1
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Winter PS, Ramseier ML, Navia AW, Saksena S, Strouf H, Senhaji N, DenAdel A, Mirza M, An HH, Bilal L, Dennis P, Leahy CS, Shigemori K, Galves-Reyes J, Zhang Y, Powers F, Mulugeta N, Gupta AJ, Calistri N, Van Scoyk A, Jones K, Liu H, Stevenson KE, Ren S, Luskin MR, Couturier CP, Amini AP, Raghavan S, Kimmerling RJ, Stevens MM, Crawford L, Weinstock DM, Manalis SR, Shalek AK, Murakami MA. Mutation and cell state compatibility is required and targetable in Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia minimal residual disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.06.597767. [PMID: 38915726 PMCID: PMC11195125 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.06.597767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Efforts to cure BCR::ABL1 B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) solely through inhibition of ABL1 kinase activity have thus far been insufficient despite the availability of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) with broad activity against resistance mutants. The mechanisms that drive persistence within minimal residual disease (MRD) remain poorly understood and therefore untargeted. Utilizing 13 patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and clinical trial specimens of Ph+ ALL, we examined how genetic and transcriptional features co-evolve to drive progression during prolonged TKI response. Our work reveals a landscape of cooperative mutational and transcriptional escape mechanisms that differ from those causing resistance to first generation TKIs. By analyzing MRD during remission, we show that the same resistance mutation can either increase or decrease cellular fitness depending on transcriptional state. We further demonstrate that directly targeting transcriptional state-associated vulnerabilities at MRD can overcome BCR::ABL1 independence, suggesting a new paradigm for rationally eradicating MRD prior to relapse. Finally, we illustrate how cell mass measurements of leukemia cells can be used to rapidly monitor dominant transcriptional features of Ph+ ALL to help rationally guide therapeutic selection from low-input samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S. Winter
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle L. Ramseier
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew W. Navia
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sachit Saksena
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Haley Strouf
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nezha Senhaji
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alan DenAdel
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Mahnoor Mirza
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hyun Hwan An
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura Bilal
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter Dennis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catharine S. Leahy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kay Shigemori
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennyfer Galves-Reyes
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ye Zhang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Foster Powers
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nolawit Mulugeta
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Nicholas Calistri
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alex Van Scoyk
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristen Jones
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huiyun Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Siyang Ren
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA
| | - Marlise R. Luskin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles P. Couturier
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Srivatsan Raghavan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Mark M. Stevens
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lorin Crawford
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Microsoft Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David M. Weinstock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Current Address: Merck and Co., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Scott R. Manalis
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alex K. Shalek
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mark A. Murakami
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Alawieh D, Cysique-Foinlan L, Willekens C, Renneville A. RAS mutations in myeloid malignancies: revisiting old questions with novel insights and therapeutic perspectives. Blood Cancer J 2024; 14:72. [PMID: 38658558 PMCID: PMC11043080 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-024-01054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
NRAS and KRAS activating point mutations are present in 10-30% of myeloid malignancies and are often associated with a proliferative phenotype. RAS mutations harbor allele-specific structural and biochemical properties depending on the hotspot mutation, contributing to variable biological consequences. Given their subclonal nature in most myeloid malignancies, their clonal architecture, and patterns of cooperativity with other driver genetic alterations may potentially have a direct, causal influence on the prognosis and treatment of myeloid malignancies. RAS mutations overall tend to be associated with poor clinical outcome in both chronic and acute myeloid malignancies. Several recent prognostic scoring systems have incorporated RAS mutational status. While RAS mutations do not always act as independent prognostic factors, they significantly influence disease progression and survival. However, their clinical significance depends on the type of mutation, disease context, and treatment administered. Recent evidence also indicates that RAS mutations drive resistance to targeted therapies, particularly FLT3, IDH1/2, or JAK2 inhibitors, as well as the venetoclax-azacitidine combination. The investigation of novel therapeutic strategies and combinations that target multiple axes within the RAS pathway, encompassing both upstream and downstream components, is an active field of research. The success of direct RAS inhibitors in patients with solid tumors has brought renewed optimism that this progress will be translated to patients with hematologic malignancies. In this review, we highlight key insights on RAS mutations across myeloid malignancies from the past decade, including their prevalence and distribution, cooperative genetic events, clonal architecture and dynamics, prognostic implications, and therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Alawieh
- INSERM U1287, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Leila Cysique-Foinlan
- INSERM U1287, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
- Department of Hematology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Christophe Willekens
- INSERM U1287, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
- Department of Hematology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Aline Renneville
- INSERM U1287, Gustave Roussy, Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France.
- Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
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3
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Lin HT, Takagi M, Kubara K, Yamazaki K, Michikawa F, Okumura T, Naruto T, Morio T, Miyazaki K, Taniguchi H, Otsu M. Monoallelic KRAS (G13C) mutation triggers dysregulated expansion in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hematopoietic progenitor cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:106. [PMID: 38627844 PMCID: PMC11021011 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although oncogenic RAS mutants are thought to exert mutagenic effects upon blood cells, it remains uncertain how a single oncogenic RAS impacts non-transformed multipotent hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells (HPCs). Such potential pre-malignant status may characterize HPCs in patients with RAS-associated autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome-like disease (RALD). This study sought to elucidate the biological and molecular alterations in human HPCs carrying monoallelic mutant KRAS (G13C) with no other oncogene mutations. METHODS We utilized induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from two unrelated RALD patients. Isogenic HPC pairs harboring either wild-type KRAS or monoallelic KRAS (G13C) alone obtained following differentiation enabled reliable comparative analyses. The compound screening was conducted with an established platform using KRAS (G13C) iPSCs and differentiated HPCs. RESULTS Cell culture assays revealed that monoallelic KRAS (G13C) impacted both myeloid differentiation and expansion characteristics of iPSC-derived HPCs. Comprehensive RNA-sequencing analysis depicted close clustering of HPC samples within the isogenic group, warranting that comparative studies should be performed within the same genetic background. When compared with no stimulation, iPSC-derived KRAS (G13C)-HPCs showed marked similarity with the wild-type isogenic control in transcriptomic profiles. After stimulation with cytokines, however, KRAS (G13C)-HPCs exhibited obvious aberrant cell-cycle and apoptosis responses, compatible with "dysregulated expansion," demonstrated by molecular and biological assessment. Increased BCL-xL expression was identified amongst other molecular changes unique to mutant HPCs. With screening platforms established for therapeutic intervention, we observed selective activity against KRAS (G13C)-HPC expansion in several candidate compounds, most notably in a MEK- and a BCL-2/BCL-xL-inhibitor. These two compounds demonstrated selective inhibitory effects on KRAS (G13C)-HPCs even with primary patient samples when combined. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that a monoallelic oncogenic KRAS can confer dysregulated expansion characteristics to non-transformed HPCs, which may constitute a pathological condition in RALD hematopoiesis. The use of iPSC-based screening platforms will lead to discovering treatments that enable selective inhibition of RAS-mutated HPC clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Ting Lin
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Takagi
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Kenji Kubara
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan
| | - Kazuto Yamazaki
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan
| | - Fumiko Michikawa
- Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan
| | - Takashi Okumura
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takuya Naruto
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Morio
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Koji Miyazaki
- Department of Transfusion and Cell Transplantation, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hideki Taniguchi
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Makoto Otsu
- Department of Transfusion and Cell Transplantation, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan.
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
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4
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Karra L, Finger AM, Shechtman L, Krush M, Huang RMY, Prinz M, Tennvooren I, Bahl K, Hysienaj L, Gonzalez PG, Combes AJ, Gonzalez H, Argüello RJ, Spitzer MH, Roose JP. Single cell proteomics characterization of bone marrow hematopoiesis with distinct Ras pathway lesions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.20.572584. [PMID: 38187679 PMCID: PMC10769276 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.20.572584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Normal hematopoiesis requires constant prolific production of different blood cell lineages by multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Stem- and progenitor- cells need to balance dormancy with proliferation. How genetic alterations impact frequency, lineage potential, and metabolism of HSC is largely unknown. Here, we compared induced expression of KRAS G12D or RasGRP1 to normal hematopoiesis. At low-resolution, both Ras pathway lesions result in skewing towards myeloid lineages. Single-cell resolution CyTOF proteomics unmasked an expansion of HSC- and progenitor- compartments for RasGRP1, contrasted by a depletion for KRAS G12D . SCENITH™ quantitates protein synthesis with single-cell precision and corroborated that immature cells display low metabolic SCENITH™ rates. Both RasGRP1 and KRAS G12D elevated mean SCENITH™ signals in immature cells. However, RasGRP1-overexpressing stem cells retain a metabolically quiescent cell-fraction, whereas this fraction diminishes for KRAS G12D . Our temporal single cell proteomics and metabolomics datasets provide a resource of mechanistic insights into altered hematopoiesis at single cell resolution.
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5
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Rajagopalan A, Feng Y, Gayatri MB, Ranheim EA, Klungness T, Matson DR, Lee MH, Jung MM, Zhou Y, Gao X, Nadiminti KV, Yang DT, Tran VL, Padron E, Miyamoto S, Bresnick EH, Zhang J. A gain-of-function p53 mutant synergizes with oncogenic NRAS to promote acute myeloid leukemia in mice. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e173116. [PMID: 37847561 PMCID: PMC10721149 DOI: 10.1172/jci173116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that a subset of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with concurrent RAS pathway and TP53 mutations have an extremely poor prognosis and that most of these TP53 mutations are missense mutations. Here, we report that, in contrast to the mixed AML and T cell malignancy that developed in NrasG12D/+ p53-/- (NP-/-) mice, NrasG12D/+ p53R172H/+ (NPmut) mice rapidly developed inflammation-associated AML. Under the inflammatory conditions, NPmut hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) displayed imbalanced myelopoiesis and lymphopoiesis and mostly normal cell proliferation despite MEK/ERK hyperactivation. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that oncogenic NRAS signaling and mutant p53 synergized to establish an NPmut-AML transcriptome distinct from that of NP-/- cells. The NPmut-AML transcriptome showed GATA2 downregulation and elevated the expression of inflammatory genes, including those linked to NF-κB signaling. NF-κB was also upregulated in human NRAS TP53 AML. Exogenous expression of GATA2 in human NPmut KY821 AML cells downregulated inflammatory gene expression. Mouse and human NPmut AML cells were sensitive to MEK and NF-κB inhibition in vitro. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib stabilized the NF-κB-inhibitory protein IκBα, reduced inflammatory gene expression, and potentiated the survival benefit of a MEK inhibitor in NPmut mice. Our study demonstrates that a p53 structural mutant synergized with oncogenic NRAS to promote AML through mechanisms distinct from p53 loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhithi Rajagopalan
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yubin Feng
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Meher B. Gayatri
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Erik A. Ranheim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Taylor Klungness
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Daniel R. Matson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Moon Hee Lee
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mabel Minji Jung
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yun Zhou
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Xin Gao
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kalyan V.G. Nadiminti
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Division of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David T. Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Vu L. Tran
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eric Padron
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Shigeki Miyamoto
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Emery H. Bresnick
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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6
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Neault M, Lebert-Ghali CÉ, Fournier M, Capdevielle C, Garfinkle EAR, Obermayer A, Cotton A, Boulay K, Sawchyn C, St-Amand S, Nguyen KH, Assaf B, Mercier FE, Delisle JS, Drobetsky EA, Hulea L, Shaw TI, Zuber J, Gruber TA, Melichar HJ, Mallette FA. CBFA2T3-GLIS2-dependent pediatric acute megakaryoblastic leukemia is driven by GLIS2 and sensitive to navitoclax. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113084. [PMID: 37716355 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) is an aggressive blood cancer associated with poor therapeutic response and high mortality. Here we describe the development of CBFA2T3-GLIS2-driven mouse models of AMKL that recapitulate the phenotypic and transcriptional signatures of the human disease. We show that an activating Ras mutation that occurs in human AMKL increases the penetrance and decreases the latency of CBF2AT3-GLIS2-driven AMKL. CBFA2T3-GLIS2 and GLIS2 modulate similar transcriptional networks. We identify the dominant oncogenic properties of GLIS2 that trigger AMKL in cooperation with oncogenic Ras. We find that both CBFA2T3-GLIS2 and GLIS2 alter the expression of a number of BH3-only proteins, causing AMKL cell sensitivity to the BCL2 inhibitor navitoclax both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a potential therapeutic option for pediatric patients suffering from CBFA2T3-GLIS2-driven AMKL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Neault
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Charles-Étienne Lebert-Ghali
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marilaine Fournier
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Capdevielle
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A R Garfinkle
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Alyssa Obermayer
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Karine Boulay
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Christina Sawchyn
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah St-Amand
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kamy H Nguyen
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Béatrice Assaf
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Sébastien Delisle
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elliot A Drobetsky
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Laura Hulea
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Timothy I Shaw
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja A Gruber
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Heather J Melichar
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Frédérick A Mallette
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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7
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Antony ML, Chang D, Noble-Orcutt KE, Kay A, Jensen JL, Mohei H, Myers CL, Sachs K, Sachs Z. CD69 marks a subpopulation of acute myeloid leukemia with enhanced colony forming capacity and a unique signaling activation state. Leuk Lymphoma 2023; 64:1262-1274. [PMID: 37161853 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2023.2207698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), leukemia stem cells (LSCs) have self-renewal potential and are responsible for relapse. We previously showed that, in Mll-AF9/NRASG12V murine AML, CD69 expression marks an LSC-enriched subpopulation with enhanced in vivo self-renewal capacity. Here, we used CyTOF to define activated signaling pathways in LSC subpopulations in Mll-AF9/NRASG12V AML. Furthermore, we compared the signaling activation states of CD69High and CD36High subsets of primary human AML. The human CD69High subset expresses low levels of Ki67 and high levels of NFκB and pMAPKAPKII. Additionally, the human CD69High AML subset also has enhanced colony-forming capacity. We applied Bayesian network modeling to compare the global signaling network within the human AML subsets. We find that distinct signaling states, distinguished by NFκB and pMAPKAPKII levels, correlate with divergent functional subsets, defined by CD69 and CD36 expression, in human AML. Targeting NFκB with proteasome inhibition diminished colony formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lue Antony
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Daniel Chang
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Klara E Noble-Orcutt
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anna Kay
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Jensen
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hesham Mohei
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chad L Myers
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Karen Sachs
- Next Generation Analytics, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Zohar Sachs
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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8
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Zhao HG, Deininger M. Always stressed but never exhausted: how stem cells in myeloid neoplasms avoid extinction in inflammatory conditions. Blood 2023; 141:2797-2812. [PMID: 36947811 PMCID: PMC10315634 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022017152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic or recurrent episodes of acute inflammation cause attrition of normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that can lead to hematopoietic failure but they drive progression in myeloid malignancies and their precursor clonal hematopoiesis. Mechanistic parallels exist between hematopoiesis in chronic inflammation and the continuously increased proliferation of myeloid malignancies, particularly myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). The ability to enter dormancy, a state of deep quiescence characterized by low oxidative phosphorylation, low glycolysis, reduced protein synthesis, and increased autophagy is central to the preservation of long-term HSCs and likely MPN SCs. The metabolic features of dormancy resemble those of diapause, a state of arrested embryonic development triggered by adverse environmental conditions. To outcompete their normal counterparts in the inflammatory MPN environment, MPN SCs co-opt mechanisms used by HSCs to avoid exhaustion, including signal attenuation by negative regulators, insulation from activating cytokine signals, anti-inflammatory signaling, and epigenetic reprogramming. We propose that new therapeutic strategies may be derived from conceptualizing myeloid malignancies as an ecosystem out of balance, in which residual normal and malignant hematopoietic cells interact in multiple ways, only few of which have been characterized in detail. Disrupting MPN SC insulation to overcome dormancy, interfering with aberrant cytokine circuits that favor MPN cells, and directly boosting residual normal HSCs are potential strategies to tip the balance in favor of normal hematopoiesis. Although eradicating the malignant cell clones remains the goal of therapy, rebalancing the ecosystem may be a more attainable objective in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helong Gary Zhao
- Versiti Blood Research Institute and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Michael Deininger
- Versiti Blood Research Institute and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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9
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An N, Khan S, Imgruet MK, Jueng L, Gurbuxani S, McNerney ME. Oncogenic RAS promotes leukemic transformation of CUX1-deficient cells. Oncogene 2023; 42:881-893. [PMID: 36725889 PMCID: PMC10068965 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02612-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
-7/del(7q) is prevalent across subtypes of myeloid neoplasms. CUX1, located on 7q22, encodes a homeodomain-containing transcription factor, and, like -7/del(7q), CUX1 inactivating mutations independently carry a poor prognosis. As with loss of 7q, CUX1 mutations often occur early in disease pathogenesis. We reported that CUX1 deficiency causes myelodysplastic syndrome in mice but was insufficient to drive acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Given the known association between -7/del(7q) and RAS pathway mutations, we mined cancer genome databases and explicitly linked CUX1 mutations with oncogenic RAS mutations. To determine if activated RAS and CUX1 deficiency promote leukemogenesis, we generated mice bearing NrasG12D and CUX1-knockdown which developed AML, not seen in mice with either mutation alone. Oncogenic RAS imparts increased self-renewal on CUX1-deficient hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). Reciprocally, CUX1 knockdown amplifies RAS signaling through reduction of negative regulators of RAS/PI3K signaling. Double mutant HSPCs were responsive to PIK3 or MEK inhibition. Similarly, low expression of CUX1 in primary AML samples correlates with sensitivity to the same inhibitors, suggesting a potential therapy for malignancies with CUX1 inactivation. This work demonstrates an unexpected convergence of an oncogene and tumor suppressor gene on the same pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningfei An
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Saira Khan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Molly K Imgruet
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- The University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lia Jueng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandeep Gurbuxani
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Megan E McNerney
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- The University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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10
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Abstract
Organ development and homeostasis involve dynamic interactions between individual cells that collectively regulate tissue architecture and function. To ensure the highest tissue fidelity, equally fit cell populations are continuously renewed by stochastic replacement events, while cells perceived as less fit are actively removed by their fitter counterparts. This renewal is mediated by surveillance mechanisms that are collectively known as cell competition. Recent studies have revealed that cell competition has roles in most, if not all, developing and adult tissues. They have also established that cell competition functions both as a tumour-suppressive mechanism and as a tumour-promoting mechanism, thereby critically influencing cancer initiation and development. This Review discusses the latest insights into the mechanisms of cell competition and its different roles during embryonic development, homeostasis and cancer.
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11
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Endogenous IL-1 receptor antagonist restricts healthy and malignant myeloproliferation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:12. [PMID: 36596811 PMCID: PMC9810723 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we explored the role of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) repressor cytokine, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1rn), in both healthy and abnormal hematopoiesis. Low IL-1RN is frequent in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and represents a prognostic marker of reduced survival. Treatments with IL-1RN and the IL-1β monoclonal antibody canakinumab reduce the expansion of leukemic cells, including CD34+ progenitors, in AML xenografts. In vivo deletion of IL-1rn induces hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) differentiation into the myeloid lineage and hampers B cell development via transcriptional activation of myeloid differentiation pathways dependent on NFκB. Low IL-1rn is present in an experimental model of pre-leukemic myelopoiesis, and IL-1rn deletion promotes myeloproliferation, which relies on the bone marrow hematopoietic and stromal compartments. Conversely, IL-1rn protects against pre-leukemic myelopoiesis. Our data reveal that HSC differentiation is controlled by balanced IL-1β/IL-1rn levels under steady-state, and that loss of repression of IL-1β signaling may underlie pre-leukemic lesion and AML progression.
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12
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Liu ACH, Cathelin S, Yang Y, Dai DL, Ayyathan DM, Hosseini M, Minden MD, Tierens A, Chan SM. Targeting STAT5 Signaling Overcomes Resistance to IDH Inhibitors in Acute Myeloid Leukemia through Suppression of Stemness. Cancer Res 2022; 82:4325-4339. [PMID: 36150062 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2 block the differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells through production of R-2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2-HG). IDH inhibitors can induce differentiation of AML cells by lowering R-2-HG but have limited clinical efficacy as single agents. Here, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen in an Idh1-mutated hematopoietic progenitor cell line to identify genes that increased the differentiation response to ivosidenib, an IDH1 inhibitor. The screen identified C-type lectin member 5a (Clec5a), which encodes a spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK)-coupled surface receptor, as one of the top hits. Knockout of Clec5a and Syk rendered cells more sensitive to ivosidenib-induced differentiation through a reduction in STAT5-dependent expression of stemness-related genes, including genes in the homeobox (HOX) family. Importantly, direct inhibition of STAT5 activity was sufficient to increase the differentiation response to IDH inhibitors in primary human IDH1- and IDH2-mutated AML cells, including those harboring mutations in receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and MAPK genes that have been linked to drug resistance. In patient-derived xenograft models of IDH1-mutated AML, combination treatment with ivosidenib and the STAT5 inhibitor pimozide was superior to each agent alone in inducing differentiation in leukemic cells without compromising normal hematopoiesis. These findings demonstrate that STAT5 is a critical mediator of resistance to IDH inhibitors and provide the rationale for combining STAT5 and IDH inhibitors in the treatment of IDH-mutated AML. SIGNIFICANCE A CRISPR knockout screen identifies a mechanism of resistance to IDH inhibitors in AML involving activated STAT5 signaling, suggesting a potential strategy to improve the clinical efficacy of IDH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C H Liu
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Severine Cathelin
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yitong Yang
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David L Dai
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Mohsen Hosseini
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark D Minden
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne Tierens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven M Chan
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Ney G, Gross A, Livinski A, Kratz CP, Stewart DR. Cancer incidence and surveillance strategies in individuals with RASopathies. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2022; 190:530-540. [PMID: 36533693 PMCID: PMC9825668 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.32018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RASopathies are a set of clinical syndromes that have molecular and clinical overlap. Genetically, these syndromes are defined by germline pathogenic variants in RAS/MAPK pathway genes resulting in activation of this pathway. Clinically, their common molecular signature leads to comparable phenotypes, including cardiac anomalies, neurologic disorders and notably, elevated cancer risk. Cancer risk in individuals with RASopathies has been estimated from retrospective reviews and cohort studies. For example, in Costello syndrome, cancer incidence is significantly elevated over the general population, largely due to solid tumors. In some forms of Noonan syndrome, cancer risk is also elevated over the general population and is enriched for hematologic malignancies. Thus, cancer surveillance guidelines have been developed to monitor for the occurrence of such cancers in individuals with some RASopathies. These include abdominal ultrasound and urinalyses for individuals with Costello syndrome, while complete blood counts and splenic examination are recommended in Noonan syndrome. Improved cancer risk estimates and refinement of surveillance recommendations will improve the care of individuals with RASopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Ney
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea Gross
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alicia Livinski
- National Institutes of Health Library, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christian P Kratz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Douglas R Stewart
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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14
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Zhang H, Zhang M, Lei J. A mathematical model with aberrant growth correction in tissue homeostasis and tumor cell growth. J Math Biol 2022; 86:2. [PMID: 36436124 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-022-01837-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is usually considered a genetic disease caused by alterations in genes that control cellular behaviors, especially growth and division. Cancer cells differ from normal tissue cells in many ways that allow them to grow out of control and become invasive. However, experiments have shown that aberrant growth in many tissues burdened with varying numbers of mutant cells can be corrected, and wild-type cells are required for the active elimination of mutant cells. These findings reveal the dynamic cellular behaviors that lead to a tissue homeostatic state when faced with mutational and nonmutational insults. The current study was motivated by these observations and established a mathematical model of how a tissue copes with the aberrant behavior of mutant cells. The proposed model depicts the interaction between wild-type and mutant cells through a system of two delay differential equations, which include the random mutation of normal cells and the active extrusion of mutant cells. Based on the proposed model, we performed qualitative analysis to identify the conditions of either normal tissue homeostasis or uncontrolled growth with varying numbers of abnormal mutant cells. Bifurcation analysis suggests the conditions of bistability with either a small or large number of mutant cells, the coexistence of bistable steady states can be clinically beneficial by driving the state of mutant cell predominance to the attraction basin of the state with a low number of mutant cells. This result is further confirmed by the treatment strategy obtained from optimal control theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Meirong Zhang
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinzhi Lei
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Center for Applied Mathematics, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
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15
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Jin X, Ng V, Zhao M, Liu L, Higashimoto T, Lee ZH, Chung J, Chen V, Ney G, Kandarpa M, Talpaz M, Li Q. Epigenetic downregulation of Socs2 contributes to mutant N-Ras-mediated hematopoietic dysregulation. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:274899. [PMID: 35352806 PMCID: PMC9092650 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS mutations occur in a broad spectrum of human hematopoietic malignancies. Activating Ras mutations in blood cells leads to hematopoietic malignancies in mice. In murine hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), mutant N-RasG12D activates Stat5 to dysregulate stem cell function. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that Stat5 activation induced by a hyperactive Nras mutant, G12D, is dependent on Jak2 activity. Jak2 is activated in Nras mutant HSCs and progenitors (HSPCs), and inhibiting Jak2 with ruxolitinib significantly decreases Stat5 activation and HSPC hyper-proliferation in vivo in NrasG12D mice. Activation of Jak2-Stat5 is associated with downregulation of Socs2, an inhibitory effector of Jak2/Stat5. Restoration of Socs2 blocks NrasG12D HSC reconstitution in bone marrow transplant recipients. SOCS2 downregulation is also observed in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells that carry RAS mutations. RAS mutant AML cells exhibited suppression of the enhancer active marker H3K27ac at the SOCS2 locus. Finally, restoration of SOCS2 in RAS mutant AML cells mitigated leukemic growth. Thus, we discovered a novel signaling feedback loop whereby hyperactive Ras signaling activates Jak2/Stat5 via suppression of Socs2. Summary: Jak2/Stat5 is often considered to be parallel to or upstream of Ras signaling. We have discovered a novel signaling feedback loop whereby hyperactive Ras signaling activates Jak2/Stat5 via suppression of Socs2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Victor Ng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Meiling Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tomoyasu Higashimoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zheng Hong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jooho Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Victor Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gina Ney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Malathi Kandarpa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Moshe Talpaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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16
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Kropp EM, Li Q. Mechanisms of Resistance to Targeted Therapies for Relapsed or Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Exp Hematol 2022; 111:13-24. [PMID: 35417742 PMCID: PMC10116852 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive disease of clonal hematopoiesis with a high rate of relapse and refractory disease despite intensive therapy. Traditionally, relapsed or refractory AML has increased therapeutic resistance and poor long-term survival. In recent years, advancements in the mechanistic understanding of leukemogenesis have allowed for the development of targeted therapies. These therapies offer novel alternatives to intensive chemotherapy and have prolonged survival in relapsed or refractory AML. Unfortunately, a significant portion of patients do not respond to these therapies and relapse occurs in most patients who initially responded. This review focuses on the mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies in relapsed or refractory AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Kropp
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI.
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17
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Zeller C, Richter D, Jurinovic V, Valtierra-Gutiérrez IA, Jayavelu AK, Mann M, Bagnoli JW, Hellmann I, Herold T, Enard W, Vick B, Jeremias I. Adverse stem cell clones within a single patient's tumor predict clinical outcome in AML patients. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:25. [PMID: 35279202 PMCID: PMC8917742 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients suffer dismal prognosis upon treatment resistance. To study functional heterogeneity of resistance, we generated serially transplantable patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models from one patient with AML and twelve clones thereof, each derived from a single stem cell, as proven by genetic barcoding. Transcriptome and exome sequencing segregated clones according to their origin from relapse one or two. Undetectable for sequencing, multiplex fluorochrome-guided competitive in vivo treatment trials identified a subset of relapse two clones as uniquely resistant to cytarabine treatment. Transcriptional and proteomic profiles obtained from resistant PDX clones and refractory AML patients defined a 16-gene score that was predictive of clinical outcome in a large independent patient cohort. Thus, we identified novel genes related to cytarabine resistance and provide proof of concept that intra-tumor heterogeneity reflects inter-tumor heterogeneity in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Zeller
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Richter
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Vindi Jurinovic
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich, Germany.,Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Ilse A Valtierra-Gutiérrez
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Ashok Kumar Jayavelu
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Johannes W Bagnoli
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Ines Hellmann
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Herold
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich, Germany.,Laboratory for Leukemia Diagnostics, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Enard
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Binje Vick
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Irmela Jeremias
- Research Unit Apoptosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Munich, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children´s Hospital, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany.
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18
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Asxl1 loss cooperates with oncogenic Nras in mice to reprogram the immune microenvironment and drive leukemic transformation. Blood 2022; 139:1066-1079. [PMID: 34699595 PMCID: PMC8854684 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021012519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in chromatin regulator ASXL1 are frequently identified in myeloid malignancies, in particular ∼40% of patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). ASXL1 mutations are associated with poor prognosis in CMML and significantly co-occur with NRAS mutations. Here, we show that concurrent ASXL1 and NRAS mutations defined a population of CMML patients who had shorter leukemia-free survival than those with ASXL1 mutation only. Corroborating this human data, Asxl1-/- accelerated CMML progression and promoted CMML transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in NrasG12D/+ mice. NrasG12D/+;Asxl1-/- (NA) leukemia cells displayed hyperactivation of MEK/ERK signaling, increased global levels of H3K27ac, upregulation of Flt3. Moreover, we find that NA-AML cells overexpressed all the major inhibitory immune checkpoint ligands: programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)/PD-L2, CD155, and CD80/CD86. Among them, overexpression of PD-L1 and CD86 correlated with upregulation of AP-1 transcription factors (TFs) in NA-AML cells. An AP-1 inhibitor or short hairpin RNAs against AP-1 TF Jun decreased PD-L1 and CD86 expression in NA-AML cells. Once NA-AML cells were transplanted into syngeneic recipients, NA-derived T cells were not detectable. Host-derived wild-type T cells overexpressed programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and T-cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domains (TIGIT) receptors, leading to a predominant exhausted T-cell phenotype. Combined inhibition of MEK and BET resulted in downregulation of Flt3 and AP-1 expression, partial restoration of the immune microenvironment, enhancement of CD8 T-cell cytotoxicity, and prolonged survival in NA-AML mice. Our study suggests that combined targeted therapy and immunotherapy may be beneficial for treating secondary AML with concurrent ASXL1 and NRAS mutations.
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19
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Tassey J, Sarkar A, Van Handel B, Lu J, Lee S, Evseenko D. A Single-Cell Culture System for Dissecting Microenvironmental Signaling in Development and Disease of Cartilage Tissue. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:725854. [PMID: 34733842 PMCID: PMC8558457 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.725854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage tissue is comprised of extracellular matrix and chondrocytes, a cell type with very low cellular turnover in adults, providing limited capacity for regeneration. However, in development a significant number of chondrocytes actively proliferate and remodel the surrounding matrix. Uncoupling the microenvironmental influences that determine the balance between clonogenic potential and terminal differentiation of these cells is essential for the development of novel approaches for cartilage regeneration. Unfortunately, most of the existing methods are not applicable for the analysis of functional properties of chondrocytes at a single cell resolution. Here we demonstrate that a novel 3D culture method provides a long-term and permissive in vitro niche that selects for highly clonogenic, colony-forming chondrocytes which maintain cartilage-specific matrix production, thus recapitulating the in vivo niche. As a proof of concept, clonogenicity of Sox9IRES–EGFP mouse chondrocytes is almost exclusively found in the highest GFP+ fraction known to be enriched for chondrocyte progenitor cells. Although clonogenic chondrocytes are very rare in adult cartilage, we have optimized this system to support large, single cell-derived chondrogenic organoids with complex zonal architecture and robust chondrogenic phenotype from adult pig and human articular chondrocytes. Moreover, we have demonstrated that growth trajectory and matrix biosynthesis in these organoids respond to a pro-inflammatory environment. This culture method offers a robust, defined and controllable system that can be further used to interrogate the effects of various microenvironmental signals on chondrocytes, providing a high throughput platform to assess genetic and environmental factors in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Tassey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Arijita Sarkar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ben Van Handel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jinxiu Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Siyoung Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Denis Evseenko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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20
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Song J, Du L, Liu P, Wang F, Zhang B, Xie Y, Lu J, Jin Y, Zhou Y, Lv G, Zhang J, Chen S, Chen Z, Sun X, Zhang Y, Huang Q. Intra-heterogeneity in transcription and chemoresistant property of leukemia-initiating cells in murine Setd2 -/- acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2021; 41:867-888. [PMID: 34196511 PMCID: PMC8441059 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterogeneity of leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) is a major obstacle in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) therapy. Accumulated evidence indicates that the coexistence of multiple types of LICs with different pathogenicity in the same individual is a common feature in AML. However, the functional heterogeneity including the drug response of coexistent LICs remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the intra-heterogeneity in LICs that can help predict leukemia behavior and develop more effective treatments. METHODS Spleen cells from the primary Setd2-/- -AML mouse were transplanted into C57BL/6 recipient mice to generate a transplantable model. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the immunophenotype of the leukemic mice. Whole-genome sequencing was conducted to detect secondary hits responsible for leukemia transformation. A serial transplantation assay was used to determine the self-renewal potential of Setd2-/- -AML cells. A limiting-dilution assay was performed to identify the LIC frequency in different subsets of leukemia cells. Bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing were performed to analyze the transcriptional heterogeneity of LICs. Small molecular inhibitor screening and in vivo drug treatment were employed to clarify the difference in drug response between the different subsets of LICs. RESULTS In this study, we observed an aged Setd2-/- mouse developing AML with co-mutation of NrasG12S and BrafK520E . Further investigation identified two types of LICs residing in the c-Kit+ B220+ Mac-1- and c-Kit+ B220+ Mac-1+ subsets, respectively. In vivo transplantation assay disclosed the heterogeneity in differentiation between the coexistent LICs. Besides, an intrinsic doxorubicin-resistant transcriptional signature was uncovered in c-Kit+ B220+ Mac-1+ cells. Indeed, doxorubicin plus cytarabine (DA), the standard chemotherapeutic regimen used in AML treatment, could specifically kill c-Kit+ B220+ Mac-1- cells, but it hardly affected c-Kit+ B220+ Mac-1+ cells. Transcriptome analysis unveiled a higher activation of RAS downstream signaling pathways in c-Kit+ B220+ Mac-1+ cells than in c-Kit+ B220+ Mac-1- cells. Combined treatment with DA and RAS pathway inhibitors killed both c-Kit+ B220+ Mac-1- and c-Kit+ B220+ Mac-1+ cells and attenuated disease progression. CONCLUSIONS This study identified two cell subsets enriched for LICs in murine Setd2-/- -AML and disclosed the transcriptional and functional heterogeneity of LICs, revealing that the coexistence of different types of LICs in this model brings about diverse drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachun Song
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Longting Du
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Fuhui Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Novel Bioinformatics Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201114, P. R. China
| | - Yinyin Xie
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Jing Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Yi Jin
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, P. R. China
| | - Gang Lv
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Saijuan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojian Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Yuanliang Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
| | - Qiuhua Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P. R. China
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21
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Fu YK, Tan Y, Wu B, Dai YT, Xu XG, Pan MM, Chen ZW, Qiao N, Wu J, Jiang L, Lu J, Chen B, Rein A, Izraeli S, Sun XJ, Huang JY, Huang QH, Chen Z, Chen SJ. Gata2-L359V impairs primitive and definitive hematopoiesis and blocks cell differentiation in murine chronic myelogenous leukemia model. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:568. [PMID: 34078881 PMCID: PMC8173010 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
GATA2, a key transcription factor in hematopoiesis, is frequently mutated in hematopoietic malignancies. How the GATA2 mutants contribute to hematopoiesis and malignant transformation remains largely unexplored. Here, we report that Gata2-L359V mutation impeded hematopoietic differentiation in murine embryonic and adult hematopoiesis and blocked murine chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cell differentiation. We established a Gata2-L359V knockin mouse model in which the homozygous Gata2-L359V mutation caused major defects in primitive erythropoiesis with an accumulation of erythroid precursors and severe anemia, leading to embryonic lethality around E11.5. During adult life, the Gata2-L359V heterozygous mice exhibited a notable decrease in bone marrow (BM) recovery under stress induction with cytotoxic drug 5-fluorouracil. Using RNA sequencing, it was revealed that homozygous Gata2-L359V suppressed genes related to embryonic hematopoiesis in yolk sac, while heterozygous Gata2-L359V dysregulated genes related to cell cycle and proliferation in BM Lin-Sca1+c-kit+ cells. Furthermore, through chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and transactivation experiments, we found that this mutation enhanced the DNA-binding capacity and transcriptional activities of Gata2, which was likely associated with the altered expression of some essential genes during embryonic and adult hematopoiesis. In mice model harboring BCR/ABL, single-cell RNA-sequencing demonstrated that Gata2-L359V induced additional gene expression profile abnormalities and partially affected cell differentiation at the early stage of myelomonocytic lineage, evidenced by the increase of granulocyte-monocyte progenitors and monocytosis. Taken together, our study unveiled that Gata2-L359V mutation induces defective hematopoietic development and blocks the differentiation of CML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Kai Fu
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ,grid.415869.7Present Address: Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Tan
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Wu
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences and Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences and SJTU School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Ting Dai
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Xu
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Meng Pan
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Chen
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Niu Qiao
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wu
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Lu
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Chen
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Avigail Rein
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shai Izraeli
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546Division of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Xiao-Jian Sun
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Yan Huang
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiu-Hua Huang
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sai-Juan Chen
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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22
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ER-associated degradation preserves hematopoietic stem cell quiescence and self-renewal by restricting mTOR activity. Blood 2021; 136:2975-2986. [PMID: 33150381 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) self-renew to sustain stem cell pools and differentiate to generate all types of blood cells. HSCs remain in quiescence to sustain their long-term self-renewal potential. It remains unclear whether protein quality control is required for stem cells in quiescence when RNA content, protein synthesis, and metabolic activities are profoundly reduced. Here, we report that protein quality control via endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) governs the function of quiescent HSCs. The Sel1L/Hrd1 ERAD genes are enriched in the quiescent and inactive HSCs, and conditional knockout of Sel1L in hematopoietic tissues drives HSCs to hyperproliferation, which leads to complete loss of HSC self-renewal and HSC depletion. Mechanistically, ERAD deficiency via Sel1L knockout leads to activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Furthermore, we identify Ras homolog enriched in brain (Rheb), an activator of mTOR, as a novel protein substrate of Sel1L/Hrd1 ERAD, which accumulates upon Sel1L deletion and HSC activation. Importantly, inhibition of mTOR, or Rheb, rescues HSC defects in Sel1L knockout mice. Protein quality control via ERAD is, therefore, a critical checkpoint that governs HSC quiescence and self-renewal by Rheb-mediated restriction of mTOR activity.
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23
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Ney GM, Yang KB, Ng V, Liu L, Zhao M, Kuk W, Alaka L, Sampang L, Ross A, Jones MA, Jin X, McKay LM, Evarts H, Li Q. Oncogenic N-Ras Mitigates Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis of Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1240-1251. [PMID: 33441311 PMCID: PMC8647627 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Leukemic relapse is believed to be driven by transformed hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) that harbor oncogenic mutations or have lost tumor suppressor function. Recent comprehensive sequencing studies have shown that mutations predicted to activate Ras signaling are highly prevalent in hematologic malignancies and, notably, in refractory and relapsed cases. To better understand what drives this clinical phenomenon, we expressed oncogenic NrasG12D within the hematopoietic system in mice and interrogated its effects on HSC survival. N-RasG12D conferred a survival benefit to HSCs and progenitors following metabolic and genotoxic stress. This effect was limited to HSCs and early progenitors and was independent of autophagy and cell proliferation. N-RasG12D-mediated HSC survival was not affected by inhibition of canonical Ras effectors such as MEK and PI3K. However, inhibition of the noncanonical Ras effector pathway protein kinase C (PKC) ameliorated the protective effects of N-RasG12D. Mechanistically, N-RasG12D lowered levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which correlated with reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels. Inhibition of PKC restored the levels of ROS to that of control HSCs and abrogated the protective effects granted by N-RasG12D. Thus, N-RasG12D activation within HSCs promotes cell survival through the mitigation of ROS, and targeting this mechanism may represent a viable strategy to induce apoptosis during malignant transformation of HSCs. SIGNIFICANCE: Targeting oncogenic N-Ras-mediated reduction of ROS in hematopoietic stem cells through inhibition of the noncanonical Ras effector PKC may serve as a novel strategy for treatment of leukemia and other Ras-mutated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Ney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin B Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Victor Ng
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Meiling Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Wun Kuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lila Alaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Leilani Sampang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Adam Ross
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Morgan A Jones
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laura M McKay
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hadie Evarts
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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24
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Morcos MNF, Zerjatke T, Glauche I, Munz CM, Ge Y, Petzold A, Reinhardt S, Dahl A, Anstee NS, Bogeska R, Milsom MD, Säwén P, Wan H, Bryder D, Roers A, Gerbaulet A. Continuous mitotic activity of primitive hematopoietic stem cells in adult mice. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151684. [PMID: 32302400 PMCID: PMC7971128 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The proliferative activity of aging hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is controversially discussed. Inducible fluorescent histone 2B fusion protein (H2B-FP) transgenic mice are important tools for tracking the mitotic history of murine HSCs in label dilution experiments. A recent study proposed that primitive HSCs symmetrically divide only four times to then enter permanent quiescence. We observed that background fluorescence due to leaky H2B-FP expression, occurring in all H2B-FP transgenes independent of label induction, accumulated with age in HSCs with high repopulation potential. We argue that this background had been misinterpreted as stable retention of induced label. We found cell division–independent half-lives of H2B-FPs to be short, which had led to overestimation of HSC divisional activity. Our data do not support abrupt entry of HSCs into permanent quiescence or sudden loss of regeneration potential after four divisions, but show that primitive HSCs of adult mice continue to cycle rarely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina N F Morcos
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Zerjatke
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ingmar Glauche
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Clara M Munz
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yan Ge
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Petzold
- DRESDEN-concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Reinhardt
- DRESDEN-concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- DRESDEN-concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Natasha S Anstee
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum and Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ruzhica Bogeska
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum and Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael D Milsom
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum and Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petter Säwén
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Haixia Wan
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - David Bryder
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Sahlgrenska Cancer Centre, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Axel Roers
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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25
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Promotion of cancer cell stemness by Ras. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:467-476. [PMID: 33544116 PMCID: PMC7925005 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) may be the most relevant and elusive cancer cell population, as they have the exquisite ability to seed new tumors. It is plausible, that highly mutated cancer genes, such as KRAS, are functionally associated with processes contributing to the emergence of stemness traits. In this review, we will summarize the evidence for a stemness driving activity of oncogenic Ras. This activity appears to differ by Ras isoform, with the highly mutated KRAS having a particularly profound impact. Next to established stemness pathways such as Wnt and Hedgehog (Hh), the precise, cell cycle dependent orchestration of the MAPK-pathway appears to relay Ras activation in this context. We will examine how non-canonical activities of K-Ras4B (hereafter K-Ras) could be enabled by its trafficking chaperones calmodulin and PDE6D/PDEδ. Both dynamically localize to the cellular machinery that is intimately linked to cell fate decisions, such as the primary cilium and the centrosome. Thus, it can be speculated that oncogenic K-Ras disrupts fundamental polarized signaling and asymmetric apportioning processes that are necessary during cell differentiation.
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26
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Rodrigues GOL, Cramer SD, Winer HY, Hixon JA, Li W, Yunes JA, Durum SK. Mutations that collaborate with IL-7Ra signaling pathways to drive ALL. Adv Biol Regul 2021; 80:100788. [PMID: 33578108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The IL-7 pathway is required for normal T cell development and survival. In recent years the pathway has been shown to be a major driver of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most common cancer in children. Gain-of-function mutations in the alpha chain of the IL-7 receptor found in ALL patients clearly demonstrated that this pathway was a driver. However mutant IL-7R alone was insufficient to transform primary T cell progenitors, indicating that cooperating mutations were required. Here we review evidence for additional oncogenic mutations in the IL-7 pathway. We discuss several oncogenes, loss of tumor suppressor genes and epigenetic effects that can cooperate with mutant IL-7 receptor. These include NRas, HOXA, TLX3, Notch 1, Arf, PHF6, WT1, PRC, PTPN2 and CK2. As new therapeutics targeting the IL-7 pathway are developed, combination with agents directed to cooperating pathways offer hope for novel therapies for ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele O L Rodrigues
- Cytokines and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, USA; Molecular Biology Laboratory, Boldrini Children's Center, Campinas, Brazil; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sarah D Cramer
- Cytokines and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, USA; Comparative Biomedical Scientist Training Program, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Hila Y Winer
- Cytokines and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Julie A Hixon
- Cytokines and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, USA
| | - WenQing Li
- Cytokines and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, USA
| | - José Andres Yunes
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Scott K Durum
- Cytokines and Immunity Section, Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, USA.
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27
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Adam RS, van Neerven SM, Pleguezuelos-Manzano C, Simmini S, Léveillé N, de Groot NE, Holding AN, Markowetz F, Vermeulen L. Intestinal region-specific Wnt signalling profiles reveal interrelation between cell identity and oncogenic pathway activity in cancer development. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:578. [PMID: 33292279 PMCID: PMC7713000 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01661-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer results from the accumulation of mutations leading to the acquisition of cancer promoting characteristics such as increased proliferation and resistance to cell death. In colorectal cancer, an early mutation leading to such features usually occurs in the APC or CTNNB1 genes, thereby activating Wnt signalling. However, substantial phenotypic differences between cancers originating within the same organ, such as molecular subtypes, are not fully reflected by differences in mutations. Indeed, the phenotype seems to result from a complex interplay between the cell-intrinsic features and the acquired mutations, which is difficult to disentangle when established tumours are studied. METHODS We use a 3D in vitro organoid model to study the early phase of colorectal cancer development. From three different murine intestinal locations we grow organoids. These are transformed to resemble adenomas after Wnt activation through lentiviral transduction with a stable form of β-Catenin. The gene expression before and after Wnt activation is compared within each intestinal origin and across the three locations using RNA sequencing. To validate and generalize our findings, we use gene expression data from patients. RESULTS In reaction to Wnt activation we observe downregulation of location specific genes and differentiation markers. A similar effect is seen in patient data, where genes with significant differential expression between the normal left and right colon are downregulated in the cancer samples. Furthermore, the signature of Wnt target genes differs between the three intestinal locations in the organoids. The location specific Wnt signatures are dominated by genes which have been lowly expressed in the tissue of origin, and are the targets of transcription factors that are activated following enhanced Wnt signalling. CONCLUSION We observed that the region-specific cell identity has a substantial effect on the reaction to Wnt activation in a simple intestinal adenoma model. These findings provide a way forward in resolving the distinct biology between left- and right-sided human colon cancers with potential clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja S Adam
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne M van Neerven
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cayetano Pleguezuelos-Manzano
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Salvatore Simmini
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research & Development Department at STEMCELL Technologies UK, 7100 Cambridge Research Park, Beach Drive Waterbeach, Cambridge, CB25 9TL, UK
| | - Nicolas Léveillé
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nina E de Groot
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew N Holding
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, 96 Euston Road, Kings Cross, London, NW1 2DB, UK
- University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Florian Markowetz
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Louis Vermeulen
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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28
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Madan E, Peixoto ML, Dimitrion P, Eubank TD, Yekelchyk M, Talukdar S, Fisher PB, Mi QS, Moreno E, Gogna R. Cell Competition Boosts Clonal Evolution and Hypoxic Selection in Cancer. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:967-978. [PMID: 33160818 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The comparison of fitness between cells leads to the elimination of less competent cells in the presence of more competent neighbors via cell competition (CC). This phenomenon has been linked with several cancer-related genes and thus may play an important role in cancer. Various processes are involved in the regulation of tumor initiation and growth, including tumor hypoxia, clonal stem cell selection, and immune cell response, all of which have been recently shown to have a potential connection with the mechanisms involved in CC. This review aims to unravel the relation between these processes and competitive cell interactions and how this affects disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esha Madan
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Peter Dimitrion
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA; Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Timothy D Eubank
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance Center, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michail Yekelchyk
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Sarmistha Talukdar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA; Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University Medical School, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Eduardo Moreno
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Rajan Gogna
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal.
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29
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Increased baseline RASGRP1 signals enhance stem cell fitness during native hematopoiesis. Oncogene 2020; 39:6920-6934. [PMID: 32989257 PMCID: PMC7655557 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in RAS genes, like KRASG12D or NRASG12D, trap Ras in the active state and cause myeloproliferative disorder and T cell leukemia (T-ALL) when induced in the bone marrow via Mx1CRE. The RAS exchange factor RASGRP1 is frequently overexpressed in T-ALL patients. In T-ALL cell lines overexpression of RASGRP1 increases flux through the RASGTP/RasGDP cycle. Here we expanded RASGRP1 expression surveys in pediatric T-ALL and generated a RoLoRiG mouse model crossed to Mx1CRE to determine the consequences of induced RASGRP1 overexpression in primary hematopoietic cells. RASGRP1-overexpressing, GFP-positive cells outcompeted wild type cells and dominated the peripheral blood compartment over time. RASGRP1 overexpression bestows gain-of-function colony formation properties to bone marrow progenitors in medium containing limited growth factors. RASGRP1 overexpression enhances baseline mTOR-S6 signaling in the bone marrow, but not in vitro cytokine-induced signals. In agreement with these mechanistic findings, hRASGRP1-ires-EGFP enhances fitness of stem- and progenitor- cells, but only in the context of native hematopoiesis. RASGRP1 overexpression is distinct from KRASG12D or NRASG12D, does not cause acute leukemia on its own, and leukemia virus insertion frequencies predict that RASGRP1 overexpression can effectively cooperate with lesions in many other genes to cause acute T cell leukemia.
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30
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Yamashita M, Dellorusso PV, Olson OC, Passegué E. Dysregulated haematopoietic stem cell behaviour in myeloid leukaemogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:365-382. [PMID: 32415283 PMCID: PMC7658795 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-0260-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Haematopoiesis is governed by haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that produce all lineages of blood and immune cells. The maintenance of blood homeostasis requires a dynamic response of HSCs to stress, and dysregulation of these adaptive-response mechanisms underlies the development of myeloid leukaemia. Leukaemogenesis often occurs in a stepwise manner, with genetic and epigenetic changes accumulating in pre-leukaemic HSCs prior to the emergence of leukaemic stem cells (LSCs) and the development of acute myeloid leukaemia. Clinical data have revealed the existence of age-related clonal haematopoiesis, or the asymptomatic clonal expansion of mutated blood cells in the elderly, and this phenomenon is connected to susceptibility to leukaemic transformation. Here we describe how selection for specific mutations that increase HSC competitive fitness, in conjunction with additional endogenous and environmental changes, drives leukaemic transformation. We review the ways in which LSCs take advantage of normal HSC properties to promote survival and expansion, thus underlying disease recurrence and resistance to conventional therapies, and we detail our current understanding of leukaemic 'stemness' regulation. Overall, we link the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating HSC behaviour with the functional dysregulation of these mechanisms in myeloid leukaemia and discuss opportunities for targeting LSC-specific mechanisms for the prevention or cure of malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Yamashita
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Paul V Dellorusso
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oakley C Olson
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Passegué
- Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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31
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Ney GM, Anderson B, Bender J, Kumar-Sinha C, Wu YM, Vats P, Cieslik M, Robinson DR, Li Q, Chinnaiyan AM, Mody R. Mutations predictive of hyperactive Ras signaling correlate with inferior survival across high-risk pediatric acute leukemia. Transl Pediatr 2020; 9:43-50. [PMID: 32154134 PMCID: PMC7036640 DOI: 10.21037/tp.2019.12.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer remains the number one cause of disease-related mortality in children, and despite advances in the molecular understanding of leukemia and targeted therapies, refractory leukemia remains a leading cause of death. It therefore is essential to further define features, e.g., FLT3 alterations and KMT2A rearrangements, associated with inferior survival early to augment or alter therapeutic strategies to improve outcomes. METHODS To gain insights into the genetic drivers predictive of aggressive clinical behavior among pediatric leukemia patients, we performed comprehensive integrative clinical sequencing (ICS), including paired tumor/normal DNA sequencing and RNA-seq, for pediatric patients who presented at our institution over a period of five years with acute lymphoblastic or myelogenous leukemia (ALL and AML; n=43) and high-risk clinical features (high white blood cell count, extramedullary disease, or refractory and/or relapsed disease). RESULTS We found that RAS- and Ras-pathway aberrations, including N-RAS, NF1 and PTPN11, are frequent somatic mutations and, importantly, associated with decreased event free and overall survival (OS) (P=0.04, median event free survival 22.8 vs. 5.6 months; P=0.04, median OS 124 vs. 22.5 months). CONCLUSIONS We thus propose that hyperactive Ras signaling confers inferior survival in high-risk pediatric acute leukemia and that Ras pathways should be molecularly characterized to inform clinical decision making and to identify patients for experimental clinical trials and RAS-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Ney
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bailey Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan Bender
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chandan Kumar-Sinha
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yi-Mi Wu
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pankaj Vats
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marcin Cieslik
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dan R Robinson
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rajen Mody
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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32
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Sachs K, Sarver AL, Noble-Orcutt KE, LaRue RS, Antony ML, Chang D, Lee Y, Navis CM, Hillesheim AL, Nykaza IR, Ha NA, Hansen CJ, Karadag FK, Bergerson RJ, Verneris MR, Meredith MM, Schomaker ML, Linden MA, Myers CL, Largaespada DA, Sachs Z. Single-Cell Gene Expression Analyses Reveal Distinct Self-Renewing and Proliferating Subsets in the Leukemia Stem Cell Compartment in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer Res 2019; 80:458-470. [PMID: 31784425 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Standard chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) targets proliferative cells and efficiently induces complete remission; however, many patients relapse and die of their disease. Relapse is caused by leukemia stem cells (LSC), the cells with self-renewal capacity. Self-renewal and proliferation are separate functions in normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in steady-state conditions. If these functions are also separate functions in LSCs, then antiproliferative therapies may fail to target self-renewal, allowing for relapse. We investigated whether proliferation and self-renewal are separate functions in LSCs as they often are in HSCs. Distinct transcriptional profiles within LSCs of Mll-AF9/NRASG12V murine AML were identified using single-cell RNA sequencing. Single-cell qPCR revealed that these genes were also differentially expressed in primary human LSCs and normal human HSPCs. A smaller subset of these genes was upregulated in LSCs relative to HSPCs; this subset of genes constitutes "LSC-specific" genes in human AML. To assess the differences between these profiles, we identified cell surface markers, CD69 and CD36, whose genes were differentially expressed between these profiles. In vivo mouse reconstitution assays resealed that only CD69High LSCs were capable of self-renewal and were poorly proliferative. In contrast, CD36High LSCs were unable to transplant leukemia but were highly proliferative. These data demonstrate that the transcriptional foundations of self-renewal and proliferation are distinct in LSCs as they often are in normal stem cells and suggest that therapeutic strategies that target self-renewal, in addition to proliferation, are critical to prevent relapse and improve survival in AML. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings define and functionally validate a self-renewal gene profile of leukemia stem cells at the single-cell level and demonstrate that self-renewal and proliferation are distinct in AML. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/3/458/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Sachs
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Next Generation Analytics, Palo Alto, California
| | - Aaron L Sarver
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Klara E Noble-Orcutt
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Rebecca S LaRue
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Marie Lue Antony
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Daniel Chang
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Yoonkyu Lee
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Connor M Navis
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Alexandria L Hillesheim
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ian R Nykaza
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ngoc A Ha
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Conner J Hansen
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Fatma K Karadag
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Rachel J Bergerson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michael R Verneris
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Matthew M Meredith
- Molecular Lab, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Matthew L Schomaker
- Molecular Lab, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michael A Linden
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Chad L Myers
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - David A Largaespada
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Zohar Sachs
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. .,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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33
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Synergy of NUP98-HOXA10 Fusion Gene and NrasG12D Mutation Preserves the Stemness of Hematopoietic Stem Cells on Culture Condition. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090951. [PMID: 31443434 PMCID: PMC6770072 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are susceptible and tend to lose stemness, differentiate, or die on culture condition in vitro, which adds technical challenge for maintaining bona fide HSC-like cells, if ever generated, in protocol screening from pluripotent stem cells. It remains largely unknown whether gene-editing of endogenous genes can genetically empower HSC to endure the culture stress and preserve stemness. In this study, we revealed that both NUP98-HOXA10HD fusion and endogenous Nras mutation modifications (NrasG12D) promoted the engraftment competitiveness of HSC. Furthermore, the synergy of these two genetic modifications endowed HSC with super competitiveness in vivo. Strikingly, single NAV-HSC successfully maintained its stemness and showed robust multi-lineage engraftments after undergoing the in vitro culture. Mechanistically, NUP98-HOXA10HD fusion and NrasG12D mutation distinctly altered multiple pathways involving the cell cycle, cell division, and DNA replication, and distinctly regulated stemness-related genes including Hoxa9, Prdm16, Hoxb4, Trim27, and Smarcc1 in the context of HSC. Thus, we develop a super-sensitive transgenic model reporting the existence of HSC at the single cell level on culture condition, which could be beneficial for protocol screening of bona fide HSC regeneration from pluripotent stem cells in vitro.
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34
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Gu Z, Liu Y, Cai F, Patrick M, Zmajkovic J, Cao H, Zhang Y, Tasdogan A, Chen M, Qi L, Liu X, Li K, Lyu J, Dickerson KE, Chen W, Ni M, Merritt ME, Morrison SJ, Skoda RC, DeBerardinis RJ, Xu J. Loss of EZH2 Reprograms BCAA Metabolism to Drive Leukemic Transformation. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:1228-1247. [PMID: 31189531 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic gene regulation and metabolism are highly intertwined, yet little is known about whether altered epigenetics influence cellular metabolism during cancer progression. Here, we show that EZH2 and NRASG12D mutations cooperatively induce progression of myeloproliferative neoplasms to highly penetrant, transplantable, and lethal myeloid leukemias in mice. EZH1, an EZH2 homolog, is indispensable for EZH2-deficient leukemia-initiating cells and constitutes an epigenetic vulnerability. BCAT1, which catalyzes the reversible transamination of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), is repressed by EZH2 in normal hematopoiesis and aberrantly activated in EZH2-deficient myeloid neoplasms in mice and humans. BCAT1 reactivation cooperates with NRASG12D to sustain intracellular BCAA pools, resulting in enhanced mTOR signaling in EZH2-deficient leukemia cells. Genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of BCAT1 selectively impairs EZH2-deficient leukemia-initiating cells and constitutes a metabolic vulnerability. Hence, epigenetic alterations rewire intracellular metabolism during leukemic transformation, causing epigenetic and metabolic vulnerabilities in cancer-initiating cells. SIGNIFICANCE: EZH2 inactivation and oncogenic NRAS cooperate to induce leukemic transformation of myeloproliferative neoplasms by activating BCAT1 to enhance BCAA metabolism and mTOR signaling. We uncover a mechanism by which epigenetic alterations rewire metabolism during cancer progression, causing epigenetic and metabolic liabilities in cancer-initiating cells that may be exploited as potential therapeutics.See related commentary by Li and Melnick, p. 1158.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1143.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Gu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Feng Cai
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - McKenzie Patrick
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jakub Zmajkovic
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hui Cao
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yuannyu Zhang
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Alpaslan Tasdogan
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mingyi Chen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Le Qi
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xin Liu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kailong Li
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Junhua Lyu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kathryn E Dickerson
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Weina Chen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Min Ni
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Matthew E Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Miami, Florida
| | - Sean J Morrison
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Radek C Skoda
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jian Xu
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. .,Department of Pediatrics, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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35
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Gutiérrez-Martínez A, Sew WQG, Molano-Fernández M, Carretero-Junquera M, Herranz H. Mechanisms of oncogenic cell competition-Paths of victory. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 63:27-35. [PMID: 31128299 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a multistep process. In the early phases of this disease, mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressors are thought to promote clonal expansion. These mutations can increase cell competitiveness, allowing tumor cells to grow within the tissue by eliminating wild type host cells. Recent studies have shown that cell competition can also function in later phases of cancer. Here, we examine the existing evidence linking cell competition and tumorigenesis. We focus on the mechanisms underlying cell competition and their contribution to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gutiérrez-Martínez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200 N, Denmark
| | - Wei Qi Guinevere Sew
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200 N, Denmark
| | - Maria Molano-Fernández
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200 N, Denmark
| | - Maria Carretero-Junquera
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200 N, Denmark
| | - Héctor Herranz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen 2200 N, Denmark.
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36
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Adelman ER, Huang HT, Roisman A, Olsson A, Colaprico A, Qin T, Lindsley RC, Bejar R, Salomonis N, Grimes HL, Figueroa ME. Aging Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells Manifest Profound Epigenetic Reprogramming of Enhancers That May Predispose to Leukemia. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:1080-1101. [PMID: 31085557 PMCID: PMC7080409 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with functional decline of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) as well as an increased risk of myeloid malignancies. We performed an integrative characterization of epigenomic and transcriptomic changes, including single-cell RNA sequencing, during normal human aging. Lineage-CD34+CD38- cells [HSC-enriched (HSCe)] undergo age-associated epigenetic reprogramming consisting of redistribution of DNA methylation and reductions in H3K27ac, H3K4me1, and H3K4me3. This reprogramming of aged HSCe globally targets developmental and cancer pathways that are comparably altered in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) of all ages, encompassing loss of 4,646 active enhancers, 3,091 bivalent promoters, and deregulation of several epigenetic modifiers and key hematopoietic transcription factors, such as KLF6, BCL6, and RUNX3. Notably, in vitro downregulation of KLF6 results in impaired differentiation, increased colony-forming potential, and changes in expression that recapitulate aging and leukemia signatures. Thus, age-associated epigenetic reprogramming may form a predisposing condition for the development of age-related AML. SIGNIFICANCE: AML, which is more frequent in the elderly, is characterized by epigenetic deregulation. We demonstrate that epigenetic reprogramming of human HSCs occurs with age, affecting cancer and developmental pathways. Downregulation of genes epigenetically altered with age leads to impairment in differentiation and partially recapitulates aging phenotypes.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 983.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmalee R Adelman
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hsuan-Ting Huang
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Alejandro Roisman
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - André Olsson
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Antonio Colaprico
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Tingting Qin
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - R Coleman Lindsley
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Hematological Malignancies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rafael Bejar
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Nathan Salomonis
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - H Leighton Grimes
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Maria E Figueroa
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida. .,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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37
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Yamada M, Cai W, Martin LA, N’Tumba-Byn T, Seandel M. Functional robustness of adult spermatogonial stem cells after induction of hyperactive Hras. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008139. [PMID: 31050682 PMCID: PMC6519842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that paternal age correlates with disease risk in children. De novo gain-of-function mutations in the FGF-RAS-MAPK signaling pathway are known to cause a subset of genetic diseases associated with advanced paternal age, such as Apert syndrome, achondroplasia, Noonan syndrome, and Costello syndrome. It has been hypothesized that adult spermatogonial stem cells with pathogenic mutations are clonally expanded over time and propagate the mutations to offspring. However, no model system exists to interrogate mammalian germline stem cell competition in vivo. In this study, we created a lineage tracing system, which enabled undifferentiated spermatogonia with endogenous expression of HrasG12V, a known pathogenic gain-of-function mutation in RAS-MAPK signaling, to compete with their wild-type counterparts in the mouse testis. Over a year of fate analysis, neither HrasG12V-positive germ cells nor sperm exhibited a significant expansion compared to wild-type neighbors. Short-term stem cell capacity as measured by transplantation analysis was also comparable between wild-type and mutant groups. Furthermore, although constitutively active HRAS was detectable in the mutant cell lines, they did not exhibit a proliferative advantage or an enhanced response to agonist-evoked pERK signaling. These in vivo and in vitro results suggest that mouse spermatogonial stem cells are functionally resistant to a heterozygous HrasG12V mutation in the endogenous locus and that mechanisms could exist to prevent such harmful mutations from being expanded and transmitted to the next generation. Recent research has found that advanced paternal age is associated with increased risk in children to develop a subset of congenital anomalies, such as Apert syndrome, achondroplasia, Noonan syndrome, and Costello syndrome. The causative genetic errors (mutations) in these disorders have been identified to originate from the fathers’ testicles and their numbers increase with fathers’ age. It has been hypothesized that the germline stem cells that continuously self-renew and differentiate to supply sperm (referred as spermatogonial stem cells [SSCs]) carry these mutations and have the ability to expand preferentially as compared to normal SSCs with advancing age of the father, thereby increasing the likelihood of transmission of mutant sperm to the next generation. To test this hypothesis, we created a mouse model, in which a mutation known to enhance cell proliferation is induced in a subset of SSCs, and these cells compete with the neighboring normal (i.e., wild-type) stem cells. However, surprisingly, the germline cell population carrying the mutation in the testis was stable over a year of observation, suggesting that mechanisms could exist to prevent such harmful mutations from being expanded and transmitted to the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MY); (MS)
| | - Winson Cai
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Martin
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thierry N’Tumba-Byn
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marco Seandel
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MY); (MS)
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38
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Di Genua C, Norfo R, Rodriguez-Meira A, Wen WX, Drissen R, Booth CAG, Povinelli B, Repapi E, Gray N, Carrelha J, Kettyle LM, Jamieson L, Neo WH, Thongjuea S, Nerlov C, Mead AJ. Cell-intrinsic depletion of Aml1-ETO-expressing pre-leukemic hematopoietic stem cells by K-Ras activating mutation. Haematologica 2019; 104:2215-2224. [PMID: 30975913 PMCID: PMC6821613 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.205351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations in acute myeloid leukemia are acquired sequentially and hierarchically. First, pre-leukemic mutations, such as t(8;21) that encodes AML1-ETO, are acquired within the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment, while signaling pathway mutations, including KRAS activating mutations, are late events acquired during transformation of leukemic progenitor cells and are rarely detectable in HSC. This raises the possibility that signaling pathway mutations are detrimental to clonal expansion of pre-leukemic HSC. To address this hypothesis, we used conditional genetics to introduce Aml1-ETO and K-RasG12D into murine HSC, either individually or in combination. In the absence of activated Ras, Aml1-ETO-expressing HSC conferred a competitive advantage. However, activated K-Ras had a marked detrimental effect on Aml1-ETO-expressing HSC, leading to loss of both phenotypic and functional HSC. Cell cycle analysis revealed a loss of quiescence in HSC co-expressing Aml1-ETO and K-RasG12D, accompanied by an enrichment in E2F and Myc target gene expression and depletion of HSC self-renewal-associated gene expression. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for the observed absence of KRAS signaling mutations in the pre-malignant HSC compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wei Xiong Wen
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit.,WIMM Centre for Computational Biology
| | | | | | | | - Emmanouela Repapi
- Computational Biology Research Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicki Gray
- Computational Biology Research Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Supat Thongjuea
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit.,WIMM Centre for Computational Biology
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Baker SJ, Cosenza SC, Ramana Reddy MV, Premkumar Reddy E. Rigosertib ameliorates the effects of oncogenic KRAS signaling in a murine model of myeloproliferative neoplasia. Oncotarget 2019; 10:1932-1942. [PMID: 30956775 PMCID: PMC6443005 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant signaling triggered by oncogenic or hyperactive RAS proteins contributes to the malignant phenotypes in a significant percentage of myeloid malignancies. Of these, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML), an aggressive childhood cancer, is largely driven by mutations in RAS genes and those that encode regulators of these proteins. The Mx1-cre kras+/G12D mouse model mirrors several key features of this disease and has been used extensively to determine the utility and mechanism of small molecule therapeutics in the context of RAS-driven myeloproliferative disorders. Treatment of disease-bearing KRASG12D mice with rigosertib (RGS), a small molecule RAS mimetic that is in phase II and III clinical trials for MDS and AML, decreased the severity of leukocytosis and splenomegaly and extended their survival. RGS also increased the frequency of HSCs and rebalanced the ratios of myeloid progenitors. Further analysis of KRASG12D HSPCs in vitro revealed that RGS suppressed hyperproliferation in response to GM-CSF and inhibited the phosphorylation of key RAS effectors. Together, these data suggest that RGS might be of clinical benefit in RAS-driven myeloid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey J Baker
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Stephen C Cosenza
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - M V Ramana Reddy
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - E Premkumar Reddy
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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40
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Oncogenic N-Ras and Tet2 haploinsufficiency collaborate to dysregulate hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Blood Adv 2019; 2:1259-1271. [PMID: 29866713 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018017400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Concurrent genetic lesions exist in a majority of patients with hematologic malignancies. Among these, somatic mutations that activate RAS oncogenes and inactivate the epigenetic modifier ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) frequently co-occur in human chronic myelomonocytic leukemias (CMMLs) and acute myeloid leukemias, suggesting a cooperativity in malignant transformation. To test this, we applied a conditional murine model that endogenously expressed oncogenic NrasG12D and monoallelic loss of Tet2 and explored the collaborative role specifically within hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) at disease initiation. We demonstrate that the 2 mutations collaborated to accelerate a transplantable CMML-like disease in vivo, with an overall shortened survival and increased disease penetrance compared with single mutants. At preleukemic stage, N-RasG12D and Tet2 haploinsufficiency together induced balanced hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) proliferation and enhanced competitiveness. NrasG12D/+/Tet2+/- HSCs displayed increased self-renewal in primary and secondary transplantations, with significantly higher reconstitution than single mutants. Strikingly, the 2 mutations together conferred long-term reconstitution and self-renewal potential to multipotent progenitors, a pool of cells that usually have limited self-renewal compared with HSCs. Moreover, HSPCs from NrasG12D/+/Tet2+/- mice displayed increased cytokine sensitivity in response to thrombopoietin. Therefore, our studies establish a novel tractable CMML model and provide insights into how dysregulated signaling pathways and epigenetic modifiers collaborate to modulate HSPC function and promote leukemogenesis.
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41
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Adaptive endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling via IRE1α-XBP1 preserves self-renewal of haematopoietic and pre-leukaemic stem cells. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:328-337. [PMID: 30778220 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over their lifetime, long-term haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are exposed to a variety of stress conditions that they must endure. Many stresses, such as infection/inflammation, reactive oxygen species, nutritional deprivation and hypoxia, activate unfolded protein response signalling, which induces either adaptive changes to resolve the stress or apoptosis to clear the damaged cell. Whether unfolded-protein-response signalling plays any role in HSC regulation remains to be established. Here, we report that the adaptive signalling of the unfolded protein response, IRE1α-XBP1, protects HSCs from endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. IRE1α knockout leads to reduced reconstitution of HSCs. Furthermore, we show that oncogenic N-RasG12D activates IRE1α-XBP1, through MEK-GSK3β, to promote HSC survival under endoplasmic reticulum stress. Inhibiting IRE1α-XBP1 abolished N-RasG12D-mediated survival under endoplasmic reticulum stress and diminished the competitive advantage of NrasG12D HSCs in transplant recipients. Our studies illuminate how the adaptive endoplasmic reticulum stress response is advantageous in sustaining self-renewal of HSCs and promoting pre-leukaemic clonal dominance.
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42
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Gurska LM, Ames K, Gritsman K. Signaling Pathways in Leukemic Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1143:1-39. [PMID: 31338813 PMCID: PMC7249489 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7342-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and leukemic stem cells (LSCs) utilize many of the same signaling pathways for their maintenance and survival. In this review, we will focus on several signaling pathways whose roles have been extensively studied in both HSCs and LSCs. Our main focus will be on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and several of its regulators and downstream effectors. We will also discuss several other signaling pathways of particular importance in LSCs, including the WNT/β-catenin pathway, the NOTCH pathway, and the TGFβ pathway. For each of these pathways, we will emphasize differences in how these pathways operate in LSCs, compared to their function in HSCs, to highlight opportunities for the specific therapeutic targeting of LSCs. We will also highlight areas of crosstalk between multiple signaling pathways that may affect LSC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Gurska
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Kristina Ames
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Kira Gritsman
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Hospital, Bronx, New York, USA.
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43
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Abstract
The three RAS genes - HRAS, NRAS and KRAS - are collectively mutated in one-third of human cancers, where they act as prototypic oncogenes. Interestingly, there are rather distinct patterns to RAS mutations; the isoform mutated as well as the position and type of substitution vary between different cancers. As RAS genes are among the earliest, if not the first, genes mutated in a variety of cancers, understanding how these mutation patterns arise could inform on not only how cancer begins but also the factors influencing this event, which has implications for cancer prevention. To this end, we suggest that there is a narrow window or 'sweet spot' by which oncogenic RAS signalling can promote tumour initiation in normal cells. As a consequence, RAS mutation patterns in each normal cell are a product of the specific RAS isoform mutated, as well as the position of the mutation and type of substitution to achieve an ideal level of signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allan Balmain
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher M Counter
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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44
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Bu W, Liu Z, Jiang W, Nagi C, Huang S, Edwards DP, Jo E, Mo Q, Creighton CJ, Hilsenbeck SG, Leavitt AD, Lewis MT, Wong STC, Li Y. Mammary Precancerous Stem and Non-Stem Cells Evolve into Cancers of Distinct Subtypes. Cancer Res 2018; 79:61-71. [PMID: 30401712 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There are distinct cell subpopulations in normal epithelial tissue, including stem cells, progenitor cells, and more differentiated cells, all of which have been extensively studied for their susceptibility to tumorigenesis. However, normal cells usually have to progress through a precancerous lesion state before becoming a full-blown tumor. Precancerous early lesions are heterogeneous, and the cell subset that is the primary source of the eventual tumor remains largely unknown. By using mouse models that are tailored to address this question, we identified a keratin 6a-expressing precancerous stem cell (PcSC) subset and a more differentiated whey acidic protein-positive (WAP+) cell subset in mammary precancerous lesions initiated by the Wnt1 oncogene. Both cell subsets rapidly progressed to cancer upon introduction of constitutively active versions of either HRAS or BRAF. However, the resulting tumors were dramatically different in protein profiles and histopathology: keratin 6a+ precancerous cells gave rise to adenocarcinoma, whereas WAP+ cells yielded metaplastic carcinoma with severe squamous differentiation and more robust activation of MEK/ERK signaling. Therefore, both stem and non-stem cells in mammary precancerous lesions can contribute to the eventual cancers, but their differentiation status determines the resulting cancer phenotype. This work identifies a previously unknown player in cancer heterogeneity and suggests that cancer prevention should target precancerous cells broadly and not be limited to PcSC. SIGNIFICANCE: This work uses a novel mouse mammary gland cancer model to show that tumors initiated from different precancerous mammary epithelial cells are distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Bu
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Weiyu Jiang
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Chandandeep Nagi
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Shixia Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Dean P Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Eunji Jo
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Qianxing Mo
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center Division of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston
| | - Chad J Creighton
- Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center Division of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Susan G Hilsenbeck
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Andrew D Leavitt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael T Lewis
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine (Division of Hematology/Oncology), UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Stephen T C Wong
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Yi Li
- Lester & Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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45
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Cho H, Shin I, Ju E, Choi S, Hur W, Kim H, Hong E, Kim ND, Choi HG, Gray NS, Sim T. First SAR Study for Overriding NRAS Mutant Driven Acute Myeloid Leukemia. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8353-8373. [PMID: 30153003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
GNF-7, a multitargeted kinase inhibitor, served as a dual kinase inhibitor of ACK1 and GCK, which provided a novel therapeutic strategy for overriding AML expressing NRAS mutation. This SAR study with GNF-7 derivatives, designed to target NRAS mutant-driven AML, led to identification of the extremely potent inhibitors, 10d, 10g, and 11i, which possess single-digit nanomolar inhibitory activity against both ACK1 and GCK. These substances strongly suppress proliferation of mutant NRAS expressing AML cells via apoptosis and AKT/mTOR signaling blockade. Compound 11i is superior to GNF-7 in terms of kinase inhibitory activity, cellular activity, and differential cytotoxicity. Moreover, 10k possessing a favorable mouse pharmacokinetic profile prolonged life-span of Ba/F3-NRAS-G12D injected mice and significantly delayed tumor growth of OCI-AML3 xenograft model without causing the prominent level of toxicity found with GNF-7. Taken together, this study provides insight into the design of novel ACK1 and GCK dual inhibitors for overriding NRAS mutant-driven AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Cho
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Injae Shin
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Ju
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghye Choi
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Wooyoung Hur
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , 5 Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Haelee Kim
- Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation , 2387 dalgubeol-daero, Suseong-gu , Daegu 42019 , Republic of Korea
| | - Eunmi Hong
- Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation , 2387 dalgubeol-daero, Suseong-gu , Daegu 42019 , Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Doo Kim
- Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation , 2387 dalgubeol-daero, Suseong-gu , Daegu 42019 , Republic of Korea.,NDBio Therapeutics Inc. , 32 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu , Incheon 21984 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Geun Choi
- Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation , 2387 dalgubeol-daero, Suseong-gu , Daegu 42019 , Republic of Korea
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Taebo Sim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology , Korea University , 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea.,Chemical Kinomics Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , 5 Hwarangro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
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46
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Restricted cell cycle is essential for clonal evolution and therapeutic resistance of pre-leukemic stem cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3535. [PMID: 30166543 PMCID: PMC6117297 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-leukemic stem cells (pre-LSCs) give rise to leukemic stem cells through acquisition of additional gene mutations and are an important source of relapse following chemotherapy. We postulated that cell-cycle kinetics of pre-LSCs may be an important determinant of clonal evolution and therapeutic resistance. Using a doxycycline-inducible H2B-GFP transgene in a mouse model of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia to study cell cycle in vivo, we show that self-renewal, clonal evolution and therapeutic resistance are limited to a rare population of pre-LSCs with restricted cell cycle. We show that proliferative pre-LSCs are unable to return to a cell cycle-restricted state. Cell cycle-restricted pre-LSCs have activation of p53 and its downstream cell-cycle inhibitor p21. Furthermore, absence of p21 leads to proliferation of pre-LSCs, with clonal extinction through loss of asymmetric cell division and terminal differentiation. Thus, inducing proliferation of pre-LSCs represents a promising strategy to increase cure rates for acute leukemia.
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47
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Sasine JP, Himburg HA, Termini CM, Roos M, Tran E, Zhao L, Kan J, Li M, Zhang Y, de Barros SC, Rao DS, Counter CM, Chute JP. Wild-type Kras expands and exhausts hematopoietic stem cells. JCI Insight 2018; 3:98197. [PMID: 29875320 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic Kras expression specifically in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) induces a rapidly fatal myeloproliferative neoplasm in mice, suggesting that Kras signaling plays a dominant role in normal hematopoiesis. However, such a conclusion is based on expression of an oncogenic version of Kras. Hence, we sought to determine the effect of simply increasing the amount of endogenous wild-type Kras on HSC fate. To this end, we utilized a codon-optimized version of the murine Kras gene (Krasex3op) that we developed, in which silent mutations in exon 3 render the encoded mRNA more efficiently translated, leading to increased protein expression without disruption to the normal gene architecture. We found that Kras protein levels were significantly increased in bone marrow (BM) HSCs in Krasex3op/ex3op mice, demonstrating that the translation of Kras in HSCs is normally constrained by rare codons. Krasex3op/ex3op mice displayed expansion of BM HSCs, progenitor cells, and B lymphocytes, but no evidence of myeloproliferative disease or leukemia in mice followed for 12 months. BM HSCs from Krasex3op/ex3op mice demonstrated increased multilineage repopulating capacity in primary competitive transplantation assays, but secondary competitive transplants revealed exhaustion of long-term HSCs. Following total body irradiation, Krasex3op/ex3op mice displayed accelerated hematologic recovery and increased survival. Mechanistically, HSCs from Krasex3op/ex3op mice demonstrated increased proliferation at baseline, with a corresponding increase in Erk1/2 phosphorylation and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (Cdk4/6) activation. Furthermore, both the enhanced colony-forming capacity and in vivo repopulating capacity of HSCs from Krasex3op/ex3op mice were dependent on Cdk4/6 activation. Finally, BM transplantation studies revealed that augmented Kras expression produced expansion of HSCs, progenitor cells, and B cells in a hematopoietic cell-autonomous manner, independent from effects on the BM microenvironment. This study provides fundamental demonstration of codon usage in a mammal having a biological consequence, which may speak to the importance of codon usage in mammalian biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Sasine
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine.,Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Stem Cell Research, and
| | | | | | - Martina Roos
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Stem Cell Research, and
| | - Evelyn Tran
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine
| | - Liman Zhao
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine
| | - Jenny Kan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine
| | - Michelle Li
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine
| | - Yurun Zhang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Dinesh S Rao
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Stem Cell Research, and.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Christopher M Counter
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North California, USA
| | - John P Chute
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Stem Cell Research, and
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48
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Baumgartner C, Toifl S, Farlik M, Halbritter F, Scheicher R, Fischer I, Sexl V, Bock C, Baccarini M. An ERK-Dependent Feedback Mechanism Prevents Hematopoietic Stem Cell Exhaustion. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 22:879-892.e6. [PMID: 29804890 PMCID: PMC5988582 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) sustain hematopoiesis throughout life. HSCs exit dormancy to restore hemostasis in response to stressful events, such as acute blood loss, and must return to a quiescent state to prevent their exhaustion and resulting bone marrow failure. HSC activation is driven in part through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTORC1 signaling pathway, but less is known about the cell-intrinsic pathways that control HSC dormancy. Here, we delineate an ERK-dependent, rate-limiting feedback mechanism that controls HSC fitness and their re-entry into quiescence. We show that the MEK/ERK and PI3K pathways are synchronously activated in HSCs during emergency hematopoiesis and that feedback phosphorylation of MEK1 by activated ERK counterbalances AKT/mTORC1 activation. Genetic or chemical ablation of this feedback loop tilts the balance between HSC dormancy and activation, increasing differentiated cell output and accelerating HSC exhaustion. These results suggest that MEK inhibitors developed for cancer therapy may find additional utility in controlling HSC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Baumgartner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology of the University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Toifl
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology of the University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Farlik
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Halbritter
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruth Scheicher
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Irmgard Fischer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology of the University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Department for Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Saarland Informatics Campus, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Manuela Baccarini
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology of the University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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49
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Wandler A, Shannon K. Mechanistic and Preclinical Insights from Mouse Models of Hematologic Cancer Characterized by Hyperactive Ras. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:a031526. [PMID: 28778967 PMCID: PMC5880163 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RAS genes are mutated in 5%-40% of a spectrum of myeloid and lymphoid cancers with NRAS affected 2-3 times more often than KRAS Genomic analysis indicates that RAS mutations generally occur as secondary events in leukemogenesis, but are integral to the disease phenotype. The tractable nature of the hematopoietic system has facilitated generating accurate mouse models of hematologic malignancies characterized by hyperactive Ras signaling. These strains provide robust platforms for addressing how oncogenic Ras expression perturbs proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal programs in stem and progenitor cell populations, for testing potential therapies, and for investigating mechanisms of drug response and resistance. This review summarizes recent insights from key studies in mouse models of hematologic cancer that are broadly relevant for understanding Ras biology and for ongoing efforts to implement rational therapeutic strategies for cancers with oncogenic RAS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anica Wandler
- Department of Pediatrics, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001
| | - Kevin Shannon
- Department of Pediatrics, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158-9001
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50
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Gene dosage effect of CUX1 in a murine model disrupts HSC homeostasis and controls the severity and mortality of MDS. Blood 2018; 131:2682-2697. [PMID: 29592892 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-10-810028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Monosomy 7 (-7) and del(7q) are high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities common in myeloid malignancies. We previously reported that CUX1, a homeodomain-containing transcription factor encoded on 7q22, is frequently inactivated in myeloid neoplasms, and CUX1 myeloid tumor suppressor activity is conserved from humans to Drosophila. CUX1-inactivating mutations are recurrent in clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential as well as myeloid malignancies, in which they independently carry a poor prognosis. To determine the role for CUX1 in hematopoiesis, we generated 2 short hairpin RNA-based mouse models with ∼54% (Cux1mid) or ∼12% (Cux1low) residual CUX1 protein. Cux1mid mice develop myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with anemia and trilineage dysplasia, whereas CUX1low mice developed MDS/myeloproliferative neoplasms and anemia. In diseased mice, restoration of CUX1 expression was sufficient to reverse the disease. CUX1 knockdown bone marrow transplant recipients exhibited a transient hematopoietic expansion, followed by a reduction of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and fatal bone marrow failure, in a dose-dependent manner. RNA-sequencing after CUX1 knockdown in human CD34+ cells identified a -7/del(7q) MDS gene signature and altered differentiation, proliferative, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways. In functional assays, CUX1 maintained HSC quiescence and repressed proliferation. These homeostatic changes occurred in parallel with decreased expression of the PI3K inhibitor, Pik3ip1, and elevated PI3K/AKT signaling upon CUX1 knockdown. Our data support a model wherein CUX1 knockdown promotes PI3K signaling, drives HSC exit from quiescence and proliferation, and results in HSC exhaustion. Our results also demonstrate that reduction of a single 7q gene, Cux1, is sufficient to cause MDS in mice.
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