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Robinson LG, Kalmbach K, Sumerfield O, Nomani W, Wang F, Liu L, Keefe DL. Telomere dynamics and reproduction. Fertil Steril 2024; 121:4-11. [PMID: 37993053 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
The oocyte, a long-lived, postmitotic cell, is the locus of reproductive aging in women. Female germ cells replicate only during fetal life and age throughout reproductive life. Mechanisms of oocyte aging include the accumulation of oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and disruption of proteins, including cohesion. Nobel Laureate Bob Edwards also discovered a "production line" during oogonial replication in the mouse, wherein the last oocytes to ovulate in the adult-derived from the last oogonia to exit mitotic replication in the fetus. On the basis of this, we proposed a two-hit "telomere theory of reproductive aging" to integrate the myriad features of oocyte aging. The first hit was that oocytes remaining in older women traversed more cell cycles during fetal oogenesis. The second hit was that oocytes accumulated more environmental and endogenous oxidative damage throughout the life of the woman. Telomeres (Ts) could mediate both of these aspects of oocyte aging. Telomeres provide a "mitotic clock," with T attrition an inevitable consequence of cell division because of the end replication problem. Telomere's guanine-rich sequence renders them especially sensitive to oxidative damage, even in postmitotic cells. Telomerase, the reverse transcriptase that restores Ts, is better at maintaining than elongating T. Moreover, telomerase remains inactive during much of oogenesis and early development. Oocytes are left with short Ts, on the brink of viability. In support of this theory, mice with induced T attrition and women with naturally occurring telomeropathy suffer diminished ovarian reserve, abnormal embryo development, and infertility. In contrast, sperm are produced throughout the life of the male by a telomerase-active progenitor, spermatogonia, resulting in the longest Ts in the body. In mice, cleavage-stage embryos elongate Ts via "alternative lengthening of telomeres," a recombination-based mechanism rarely encountered outside of telomerase-deficient cancers. Many questions about Ts and reproduction are raised by these findings: does the "normal" T attrition observed in human oocytes contribute to their extraordinarily high rate of meiotic nondisjunction? Does recombination-based T elongation render embryos susceptible to mitotic nondisjunction (and mosaicism)? Can some features of Ts serve as markers of oocyte quality?
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Affiliation(s)
- LeRoy G Robinson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University Langone Fertility Center, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York; Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California
| | - Keri Kalmbach
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University Langone Fertility Center, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Olivia Sumerfield
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University Langone Fertility Center, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Wafa Nomani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University Langone Fertility Center, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University Langone Fertility Center, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - David L Keefe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University Langone Fertility Center, New York University School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York.
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2
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Haim-Abadi G, Golan-Lev T, Koren A, Benvenisty N. Generation, genomic characterization, and differentiation of triploid human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1049-1060. [PMID: 37116485 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are diploid organisms, and triploidy in human embryos is responsible for ∼10% of spontaneous miscarriages. Surprisingly, some pregnancies proceed to triploid newborns that suffer from many neuro-developmental disorders. To investigate the impact of triploidy on human development, we generate triploid human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) by fusing isogenic haploid and diploid hESCs. Comparison of the transcriptome, methylome, and genome-wide replication timing shows general similarity between diploid and triploid hESCs. However, triploid cells have a larger volume than diploid cells, demonstrating decreased surface-area-to-volume ratio. This leads to a significant downregulation of cell surface ion channel genes, which are more essential in neural progenitors than in undifferentiated cells, leading to inhibition of differentiation, and it affects the neuronal differentiation ability of triploid hESCs, both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, our research establishes a platform to study triploidy in humans and points to their pathology as observed in triploid embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Haim-Abadi
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Tamar Golan-Lev
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Amnon Koren
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Nissim Benvenisty
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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3
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Cichocki F, van der Stegen SJC, Miller JS. Engineered and banked iPSCs for advanced NK- and T-cell immunotherapies. Blood 2023; 141:846-855. [PMID: 36327161 PMCID: PMC10023718 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022016205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of methods to derive induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has propelled stem cell research, and has the potential to revolutionize many areas of medicine, including cancer immunotherapy. These cells can be propagated limitlessly and can differentiate into nearly any specialized cell type. The ability to perform precise multigene engineering at the iPSC stage, generate master cell lines after clonal selection, and faithfully promote differentiation along natural killer (NK) cells and T-cell lineages is now leading to new opportunities for the administration of off-the-shelf cytotoxic lymphocytes with direct antigen targeting to treat patients with relapsed/refractory cancer. In this review, we highlight the recent progress in iPSC editing and guided differentiation in the development of NK- and T-cell products for immunotherapy. We also discuss some of the potential barriers that remain in unleashing the full potential of iPSC-derived cytotoxic effector cells in the adoptive transfer setting, and how some of these limitations may be overcome through gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Cichocki
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Sjoukje J. C. van der Stegen
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY
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4
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Akashi K, Yamada M, Jwa SC, Utsuno H, Kamijo S, Hirota Y, Tanaka M, Osuga Y, Kuji N. Artificial oocyte activation using Ca 2+ ionophores following intracytoplasmic sperm injection for low fertilization rate. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1131808. [PMID: 36967799 PMCID: PMC10034378 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1131808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This large multi-center retrospective study examined whether artificial oocyte activation (AOA) using Ca2+ ionophore following ICSI improves the live birth rate for couples with previous ICSI cycles of unexplained low fertilization rate. In this large-scale multi-center retrospective study conducted in Japan, data were collected from Keio University and 17 collaborating institutions of the Japanese Institution for Standardizing Assisted Reproductive Technology. Between January 2015 and December 2019, 198 couples were included in this study. Oocytes for both the intervention and control groups were procured from the same pool of couples. Oocytes obtained from ICSI cycles with no or low fertilization rate (<50%) with unknown causes were included in the control (conventional ICSI) group while oocytes procured from ICSI cycles followed by performing AOA were assigned to the intervention (ICSI-AOA) group. Those fertilized with surgically retrieved sperm were excluded. ICSI-AOA efficacy and safety were evaluated by comparing these two groups. Live birth rate was the primary outcome. The ICSI-AOA group (2,920 oocytes) showed a significantly higher live birth per embryo transfer rate (18.0% [57/316]) compared to that of the conventional ICSI group with no or low fertilization rate (1,973 oocytes; 4.7% [4/85]) (odds ratio 4.5, 95% confidence interval 1.6-12.6; P<0.05). A higher live birth rate was observed in younger patients without a history of oocyte retrieval. Miscarriage, preterm delivery, and fetal congenital malformation rates were similar between the two groups. ICSI-AOA may reduce fertilization failure without increasing risks during the perinatal period. AOA may be offered to couples with an ICSI fertilization rate < 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Akashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Mitsutoshi Yamada,
| | - Seung Chik Jwa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Utsuno
- Clinical Laboratory, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kamijo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hirota
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoaki Kuji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Navarro M, Halstead MM, Rincon G, Mutto AA, Ross PJ. bESC from cloned embryos do not retain transcriptomic or epigenetic memory from somatic donor cells. Reproduction 2022; 164:243-257. [PMID: 35951478 DOI: 10.1530/rep-22-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In brief Epigenetic reprogramming after mammalian somatic cell nuclear transfer is often incomplete, resulting in low efficiency of cloning. However, gene expression and histone modification analysis indicated high similarities in transcriptome and epigenomes of bovine embryonic stem cells from in vitro fertilized and somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos. Abstract Embryonic stem cells (ESC) indefinitely maintain the pluripotent state of the blastocyst epiblast. Stem cells are invaluable for studying development and lineage commitment, and in livestock, they constitute a useful tool for genomic improvement and in vitro breeding programs. Although these cells have been recently derived from bovine blastocysts, a detailed characterization of their molecular state is lacking. Here, we apply cutting-edge technologies to analyze the transcriptomic and epigenomic landscape of bovine ESC (bESC) obtained from in vitro fertilized (IVF) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos. bESC were efficiently derived from SCNT and IVF embryos and expressed pluripotency markers while retaining genome stability. Transcriptome analysis revealed that only 46 genes were differentially expressed between IVF- and SCNT-derived bESC, which did not reflect significant deviation in cellular function. Interrogating histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation, histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation, and histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation with cleavage under targets and tagmentation, we found that the epigenomes of both bESC groups were virtually indistinguishable. Minor epigenetic differences were randomly distributed throughout the genome and were not associated with differentially expressed or developmentally important genes. Finally, the categorization of genomic regions according to their combined histone mark signal demonstrated that all bESC shared the same epigenomic signatures, especially at gene promoters. Overall, we conclude that bESC derived from SCNT and IVF embryos are transcriptomically and epigenetically analogous, allowing for the production of an unlimited source of pluripotent cells from high genetic merit organisms without resorting to transgene-based techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Navarro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas 'Dr Rodolfo Ugalde', UNSAM-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - M M Halstead
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - A A Mutto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas 'Dr Rodolfo Ugalde', UNSAM-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P J Ross
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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6
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Bartolomé A. Stem Cell-Derived β Cells: A Versatile Research Platform to Interrogate the Genetic Basis of β Cell Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:501. [PMID: 35008927 PMCID: PMC8745644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β cell dysfunction is a central component of diabetes progression. During the last decades, the genetic basis of several monogenic forms of diabetes has been recognized. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have also facilitated the identification of common genetic variants associated with an increased risk of diabetes. These studies highlight the importance of impaired β cell function in all forms of diabetes. However, how most of these risk variants confer disease risk, remains unanswered. Understanding the specific contribution of genetic variants and the precise role of their molecular effectors is the next step toward developing treatments that target β cell dysfunction in the era of personalized medicine. Protocols that allow derivation of β cells from pluripotent stem cells, represent a powerful research tool that allows modeling of human development and versatile experimental designs that can be used to shed some light on diabetes pathophysiology. This article reviews different models to study the genetic basis of β cell dysfunction, focusing on the recent advances made possible by stem cell applications in the field of diabetes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Bartolomé
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Financial compensation of oocyte donors: an Ethics Committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2021; 116:319-325. [PMID: 33910756 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2021.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Financial compensation of women donating oocytes for reproductive or research purposes is justified on ethical grounds and should acknowledge the time, inconvenience, and discomfort associated with screening, ovarian stimulation, oocyte retrieval, and postretrieval recovery and not vary according to the planned use of the oocytes or the number or quality of oocytes retrieved. This document replaces the document of the same name published in 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
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- American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
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8
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Yamada M, Sato S, Ooka R, Akashi K, Nakamura A, Miyado K, Akutsu H, Tanaka M. Mitochondrial replacement by genome transfer in human oocytes: Efficacy, concerns, and legality. Reprod Med Biol 2021; 20:53-61. [PMID: 33488283 PMCID: PMC7812462 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic mitochondrial (mt)DNA mutations, which often cause life-threatening disorders, are maternally inherited via the cytoplasm of oocytes. Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) is expected to prevent second-generation transmission of mtDNA mutations. However, MRT may affect the function of respiratory chain complexes comprised of both nuclear and mitochondrial proteins. METHODS Based on the literature and current regulatory guidelines (especially in Japan), we analyzed and reviewed the recent developments in human models of MRT. MAIN FINDINGS MRT does not compromise pre-implantation development or stem cell isolation. Mitochondrial function in stem cells after MRT is also normal. Although mtDNA carryover is usually less than 0.5%, even low levels of heteroplasmy can affect the stability of the mtDNA genotype, and directional or stochastic mtDNA drift occurs in a subset of stem cell lines (mtDNA genetic drift). MRT could prevent serious genetic disorders from being passed on to the offspring. However, it should be noted that this technique currently poses significant risks for use in embryos designed for implantation. CONCLUSION The maternal genome is fundamentally compatible with different mitochondrial genotypes, and vertical inheritance is not required for normal mitochondrial function. Unresolved questions regarding mtDNA genetic drift can be addressed by basic research using MRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Suguru Sato
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Reina Ooka
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Kazuhiro Akashi
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Akihiro Nakamura
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Department of Reproductive BiologyNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive BiologyNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Hidenori Akutsu
- Department of Reproductive BiologyNational Research Institute for Child Health and DevelopmentTokyoJapan
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
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Insulin/Glucose-Responsive Cells Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Disease Modeling and Treatment of Diabetes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112465. [PMID: 33198288 PMCID: PMC7696367 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes, characterized by dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells and insulin resistance in peripheral organs, accounts for more than 90% of all diabetes. Despite current developments of new drugs and strategies to prevent/treat diabetes, there is no ideal therapy targeting all aspects of the disease. Restoration, however, of insulin-producing β-cells, as well as insulin-responsive cells, would be a logical strategy for the treatment of diabetes. In recent years, generation of transplantable cells derived from stem cells in vitro has emerged as an important research area. Pluripotent stem cells, either embryonic or induced, are alternative and feasible sources of insulin-secreting and glucose-responsive cells. This notwithstanding, consistent generation of robust glucose/insulin-responsive cells remains challenging. In this review, we describe basic concepts of the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells and subsequent differentiation of these into pancreatic β-like cells, myotubes, as well as adipocyte- and hepatocyte-like cells. Use of these for modeling of human disease is now feasible, while development of replacement therapies requires continued efforts.
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Gouveia C, Huyser C, Egli D, Pepper MS. Lessons Learned from Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2314. [PMID: 32230814 PMCID: PMC7177533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has been an area of interest in the field of stem cell research and regenerative medicine for the past 20 years. The main biological goal of SCNT is to reverse the differentiated state of a somatic cell, for the purpose of creating blastocysts from which embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be derived for therapeutic cloning, or for the purpose of reproductive cloning. However, the consensus is that the low efficiency in creating normal viable offspring in animals by SCNT (1-5%) and the high number of abnormalities seen in these cloned animals is due to epigenetic reprogramming failure. In this review we provide an overview of the current literature on SCNT, focusing on protocol development, which includes early SCNT protocol deficiencies and optimizations along with donor cell type and cell cycle synchrony; epigenetic reprogramming in SCNT; current protocol optimizations such as nuclear reprogramming strategies that can be applied to improve epigenetic reprogramming by SCNT; applications of SCNT; the ethical and legal implications of SCNT in humans; and specific lessons learned for establishing an optimized SCNT protocol using a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantel Gouveia
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Biology Laboratory, University of Pretoria, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
| | - Carin Huyser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Biology Laboratory, University of Pretoria, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
| | - Dieter Egli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Michael S. Pepper
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
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Ogawa S, Yamada M, Nakamura A, Sugawara T, Nakamura A, Miyajima S, Harada Y, Ooka R, Okawa R, Miyauchi J, Tsumura H, Yoshimura Y, Miyado K, Akutsu H, Tanaka M, Umezawa A, Hamatani T. Zscan5b Deficiency Impairs DNA Damage Response and Causes Chromosomal Aberrations during Mitosis. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:1366-1379. [PMID: 31155506 PMCID: PMC6565874 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Zygotic genome activation (ZGA) begins after fertilization and is essential for establishing pluripotency and genome stability. However, it is unclear how ZGA genes prevent mitotic errors. Here we show that knockout of the ZGA gene Zscan5b, which encodes a SCAN domain with C2H2 zinc fingers, causes a high incidence of chromosomal abnormalities in embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and leads to the development of early-stage cancers. After irradiation, Zscan5b-deficient ESCs displayed significantly increased levels of γ-H2AX despite increased expression of the DNA repair genes Rad51l3 and Bard. Re-expression of Zscan5b reduced γ-H2AX content, implying a role for Zscan5b in DNA damage repair processes. A co-immunoprecipitation analysis showed that Zscan5b bound to the linker histone H1, suggesting that Zscan5b may protect chromosomal architecture. Our report demonstrates that the ZGA gene Zscan5b is involved in genomic integrity and acts to promote DNA damage repair and regulate chromatin dynamics during mitosis. Deficiency of zygotic genome activation gene Zscan5b causes chromosomal anomalies Zscan5b binds to linker histone H1 and protects chromosomal structure Irradiated Zscan5b-deficient ESCs show significantly increased DNA stress markers Zscan5b-deficient ESCs develop small choriocarcinomas and embryonal carcinomas
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Ogawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ohkura Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Nakamura
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ohkura Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Tohru Sugawara
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ohkura Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Akari Nakamura
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ohkura Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Shoko Miyajima
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ohkura Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Yuichirou Harada
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ohkura Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Reina Ooka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Okawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Miyauchi
- Department of Central Laboratory, Saitama Municipal Hospital, 2460 Midori-ku, Saitama, Saitama-ken 336-8522, Japan
| | - Hideki Tsumura
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ohkura Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Yasunori Yoshimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ohkura Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Hidenori Akutsu
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ohkura Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Ohkura Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Toshio Hamatani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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12
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Sauer MV. Revisiting the early days of oocyte and embryo donation: relevance to contemporary clinical practice. Fertil Steril 2019; 110:981-987. [PMID: 30396565 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oocyte and embryo donation have evolved significantly since they were first introduced to treat human infertility nearly four decades ago. Social, ethical, and regulatory challenges to oocyte and embryo donation have generated controversy and invited public scrutiny. However, oocyte and embryo donation continued to provide physicians the opportunity to treat the "untreatable." Undoubtedly, clinical practices related to oocyte and embryo donation have greatly changed over the years. Yet, they have endured as viable choices of treatment for many patients and their physicians, remained popular owing to their versatility, and, perhaps most importantly, provided consistently high pregnancy success rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark V Sauer
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
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13
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Fu B, Ma H, Liu D. Endogenous Retroviruses Function as Gene Expression Regulatory Elements During Mammalian Pre-implantation Embryo Development. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030790. [PMID: 30759824 PMCID: PMC6387303 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-implantation embryo development encompasses several key developmental events, especially the activation of zygotic genome activation (ZGA)-related genes. Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), which are regarded as “deleterious genomic parasites”, were previously considered to be “junk DNA”. However, it is now known that ERVs, with limited conservatism across species, mediate conserved developmental processes (e.g., ZGA). Transcriptional activation of ERVs occurs during the transition from maternal control to zygotic genome control, signifying ZGA. ERVs are versatile participants in rewiring gene expression networks during epigenetic reprogramming. Particularly, a subtle balance exists between ERV activation and ERV repression in host–virus interplay, which leads to stage-specific ERV expression during pre-implantation embryo development. A large portion of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos display developmental arrest and ZGA failure during pre-implantation embryo development. Furthermore, because of the close relationship between ERV activation and ZGA, exploring the regulatory mechanism underlying ERV activation may also shed more light on the enigma of SCNT embryo development in model animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry Research, HeiLongJiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
- Key Laboratory of Combine of Planting and Feeding, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Hong Ma
- Institute of Animal Husbandry Research, HeiLongJiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
- Key Laboratory of Combine of Planting and Feeding, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Di Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry Research, HeiLongJiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
- Key Laboratory of Combine of Planting and Feeding, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Harbin 150086, China.
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14
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Eguizabal C, Aran B, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Geens M, Heindryckx B, Panula S, Popovic M, Vassena R, Veiga A. Two decades of embryonic stem cells: a historical overview. Hum Reprod Open 2019; 2019:hoy024. [PMID: 30895264 PMCID: PMC6396646 DOI: 10.1093/hropen/hoy024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION How did the field of stem cell research develop in the years following the derivation of the first human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line? SUMMARY ANSWER Supported by the increasing number of clinical trials to date, significant technological advances in the past two decades have brought us ever closer to clinical therapies derived from pluripotent cells. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Since their discovery 20 years ago, the use of human pluripotent stem cells has progressed tremendously from bench to bedside. Here, we provide a concise review of the main keystones of this journey and focus on ongoing clinical trials, while indicating the most relevant future research directions. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This is a historical narrative, including relevant publications in the field of pluripotent stem cells (PSC) derivation and differentiation, recounted both through scholarly research of published evidence and interviews of six pioneers who participated in some of the most relevant discoveries in the field. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The authors all contributed by researching the literature and agreed upon body of works. Portions of the interviews of the field pioneers have been integrated into the review and have also been included in full for advanced reader interest. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The stem cell field is ever expanding. We find that in the 20 years since the derivation of the first hESC lines, several relevant developments have shaped the pluripotent cell field, from the discovery of different states of pluripotency, the derivation of induced PSC, the refinement of differentiation protocols with several clinical trials underway, as well as the recent development of organoids. The challenge for the years to come will be to validate and refine PSCs for clinical use, from the production of highly defined cell populations in clinical grade conditions to the possibility of creating replacement organoids for functional, if not anatomical, function restoration. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This is a non-systematic review of current literature. Some references may have escaped the experts’ analysis due to the exceedingly diverse nature of the field. As the field of regenerative medicine is rapidly advancing, some of the most recent developments may have not been captured entirely. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The multi-disciplinary nature and tremendous potential of the stem cell field has important implications for basic as well as translational research. Recounting these activities will serve to provide an in-depth overview of the field, fostering a further understanding of human stem cell and developmental biology. The comprehensive overview of clinical trials and expert opinions included in this narrative may serve as a valuable scientific resource, supporting future efforts in translational approaches. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) ESHRE provided funding for the authors’ on-site meeting and discussion during the preparation of this manuscript. S.M.C.S.L. is funded by the European Research Council Consolidator (ERC-CoG-725722-OVOGROWTH). M.P. is supported by the Special Research Fund, Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds (BOF01D08114). M.G. is supported by the Methusalem grant of Vrije Universiteit Brussel, in the name of Prof. Karen Sermon and by Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT, Project Number: 150042). A.V. and B.A. are supported by the Plataforma de Proteomica, Genotipado y Líneas Celulares (PT1770019/0015) (PRB3), Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Research grant to B.H. by the Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO) (FWO.KAN.2016.0005.01 and FWO.Project G051516N). There are no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not applicable. ESHRE Pages are not externally peer reviewed. This article has been approved by the Executive Committee of ESHRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Eguizabal
- Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Group, Basque Center for Blood Transfusion and Human Tissues, Barrio Labeaga S/N, Galdakao, Spain
| | - B Aran
- Barcelona Stem Cell Bank, Centre of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S M Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Ghent Fertility and Stem cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Geens
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Vrije Univeristeit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, Jette (Brussels), Belgium
| | - B Heindryckx
- Ghent Fertility and Stem cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Panula
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Popovic
- Ghent Fertility and Stem cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - A Veiga
- Barcelona Stem Cell Bank, Centre of Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Dexeus Mujer, Hospital Universitari Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Peloso A, Citro A, Zoro T, Cobianchi L, Kahler-Quesada A, Bianchi CM, Andres A, Berishvili E, Piemonti L, Berney T, Toso C, Oldani G. Regenerative Medicine and Diabetes: Targeting the Extracellular Matrix Beyond the Stem Cell Approach and Encapsulation Technology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:445. [PMID: 30233489 PMCID: PMC6127205 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF), almost 1. 25 million people in the United States (US) have type 1 diabetes, which makes them dependent on insulin injections. Nationwide, type 2 diabetes rates have nearly doubled in the past 20 years resulting in more than 29 million American adults with diabetes and another 86 million in a pre-diabetic state. The International Diabetes Ferderation (IDF) has estimated that there will be almost 650 million adult diabetic patients worldwide at the end of the next 20 years (excluding patients over the age of 80). At this time, pancreas transplantation is the only available cure for selected patients, but it is offered only to a small percentage of them due to organ shortage and the risks linked to immunosuppressive regimes. Currently, exogenous insulin therapy is still considered to be the gold standard when managing diabetes, though stem cell biology is recognized as one of the most promising strategies for restoring endocrine pancreatic function. However, many issues remain to be solved, and there are currently no recognized treatments for diabetes based on stem cells. In addition to stem cell resesarch, several β-cell substitutive therapies have been explored in the recent era, including the use of acellular extracellular matrix scaffolding as a template for cellular seeding, thus providing an empty template to be repopulated with β-cells. Although this bioengineering approach still has to overcome important hurdles in regards to clinical application (including the origin of insulin producing cells as well as immune-related limitations), it could theoretically provide an inexhaustible source of bio-engineered pancreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Peloso
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- HepatoPancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Citro
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Tamara Zoro
- Department of General Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cobianchi
- Department of General Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Arianna Kahler-Quesada
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carlo M. Bianchi
- Department of General Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Axel Andres
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- HepatoPancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ekaterine Berishvili
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Research, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Thierry Berney
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Toso
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- HepatoPancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Graziano Oldani
- Division of Abdominal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- HepatoPancreato-Biliary Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Tsifaki M, Kelaini S, Caines R, Yang C, Margariti A. Regenerating the Cardiovascular System Through Cell Reprogramming; Current Approaches and a Look Into the Future. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:109. [PMID: 30177971 PMCID: PMC6109758 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), despite the advances of the medical field, remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Discovering novel treatments based on cell therapy or drugs is critical, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS Cells) technology has made it possible to design extensive disease-specific in vitro models. Elucidating the differentiation process challenged our previous knowledge of cell plasticity and capabilities and allows the concept of cell reprogramming technology to be established, which has inspired the creation of both in vitro and in vivo techniques. Patient-specific cell lines provide the opportunity of studying their pathophysiology in vitro, which can lead to novel drug development. At the same time, in vivo models have been designed where in situ transdifferentiation of cell populations into cardiomyocytes or endothelial cells (ECs) give hope toward effective cell therapies. Unfortunately, the efficiency as well as the concerns about the safety of all these methods make it exceedingly difficult to pass to the clinical trial phase. It is our opinion that creating an ex vivo model out of patient-specific cells will be one of the most important goals in the future to help surpass all these hindrances. Thus, in this review we aim to present the current state of research in reprogramming toward the cardiovascular system's regeneration, and showcase how the development and study of a multicellular 3D ex vivo model will improve our fighting chances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Tsifaki
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia Kelaini
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Caines
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Chunbo Yang
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Andriana Margariti
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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17
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Zakarin Safier L, Gumer A, Kline M, Egli D, Sauer MV. Compensating human subjects providing oocytes for stem cell research: 9-year experience and outcomes. J Assist Reprod Genet 2018; 35:1219-1225. [PMID: 29872942 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-018-1171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Human oocytes are arguably one of the most important cell types in humans, yet they are one of the least investigated cells. Because oocytes are limited in number, the use of high-quality oocytes is almost entirely in reproduction. Furthermore, regulatory hurdles for research on gametes and regulations on funding related to research on gametes present significant obstacles to research and the advancement of reproductive treatments. Here we report the outcomes of the largest compensated oocyte donation program for research in the USA to date, and probably worldwide. METHODS Women who participated in oocyte donation for research between 2008 and 2017 were contacted in a phone interview and completed a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS Of 114 participants, 98 oocyte donors completed donation, donating 1787 mature MII oocytes and a total of 86 skin biopsies. Complication rate, including minor complications, of oocyte donation was 8/98, or 8.1%, for which two involved follow-up. Fifty-seven donors answered questions about their experience. Participants were incentivized primarily by money and a desire to help others and reported an overall favorable experience. Most, but not all, human subjects recalled that they had donated for research, and approximately half recalled that their oocytes were being used specifically for stem cell research. CONCLUSIONS Compensated oocyte donation provides a reliable path to obtaining high-quality oocytes for research and is reviewed favorably by oocyte donors. The continuation of programs that offer compensation for oocyte donation is invaluable to continued progress and advancements in stem cell research and human embryology, and for the advancement of novel reproductive treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zakarin Safier
- Center for Women's Reproductive Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Gumer
- Center for Women's Reproductive Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Kline
- Center for Women's Reproductive Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Egli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - M V Sauer
- Center for Women's Reproductive Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Brunswick, NJ, USA
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18
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Xu J, Lian W, Li L, Huang Z. Generation of induced cardiac progenitor cells via somatic reprogramming. Oncotarget 2018; 8:29442-29457. [PMID: 28199972 PMCID: PMC5438743 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) represent a more effective cell-based therapy for treatment of myocardial infarction. Unfortunately, their therapeutic application is limited by low yield of cell harvesting, declining quality and quantity during the ageing process, and the need for highly invasive heart biopsy. Therefore, there is an emerging interest in generating CPC-like stem cells from somatic cells via somatic reprogramming. This novel approach would provide an unlimited source of stem cells with cardiac differentiation potential. Here we would firstly discuss the different types of CPC and their importance in stem cell therapy for treatment of myocardial infarction; secondly, the necessity of generating induced CPC from somatic cells via somatic reprogramming; and finally the current progress of somatic reprogramming in cardiac cells, especially induced CPC generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Xu
- Institute of Biological Therapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen City Shenzhen University Immunodiagnostic Technology Platform, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Lian
- Institute of Biological Therapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen City Shenzhen University Immunodiagnostic Technology Platform, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lingyun Li
- Institute of Biological Therapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen City Shenzhen University Immunodiagnostic Technology Platform, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong Huang
- Institute of Biological Therapy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen City Shenzhen University Immunodiagnostic Technology Platform, Shenzhen, China
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19
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Using intracellular markers to identify a novel set of surface markers for live cell purification from a heterogeneous hIPSC culture. Sci Rep 2018; 8:804. [PMID: 29339826 PMCID: PMC5770419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can provide sources for midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neural progenitors (NPCs) for cell therapy to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. However, the well-known line-to-cell line variability in the differentiation capacity of individual cell lines needs to be improved for the success of this therapy. To address this issue, we sought to identify mDA NPC specific cell surface markers for fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Through RNA isolation after sorting for NPCs based on staining for cell-specific transcription factors followed by microarray, we identified two positive cell surface markers (CORIN and CD166) and one negative cell surface marker (CXCR4) for mDA NPC sorting. These three markers can enrich floor plate NPCs to 90% purity, and the sorted NPCs more efficiently differentiate to mature dopaminergic neurons compared to unsorted or CORIN+ alone mDA NPCs. This surface marker identification strategy can be used broadly to facilitate isolation of cell subtypes of interest from heterogeneous cultures.
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20
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Smith DK, He M, Zhang CL, Zheng JC. The therapeutic potential of cell identity reprogramming for the treatment of aging-related neurodegenerative disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 157:212-229. [PMID: 26844759 PMCID: PMC5848468 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural cell identity reprogramming strategies aim to treat age-related neurodegenerative disorders with newly induced neurons that regenerate neural architecture and functional circuits in vivo. The isolation and neural differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells provided the first in vitro models of human neurodegenerative disease. Investigation into the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell pluripotency revealed that somatic cells could be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and these cells could be used to model Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington disease, and Parkinson disease. Additional neural precursor and direct transdifferentiation strategies further enabled the induction of diverse neural linages and neuron subtypes both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we highlight neural induction strategies that utilize stem cells, iPSCs, and lineage reprogramming to model or treat age-related neurodegenerative diseases, as well as, the clinical challenges related to neural transplantation and in vivo reprogramming strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek K Smith
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Miao He
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Chun-Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Jialin C Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Family Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
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21
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Chhabra A. Derivation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Lines and Mechanism of Pluripotency: Historical Perspective and Recent Advances. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 13:757-773. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9766-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Choi M, Park HH, Choi D, Han U, Park TH, Lee H, Park J, Hong J. Multilayer Nanofilms via Inkjet Printing for Stabilizing Growth Factor and Designing Desired Cell Developments. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28436215 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Biologically versatile basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), well known for roles of signaling molecules between cells and regulating various cellular processes, has been proven to utilize specific functionalities. However, the remarkable functions are inclinable to dwindle with decrease of bFGFs' activity. In nanoscale, developing thin films with intrinsic characteristics of building molecules can facilitate handling various materials for desired purposes. Fabricating nanofilm and handling sensitive materials without detriment to activity via highly productive manufacturing are significant for practical uses in the field of biomedical applications. Herein, a multilayered nanofilm fabricating system is developed by inkjet printing to incorporate bFGF successfully. It is demonstrated that water mixed with glycerol as biological ink maintains stability of bFGFs through simulation and experimental study. With highly stable bFGFs, the proliferation of human dermal fibroblast is enhanced and the undifferentiated state of induced pluripotent stem cell is maintained by the controlled release of bFGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonhyun Choi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science; Chung-Ang University; 84 Heukseok-ro Dongjak-gu Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Ho Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-744 Republic of Korea
| | - Daheui Choi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science; Chung-Ang University; 84 Heukseok-ro Dongjak-gu Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Uiyoung Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science; Chung-Ang University; 84 Heukseok-ro Dongjak-gu Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Hyun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-744 Republic of Korea
| | - Hwankyu Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Dankook University; Yongin-si Gyeonggi-do 448-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Park
- Department of Medical Biomaterials Engineering; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon 200-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkee Hong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science; Chung-Ang University; 84 Heukseok-ro Dongjak-gu Seoul 06974 Republic of Korea
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23
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Chen T, You Y, Jiang H, Wang ZZ. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT): A biological process in the development, stem cell differentiation, and tumorigenesis. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3261-3272. [PMID: 28079253 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The lineage transition between epithelium and mesenchyme is a process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), by which polarized epithelial cells lose their adhesion property and obtain mesenchymal cell phenotypes. EMT is a biological process that is often involved in embryogenesis and diseases, such as cancer invasion and metastasis. The EMT and the reverse process, mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), also play important roles in stem cell differentiation and de-differentiation (or reprogramming). In this review, we will discuss current research progress of EMT in embryonic development, cellular differentiation and reprogramming, and cancer progression, all of which are representative models for researches of stem cell biology in normal and in diseases. Understanding of EMT and MET may help to identify specific markers to distinguish normal stem cells from cancer stem cells in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan You
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zack Z Wang
- Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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24
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Genomic instability during reprogramming by nuclear transfer is DNA replication dependent. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:282-291. [PMID: 28263958 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state by nuclear transfer into oocytes, yet developmental arrest often occurs. While incomplete transcriptional reprogramming is known to cause developmental failure, reprogramming also involves concurrent changes in cell cycle progression and nuclear structure. Here we study cellular reprogramming events in human and mouse nuclear transfer embryos prior to embryonic genome activation. We show that genetic instability marked by frequent chromosome segregation errors and DNA damage arise prior to, and independent of, transcriptional activity. These errors occur following transition through DNA replication and are repaired by BRCA1. In the absence of mitotic nuclear remodelling, DNA replication is delayed and errors are exacerbated in subsequent mitosis. These results demonstrate that independent of gene expression, cell-type-specific features of cell cycle progression constitute a barrier sufficient to prevent the transition from one cell type to another during reprogramming.
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25
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Shufaro Y, Reubinoff BE. Nuclear Treatment and Cell Cycle Synchronization for the Purpose of Mammalian and Primate Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT). Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1524:289-298. [PMID: 27815910 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6603-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a technically and biologically challenging procedure inducing rapid reprogramming of the nucleus from the differentiated into the totipotent state in a few hours. This procedure was initially successfully accomplished in farm animals, then in rodents, and more recently in primates and in humans. Though ethical concerns regarding SCNT still exist, this procedure can be utilized to generate patient and disease-specific pluripotent embryonic stem cell lines, which carry a great promise in improving our understanding of major disease conditions and a hope for better therapies and regenerative medicine. In this section, we will survey the existing literature and describe how mouse SCNT is performed and the importance of donor cell treatment and cycle synchronization prior to SCNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoel Shufaro
- Infertility and IVF Unit, Beilinson Women's Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel. .,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Benjamin E Reubinoff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and the Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cells Research Center, The Goldyne-Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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Song H, Li H, Huang M, Xu D, Wang Z, Wang F. Big Animal Cloning Using Transgenic Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: A Case Study of Goat Transgenic Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Reprogram 2016; 18:37-47. [PMID: 26836033 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2015.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Using of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) could improve production traits and disease resistance by improving the efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology. However, robust ESCs have not been established from domestic ungulates. In the present study, we generated goat induced pluripotent stem cells (giPSCs) and transgenic cloned dairy goat induced pluripotent stem cells (tgiPSCs) from dairy goat fibroblasts (gFs) and transgenic cloned dairy goat fibroblasts (tgFs), respectively, using lentiviruses that contained hOCT4, hSOX2, hMYC, and hKLF4 without chemical compounds. The giPSCs and tgiPSCs expressed endogenous pluripotent markers, including OCT4, SOX2, MYC, KLF4, and NANOG. Moreover, they were able to maintain a normal karyotype and differentiate into derivatives from all three germ layers in vitro and in vivo. Using SCNT, tgFs and tgiPSCs were used as donor cells to produce embryos, which were named tgF-Embryos and tgiPSC-Embryos. The fusion rates and cleavage rates had no significant differences between tgF-Embryos and tgiPSC-Embryos. However, the expression of IGF-2, which is an important gene associated with embryonic development, was significantly lower in tgiPSC-Embryos than in tgF-Embryos and was not significantly different from vivo-Embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Song
- 1 Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Meat Sheep & Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China .,2 Department of Medical Genetic and Cell Biology, Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Hui Li
- 1 Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Meat Sheep & Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China .,2 Department of Medical Genetic and Cell Biology, Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Mingrui Huang
- 1 Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Meat Sheep & Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Dan Xu
- 3 Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Ziyu Wang
- 1 Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Meat Sheep & Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- 1 Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Meat Sheep & Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China
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Chromosome transplantation as a novel approach for correcting complex genomic disorders. Oncotarget 2016; 6:35218-30. [PMID: 26485770 PMCID: PMC4742100 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic disorders resulting from large rearrangements of the genome remain an important unsolved issue in gene therapy. Chromosome transplantation, defined as the perfect replacement of an endogenous chromosome with a homologous one, has the potential of curing this kind of disorders. Here we report the first successful case of chromosome transplantation by replacement of an endogenous X chromosome carrying a mutation in the Hprt gene with a normal one in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), correcting the genetic defect. The defect was also corrected by replacing the Y chromosome with an X chromosome. Chromosome transplanted clones maintained in vitro and in vivo features of stemness and contributed to chimera formation. Genome integrity was confirmed by cytogenetic and molecular genome analysis. The approach here proposed, with some modifications, might be used to cure various disorders due to other X chromosome aberrations in induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells derived from affected patients.
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Matsumoto K, Xavier S, Chen J, Kida Y, Lipphardt M, Ikeda R, Gevertz A, Caviris M, Hatzopoulos AK, Kalajzic I, Dutton J, Ratliff BB, Zhao H, Darzynkiewicz Z, Rose‐John S, Goligorsky MS. Instructive Role of the Microenvironment in Preventing Renal Fibrosis. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:992-1005. [PMID: 28297566 PMCID: PMC5442777 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of myofibroblasts is a hallmark of renal fibrosis. A significant proportion of myofibroblasts has been reported to originate via endothelial‐mesenchymal transition. We initially hypothesized that exposing myofibroblasts to the extract of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) could reverse this transition. Indeed, in vitro treatment of transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1)‐activated fibroblasts with EPC extract prevented expression of α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA); however, it did not enhance expression of endothelial markers. In two distinct models of renal fibrosis—unilateral ureteral obstruction and chronic phase of folic acid‐induced nephropathy—subcapsular injection of EPC extract to the kidney prevented and reversed accumulation of α‐SMA‐positive myofibroblasts and reduced fibrosis. Screening the composition of EPC extract for cytokines revealed that it is enriched in leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and vascular endothelial growth factor. Only LIF was capable of reducing fibroblast‐to‐myofibroblast transition of TGF‐β1‐activated fibroblasts. In vivo subcapsular administration of LIF reduced the number of myofibroblasts and improved the density of peritubular capillaries; however, it did not reduce the degree of fibrosis. A receptor‐independent ligand for the gp130/STAT3 pathway, hyper‐interleukin‐6 (hyper‐IL‐6), not only induced a robust downstream increase in pluripotency factors Nanog and c‐Myc but also exhibited a powerful antifibrotic effect. In conclusion, EPC extract prevented and reversed fibroblast‐to‐myofibroblast transition and renal fibrosis. The component of EPC extract, LIF, was capable of preventing development of the contractile phenotype of activated fibroblasts but did not eliminate TGF‐β1‐induced collagen synthesis in cultured fibroblasts and models of renal fibrosis, whereas a receptor‐independent gp130/STAT3 agonist, hyper‐IL‐6, prevented fibrosis. In summary, these studies, through the evolution from EPC extract to LIF and then to hyper‐IL‐6, demonstrate the instructive role of microenvironmental cues and may provide in the future a facile strategy to prevent and reverse renal fibrosis. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:992–1005
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Matsumoto
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sandhya Xavier
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Yujiro Kida
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Mark Lipphardt
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Reina Ikeda
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Annie Gevertz
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Mario Caviris
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | | | - Ivo Kalajzic
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - James Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brian B. Ratliff
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Zbygniew Darzynkiewicz
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Stefan Rose‐John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian‐Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael S. Goligorsky
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
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Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) created from skin fibroblasts of patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) retain the molecular signature of PWS. Stem Cell Res 2016; 17:526-530. [PMID: 27789403 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a syndromic obesity caused by loss of paternal gene expression in an imprinted interval on 15q11.2-q13. Induced pluripotent stem cells were generated from skin cells of three large deletion PWS patients and one unique microdeletion PWS patient. We found that genes within the PWS region, including SNRPN and NDN, showed persistence of DNA methylation after iPSC reprogramming and differentiation to neurons. Genes within the PWS minimum critical deletion region remain silenced in both PWS large deletion and microdeletion iPSC following reprogramming. PWS iPSC and their relevant differentiated cell types could provide in vitro models of PWS.
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Wilmut I, Bai Y, Taylor J. Somatic cell nuclear transfer: origins, the present position and future opportunities. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:20140366. [PMID: 26416677 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear transfer that involves the transfer of the nucleus from a donor cell into an oocyte or early embryo from which the chromosomes have been removed was considered first as a means of assessing changes during development in the ability of the nucleus to control development. In mammals, development of embryos produced by nuclear transfer depends upon coordination of the cell cycles of donor and recipient cells. Our analysis of nuclear potential was completed in 1996 when a nucleus from an adult ewe mammary gland cell controlled development to term of Dolly the sheep. The new procedure has been used to target the first precise genetic modification into livestock; however, the greatest inheritance of the Dolly experiment was to make biologists think differently. If unknown factors in the recipient oocyte could reprogramme the nucleus to a stage very early in development then there must be other ways of making that change. Within 10 years, two laboratories working independently established protocols by which the introduction of selected transcription factors changes a small proportion of the treated cells to pluripotent stem cells. This ability to produce 'induced pluripotent stem cells' is providing revolutionary new opportunities in research and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Wilmut
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, BioQuarter, 5, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Yu Bai
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, BioQuarter, 5, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Jane Taylor
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, BioQuarter, 5, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
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Kunitomi A, Yuasa S, Sugiyama F, Saito Y, Seki T, Kusumoto D, Kashimura S, Takei M, Tohyama S, Hashimoto H, Egashira T, Tanimoto Y, Mizuno S, Tanaka S, Okuno H, Yamazawa K, Watanabe H, Oda M, Kaneda R, Matsuzaki Y, Nagai T, Okano H, Yagami KI, Tanaka M, Fukuda K. H1foo Has a Pivotal Role in Qualifying Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 6:825-833. [PMID: 27237376 PMCID: PMC4912480 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are a hallmark of ideal pluripotent stem cells. Epigenetic reprogramming of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has not been fully accomplished. iPSC generation is similar to somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in oocytes, and this procedure can be used to generate ESCs (SCNT-ESCs), which suggests the contribution of oocyte-specific constituents. Here, we show that the mammalian oocyte-specific linker histone H1foo has beneficial effects on iPSC generation. Induction of H1foo with Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4 significantly enhanced the efficiency of iPSC generation. H1foo promoted in vitro differentiation characteristics with low heterogeneity in iPSCs. H1foo enhanced the generation of germline-competent chimeric mice from iPSCs in a manner similar to that for ESCs. These findings indicate that H1foo contributes to the generation of higher-quality iPSCs. H1foo enhanced the efficiency of iPSC generation H1foo promoted in vitro differentiation characteristics with low heterogeneity H1foo enhanced the generation of germline-competent chimeric mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kunitomi
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Yuasa
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Fumihiro Sugiyama
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yuki Saito
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Seki
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Dai Kusumoto
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shin Kashimura
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Takei
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shugo Tohyama
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Hashimoto
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toru Egashira
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoko Tanimoto
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Saori Mizuno
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shoma Tanaka
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hironobu Okuno
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamazawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideo Watanabe
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mayumi Oda
- Sakaguchi Laboratory, Department of Systems Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ruri Kaneda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yumi Matsuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nagai
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yagami
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Yamada M, Emmanuele V, Sanchez-Quintero MJ, Sun B, Lallos G, Paull D, Zimmer M, Pagett S, Prosser RW, Sauer MV, Hirano M, Egli D. Genetic Drift Can Compromise Mitochondrial Replacement by Nuclear Transfer in Human Oocytes. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 18:749-754. [PMID: 27212703 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of mitochondria through nuclear transfer between oocytes of two different women has emerged recently as a strategy for preventing inheritance of mtDNA diseases. Although experiments in human oocytes have shown effective replacement, the consequences of small amounts of mtDNA carryover have not been studied sufficiently. Using human mitochondrial replacement stem cell lines, we show that, even though the low levels of heteroplasmy introduced into human oocytes by mitochondrial carryover during nuclear transfer often vanish, they can sometimes instead result in mtDNA genotypic drift and reversion to the original genotype. Comparison of cells with identical oocyte-derived nuclear DNA but different mtDNA shows that either mtDNA genotype is compatible with the nucleus and that drift is independent of mitochondrial function. Thus, although functional replacement of the mitochondrial genome is possible, even low levels of heteroplasmy can affect the stability of the mtDNA genotype and compromise the efficacy of mitochondrial replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Yamada
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Valentina Emmanuele
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Bruce Sun
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gregory Lallos
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Daniel Paull
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Matthew Zimmer
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Shardonay Pagett
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Robert W Prosser
- Center for Women's Reproductive Care, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10019, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mark V Sauer
- Center for Women's Reproductive Care, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10019, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michio Hirano
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Dieter Egli
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA; Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, Department of Pediatrics, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) (cloning), as a reproductive or therapeutic method, and mitochondrial DNA transfer, as a method to prevent the transmission of mitochondrial diseases, are analyzed in this paper from a bioethics perspective. The licit purpose of being able to treat certain diseases, as in the case of SCNT, cannot justify, in any case, resorting to illicit means such as the manipulation, selection, and elimination of human embryos in the blastocyst phase, by using cell lines obtained from them. Crossing this line paves the way (as utilitarian ethics advocates) to assuming any cost in scientific experimentation so long as satisfactory results are obtained. With mitochondrial replacement, either human embryos are directly manipulated (pronuclear transfer) or germline cells are manipulated (maternal spindle transfer); changes in these could be transmitted to the offspring. LAY SUMMARY This article analyzes somatic cell nuclear transfer (cloning) and mitochondrial DNA transfer techniques, in both reproductive and therapeutic applications, and preventive methods in the transmission of mitochondrial diseases, from a bioethical perspective. The manipulation, selection, and elimination of human embryos delimits the ethical acceptability of these promising techniques.
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Cherry C, Thompson B, Saptarshi N, Wu J, Hoh J. 2016: A 'Mitochondria' Odyssey. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:391-403. [PMID: 27151392 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The integration of the many roles of mitochondria in cellular function and the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to disease are major areas of research. Within this realm, the roles of mitochondria in immune defense, epigenetics, and stem cell (SC) development have recently come into the spotlight. With new understanding, mitochondria may bring together these seemingly unrelated fields, a crucial process in treatment and prevention for various diseases. In this review we describe novel findings in these three arenas, discussing the significance of the interplay between mitochondria and the cell nucleus in response to environmental cues. While we optimistically anticipate that further research in these areas can have a profound impact on disease management, we also bring forth some of the key questions and challenges that remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Cherry
- School of Medicine, Departments of Environmental Health Science and Ophthalmology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brian Thompson
- School of Medicine, Departments of Environmental Health Science and Ophthalmology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Neil Saptarshi
- School of Medicine, Departments of Environmental Health Science and Ophthalmology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jianyu Wu
- School of Medicine, Departments of Environmental Health Science and Ophthalmology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Josephine Hoh
- School of Medicine, Departments of Environmental Health Science and Ophthalmology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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RNA-Seq Profiling of Intact and Enucleated Oocyte SCNT Embryos Reveals the Role of Pig Oocyte Nucleus in Somatic Reprogramming. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153093. [PMID: 27070804 PMCID: PMC4829232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific molecular mechanisms involved in somatic reprogramming remain unidentified. Removal of the oocyte genome is one of the primary causes of developmental failure in cloned embryos, whereas intact oocyte shows stronger reprogramming capability than enucleated oocyte. To identify the reason for the low efficiency of cloning and elucidate the mechanisms involved in somatic reprogramming by the oocyte nucleus, we injected pig cumulus cells into 539 intact MII oocytes and 461 enucleated MII oocytes. Following activation, 260 polyploidy embryos developed to the blastocyst stage whereas only 93 traditionally cloned embryos (48.2% vs. 20.2%, P < 0.01) reached blastocyst stage. Blastocysts generated from intact oocytes also had more cells than those generated from enucleated oocytes (60.70 vs. 46.65, P < 0.01). To identify the genes that contribute to this phenomenon, two early embryos in 2-cell and 4-cell stages were collected for single-cell RNA sequencing. The two kinds of embryos were found to have dramatically different transcriptome profiles. Intact oocyte nuclear transfer embryos showed 1,738 transcripts that were up-regulated relative to enucleated cloned embryos at the 2-cell stage and 728 transcripts that were down-regulated (|log2Ratio| ≥ 5). They showed 2,941 transcripts that were up-regulated during the 4-cell stage and 1,682 that were down-regulated (|log2Ratio| ≥ 5). The most significantly enriched gene ontology categories were those involved in the regulation of binding, catalytic activity, and molecular transducer activity. Other genes that were notably up-regulated and expressed in intact oocyte nuclear transfer embryos were metabolic process. This study provides a comprehensive profile of the differences in gene expression between intact oocyte nuclear transfer embryos and traditional nuclear transfer embryos. This work thus paves the way for further research on the mechanisms underlying somatic reprogramming by oocytes.
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Derivation and differentiation of haploid human embryonic stem cells. Nature 2016; 532:107-11. [PMID: 26982723 DOI: 10.1038/nature17408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diploidy is a fundamental genetic feature in mammals, in which haploid cells normally arise only as post-meiotic germ cells that serve to ensure a diploid genome upon fertilization. Gamete manipulation has yielded haploid embryonic stem (ES) cells from several mammalian species, but haploid human ES cells have yet to be reported. Here we generated and analysed a collection of human parthenogenetic ES cell lines originating from haploid oocytes, leading to the successful isolation and maintenance of human ES cell lines with a normal haploid karyotype. Haploid human ES cells exhibited typical pluripotent stem cell characteristics, such as self-renewal capacity and a pluripotency-specific molecular signature. Moreover, we demonstrated the utility of these cells as a platform for loss-of-function genetic screening. Although haploid human ES cells resembled their diploid counterparts, they also displayed distinct properties including differential regulation of X chromosome inactivation and of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, alongside reduction in absolute gene expression levels and cell size. Surprisingly, we found that a haploid human genome is compatible not only with the undifferentiated pluripotent state, but also with differentiated somatic fates representing all three embryonic germ layers both in vitro and in vivo, despite a persistent dosage imbalance between the autosomes and X chromosome. We expect that haploid human ES cells will provide novel means for studying human functional genomics and development.
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Ogorevc J, Orehek S, Dovč P. Cellular reprogramming in farm animals: an overview of iPSC generation in the mammalian farm animal species. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:10. [PMID: 26900466 PMCID: PMC4761155 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment of embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines has been successful in mouse and human, but not in farm animals. Development of direct reprogramming technology offers an alternative approach for generation of pluripotent stem cells, applicable also in farm animals. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent practically limitless, ethically acceptable, individuum-specific source of pluripotent cells that can be generated from different types of somatic cells. iPSCs can differentiate to all cell types of an organism’s body and have a tremendous potential for numerous applications in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. However, molecular mechanisms behind the reprogramming process remain largely unknown and hamper generation of bona fide iPSCs and their use in human clinical practice. Large animal models are essential to expand the knowledge obtained on rodents and facilitate development and validation of transplantation therapies in preclinical studies. Additionally, transgenic animals with special traits could be generated from genetically modified pluripotent cells, using advanced reproduction techniques. Despite their applicative potential, it seems that iPSCs in farm animals haven’t received the deserved attention. The aim of this review was to provide a systematic overview on iPSC generation in the most important mammalian farm animal species (cattle, pig, horse, sheep, goat, and rabbit), compare protein sequence similarity of pluripotency-related transcription factors in different species, and discuss potential uses of farm animal iPSCs. Literature mining revealed 32 studies, describing iPSC generation in pig (13 studies), cattle (5), horse (5), sheep (4), goat (3), and rabbit (2) that are summarized in a concise, tabular format.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ogorevc
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - S Orehek
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - P Dovč
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
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Rungsiwiwut R, Numchaisrika P, Ahnonkitpanit V, Virutamasen P, Pruksananonda K. Triploid human embryonic stem cells derived from tripronuclear zygotes displayed pluripotency and trophoblast differentiation ability similar to the diploid human embryonic stem cells. J Reprod Dev 2016; 62:167-76. [PMID: 26821869 PMCID: PMC4848574 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2015-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Because the diploid human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can be successfully derived from tripronuclear
zygotes thus, they can serve as an alternative source of derivation of normal karyotype hESC lines. The aim of
the present study was to compare the pluripotency and trophoblast differentiation ability of hESCs derived
from tripronuclear zygotes and diploid hESCs. In the present study, a total of 20 tripronuclear zygotes were
cultured; 8 zygotes developed to the blastocyst stage and 1 hESC line was generated. Unlike the previous
studies, chromosomal correction of tripronuclear zygotes during derivation of hESCs did not occur. The
established line carries 3 sets of chromosomes and showed a numerical aberration. Although the cell line
displayed an abnormal chromosome number, it was found the cell line has been shown to be pluripotent with the
ability to differentiate into 3 embryonic germ layers both in vitro and in
vivo. The expression of X inactive specific transcript (XIST) in mid-passage (passage 42) of
undifferentiated triploid hESCs was detected, indicating X chromosome inactivation of the cell line. Moreover,
when this cell line was induced to differentiate toward the trophoblast lineage, morphological and functional
trophoblast cells were observed, similar to the diploid hESC line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruttachuk Rungsiwiwut
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Induction of autophagy improves embryo viability in cloned mouse embryos. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17829. [PMID: 26643778 PMCID: PMC4672298 DOI: 10.1038/srep17829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential cellular mechanism that degrades cytoplasmic proteins and organelles to recycle their components. Moreover, autophagy is essential for preimplantation development in mammals. Here we show that autophagy is also important for reprogramming in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Our data indicate that unlike fertilized oocytes, autophagy is not triggered in SCNT embryos during 6 hours of activation. Mechanistically, the inhibited autophagic induction during SCNT activation is due to the cytochalasin B (CB) caused depolymerization of actin filaments. In this study, we induced autophagy during SCNT activation by rapamycin and pp242, which could restore the expected level of autophagy and significantly enhance the development of SCNT embryos to the blastocyst stage when compared with the control (68.5% and 68.7% vs. 41.5%, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the treatment of rapamycin and pp242 accelerates active DNA demethylation indicated by the conversion of 5 mC to 5 hmC, and treatment of rapamycin improves degradation of maternal mRNA as well. Thus, our findings reveal that autophagy is important for development of SCNT embryos and inhibited autophagic induction during SCNT activation might be one of the serious causes of low efficiency of SCNT.
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Chung YG, Matoba S, Liu Y, Eum JH, Lu F, Jiang W, Lee JE, Sepilian V, Cha KY, Lee DR, Zhang Y. Histone Demethylase Expression Enhances Human Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Efficiency and Promotes Derivation of Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 17:758-766. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Wang D, Quan Y, Yan Q, Morales JE, Wetsel RA. Targeted Disruption of the β2-Microglobulin Gene Minimizes the Immunogenicity of Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:1234-45. [PMID: 26285657 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are a promising source of cells for tissue regeneration, yet histoincompatibility remains a major challenge to their clinical application. Because the human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) molecules are the primary mediators of immune rejection, we hypothesized that cells derived from a hESC line lacking HLA-I expression could be transplanted without evoking a robust immune response from allogeneic recipients. In the present study, we used the replacement targeting strategy to delete exons 2 and 3 of β2-microglobulin on both gene alleles in hESCs. Because β2-microglobulin serves as the HLA-I light chain, disruption of the β2-microglobulin gene led to complete HLA-I deficiency on the cell surface of hESCs and their derivatives. Therefore, these cells were resistant to CD8+ T-cell-mediated destruction. Although interferon-γ (IFN-γ) treatment significantly induced β2-microglobulin expression, promoting CD8+ T cell-mediated killing of control hESCs and their derivatives, CD8+ T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity was barely observed with β2-microglobulin-null hESCs and their derivatives treated with IFN-γ. This genetic manipulation to disrupt HLA-I expression did not affect the self-renewal capacity, genomic stability, or pluripotency of hESCs. Despite being relatively sensitive to natural killer (NK) cell-mediated killing due to the lack of HLA-I expression, when transplanted into NK cell-depleted immunocompetent mice, β2-microglobulin-null hESCs developed into tumors resembling those derived from control hESCs in severe combined immunodeficiency mice. These results demonstrate that β2-microglobulin-null hESCs significantly reduce immunogenicity to CD8+ T cells and might provide a renewable source of cells for tissue regeneration without the need for HLA matching in the future. SIGNIFICANCE This study reports the generation of a novel β2-microglobulin (B2M)-/- human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line. Differentiated mature cells from this line do not express cell surface human leukocyte antigen molecules even after interferon-γ stimulation and are resistant to alloreactive CD8+ T cells. Moreover, this B2M-/- hESC line contains no off-target integration or cleavage events, is devoid of stable B2M mRNA, exhibits a normal karyotype, and retains its self-renewal capacity, genomic stability, and pluripotency. Although B2M-/- hESC-derived cells are more susceptible to natural killer (NK) cells, murine transplantation studies have indicated that they are, overall, much less immunogenic than normal hESCs. Thus, these data show for the first time that, in vivo, the advantages provided by B2M-/- hESC-derived cells in avoiding CD8+ T-cell killing appear significantly greater than any disadvantage caused by increased susceptibility to NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dachun Wang
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuan Quan
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qing Yan
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John E Morales
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rick A Wetsel
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Yamada M, Byrne J, Egli D. From cloned frogs to patient matched stem cells: induced pluripotency or somatic cell nuclear transfer? Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 34:29-34. [PMID: 26282611 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear transfer has seen a remarkable comeback in the past few years. Three groups have independently reported the derivation of stem cell lines by somatic cell nuclear transfer, from either adult, neonatal or fetal cells. Though the ability of human oocytes to reprogram somatic cells to stem cells had long been anticipated, success did not arrive on a straightforward path. Little was known about human oocyte biology, and nuclear transfer protocols developed in animals required key changes to become effective with human eggs. By overcoming these challenges, human nuclear transfer research has contributed to a greater understanding of oocyte biology, provided a point of reference for the comparison of induced pluripotent stem cells, and delivered a method for the generation of personalized stem cells with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Yamada
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - James Byrne
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Regenerative Medicine, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dieter Egli
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA; Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Sproul AA. Being human: The role of pluripotent stem cells in regenerative medicine and humanizing Alzheimer's disease models. Mol Aspects Med 2015; 43-44:54-65. [PMID: 26101165 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have the capacity to revolutionize medicine by allowing the generation of functional cell types such as neurons for cell replacement therapy. However, the more immediate impact of PSCs on treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) will be through improved human AD model systems for mechanistic studies and therapeutic screening. This review will first briefly discuss different types of PSCs and genome-editing techniques that can be used to modify PSCs for disease modeling or for personalized medicine. This will be followed by a more in depth analysis of current AD iPSC models and a discussion of the need for more complex multicellular models, including cell types such as microglia. It will finish with a discussion on current clinical trials using PSC-derived cells and the long-term potential of such strategies for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Sproul
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY, USA; Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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45
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Greenberg MV, Bourc'his D. Cultural relativism: maintenance of genomic imprints in pluripotent stem cell culture systems. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 31:42-9. [PMID: 25974256 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) in culture have become a widely used model for studying events occurring during mammalian development; they also present an exciting avenue for therapeutics. However, compared to their in vivo counterparts, cultured PSC derivatives have unique properties, and it is well established that their epigenome is sensitive to medium composition. Here we review the specific effects on genomic imprints in various PSC types and culture systems. Imprinted gene regulation is developmentally important, and imprinting defects have been associated with several human diseases. Therefore, imprint abnormalities in PSCs may have considerable consequences for downstream applications.
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Abstract
The regenerative medicine field is large, diverse and active worldwide. A variety of different organizational and product models have been successful, and pioneering entrepreneurs have shown both what can work and, critically, what does not. Evolving regulations, novel funding mechanisms combined with new technological breakthroughs are keeping the field in a state of flux. The field struggles to cope with the lack of infrastructure and investment, it nevertheless has evolved from its roots in human stem cell therapy and tissue and organ transplants to a field composed of a variety of products from multiple cell sources with approval for use in numerous countries. Currently, tens of thousands of patients have been treated with some kind of cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Rao
- New York Stem Cell Foundation, 3969 Broadway 4th floor, NYC, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chris Mason
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Susan Solomon
- New York Stem Cell Foundation, 3969 Broadway 4th floor, NYC, NY 10032, USA
- New York Stem Cell Foundation, 1995 Broadway Suite 600, NYC, NY 10023, USA
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47
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Abstract
Stem cells have generated great interest for their potential therapeutic use because of their capacity to self-renew indefinitely and to generate all cell lineages (pluripotency). Many diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders or diabetes are caused by loss of functionality or deficiency of a particular cell type. Stem cells differentiated into a specific cell type such as pancreatic β-cells or neurons, for example, thus hold great promise for regenerative medicine. However, many challenges have to be overcome before stem cell therapy can become a viable clinical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyakam Bhagavati
- Department of Neurology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA,
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48
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Carpenter MK, Rao MS. Concise review: making and using clinically compliant pluripotent stem cell lines. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:381-8. [PMID: 25722426 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) is in a state of dynamic flux driven by significant advances in the derivation of specific phenotypes from embryonic stem cells, breakthroughs in somatic cell nuclear transfer, and dramatic improvements in generating induced PSCs using zero footprint methods. Spurred by these technological advances, companies have begun to plan clinical studies using human PSC derivatives manufactured in current Good Manufacturing Practice-compliant conditions. In the present review, we discuss the challenges in making these biological products, starting from tissue sourcing to the processes involved in manufacture, storage, and distribution. Additional challenges exist to meeting the regulatory requirements and keeping costs affordable. A model is described that has been proposed by the U.S. National Institutes of Health for reducing the costs and permitting flexibility and innovation by individual investigators. This model, combined with small adjustments in the regulatory processes tailored to address the unique properties of PSCs, has the potential of significantly accelerating the implementation of PSC-based cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Carpenter
- Carpenter Group Consulting Inc., Black Diamond, Washington, USA; NxCell Inc., Novato, California, USA; Q Therapeutics Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Mahendra S Rao
- Carpenter Group Consulting Inc., Black Diamond, Washington, USA; NxCell Inc., Novato, California, USA; Q Therapeutics Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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49
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Hosseini S, Asgari V, Ostadhosseini S, Hajian M, Ghanaei H, Nasr-Esfahani M. Developmental competence of ovine oocytes after vitrification: Differential effects of vitrification steps, embryo production methods, and parental origin of pronuclei. Theriogenology 2015; 83:366-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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50
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Shinagawa T, Takagi T, Tsukamoto D, Tomaru C, Huynh LM, Sivaraman P, Kumarevel T, Inoue K, Nakato R, Katou Y, Sado T, Takahashi S, Ogura A, Shirahige K, Ishii S. Histone variants enriched in oocytes enhance reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 14:217-27. [PMID: 24506885 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Expression of Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) can reprogram somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) can also be used for reprogramming, suggesting that factors present in oocytes could potentially augment OSKM-mediated induction of pluripotency. Here, we report that two histone variants, TH2A and TH2B, which are highly expressed in oocytes and contribute to activation of the paternal genome after fertilization, enhance OSKM-dependent generation of iPSCs and can induce reprogramming with Klf4 and Oct3/4 alone. TH2A and TH2B are enriched on the X chromosome during the reprogramming process, and their expression in somatic cells increases the DNase I sensitivity of chromatin. In addition, Xist deficiency, which was reported to enhance SCNT reprogramming efficiency, stimulates iPSC generation using TH2A/TH2B in conjunction with OSKM, but not OSKM alone. Thus, TH2A/TH2B may enhance reprogramming by introducing processes that normally operate in zygotes and during SCNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Shinagawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, CREST Research Project of JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency), RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan; Department of Functional Genomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Takagi
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, CREST Research Project of JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency), RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsukamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, CREST Research Project of JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency), RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Chinatsu Tomaru
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, CREST Research Project of JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency), RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan; Department of Functional Genomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Linh My Huynh
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, CREST Research Project of JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency), RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan; Department of Functional Genomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Padavattan Sivaraman
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Harima Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | | | - Kimiko Inoue
- RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Nakato
- Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan; CREST, JST, K's Gobancho, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Yuki Katou
- Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan; CREST, JST, K's Gobancho, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Takashi Sado
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 812-8582 Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba 305-0074, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Shirahige
- Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan; CREST, JST, K's Gobancho, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ishii
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, CREST Research Project of JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency), RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan; Department of Functional Genomics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
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