S. CDCA5, Transcribed by E2F1, Promotes Oncogenesis by Enhancing Cell Proliferation and Inhibiting Apoptosis via the AKT Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Cancer 2019; 10:1846-1854. [PMID: 31205541 PMCID: PMC6547986 DOI: 10.7150/jca.28809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell division cycle associated 5 (CDCA5) is an important element for the interaction between cohesin and chromatin in interphase. It is abnormally expressed in many types of cancer and works as an indicator of poor prognosis, but little is known about its activity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the present study, we found that the expression of CDCA5 was upregulated in HCC tissues compared to paracancerous tissues and had a negative correlation with patient survival. Cell proliferation and tumorigenesis were inhibited and cell apoptosis was induced with the knockdown of CDCA5, suggesting an oncogenic role of CDCA5 in liver cancer. Luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that CDCA5 was transcribed by E2F1. Furthermore, we confirmed that CDCA5 interrupted cell behavior via the AKT pathway. These findings demonstrated that CDCA5 plays an important role in HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Penghong Song
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University; NHCPRC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, CAMS; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China; Collaborative innovation center for Diagnosis treatment of infectious diseases
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University; NHCPRC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation; Key Laboratory of the diagnosis and treatment of organ Transplantation, CAMS; Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China; Collaborative innovation center for Diagnosis treatment of infectious diseases
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27
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Leviczky T, Molnár E, Papdi C, Őszi E, Horváth GV, Vizler C, Nagy V, Pauk J, Bögre L, Magyar Z. E2FA and E2FB transcription factors coordinate cell proliferation with seed maturation. Development 2019; 146:dev.179333. [PMID: 31666236 PMCID: PMC6899031 DOI: 10.1242/dev.179333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The E2F transcription factors and the RETINOBLASTOMA-RELATED repressor protein are principal regulators coordinating cell proliferation with differentiation, but their role during seed development is little understood. We show that in fully developed Arabidopsis thaliana embryos, cell number was not affected either in single or double mutants for the activator-type E2FA and E2FB. Accordingly, these E2Fs are only partially required for the expression of cell cycle genes. In contrast, the expression of key seed maturation genes LEAFY COTYLEDON 1/2 (LEC1/2), ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE 3, FUSCA 3 and WRINKLED 1 is upregulated in the e2fab double mutant embryo. In accordance, E2FA directly regulates LEC2, and mutation at the consensus E2F-binding site in the LEC2 promoter de-represses its activity during the proliferative stage of seed development. In addition, the major seed storage reserve proteins, 12S globulin and 2S albumin, became prematurely accumulated at the proliferating phase of seed development in the e2fab double mutant. Our findings reveal a repressor function of the activator E2Fs to restrict the seed maturation programme until the cell proliferation phase is completed. Highlighted Article: During seed and embryo development the E2FA and E2FB transcription factors coordinate cell proliferation with differentiation and accumulation of seed reserves; however, they are not essential for sustaining cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tünde Leviczky
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eszter Molnár
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Papdi
- Royal Holloway University of London, Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Egham, UK
| | - Erika Őszi
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School in Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor V. Horváth
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vizler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Viktór Nagy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Pauk
- Department of Biotechnology, Cereal Research Non-Profit Ltd. Co., Alsó kikötő sor 9, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Bögre
- Royal Holloway University of London, Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Egham, UK
| | - Zoltán Magyar
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
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28
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Schiewer MJ, Mandigo AC, Gordon N, Huang F, Gaur S, de Leeuw R, Zhao SG, Evans J, Han S, Parsons T, Birbe R, McCue P, McNair C, Chand SN, Cendon-Florez Y, Gallagher P, McCann JJ, Poudel Neupane N, Shafi AA, Dylgjeri E, Brand LJ, Visakorpi T, Raj GV, Lallas CD, Trabulsi EJ, Gomella LG, Dicker AP, Kelly WK, Leiby BE, Knudsen B, Feng FY, Knudsen KE. PARP-1 regulates DNA repair factor availability. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:e8816. [PMID: 30467127 PMCID: PMC6284389 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP-1 holds major functions on chromatin, DNA damage repair and transcriptional regulation, both of which are relevant in the context of cancer. Here, unbiased transcriptional profiling revealed the downstream transcriptional profile of PARP-1 enzymatic activity. Further investigation of the PARP-1-regulated transcriptome and secondary strategies for assessing PARP-1 activity in patient tissues revealed that PARP-1 activity was unexpectedly enriched as a function of disease progression and was associated with poor outcome independent of DNA double-strand breaks, suggesting that enhanced PARP-1 activity may promote aggressive phenotypes. Mechanistic investigation revealed that active PARP-1 served to enhance E2F1 transcription factor activity, and specifically promoted E2F1-mediated induction of DNA repair factors involved in homologous recombination (HR). Conversely, PARP-1 inhibition reduced HR factor availability and thus acted to induce or enhance "BRCA-ness". These observations bring new understanding of PARP-1 function in cancer and have significant ramifications on predicting PARP-1 inhibitor function in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Schiewer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amy C Mandigo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicolas Gordon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Renée de Leeuw
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shuang G Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joseph Evans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sumin Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Theodore Parsons
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruth Birbe
- Cooper University Health, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Peter McCue
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher McNair
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Saswati N Chand
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ylenia Cendon-Florez
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter Gallagher
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer J McCann
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Neermala Poudel Neupane
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ayesha A Shafi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emanuela Dylgjeri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lucas J Brand
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Costas D Lallas
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edouard J Trabulsi
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leonard G Gomella
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam P Dicker
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wm Kevin Kelly
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin E Leiby
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Felix Y Feng
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Urology, and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Karen E Knudsen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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29
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Foyer CH, Wilson MH, Wright MH. Redox regulation of cell proliferation: Bioinformatics and redox proteomics approaches to identify redox-sensitive cell cycle regulators. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 122:137-149. [PMID: 29605447 PMCID: PMC6146653 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant stem cells are the foundation of plant growth and development. The balance of quiescence and division is highly regulated, while ensuring that proliferating cells are protected from the adverse effects of environment fluctuations that may damage the genome. Redox regulation is important in both the activation of proliferation and arrest of the cell cycle upon perception of environmental stress. Within this context, reactive oxygen species serve as 'pro-life' signals with positive roles in the regulation of the cell cycle and survival. However, very little is known about the metabolic mechanisms and redox-sensitive proteins that influence cell cycle progression. We have identified cysteine residues on known cell cycle regulators in Arabidopsis that are potentially accessible, and could play a role in redox regulation, based on secondary structure and solvent accessibility likelihoods for each protein. We propose that redox regulation may function alongside other known posttranslational modifications to control the functions of core cell cycle regulators such as the retinoblastoma protein. Since our current understanding of how redox regulation is involved in cell cycle control is hindered by a lack of knowledge regarding both which residues are important and how modification of those residues alters protein function, we discuss how critical redox modifications can be mapped at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Michael H Wilson
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Megan H Wright
- The Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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30
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Zhou M, Luo J, Zhang H. Role of Sirtuin 1 in the pathogenesis of ocular disease (Review). Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:13-20. [PMID: 29693113 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin (SIRT)1, a member of the SIRT family, is a highly conserved NAD+‑dependent histone deacetylase, which has a regulatory role in numerous physiological and pathological processes by removing acetyl groups from various proteins. SIRT1 controls the activity of numerous transcription factors and cofactors, which impacts the downstream gene expression, and eventually alleviates oxidative stress and associated damage. Numerous studies have revealed that dysfunction of SIRT1 is linked with ocular diseases, including cataract, age‑associated macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma, while ectopic upregulation of SIRT1 protects against various ocular diseases. In the present review, the significant role of SIRT1 and the potential therapeutic value of modulating SIRT1 expression in ocular development and eye diseases is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwen Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hunan Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Huiming Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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31
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Pellicano F, Park L, Hopcroft LEM, Shah MM, Jackson L, Scott MT, Clarke CJ, Sinclair A, Abraham SA, Hair A, Helgason GV, Aspinall-O'Dea M, Bhatia R, Leone G, Kranc KR, Whetton AD, Holyoake TL. hsa-mir183/EGR1-mediated regulation of E2F1 is required for CML stem/progenitor cell survival. Blood 2018; 131:1532-1544. [PMID: 29437554 PMCID: PMC6027092 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-05-783845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) stem/progenitor cells (SPCs) express a transcriptional program characteristic of proliferation, yet can achieve and maintain quiescence. Understanding the mechanisms by which leukemic SPCs maintain quiescence will help to clarify how they persist during long-term targeted treatment. We have identified a novel BCR-ABL1 protein kinase-dependent pathway mediated by the upregulation of hsa-mir183, the downregulation of its direct target early growth response 1 (EGR1), and, as a consequence, upregulation of E2F1. We show here that inhibition of hsa-mir183 reduced proliferation and impaired colony formation of CML SPCs. Downstream of this, inhibition of E2F1 also reduced proliferation of CML SPCs, leading to p53-mediated apoptosis. In addition, we demonstrate that E2F1 plays a pivotal role in regulating CML SPC proliferation status. Thus, for the first time, we highlight the mechanism of hsa-mir183/EGR1-mediated E2F1 regulation and demonstrate this axis as a novel, critical factor for CML SPC survival, offering new insights into leukemic stem cell eradication.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- E2F1 Transcription Factor/biosynthesis
- E2F1 Transcription Factor/genetics
- Early Growth Response Protein 1/genetics
- Early Growth Response Protein 1/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pellicano
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Park
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa E M Hopcroft
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mansi M Shah
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna Jackson
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mary T Scott
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Cassie J Clarke
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Sinclair
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sheela A Abraham
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Hair
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - G Vignir Helgason
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Aspinall-O'Dea
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, Faculty Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ravi Bhatia
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Gustavo Leone
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; and
| | - Kamil R Kranc
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony D Whetton
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, Faculty Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tessa L Holyoake
- Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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32
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To B, Andrechek ER. Transcription factor compensation during mammary gland development in E2F knockout mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194937. [PMID: 29617434 PMCID: PMC5884531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The E2F transcription factors control key elements of development, including mammary gland branching morphogenesis, with several E2Fs playing essential roles. Additional prior data has demonstrated that loss of individual E2Fs can be compensated by other E2F family members, but this has not been tested in a mammary gland developmental context. Here we have explored the role of the E2Fs and their ability to functionally compensate for each other during mammary gland development. Using gene expression from terminal end buds and chromatin immunoprecipitation data for E2F1, E2F2 and E2F3, we noted both overlapping and unique mammary development genes regulated by each of the E2Fs. Based on our computational findings and the fact that E2Fs share a common binding motif, we hypothesized that E2F transcription factors would compensate for each other during mammary development and function. To test this hypothesis, we generated RNA from E2F1-/-, E2F2-/- and E2F3+/- mouse mammary glands. QRT-PCR on mammary glands during pregnancy demonstrated increases in E2F2 and E2F3a in the E2F1-/- mice and an increase in E2F2 levels in E2F3+/- mice. During lactation we noted that E2F3b transcript levels were increased in the E2F2-/- mice. Given that E2Fs have previously been noted to have the most striking effects on development during puberty, we hypothesized that loss of individual E2Fs would be compensated for at that time. Double mutant mice were generated and compared with the single knockouts. Loss of both E2F1 and E2F2 revealed a more striking phenotype than either knockout alone, indicating that E2F2 was compensating for E2F1 loss. Interestingly, while E2F2 was not able to functionally compensate for E2F3+/- during mammary outgrowth, increased E2F2 expression was observed in E2F3+/- mammary glands during pregnancy day 14.5 and lactation day 5. Together, these findings illustrate the specificity of E2F family members to compensate during development of the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana To
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Eran R. Andrechek
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rb is required for retinal angiogenesis and lamination. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:370. [PMID: 29511172 PMCID: PMC5840357 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (Rb) promotes cell cycle exit, survival, differentiation, and tumor suppression in the retina. Here, we show it is also essential for vascularization and lamination. Despite minimal effects on Hif1a target expression, intraretinal vascular plexi did not form in the Rb -/- murine retina. Deleting adenovirus E2 promoter binding factor 3 (E2f3), which rescues starburst amacrine cell differentiation, or E2f2, had no effect, but deleting E2f1, which promotes neuronal cell cycle exit and survival, restored retinal vasculature. We specifically linked cell loss to the defect because removing Bax rescued rod and bipolar neurons and the vasculature, but not cell cycle exit. Despite rescuing Rb -/- neurons, Bax deletion exacerbated a delay in outer retina lamination, and exposed a requirement for Rb in inner retina lamination. The latter resembled Sem5 or FAT atypical cadherin 3 (Fat3) mutants, but expression of Sem5/Fat3 pathway components, or that of Neogenin, which perturbs migration in the Rb -/- cortex, was unchanged. Instead, lamination defects correlated with ectopic division, and were E2f1-dependent, implicating the cell cycle machinery. These in vivo studies expose new developmental roles for Rb, pinpoint aberrant E2f1 and Bax activity in neuronal death and vascular loss, and further implicate E2f1 in defective lamination. Links between Rb, angiogenesis and lamination have implications for the treatment of neovascularization, neurodegeneration and cancer.
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34
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MicroRNA-34a: A Key Regulator in the Hallmarks of Renal Cell Carcinoma. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3269379. [PMID: 29104726 PMCID: PMC5632457 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3269379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) incidence has increased over the past two decades. Recent studies reported microRNAs as promising biomarkers for early cancer detection, accurate prognosis, and molecular targets for future treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the expression levels of miR-34a and 11 of its bioinformatically selected target genes and proteins to test their potential dysregulation in RCC. Quantitative real-time PCR for miR-34a and its targets; MET oncogene; gene-regulating apoptosis (TP53INP2 and DFFA); cell proliferation (E2F3); and cell differentiation (SOX2 and TGFB3) as well as immunohistochemical assay for VEGFA, TP53, Bcl2, TGFB1, and Ki67 protein expression have been performed in 85 FFPE RCC tumor specimens. Clinicopathological parameter correlation and in silico network analysis have also implicated. We found RCC tissues displayed significantly higher miR-34a expression level than their corresponding noncancerous tissues, particularly in chromophobic subtype. MET and E2F3 were significantly upregulated, while TP53INP2 and SOX2 were downregulated. ROC analysis showed high diagnostic performance of miR-34a (AUC = 0.854), MET (AUC = 0.765), and E2F3 (AUC = 0.761). The advanced pathological grade was associated with strong TGFB1, VEGFA, and Ki67 protein expression and absent Tp53 staining. These findings indicate miR-34a along with its putative target genes could play a role in RCC tumorigenesis and progression.
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35
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Atypical E2Fs inhibit tumor angiogenesis. Oncogene 2017; 37:271-276. [PMID: 28925392 PMCID: PMC5770600 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atypical E2F transcription factors (E2F7 and E2F8) function as key regulators of cell cycle progression and their inactivation leads to spontaneous cancer formation in mice. However, the mechanism of the tumor suppressor functions of E2F7/8 remain obscure. In this study we discovered that atypical E2Fs control tumor angiogenesis, one of the hallmarks of cancer. We genetically inactivated atypical E2Fs in epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasm and analyzed blood vessel formation in three different animal models of cancer. Tumor formation was either induced by application of 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene/12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate or by Myc/Ras overexpression. To our surprise, atypical E2Fs suppressed tumor angiogenesis in all three cancer models, which is in a sharp contrast to previous findings showing that atypical E2Fs promote angiogenesis during fetal development in mice and zebrafish. Real-time imaging in zebrafish displayed that fluorescent-labeled blood vessels showed enhanced intratumoral branching in xenografted E2f7/8-deficient neoplasms compared with E2f7/8-proficient neoplasms. DLL4 expression, a key negative inhibitor of vascular branching, was decreased in E2f7/8-deficient neoplastic cells, indicating that E2F7/8 might inhibit intratumoral vessel branching via induction of DLL4.
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36
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The NAMPT/E2F2/SIRT1 axis promotes proliferation and inhibits p53-dependent apoptosis in human melanoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:77-84. [PMID: 28919418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most common primary malignant neoplasm in adults, causing more deaths than any other skin cancer, necessitating the development of new target-based approaches. Current evidence suggests SIRT1, the mammalian nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent protein deacetylase, and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the rate-limiting NAD+ biosynthetic enzyme, together comprise a novel systemic regulatory network to play a pivotal role in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Nevertheless, how the regulation of this cofactor interfaces with signal transduction network remains poorly understood in melanoma. Here, we report NAMPT is highly expressed in melanomaassociated with poor overall survival in patients. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of NAMPT decreased NAD+ levels and melanoma cell proliferation capacity, and NAMPT knockdown induced apoptosis through the activity of the tumor suppressor p53. Next, we demonstrate NAMPT regulates the transcription factor E2F family member 2 (E2F2) in the apoptosis process. Downstream, E2F2 control the mRNA and protein levels of SIRT1. Finally, we find NAMPT mediates the apoptosis resistance of melanoma cells through NAMPT-E2F2-SIRT1 axis, more than NAD+-driven transcriptional program. Accordingly, our results demonstrated that NAMPT is a prognostic marker in melanoma, and the identificationofNAMPT-E2F2-SIRT1 pathway establishes another link between NAMPT and apoptosis events in melanoma, with therapeutic implications for this deadly cancer.
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37
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A Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Mimetic Is Sufficient to Restore Cone Photoreceptor Visual Function in an Inherited Blindness Model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11320. [PMID: 28900183 PMCID: PMC5595969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11513-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Controversially, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are in clinical trial for the treatment of inherited retinal degeneration. Utilizing the zebrafish dyeucd6 model, we determined if treatment with HDACi can rescue cone photoreceptor-mediated visual function. dye exhibit defective visual behaviour and retinal morphology including ciliary marginal zone (CMZ) cell death and decreased photoreceptor outer segment (OS) length, as well as gross morphological defects including hypopigmentation and pericardial oedema. HDACi treatment of dye results in significantly improved optokinetic (OKR) (~43 fold, p < 0.001) and visualmotor (VMR) (~3 fold, p < 0.05) responses. HDACi treatment rescued gross morphological defects and reduced CMZ cell death by 80%. Proteomic analysis of dye eye extracts suggested BDNF-TrkB and Akt signaling as mediators of HDACi rescue in our dataset. Co-treatment with the TrkB antagonist ANA-12 blocked HDACi rescue of visual function and associated Akt phosphorylation. Notably, sole treatment with a BDNF mimetic, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone hydrate, significantly rescued dye visual function (~58 fold increase in OKR, p < 0.001, ~3 fold increase in VMR, p < 0.05). In summary, HDACi and a BDNF mimetic are sufficient to rescue retinal cell death and visual function in a vertebrate model of inherited blindness.
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38
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Gamper I, Burkhart DL, Bywater MJ, Garcia D, Wilson CH, Kreuzaler PA, Arends MJ, Zheng YW, Perfetto A, Littlewood TD, Evan GI. Determination of the physiological and pathological roles of E2F3 in adult tissues. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9932. [PMID: 28855541 PMCID: PMC5577339 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While genetically engineered mice have made an enormous contribution towards the elucidation of human disease, it has hitherto not been possible to tune up or down the level of expression of any endogenous gene. Here we describe compound genetically modified mice in which expression of the endogenous E2f3 gene may be either reversibly elevated or repressed in adult animals by oral administration of tetracycline. This technology is, in principle, applicable to any endogenous gene, allowing direct determination of both elevated and reduced gene expression in physiological and pathological processes. Applying this switchable technology to the key cell cycle transcription factor E2F3, we demonstrate that elevated levels of E2F3 drive ectopic proliferation in multiple tissues. By contrast, E2F3 repression has minimal impact on tissue proliferation or homeostasis in the majority of contexts due to redundancy of adult function with E2F1 and E2F2. In the absence of E2F1 and E2F2, however, repression of E2F3 elicits profound reduction of proliferation in the hematopoietic compartments that is rapidly lethal in adult animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Gamper
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Megan J Bywater
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Garcia
- The Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, 10010 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | | | - Mark J Arends
- Pathology Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Division of Pathology, Centre for Comparative Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yao-Wu Zheng
- Cardiovasular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Transgenic Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | | | | | - Gerard I Evan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Wang Y, Zhou Y, Xiao L, Zheng S, Yan N, Chen D. E2f1 mediates high glucose-induced neuronal death in cultured mouse retinal explants. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:1824-1834. [PMID: 28825879 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1361070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common complication of diabetes and remains one of the major causes of blindness in the world; infants born to diabetic mothers have higher risk of developing retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). While hyperglycemia is a major risk factor, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying DR and diabetic ROP are poorly understood. To explore the consequences of retinal cells under high glucose, we cultured wild type or E2f1-/- mouse retinal explants from postnatal day 8 with normal glucose, high osmotic or high glucose media. Explants were also incubated with cobalt chloride (CoCl2) to mimic the hypoxic condition. We showed that, at 7 days post exposure to high glucose, retinal explants displayed elevated cell death, ectopic cell division and intact retinal vascular plexus. Cell death mainly occurred in excitatory neurons, such as ganglion and bipolar cells, which were also ectopically dividing. Many Müller glial cells reentered the cell cycle; some had irregular morphology or migrated to other layers. High glucose inhibited the hyperoxia-induced blood vessel regression of retinal explants. Moreover, inactivation of E2f1 rescued high glucose-induced ectopic division and cell death of retinal neurons, but not ectopic cell division of Müller glial cells and vascular phenotypes. This suggests that high glucose has direct but distinct effects on retinal neurons, glial cells and blood vessels, and that E2f1 mediates its effects on retinal neurons. These findings shed new light onto mechanisms of DR and the fetal retinal abnormalities associated with maternal diabetes, and suggest possible new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Wang
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences , Torsten-Wiesel Research Institute of World Eye Organization, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Yi Zhou
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences , Torsten-Wiesel Research Institute of World Eye Organization, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Lirong Xiao
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences , Torsten-Wiesel Research Institute of World Eye Organization, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Shijie Zheng
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences , Torsten-Wiesel Research Institute of World Eye Organization, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Naihong Yan
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences , Torsten-Wiesel Research Institute of World Eye Organization, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Danian Chen
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences , Torsten-Wiesel Research Institute of World Eye Organization, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
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40
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Fischer M. Census and evaluation of p53 target genes. Oncogene 2017; 36:3943-3956. [PMID: 28288132 PMCID: PMC5511239 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 607] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 functions primarily as a transcription factor. Mutation of the TP53 gene alters its response pathway, and is central to the development of many cancers. The discovery of a large number of p53 target genes, which confer p53's tumor suppressor function, has led to increasingly complex models of p53 function. Recent meta-analysis approaches, however, are simplifying our understanding of how p53 functions as a transcription factor. In the survey presented here, a total set of 3661 direct p53 target genes is identified that comprise 3509 potential targets from 13 high-throughput studies, and 346 target genes from individual gene analyses. Comparison of the p53 target genes reported in individual studies with those identified in 13 high-throughput studies reveals limited consistency. Here, p53 target genes have been evaluated based on the meta-analysis data, and the results show that high-confidence p53 target genes are involved in multiple cellular responses, including cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis, metabolism, autophagy, mRNA translation and feedback mechanisms. However, many p53 target genes are identified only in a small number of studies and have a higher likelihood of being false positives. While numerous mechanisms have been proposed for mediating gene regulation in response to p53, recent advances in our understanding of p53 function show that p53 itself is solely an activator of transcription, and gene downregulation by p53 is indirect and requires p21. Taking into account the function of p53 as an activator of transcription, recent results point to an unsophisticated means of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fischer
- Molecular Oncology, Medical School, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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41
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Zhang D, Zhang W, Liu W, Mao Y, Fu Z, Liu J, Huang W, Zhang Z, An D, Li B. Human papillomavirus infection increases the chemoradiation response of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma based on P53 mutation. Radiother Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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42
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Abou El Hassan M, Huang K, Eswara MBK, Xu Z, Yu T, Aubry A, Ni Z, Livne-Bar I, Sangwan M, Ahmad M, Bremner R. Properties of STAT1 and IRF1 enhancers and the influence of SNPs. BMC Mol Biol 2017; 18:6. [PMID: 28274199 PMCID: PMC5343312 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-017-0084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND STAT1 and IRF1 collaborate to induce interferon-γ (IFNγ) stimulated genes (ISGs), but the extent to which they act alone or together is unclear. The effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on in vivo binding is also largely unknown. RESULTS We show that IRF1 binds at proximal or distant ISG sites twice as often as STAT1, increasing to sixfold at the MHC class I locus. STAT1 almost always bound with IRF1, while most IRF1 binding events were isolated. Dual binding sites at remote or proximal enhancers distinguished ISGs that were responsive to IFNγ versus cell-specific resistant ISGs, which showed fewer and mainly single binding events. Surprisingly, inducibility in one cell type predicted ISG-responsiveness in other cells. Several dbSNPs overlapped with STAT1 and IRF1 binding motifs, and we developed methodology to rapidly assess their effects. We show that in silico prediction of SNP effects accurately reflects altered binding both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal broad cooperation between STAT1 and IRF1, explain cell type specific differences in ISG-responsiveness, and identify genetic variants that may participate in the pathogenesis of immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abou El Hassan
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Clinical Chemistry Division, Provincial Laboratory Services, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Katherine Huang
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Manoja B K Eswara
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhaodong Xu
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tao Yu
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arthur Aubry
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zuyao Ni
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Izzy Livne-Bar
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Monika Sangwan
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mohamad Ahmad
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rod Bremner
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Lab Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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43
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Shats I, Deng M, Davidovich A, Zhang C, Kwon JS, Manandhar D, Gordân R, Yao G, You L. Expression level is a key determinant of E2F1-mediated cell fate. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:626-637. [PMID: 28211871 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rb/E2F network has a critical role in regulating cell cycle progression and cell fate decisions. It is dysfunctional in virtually all human cancers, because of genetic lesions that cause overexpression of activators, inactivation of repressors, or both. Paradoxically, the downstream target of this network, E2F1, is rarely strongly overexpressed in cancer. E2F1 can induce both proliferation and apoptosis but the factors governing these critical cell fate decisions remain unclear. Previous studies have focused on qualitative mechanisms such as differential cofactors, posttranslational modification or state of other signaling pathways as modifiers of the cell fate decisions downstream of E2F1 activation. In contrast, the importance of the expression levels of E2F1 itself in dictating the downstream phenotypes has not been rigorously studied, partly due to the limited resolution of traditional population-level measurements. Here, through single-cell quantitative analysis, we demonstrate that E2F1 expression levels have a critical role in determining the fate of individual cells. Low levels of exogenous E2F1 promote proliferation, moderate levels induce G1, G2 and mitotic cell cycle arrest, and very high levels promote apoptosis. These multiple anti-proliferative mechanisms result in a strong selection pressure leading to rapid elimination of E2F1-overexpressing cells from the population. RNA-sequencing and RT-PCR revealed that low levels of E2F1 are sufficient to induce numerous cell cycle-promoting genes, intermediate levels induce growth arrest genes (i.e., p18, p19 and p27), whereas higher levels are necessary to induce key apoptotic E2F1 targets APAF1, PUMA, HRK and BIM. Finally, treatment of a lung cancer cell line with a proteasome inhibitor, MLN2238, resulted in an E2F1-dependent mitotic arrest and apoptosis, confirming the role of endogenous E2F1 levels in these phenotypes. The strong anti-proliferative activity of moderately overexpressed E2F1 in multiple cancer types suggests that targeting E2F1 for upregulation may represent an attractive therapeutic strategy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shats
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Adam Davidovich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Carolyn Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jungeun S Kwon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Dinesh Manandhar
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Raluca Gordân
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guang Yao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lingchong You
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Zacksenhaus E, Liu J, Jiang Z, Yao Y, Xia L, Shrestha M, Ben-David Y. Transcription Factors in Breast Cancer—Lessons From Recent Genomic Analyses and Therapeutic Implications. CHROMATIN PROTEINS AND TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AS THERAPEUTIC TARGETS 2017; 107:223-273. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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45
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Magyar Z, Bögre L, Ito M. DREAMs make plant cells to cycle or to become quiescent. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 34:100-106. [PMID: 27816815 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell cycle phase specific oscillation of gene transcription has long been recognized as an underlying principle for ordered processes during cell proliferation. The G1/S-specific and G2/M-specific cohorts of genes in plants are regulated by the E2F and the MYB3R transcription factors. Mutant analysis suggests that activator E2F functions might not be fully required for cell cycle entry. In contrast, the two activator-type MYB3Rs are part of positive feedback loops to drive the burst of mitotic gene expression, which is necessary at least to accomplish cytokinesis. Repressor MYB3Rs act outside the mitotic time window during cell cycle progression, and are important for the shutdown of mitotic genes to impose quiescence in mature organs. The two distinct classes of E2Fs and MYB3Rs together with the RETINOBLATOMA RELATED are part of multiprotein complexes that may be evolutionary related to what is known as DREAM complex in animals. In plants, there are multiple such complexes with distinct compositions and functions that may be involved in the coordinated cell cycle and developmental regulation of E2F targets and mitotic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Magyar
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Bögre
- Royal Holloway, University of London, School of Biological Sciences, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Masaki Ito
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; JST, CREST, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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Wu J, Sabirzhanov B, Stoica BA, Lipinski MM, Zhao Z, Zhao S, Ward N, Yang D, Faden AI. Ablation of the transcription factors E2F1-2 limits neuroinflammation and associated neurological deficits after contusive spinal cord injury. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3698-712. [PMID: 26505089 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1104436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) induces cell cycle activation (CCA) that contributes to secondary injury and related functional impairments such as motor deficits and hyperpathia. E2F1 and E2F2 are members of the activator sub-family of E2F transcription factors that play an important role in proliferating cells and in cell cycle-related neuronal death, but no comprehensive study have been performed in SCI to determine the relative importance of these factors. Here we examined the temporal distribution and cell-type specificity of E2F1 and E2F2 expression following mouse SCI, as well as the effects of genetic deletion of E2F1-2 on neuronal cell death, neuroinflammation and associated neurological dysfunction. SCI significantly increased E2F1 and E2F2 expression in active caspase-3(+) neurons/oligodendrocytes as well as in activated microglia/astrocytes. Injury-induced up-regulation of cell cycle-related genes and protein was significantly reduced by intrathecal injection of high specificity E2F decoy oligodeoxynucleotides against the E2F-binding site or in E2F1-2 null mice. Combined E2F1+2 siRNA treatment show greater neuroprotection in vivo than E2F1 or E2F2 single siRNA treatment. Knockout of both E2F1 and E2F2 genes (E2Fdko) significantly reduced neuronal death, neuroinflammation, and tissue damage, as well as limiting motor dysfunction and hyperpathia after SCI. Both CCA reduction and functional improvement in E2Fdko mice were greater than those in E2F2ko model. These studies demonstrate that SCI-induced activation of E2F1-2 mediates CCA, contributing to gliopathy and neuronal/tissue loss associated with motor impairments and post-traumatic hyperesthesia. Thus, E2F1-2 provide a therapeutic target for decreasing secondary tissue damage and promoting recovery of function after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Wu
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock ; Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR); University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA.,b Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology ; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA
| | - Boris Sabirzhanov
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock ; Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR); University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock ; Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR); University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA.,b Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology ; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA
| | - Marta M Lipinski
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock ; Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR); University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA.,b Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology ; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA
| | - Zaorui Zhao
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock ; Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR); University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA
| | - Shuxin Zhao
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock ; Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR); University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA
| | - Nicole Ward
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock ; Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR); University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA
| | - Dianer Yang
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock ; Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR); University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock ; Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR); University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA.,b Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology ; University of Maryland School of Medicine ; Baltimore , MD USA
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The glucagon like peptide 1 analogue, exendin-4, attenuates oxidative stress-induced retinal cell death in early diabetic rats through promoting Sirt1 and Sirt3 expression. Exp Eye Res 2016; 151:203-11. [PMID: 27212443 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to further investigate the possible mechanisms by which the glucagon like peptide 1 analogue, exendin-4 (EX4), protects rat retinal cells at the early stage of diabetes. EX4 was injected intravitreally into normal and early-stage streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and electroretinogram (ERG) were measured. Sirtuin (Sirt) mRNA and protein were analyzed. In retinas of diabetic rats 1 month after diabetes onset, cell death and ROS level increased significantly, and the b-wave amplitudes and OPs were significantly reduced. Four days after intravitreal EX4 treatment, retinal cell death and ROS level in retinas reduced significantly, and visual function was recovered. In the retinas of early-stage diabetic rats, the expressions of Sirt1 and Sirt3 were also found to be significantly decreased, and both were back to normal levels after intravitreal injection of EX4. In R28 cells, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment increased ROS and cell death and decreased Sirt1 and Sirt3. With the addition of EX4 into the culture system, the expressions of Sirt1 and Sirt3 were increased, and the H2O2-induced ROS and cell death were significantly reduced. These results confirm a mechanism for EX4 to protect retinal cells from diabetic damage and oxidative injury. EX4 reduces retinal cell death and ROS generation by upregulating Sirt1 and Sirt3 expressions in the retina of early-stage diabetic rats as well as in H2O2-treated R28 cells.
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Evaluating Effects of Hypomorphic Thoc1 Alleles on Embryonic Development in Rb1 Null Mice. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:1621-7. [PMID: 27001308 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01003-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rb1 tumor suppressor protein is a molecular adaptor that physically links transcription factors like E2f with various proteins acting on DNA or RNA to repress gene expression. Loss of Rb1 liberates E2f to activate the expression of genes mediating resulting phenotypes. Most Rb1 binding proteins, including E2f, interact through carboxyl-terminal protein interaction domains, but genetic evidence suggests that an amino-terminal protein interaction domain is also important. One protein that binds Rb1 through the amino-terminal domain is encoded by Thoc1, a required component of the THO ribonucleoprotein complex important for RNA processing and transport. The physiological relevance of this interaction is unknown. Here we tested whether Thoc1 mediates effects of Rb1 loss on mouse embryonic development. We found that Thoc1 deficiency delays embryo death, and this delay correlates with reduced apoptosis in the brain. E2f protein levels are reduced in Rb1:Thoc1-deficient brain tissue. Expression of apoptotic regulatory genes regulated by E2f, like Apaf1 and Bak1, is also reduced. These observations suggest that Thoc1 is required to support increased expression of E2f and apoptotic regulatory genes that trigger apoptosis upon Rb1 loss. These findings implicate Rb1 in the regulation of the THO ribonucleoprotein complex.
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49
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Zhang C, Qu S, Wei X, Feng Y, Zhu H, Deng J, Wang K, Liu K, Liu M, Zhang H, Xiao X. HSP25 down-regulation enhanced p53 acetylation by dissociation of SIRT1 from p53 in doxorubicin-induced H9c2 cell apoptosis. Cell Stress Chaperones 2016; 21:251-60. [PMID: 26515559 PMCID: PMC4786524 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0655-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play important roles in cellular stress resistance. Previous reports had already suggested that HSP27 played multiple roles in preventing doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Although HSP25 might have biological functions similar to its human homolog HSP27, the mechanism of HSP25 is still unclear in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. To investigate HSP25 biological function on doxorubicin-induced apoptosis, flow cytometry was employed to analyze cell apoptosis in over-expressing HSP25 H9c2 cells in presence of doxorubicin. Unexpectedly, the H9c2 cells of over-expressing HSP25 have no protective effect on doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. Moreover, no detectable interactions were detected by coimmunoprecipitation between HSP25 and cytochrome c, and HSP25 over-expression failed in preventing cytochrome c release induced by doxorubicin. However, down-regulation of endogenous HSP25 by a specific small hairpin RNA aggravates apoptosis in H9c2 cells. Subsequent studies found that HSP25, but not HSP90, HSP70, and HSP20, interacted with SIRT1. Knockdown of HSP25 decreased the interaction between SIRT1 and p53, leading to increased p53 acetylation on K379, up-regulated pro-apoptotic Bax protein expression, induced cytochrome c release, and triggered caspase-3 and caspase-9 activation. These findings indicated a novel mechanism by which HSP25 regulated p53 acetylation through dissociation of SIRT1 from p53 in doxorubicin-induced H9c2 cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunlin Qu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yansheng Feng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Deng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangkai Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meidong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Huali Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianzhong Xiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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50
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Poché RA, Zhang M, Rueda EM, Tong X, McElwee ML, Wong L, Hsu CW, Dejosez M, Burns AR, Fox DA, Martin JF, Zwaka TP, Dickinson ME. RONIN Is an Essential Transcriptional Regulator of Genes Required for Mitochondrial Function in the Developing Retina. Cell Rep 2016; 14:1684-1697. [PMID: 26876175 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental principle governing organ size and function is the fine balance between cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Here, we identify RONIN (THAP11) as a key transcriptional regulator of retinal progenitor cell (RPC) proliferation. RPC-specific loss of Ronin results in a phenotype strikingly similar to that resulting from the G1- to S-phase arrest and photoreceptor degeneration observed in the Cyclin D1 null mutants. However, we determined that, rather than regulating canonical cell-cycle genes, RONIN regulates a cohort of mitochondrial genes including components of the electron transport chain (ETC), which have been recently implicated as direct regulators of the cell cycle. Coincidentally, with premature cell-cycle exit, Ronin mutants exhibited deficient ETC activity, reduced ATP levels, and increased oxidative stress that we ascribe to specific loss of subunits within complexes I, III, and IV. These data implicate RONIN as a positive regulator of mitochondrial gene expression that coordinates mitochondrial activity and cell-cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A Poché
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Elda M Rueda
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Xuefei Tong
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Melissa L McElwee
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Leeyean Wong
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chih-Wei Hsu
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marion Dejosez
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alan R Burns
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Donald A Fox
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - James F Martin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thomas P Zwaka
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mary E Dickinson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
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