1
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Afshari AR, Sanati M, Ahmadi SS, Kesharwani P, Sahebkar A. Harnessing the capacity of phytochemicals to enhance immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy of cancers: A focus on brain malignancies. Cancer Lett 2024; 593:216955. [PMID: 38750720 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Brain cancers, particularly glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), are challenging health issues with frequent unmet aspects. Today, discovering safe and effective therapeutic modalities for brain tumors is among the top research interests. Immunotherapy is an emerging area of investigation in cancer treatment. Since immune checkpoints play fundamental roles in repressing anti-cancer immunity, diverse immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been developed, and some monoclonal antibodies have been approved clinically for particular cancers; nevertheless, there are significant concerns regarding their efficacy and safety in brain tumors. Among the various tools to modify the immune checkpoints, phytochemicals show good effectiveness and excellent safety, making them suitable candidates for developing better ICIs. Phytochemicals regulate multiple immunological checkpoint-related signaling pathways in cancer biology; however, their efficacy for clinical cancer immunotherapy remains to be established. Here, we discussed the involvement of immune checkpoints in cancer pathology and summarized recent advancements in applying phytochemicals in modulating immune checkpoints in brain tumors to highlight the state-of-the-art and give constructive prospects for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir R Afshari
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sanati
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Experimental and Animal Study Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Seyed Sajad Ahmadi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Khatam-Ol-Anbia Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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2
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Epstein AL, Rabkin SD. Safety of non-replicative and oncolytic replication-selective HSV vectors. Trends Mol Med 2024:S1471-4914(24)00136-9. [PMID: 38886138 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a DNA virus and human pathogen used to construct promising therapeutic vectors. HSV-1 vectors fall into two classes: replication-selective oncolytic vectors for cancer therapy and defective non-replicative vectors for gene therapy. Vectors from each class can accommodate ≥30 kb of inserts, have been approved clinically, and demonstrate a relatively benign safety profile. Despite oncolytic HSV (oHSV) replication in tumors and elicited immune responses, the virus is well tolerated in cancer patients. Current non-replicative vectors elicit only limited immune responses. Seropositivity and immune responses against HSV-1 do not eliminate either the vector or infected cells, and the vectors can therefore be re-administered. In this review we highlight vectors that have been translated to the clinic and host-virus immune interactions that impact on the safety and efficacy of HSVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel D Rabkin
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Yin X, Zhang S, Lee JH, Dong H, Mourgkos G, Terwilliger G, Kraus A, Geraldo LH, Poulet M, Fischer S, Zhou T, Mohammed FS, Zhou J, Wang Y, Malloy S, Rohner N, Sharma L, Salinas I, Eichmann A, Thomas JL, Saltzman WM, Huttner A, Zeiss C, Ring A, Iwasaki A, Song E. Compartmentalized ocular lymphatic system mediates eye-brain immunity. Nature 2024; 628:204-211. [PMID: 38418880 PMCID: PMC10990932 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The eye, an anatomical extension of the central nervous system (CNS), exhibits many molecular and cellular parallels to the brain. Emerging research demonstrates that changes in the brain are often reflected in the eye, particularly in the retina1. Still, the possibility of an immunological nexus between the posterior eye and the rest of the CNS tissues remains unexplored. Here, studying immune responses to herpes simplex virus in the brain, we observed that intravitreal immunization protects mice against intracranial viral challenge. This protection extended to bacteria and even tumours, allowing therapeutic immune responses against glioblastoma through intravitreal immunization. We further show that the anterior and posterior compartments of the eye have distinct lymphatic drainage systems, with the latter draining to the deep cervical lymph nodes through lymphatic vasculature in the optic nerve sheath. This posterior lymphatic drainage, like that of meningeal lymphatics, could be modulated by the lymphatic stimulator VEGFC. Conversely, we show that inhibition of lymphatic signalling on the optic nerve could overcome a major limitation in gene therapy by diminishing the immune response to adeno-associated virus and ensuring continued efficacy after multiple doses. These results reveal a shared lymphatic circuit able to mount a unified immune response between the posterior eye and the brain, highlighting an understudied immunological feature of the eye and opening up the potential for new therapeutic strategies in ocular and CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sophia Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ju Hyun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Huiping Dong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - George Mourgkos
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gordon Terwilliger
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aurora Kraus
- Center of Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Luiz Henrique Geraldo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mathilde Poulet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Suzanne Fischer
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Farrah Shalima Mohammed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jiangbing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yongfu Wang
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Seth Malloy
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Nicolas Rohner
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Irene Salinas
- Center of Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Anne Eichmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Leon Thomas
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - W Mark Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anita Huttner
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Caroline Zeiss
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aaron Ring
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Eric Song
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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4
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Marchesini Tovar G, Gallen C, Bergsbaken T. CD8+ Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells: Versatile Guardians of the Tissue. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:361-368. [PMID: 38227907 PMCID: PMC10794029 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells are a subset of T cells maintained throughout life within nonlymphoid tissues without significant contribution from circulating memory T cells. CD8+ Trm cells contribute to both tissue surveillance and direct elimination of pathogens through a variety of mechanisms. Reactivation of these Trm cells during infection drives systematic changes within the tissue, including altering the state of the epithelium, activating local immune cells, and contributing to the permissiveness of the tissue for circulating immune cell entry. Trm cells can be further classified by their functional outputs, which can be either subset- or tissue-specific, and include proliferation, tissue egress, and modulation of tissue physiology. These functional outputs of Trm cells are linked to the heterogeneity and plasticity of this population, and uncovering the unique responses of different Trm cell subsets and their role in immunity will allow us to modulate Trm cell responses for optimal control of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Marchesini Tovar
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Corey Gallen
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Tessa Bergsbaken
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
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5
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Fung HY, Espinal AM, Teryek M, Lemenze AD, Bergsbaken T. STAT4 increases the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of intestinal tissue-resident memory T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:250-263. [PMID: 36925068 PMCID: PMC10327535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (Trms) are an important subset of lymphocytes that are lodged within non-lymphoid tissues and carry out diverse functions to control local pathogen replication. CD103 has been used to broadly define subsets of Trms within the intestine, with CD103+ and CD103- subsets having unique transcriptional profiles and effector functions. Here we identify signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) as an important regulator of CD103- Trm differentiation. STAT4-deficient cells trafficked to the intestine and localized to areas of infection but displayed impaired Trm differentiation with fewer CD103- Trms. Single-cell RNA-sequencing demonstrated that STAT4-deficiency led to a reduction in CD103- Trm subsets and expansion of a single population of CD103+ cells. Alterations in Trm populations were due, in part, to STAT4-mediated inhibition of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-driven expression of Trm signature genes. STAT4-dependent Trm populations expressed genes associated with cytokine production and cell migration, and STAT4-deficient Trm cells had altered localization within the tissue and reduced effector function after reactivation in vivo. Overall, our data indicate that STAT4 leads to increased differentiation of CD103- Trms, in part by modulating the expression of TGF-β-regulated genes, and results in increased Trm heterogeneity and function within the intestinal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Y Fung
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine & Immunology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, USA
| | - Angie M Espinal
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine & Immunology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, USA
| | - Matthew Teryek
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine & Immunology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, USA
| | - Alexander D Lemenze
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine & Immunology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, USA
| | - Tessa Bergsbaken
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine & Immunology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, USA.
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6
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Malekpour M, Khanmohammadi S, Meybodi MJE, Shekouh D, Rahmanian MR, Kardeh S, Azarpira N. COVID-19 as a trigger of Guillain-Barré syndrome: A review of the molecular mechanism. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e875. [PMID: 37249286 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a pandemic with serious complications. After coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), several post-acute COVID-19 syndromes (PACSs) and long-COVID sequels were reported. PACSs involve many organs, including the nervous, gustatory, and immune systems. One of the PACSs after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination is Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). The incidence rate of GBS after SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination is low. However, the high prevalence of COVID-19 and severe complications of GBS, for example, autonomic dysfunction and respiratory failure, highlight the importance of post-COVID-19 GBS. It is while patients with simultaneous COVID-19 and GBS seem to have higher admission rates to the intensive care unit, and demyelination is more aggressive in post-COVID-19 GBS patients. SARS-CoV-2 can trigger GBS via several pathways like direct neurotropism and neurovirulence, microvascular dysfunction and oxidative stress, immune system disruption, molecular mimicry, and autoantibody production. Although there are few molecular studies on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of GBS occurrence after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, we aimed to discuss the possible pathomechanism of post-COVID-19 GBS by gathering the most recent molecular evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Malekpour
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Entezari Meybodi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Dorsa Shekouh
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rahmanian
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sina Kardeh
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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7
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Rosato PC, Lotfi-Emran S, Joag V, Wijeyesinghe S, Quarnstrom CF, Degefu HN, Nedellec R, Schenkel JM, Beura LK, Hangartner L, Burton DR, Masopust D. Tissue-resident memory T cells trigger rapid exudation and local antibody accumulation. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:17-26. [PMID: 36657662 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity is didactically partitioned into humoral and cell-mediated effector mechanisms, which may imply that each arm is separate and does not function together. Here, we report that the activation of CD8+ resident memory T cells (TRM) in nonlymphoid tissues triggers vascular permeability, which facilitates rapid distribution of serum antibodies into local tissues. TRM reactivation was associated with transcriptional upregulation of antiviral signaling pathways as well as Fc receptors and components of the complement cascade. Effects were local, but evidence is presented that TRM in brain and reproductive mucosa are both competent to induce rapid antibody exudation. TRM reactivation in the mouse female genital tract increased local concentrations of virus-specific neutralizing antibodies, including anti-vesicular stomatitis virus, and passively transferred anti-HIV antibodies. We showed that this response was sufficient to increase the efficacy of ex vivo vesicular stomatitis virus neutralization. These results indicate that CD8+ TRM antigen recognition can enhance local humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela C Rosato
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Dartmouth Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Sahar Lotfi-Emran
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Vineet Joag
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sathi Wijeyesinghe
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Clare F Quarnstrom
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Hanna N Degefu
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Dartmouth Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Rebecca Nedellec
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jason M Schenkel
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lalit K Beura
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Brown University, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lars Hangartner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Masopust
- University of Minnesota, Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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8
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Lim YS, Shin H. CD8 tissue-resident memory T cells bridge the gap between humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:3-4. [PMID: 36640865 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells exert antiviral effects in situ using a variety of cell-intrinsic mechanisms. In this issue of Mucosal Immunology, Rosato and colleagues demonstrate that mucosal CD8 TRM cells can also facilitate the extravasation of antibodies with neutralizing capacities by modulating transcytotic receptors and vascular permeability, thus revealing a new mechanism by which TRM cells modulate humoral responses and protect the host from incoming pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shiang Lim
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Disease, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Haina Shin
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Disease, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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9
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Fung HY, Teryek M, Lemenze AD, Bergsbaken T. CD103 fate mapping reveals that intestinal CD103 - tissue-resident memory T cells are the primary responders to secondary infection. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabl9925. [PMID: 36332012 PMCID: PMC9901738 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abl9925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells remain poised in the tissue and mediate robust protection from secondary infection. TRM cells within the intestine and other tissues are heterogeneous in their phenotype and function; however, the contributions of these TRM subsets to secondary infection remain poorly defined. To address the plasticity of intestinal TRM subsets and their role in local and systemic immunity, we generated mice to fate map intestinal CD103+ TRM cells and track their location and function during secondary infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. We found that CD103+ TRM cells remained lodged in the tissue and were poorly reactivated during secondary challenge. CD103- TRM cells were the primary responders to secondary infection and expanded within the tissue, with limited contribution from circulating memory T cells. The transcriptional profile of CD103- TRM cells demonstrated maintenance of a gene signature similar to circulating T cells along with increased cytokine production and migratory potential. CD103- TRM cells also expressed genes associated with T cell receptor (TCR) activation and displayed enhanced TCR-mediated reactivation both in vitro and in vivo compared with their CD103+ counterparts. These studies reveal the limited recall potential of CD103+ TRM subsets and the role of CD103- TRM cells as central memory-like T cells within peripheral tissues.
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10
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Wellford SA, Moseman AP, Dao K, Wright KE, Chen A, Plevin JE, Liao TC, Mehta N, Moseman EA. Mucosal plasma cells are required to protect the upper airway and brain from infection. Immunity 2022; 55:2118-2134.e6. [PMID: 36137543 PMCID: PMC9649878 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While blood antibodies mediate protective immunity in most organs, whether they protect nasal surfaces in the upper airway is unclear. Using multiple viral infection models in mice, we found that blood-borne antibodies could not defend the olfactory epithelium. Despite high serum antibody titers, pathogens infected nasal turbinates, and neurotropic microbes invaded the brain. Using passive antibody transfers and parabiosis, we identified a restrictive blood-endothelial barrier that excluded circulating antibodies from the olfactory mucosa. Plasma cell depletions demonstrated that plasma cells must reside within olfactory tissue to achieve sterilizing immunity. Antibody blockade and genetically deficient models revealed that this local immunity required CD4+ T cells and CXCR3. Many vaccine adjuvants failed to generate olfactory plasma cells, but mucosal immunizations established humoral protection of the olfactory surface. Our identification of a blood-olfactory barrier and the requirement for tissue-derived antibody has implications for vaccinology, respiratory and CNS pathogen transmission, and B cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annie Park Moseman
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kianna Dao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Katherine E Wright
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allison Chen
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jona E Plevin
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tzu-Chieh Liao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Naren Mehta
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - E Ashley Moseman
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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11
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Neuronal CaMKK2 promotes immunosuppression and checkpoint blockade resistance in glioblastoma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6483. [PMID: 36309495 PMCID: PMC9617949 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34175-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is notorious for its immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and is refractory to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Here, we identify calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) as a driver of ICB resistance. CaMKK2 is highly expressed in pro-tumor cells and is associated with worsened survival in patients with GBM. Host CaMKK2, specifically, reduces survival and promotes ICB resistance. Multimodal profiling of the TME reveals that CaMKK2 is associated with several ICB resistance-associated immune phenotypes. CaMKK2 promotes exhaustion in CD8+ T cells and reduces the expansion of effector CD4+ T cells, additionally limiting their tumor penetrance. CaMKK2 also maintains myeloid cells in a disease-associated microglia-like phenotype. Lastly, neuronal CaMKK2 is required for maintaining the ICB resistance-associated myeloid phenotype, is deleterious to survival, and promotes ICB resistance. Our findings reveal CaMKK2 as a contributor to ICB resistance and identify neurons as a driver of immunotherapeutic resistance in GBM.
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12
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Choutka J, Jansari V, Hornig M, Iwasaki A. Unexplained post-acute infection syndromes. Nat Med 2022; 28:911-923. [PMID: 35585196 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01810-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is not unique in its ability to cause post-acute sequelae; certain acute infections have long been associated with an unexplained chronic disability in a minority of patients. These post-acute infection syndromes (PAISs) represent a substantial healthcare burden, but there is a lack of understanding of the underlying mechanisms, representing a significant blind spot in the field of medicine. The relatively similar symptom profiles of individual PAISs, irrespective of the infectious agent, as well as the overlap of clinical features with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), suggest the potential involvement of a common etiopathogenesis. In this Review, we summarize what is known about unexplained PAISs, provide context for post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), and delineate the need for basic biomedical research into the underlying mechanisms behind this group of enigmatic chronic illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Choutka
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Viraj Jansari
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mady Hornig
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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13
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Macrophage Activation in the Dorsal Root Ganglion in Rats Developing Autotomy after Peripheral Nerve Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312801. [PMID: 34884605 PMCID: PMC8657625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotomy, self-mutilation of a denervated limb, is common in animals after peripheral nerve injury (PNI) and is a reliable proxy for neuropathic pain in humans. Understanding the occurrence and treatment of autotomy remains challenging. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of autotomy in nude and Wistar rats and evaluate the differences in macrophage activation and fiber sensitization contributing to the understanding of autotomy behavior. Autotomy in nude and Wistar rats was observed and evaluated 6 and 12 weeks after sciatic nerve repair surgery. The numbers of macrophages and the types of neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) between the two groups were compared by immunofluorescence studies. Immunostaining of T cells in the DRG was also assessed. Nude rats engaged in autotomy with less frequency than Wistar rats. Autotomy symptoms were also relatively less severe in nude rats. Immunofluorescence studies revealed increased macrophage accumulation and activation in the DRG of Wistar rats. The percentage of NF200+ neurons was higher at 6 and 12 weeks in Wistar rats compared to nude rats, but the percentage of CGRP+ neurons did not differ between two groups. Additionally, macrophages were concentrated around NF200-labeled A fibers. At 6 and 12 weeks following PNI, CD4+ T cells were not found in the DRG of the two groups. The accumulation and activation of macrophages in the DRG may account for the increased frequency and severity of autotomy in Wistar rats. Our results also suggest that A fiber neurons in the DRG play an important role in autotomy.
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14
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Abstract
Two of the most prevalent human viruses worldwide, herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively), cause a variety of diseases, including cold sores, genital herpes, herpes stromal keratitis, meningitis and encephalitis. The intrinsic, innate and adaptive immune responses are key to control HSV, and the virus has developed mechanisms to evade them. The immune response can also contribute to pathogenesis, as observed in stromal keratitis and encephalitis. The fact that certain individuals are more prone than others to suffer severe disease upon HSV infection can be partially explained by the existence of genetic polymorphisms in humans. Like all herpesviruses, HSV has two replication cycles: lytic and latent. During lytic replication HSV produces infectious viral particles to infect other cells and organisms, while during latency there is limited gene expression and lack of infectious virus particles. HSV establishes latency in neurons and can cause disease both during primary infection and upon reactivation. The mechanisms leading to latency and reactivation and which are the viral and host factors controlling these processes are not completely understood. Here we review the HSV life cycle, the interaction of HSV with the immune system and three of the best-studied pathologies: Herpes stromal keratitis, herpes simplex encephalitis and genital herpes. We also discuss the potential association between HSV-1 infection and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyong Zhu
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (Exc 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Abel Viejo-Borbolla
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (Exc 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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15
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Roballo KCS, Gigley JP, Smith TA, Bittner GD, Bushman JS. Functional and immunological peculiarities of peripheral nerve allografts. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:721-727. [PMID: 34472457 PMCID: PMC8530136 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.322445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review addresses the accumulating evidence that live (not decellularized) allogeneic peripheral nerves are functionally and immunologically peculiar in comparison with many other transplanted allogeneic tissues. This is relevant because live peripheral nerve allografts are very effective at promoting recovery after segmental peripheral nerve injury via axonal regeneration and axon fusion. Understanding the immunological peculiarities of peripheral nerve allografts may also be of interest to the field of transplantation in general. Three topics are addressed: The first discusses peripheral nerve injury and the potential utility of peripheral nerve allografts for bridging segmental peripheral nerve defects via axon fusion and axon regeneration. The second reviews evidence that peripheral nerve allografts elicit a more gradual and less severe host immune response allowing for prolonged survival and function of allogeneic peripheral nerve cells and structures. Lastly, potential mechanisms that may account for the immunological differences of peripheral nerve allografts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason P Gigley
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Tyler A Smith
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - George D Bittner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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16
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Li Z, Wang Q, Hu H, Zheng W, Gao C. Research advances of biomaterials-based microenvironment-regulation therapies for repair and regeneration of spinal cord injury. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 34384071 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac1d3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) usually results in restricted behaviour recovery and even life-changing paralysis, accompanied with numerous complications. Pathologically, the initial injuries trigger a series of secondary injuries, leading to an expansion of lesion site, a mass of neuron loss, and eventual failure of endogenous axon regeneration. As the advances rapidly spring up in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering biomaterials, regulation of these secondary injuries becomes possible, shedding a light on normal functional restoration. The successful tissue regeneration lies in proper regulation of the inflammatory microenvironment, including the inflammatory immune cells and inflammatory factors that lead to oxidative stress, inhibitory glial scar and neuroexcitatory toxicity. Specifically, the approaches based on microenvironment-regulating biomaterials have shown great promise in the repair and regeneration of SCI. In this review, the pathological inflammatory microenvironments of SCI are discussed, followed by the introduction of microenvironment-regulating biomaterials in terms of their impressive therapeutic effect in attenuation of secondary inflammation and promotion of axon regrowth. With the emphasis on regulating secondary events, the biomaterials for SCI treatment will become promising for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoxuan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Dr Li Dak Sum and Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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17
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Feng E, Balint E, Vahedi F, Ashkar AA. Immunoregulatory Functions of Interferons During Genital HSV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:724618. [PMID: 34484233 PMCID: PMC8416247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.724618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections that disproportionately impacts women worldwide. Currently, there are no vaccines or curative treatments, resulting in life-long infection. The mucosal environment of the female reproductive tract (FRT) is home to a complex array of local immune defenses that must be carefully coordinated to protect against genital HSV-2 infection, while preventing excessive inflammation to prevent disease symptoms. Crucial to the defense against HSV-2 infection in the FRT are three classes of highly related and integrated cytokines, type I, II, and III interferons (IFN). These three classes of cytokines control HSV-2 infection and reduce tissue damage through a combination of directly inhibiting viral replication, as well as regulating the function of resident immune cells. In this review, we will examine how interferons are induced and their critical role in how they shape the local immune response to HSV-2 infection in the FRT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ali A. Ashkar
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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18
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Steele MM, Lund AW. Afferent Lymphatic Transport and Peripheral Tissue Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:264-272. [PMID: 33397740 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels provide an anatomical framework for immune surveillance and adaptive immune responses. Although appreciated as the route for Ag and dendritic cell transport, peripheral lymphatic vessels are often not considered active players in immune surveillance. Lymphatic vessels, however, integrate contextual cues that directly regulate transport, including changes in intrinsic pumping and capillary remodeling, and express a dynamic repertoire of inflammatory chemokines and adhesion molecules that facilitates leukocyte egress out of inflamed tissue. These mechanisms together contribute to the course of peripheral tissue immunity. In this review, we focus on context-dependent mechanisms that regulate fluid and cellular transport out of peripheral nonlymphoid tissues to provide a framework for understanding the effects of afferent lymphatic transport on immune surveillance, peripheral tissue inflammation, and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Steele
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Amanda W Lund
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; .,Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; and.,Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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19
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Son YM, Cheon IS, Wu Y, Li C, Wang Z, Gao X, Chen Y, Takahashi Y, Fu YX, Dent AL, Kaplan MH, Taylor JJ, Cui W, Sun J. Tissue-resident CD4 + T helper cells assist the development of protective respiratory B and CD8 + T cell memory responses. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/55/eabb6852. [PMID: 33419791 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abb6852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Much remains unknown about the roles of CD4+ T helper cells in shaping localized memory B cell and CD8+ T cell immunity in the mucosal tissues. Here, we report that lung T helper cells provide local assistance for the optimal development of tissue-resident memory B and CD8+ T cells after the resolution of primary influenza virus infection. We have identified a population of T cells in the lung that exhibit characteristics of both follicular T helper and TRM cells, and we have termed these cells as resident helper T (TRH) cells. Optimal TRH cell formation was dependent on transcription factors involved in T follicular helper and resident memory T cell development including BCL6 and Bhlhe40. We show that TRH cells deliver local help to CD8+ T cells through IL-21-dependent mechanisms. Our data have uncovered the presence of a tissue-resident helper T cell population in the lung that plays a critical role in promoting the development of protective B cell and CD8+ T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Min Son
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - In Su Cheon
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chaofan Li
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiaochen Gao
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yao Chen
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA
| | - Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Justin J Taylor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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20
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Abstract
Narcolepsy Type 1 (NT1) is hypothesized to be an autoimmune disease targeting the hypocretin/orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. Ample genetic and epidemiologic evidence point in the direction of a pathogenesis involving the immune system. Many autoantibodies have been detected in blood samples from NT1 patients, but none in a consistent manner. Importantly, T cells directed toward hypocretin/orexin neurons have been detected in samples from NT1 patients. However, it remains to be seen if these potentially autoreactive T cells are also present in the hypothalamus and if they are pathogenic. For this reason, NT1 does still not fully meet the criteria for being classified as a genuine autoimmune disease, even though more and more results are pointing in that direction as will be described in this chapter. The autoimmune hypothesis has led to many attempts at slowing or stopping disease progression with immunomodulatory treatment, but so far the overall results have not been very encouraging. It is clear that more research into the pathogenesis of NT1 is needed to establish the precise role of the immune system in disease development.
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21
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Qian J, Olbrecht S, Boeckx B, Vos H, Laoui D, Etlioglu E, Wauters E, Pomella V, Verbandt S, Busschaert P, Bassez A, Franken A, Bempt MV, Xiong J, Weynand B, van Herck Y, Antoranz A, Bosisio FM, Thienpont B, Floris G, Vergote I, Smeets A, Tejpar S, Lambrechts D. A pan-cancer blueprint of the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment revealed by single-cell profiling. Cell Res 2020; 30:745-762. [PMID: 32561858 PMCID: PMC7608385 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0355-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The stromal compartment of the tumor microenvironment consists of a heterogeneous set of tissue-resident and tumor-infiltrating cells, which are profoundly moulded by cancer cells. An outstanding question is to what extent this heterogeneity is similar between cancers affecting different organs. Here, we profile 233,591 single cells from patients with lung, colorectal, ovary and breast cancer (n = 36) and construct a pan-cancer blueprint of stromal cell heterogeneity using different single-cell RNA and protein-based technologies. We identify 68 stromal cell populations, of which 46 are shared between cancer types and 22 are unique. We also characterise each population phenotypically by highlighting its marker genes, transcription factors, metabolic activities and tissue-specific expression differences. Resident cell types are characterised by substantial tissue specificity, while tumor-infiltrating cell types are largely shared across cancer types. Finally, by applying the blueprint to melanoma tumors treated with checkpoint immunotherapy and identifying a naïve CD4+ T-cell phenotype predictive of response to checkpoint immunotherapy, we illustrate how it can serve as a guide to interpret scRNA-seq data. In conclusion, by providing a comprehensive blueprint through an interactive web server, we generate the first panoramic view on the shared complexity of stromal cells in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbin Qian
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Siel Olbrecht
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Boeckx
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hanne Vos
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Damya Laoui
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emre Etlioglu
- Laboratory of Molecular Digestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Wauters
- Respiratory Oncology Unit (Pneumology) and Leuven Lung Cancer Group, University Hospital KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Pneumology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valentina Pomella
- Laboratory of Molecular Digestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Verbandt
- Laboratory of Molecular Digestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Busschaert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ayse Bassez
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amelie Franken
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marlies Vanden Bempt
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jieyi Xiong
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Birgit Weynand
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Laboratory of Translational Cell & Tissue Research and University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Pathology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Asier Antoranz
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Laboratory of Translational Cell & Tissue Research and University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Pathology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesca Maria Bosisio
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Laboratory of Translational Cell & Tissue Research and University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Pathology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernard Thienpont
- Laboratory for Functional Epigenetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Floris
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Laboratory of Translational Cell & Tissue Research and University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Pathology, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ignace Vergote
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Smeets
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sabine Tejpar
- Laboratory of Molecular Digestive Oncology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium. .,Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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22
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Ramsey NLM, Visciano M, Hunte R, Loh LN, Burn Aschner C, Jacobs WR, Herold BC. A Single-Cycle Glycoprotein D Deletion Viral Vaccine Candidate, ΔgD-2, Elicits Polyfunctional Antibodies That Protect against Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus. J Virol 2020; 94:e00335-20. [PMID: 32295919 PMCID: PMC7307146 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00335-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a leading cause of infectious blindness, highlighting the need for effective vaccines. A single-cycle HSV-2 strain with the deletion of glycoprotein D, ΔgD-2, completely protected mice from HSV-1 and HSV-2 skin or vaginal disease and prevented latency following active or passive immunization in preclinical studies. The antibodies functioned primarily by activating Fc receptors to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The ability of ADCC to protect the immune-privileged eye, however, may differ from skin or vaginal infections. Thus, the current studies were designed to compare active and passive immunization with ΔgD-2 versus an adjuvanted gD subunit vaccine (rgD-2) in a primary lethal ocular murine model. ΔgD-2 provided significantly greater protection than rgD-2 following a two-dose vaccine regimen, although both vaccines were protective compared to an uninfected cell lysate. However, only immune serum from ΔgD-2-vaccinated, but not rgD-2-vaccinated, mice provided significant protection against lethality in passive transfer studies. The significantly greater passive protection afforded by ΔgD-2 persisted after controlling for the total amount of HSV-specific IgG in the transferred serum. The antibodies elicited by rgD-2 had significantly higher neutralizing titers, whereas those elicited by ΔgD-2 had significantly more C1q binding and Fc gamma receptor activation, a surrogate for ADCC function. Together, the findings suggest ADCC is protective in the eye and that nonneutralizing antibodies elicited by ΔgD-2 provide greater protection than neutralizing antibodies elicited by rgD-2 against primary ocular HSV disease. The findings support advancement of vaccines, including ΔgD-2, that elicit polyfunctional antibody responses.IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus 1 is the leading cause of infectious corneal blindness in the United States and Europe. Developing vaccines to prevent ocular disease is challenging because the eye is a relatively immune-privileged site. In this study, we compared a single-cycle viral vaccine candidate, which is unique in that it elicits predominantly nonneutralizing antibodies that activate Fc receptors and bind complement, and a glycoprotein D subunit vaccine that elicits neutralizing but not Fc receptor-activating or complement-binding responses. Only the single-cycle vaccine provided both active and passive protection against a lethal ocular challenge. These findings greatly expand our understanding of the types of immune responses needed to protect the eye and will inform future prophylactic and therapeutic strategies.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Eye/immunology
- Female
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/metabolism
- Herpesvirus Vaccines/immunology
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Keratitis, Herpetic/genetics
- Keratitis, Herpetic/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vero Cells
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L M Ramsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Maria Visciano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Richard Hunte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Lip Nam Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Clare Burn Aschner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - William R Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Betsy C Herold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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23
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Kornum BR. Narcolepsy type 1: what have we learned from immunology? Sleep 2020; 43:5813740. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Narcolepsy type 1 is hypothesized to be an autoimmune disease targeting the hypocretin/orexin neurons in the hypothalamus. Ample genetic and epidemiological evidence points in the direction of a pathogenesis involving the immune system, but this is not considered proof of autoimmunity. In fact, it remains a matter of debate how to prove that a given disease is indeed an autoimmune disease. In this review, a set of commonly used criteria for autoimmunity is described and applied to narcolepsy type 1. In favor of the autoimmune hypothesis are data showing that in narcolepsy type 1 a specific adaptive immune response is directed to hypocretin/orexin neurons. Autoreactive T cells and autoantibodies have been detected in blood samples from patients, but it remains to be seen if these T cells or antibodies are in fact present in the hypothalamus. It is also unclear if the autoreactive T cells and/or autoantibodies can transfer the disease to healthy individuals or animals or if immunization with the proposed autoantigens can induce the disease in animal models. Most importantly, it is still controversial whether suppression of the autoimmune response can prevent disease progression. In conclusion, narcolepsy type 1 does still not fully meet the criteria for being classified as a genuine autoimmune disease, but more and more results are pointing in that direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitte R Kornum
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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24
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Lee AG, Scott JM, Fabbrizi MR, Jiang X, Sojka DK, Miller MJ, Baldridge MT, Yokoyama WM, Shin H. T cell response kinetics determines neuroinfection outcomes during murine HSV infection. JCI Insight 2020; 5:134258. [PMID: 32161194 PMCID: PMC7141405 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.134258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) and HSV-1 both can cause genital herpes, a chronic infection that establishes a latent reservoir in the nervous system. Clinically, the recurrence frequency of HSV-1 genital herpes is considerably less than HSV-2 genital herpes, which correlates with reduced neuronal infection. The factors dictating the disparate outcomes of HSV-1 and HSV-2 genital herpes are unclear. In this study, we show that vaginal infection of mice with HSV-1 leads to the rapid appearance of mature DCs in the draining lymph node, which is dependent on an early burst of NK cell-mediated IFN-γ production in the vagina that occurs after HSV-1 infection but not HSV-2 infection. Rapid DC maturation after HSV-1 infection, but not HSV-2 infection, correlates with the accelerated generation of a neuroprotective T cell response and early accumulation of IFN-γ-producing T cells at the site of infection. Depletion of T cells or loss of IFN-γ receptor (IFN-γR) expression in sensory neurons both lead to a marked loss of neuroprotection only during HSV-1, recapitulating a prominent feature of HSV-2 infection. Our experiments reveal key differences in host control of neuronal HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection after genital exposure of mice, and they define parameters of a successful immune response against genital herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dorothy K. Sojka
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Wayne M. Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Ren J, Wang H, Zhou L, Ge X, Guo X, Han J, Yang H. Glycoproteins C and D of PRV Strain HB1201 Contribute Individually to the Escape From Bartha-K61 Vaccine-Induced Immunity. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:323. [PMID: 32210933 PMCID: PMC7076175 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The newly emerged pseudorabies virus (PRV) novel variants can escape from the immunity induced by the classical vaccine Bartha-K61. Here we investigated the underlying mechanisms by constructing chimeric mutants between epidemic strain HB1201 and the Bartha-K61 vaccine. Our analyses focused on three viral envelope glycoproteins, namely gB, gC, and gD, as they exhibit remarkable genetic variations and are also involved in induction of protective immunity. The corresponding genes were swapped reciprocally either individually or in combination by using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and homologous recombination. The rescued chimeric viruses exhibited differential sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies in vitro, and gC was found to be the major contributor to inefficient neutralization against HB1201 by anti-Bartha-K61 serum. When tested in the 4-week-piglet model, substitution with HB1201 gC enabled Bartha-K61 to induce a protective immunity against HB1201 at a high challenge dose of 107 TCID50. Interestingly, despite a relatively lower cross-neutralization ability, the gD exchange also enabled Bartha-K61 to protect piglets from lethal challenge. In both cases, clinical signs and microscopic lesions were eased, and so was the viral tissue load with the exception of brain. A better protection could be achieved when both gC and gD were swapped in terms of reducing viral load in brain and virus-induced microscopic lesions. Thus, our studies not only revealed individual roles of gC and gD variations in the immune escape and also suggested a synergistic effect of both proteins on induction of protective immunity. These findings have important implications in novel vaccine development for PRV control in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianle Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haibao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Kim HC, Oh DS, Park JH, Kim HJ, Seo YB, Yoo HJ, Jang HS, Shin J, Kim CW, Kwon MS, Jin HT, Lee SK, Oh JE, Lee HK. Multivalent DNA vaccine protects against genital herpes by T-cell immune induction in vaginal mucosa. Antiviral Res 2020; 177:104755. [PMID: 32112797 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genital herpes is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and it is mainly caused by the neurotropic herpes simplex virus (HSV-2). Not only does this infection cause ulcers, but HSV-2 can also stay in a latent state in the nervous system of the host throughout their lifespan. As a result, many people do not know that they harbor this infection. Moreover, HSV-2 serves as a major risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and can be transmitted to the fetus. Despite the high risk of infection and adverse effects, attempts at development of an effective vaccine for HSV-2 have not yet been successful. In this study, we developed a DNA vaccine for HSV-2 (SL-V20). This multivalent DNA vaccine effectively reduced the pathological symptoms of infection and induced efficient elimination of the virus in a mouse model. Intramuscular injection of SL-V20 led to induction of an HSV-2-specific T-cell response in the vagina, the major infection site, and in draining lymph organs. Dendritic cells (DCs), especially basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor 3 (Baft3)+ DCs and partially interferon regulatory factor 4 (Irf4)+ DCs, were involved in this T-cell-mediated protective response, while B cells were dispensable for these prophylactic effects. This study demonstrates that SL-V20 offers a novel and effective vaccine against vaginal HSV-2 infection and may be applicable to patients, pending validation in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Cheol Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Sun Oh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hyun Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Bok Seo
- SL-VAXiGEN Inc., 700 Daewangpanyo-Ro, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jee Yoo
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seon Jang
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jua Shin
- SL-VAXiGEN Inc., 700 Daewangpanyo-Ro, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Won Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Seung Kwon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Myunggok Medical Research Center, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Tak Jin
- ProGen Co., Ltd, 1201, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ki Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Myunggok Medical Research Center, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Oh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Perivascular Lymphocyte Clusters Induced by Gastric Subserous Layer Vaccination Mediate Optimal Immunity against Helicobacter through Facilitating Immune Cell Infiltration and Local Antibody Response. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:1480281. [PMID: 32411786 PMCID: PMC7201474 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1480281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In situ vaccination-induced local inflammatory response resulted in the establishment of a pool of tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells and new vessels after the resolution of inflammation. TRM cells have received increasing attention; however, the role of new vessels in protective response is still unknown. Materials and Methods We performed the laparotomy to access the stomach and injected alum-based vaccine into the gastric subserous layer (GSL). At 28 days post vaccination, a parabiosis mouse model along with depletion of anti-CD90.2 antibody was employed to explore the function of perivascular lymphocyte clusters in recall responses. The composition of the gastric lymphocyte clusters was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. Antibody responses were detected using ELISA. Gastric lymphocytes were analyzed using flow cytometry. Results GSL vaccination induced the formation of new vessels in the inflamed region. These new vessels were different from native vessels in that they were generally accompanied by perivascular lymphocyte clusters that mainly consisted of CD90-expressing cells. Additionally, histological analysis revealed the presence of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the perivascular lymphocyte clusters. Administration of a dose of an anti-CD90.2 antibody to GSL-vaccinated mice resolved these clusters. The efficacy of protection was compared in the parabiosis mice. Upon challenge, the presence of perivascular lymphocyte clusters was responsible for the fast recall response, as depletion of these clusters by CD90.2 antibody administration resulted in decreased expressions of VCAM-1, Madcam-1, and TNF-α, as well as lower recruitment of proinflammatory immune cells, decreased antibody levels, and poor protection. Conclusions Our research demonstrates that in situ vaccination-induced regional inflammatory response contributes to optimal recall response not only by establishing a CD4+ TRM pool but also by creating an “expressway,” i.e., perivascular lymphocyte cluster.
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A role for the CCR5-CCL5 interaction in the preferential migration of HSV-2-specific effector cells to the vaginal mucosa upon nasal immunization. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:1391-1403. [PMID: 31551493 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Our current study focused on elucidating the role of specific chemokine-receptor interactions in antigen (Ag)-specific immune cell migration from nasal to genital mucosal tissues. This cellular migration is critical to induce effective Ag-specific immune responses against sexually transmitted genital infections. In this study, nasal immunization with live attenuated HSV-2 TK- induced the upregulation of CCR5 expression in effector immune cells, including CD4+ T cells, in Ag-priming sites and vaginal tissue. The CCR5 ligands CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5 all showed upregulated expression in vaginal tissue; in particular, CCL5 expression was highly enhanced in the stromal cells of vaginal tissue after nasal immunization. Intravaginal blockade of CCL5 by using neutralizing antibody diminished the number of HSV-2-specific effector cells in the vagina. Furthermore, loss of CCR5, a receptor for CCL5, impaired the migration of nasally primed Ag-specific effector cells from the airway to vagina. Effector cells adoptively transferred from CCR5-deficient mice failed to migrate into vaginal tissue, consequently increasing recipient mice's susceptibility to HSV-2 vaginal infection. These results indicate that the CCR5-CCL5 chemokine pathway is required for the migration and retention of nasally primed Ag-specific effector cells in vagina for providing protective immunity against HSV-2 infection.
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Combination anti-CTLA-4 plus anti-PD-1 checkpoint blockade utilizes cellular mechanisms partially distinct from monotherapies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:22699-22709. [PMID: 31636208 PMCID: PMC6842624 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821218116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade therapy has become a critical pillar of cancer therapy. Here, we characterize the cellular mechanisms of monotherapy and combination anti–cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 plus anti–programmed cell death-1 therapy. Using high-dimensional single-cell profiling, we determine that combination therapy elicits cellular responses that are partially distinct from those induced by either monotherapy. In particular, combination therapy mediates a switch from expansion of phenotypically exhausted cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8) T cells to expansion of activated effector CD8 T cells. In addition, we systematically compare T cell subsets present in matched peripheral blood and tumor tissues to define what aspects of antitumor responses can be observed peripherally. These findings have significant implications for both the cellular mechanisms of action and biomarkers of response to monotherapies and combination therapy. Immune checkpoint blockade therapy targets T cell-negative costimulatory molecules such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1). Combination anti–CTLA-4 and anti–PD-1 blockade therapy has enhanced efficacy, but it remains unclear through what mechanisms such effects are mediated. A critical question is whether combination therapy targets and modulates the same T cell populations as monotherapies. Using a mass cytometry-based systems approach, we comprehensively profiled the response of T cell populations to monotherapy and combination anti–CTLA-4 plus anti–PD-1 therapy in syngeneic murine tumors and clinical samples. Most effects of monotherapies were additive in the context of combination therapy; however, multiple combination therapy-specific effects were observed. Highly phenotypically exhausted cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8) T cells expand in frequency following anti–PD-1 monotherapy but not combination therapy, while activated terminally differentiated effector CD8 T cells expand only following combination therapy. Combination therapy also led to further increased frequency of T helper type 1 (Th1)-like CD4 effector T cells even though anti–PD-1 monotherapy is not sufficient to do so. Mass cytometry analyses of peripheral blood from melanoma patients treated with immune checkpoint blockade therapies similarly revealed mostly additive effects on the frequencies of T cell subsets along with unique modulation of terminally differentiated effector CD8 T cells by combination ipilimumab plus nivolumab therapy. Together, these findings indicate that dual blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1 therapy is sufficient to induce unique cellular responses compared with either monotherapy.
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Mancuso R, Sicurella M, Agostini S, Marconi P, Clerici M. Herpes simplex virus type 1 and Alzheimer's disease: link and potential impact on treatment. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2019; 17:715-731. [PMID: 31414935 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2019.1656064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia worldwide, is a multifactorial disease with a still unknown etiology. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) has long been suspected to be one of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Areas covered: We review the literature focusing on viral characteristics of HSV-1, the mechanisms this virus uses to infect neural cells, its interaction with the host immune system and genetic background and summarizes results and research that support the hypothesis of an association between AD and HSV-1. The possible usefulness of virus-directed pharmaceutical approaches as potential treatments for AD will be discussed as well. Expert opinion: We highlight crucial aspects that must be addressed to clarify the possible role of HSV-1 in the pathogenesis of the disease, and to allow the design of new therapeutical approaches for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peggy Marconi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi , Milan , Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
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31
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Milora KA, Rall GF. Interferon Control of Neurotropic Viral Infections. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:842-856. [PMID: 31439415 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) comprise a pleiotropic family of signaling molecules that are often the first line of defense against viral infection. Inflammatory responses induced by IFN are generally well tolerated during peripheral infections; yet, the same degree of inflammation during infection of the central nervous system (CNS) could be catastrophic. Thus, IFN responses must be modified within the CNS to ensure host survival. In this review, we discuss emerging principles highlighting unique aspects of antiviral effects of IFN protection following neurotropic viral infection, chiefly using new techniques in rodent models. Evaluation of these unique responses provides insights into how the immune system eradicates or controls pathogens, while avoiding host damage. Defining these principles may have direct impact on the development of novel clinical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelynn A Milora
- Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Glenn F Rall
- Program in Blood Cell Development and Function, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Fritz JM, Lenardo MJ. Development of immune checkpoint therapy for cancer. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1244-1254. [PMID: 31068379 PMCID: PMC6547853 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20182395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fritz and Lenardo discuss the basic science and clinical discoveries of immune checkpoint blockade, which boosts antitumor immunity and increases survival of patients with cancer. Since the early 20th century, immunologists have investigated mechanisms that protect vertebrates from damaging immune responses against self-antigens by mature lymphocytes, i.e., peripheral tolerance. These mechanisms have been increasingly delineated at the molecular level, ultimately culminating in new therapeutics that have revolutionized clinical oncology. Here, we describe basic science and clinical discoveries that converge mainly on two molecules, CTLA-4 and PD-1, that were recognized with the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded to James Allison and Tasuku Honjo. We discuss their investigations and those of many others in the field that contravene tolerance through checkpoint inhibition to boost immune killing of malignant cells. We also discuss the mechanisms underlying each therapy, the efficacy achieved, and the complications of therapy. Finally, we hint at research questions for the future that could widen the success of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Fritz
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michael J Lenardo
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Regulatory T cells limit unconventional memory to preserve the capacity to mount protective CD8 memory responses to pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9969-9978. [PMID: 31036644 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818327116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory exists so that following infection an expanded population of pathogen-specific lymphocytes can rapidly and efficiently control infection in the case of reexposure. However, in the case of CD8+ T lymphocytes, a population of unconventional CD44+CD122+ virtual memory T cells (TVM) has been described that possesses many, though not all, features of "true memory" T cells, without the requirement of first encountering cognate antigen. Here, we demonstrate a role for regulatory T cell-mediated restraint of TVM at least in part through limiting IL-15 trans-presentation by CD11b+ dendritic cells. Further, we show that keeping TVM in check ensures development of functional, antigen-specific "true" memory phenotype CD8+ T cells that can assist in pathogen control upon reexposure.
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Ma H, Xu M, Song Y, Zhang T, Yin H, Yin S. Interferon-γ facilitated adjuvant-induced arthritis at early stage. Scand J Immunol 2019; 89:e12757. [PMID: 30739356 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a versatile cytokine which broadly involves in the inflammatory diseases, mediating both immune activation and tolerance. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of IFN-γ in the initiation of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). METHODS AND RESULTS In an AIA mice model, increasing IFN-γ mRNA was observed at day 3 and peaked on day 7. At day 3, the majority of IFN-γ-producing cells were located around vessels observed by immunofluorescent staining. Recombinant IFN-γ or anti-IFN-γ antibody was injected into the AIA paw on day 2 to study the outcome of AIA. The recipients of IFN-γ showed increased synovial inflammation, whereas anti-IFN-γ antibody injection repressed the expansion of inflammatory cells. As the percentages of blood monocytes were approximately equivalent, we hypothesized that IFN-γ might impact the access of innate leucocytes from blood to expand local inflammation at this stage. Analysis of tissue CD31 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expressions suggested a positive effect of these factors in the development of inflammation, and IFN-γ affected the VCAM-1 expression. To further verify this idea, mice regionally injected with IFN-γ were systematically administrated with anti-VCAM-1 antibody during AIA induction. The IFN-γ expression was inhibited, and the development of AIA was partly abolished in these mice regardless of regional IFN-γ injection. CONCLUSION These data suggested that IFN-γ might be critical for the expansion of AIA at early stage through helping inflammatory cell access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ma
- Department of Rheumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minwen Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- Department of Rheumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hanqiu Yin
- Department of Rheumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Songlou Yin
- Department of Rheumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Increased Frequency of Virus Shedding by Herpes Simplex Virus 2-Infected Guinea Pigs in the Absence of CD4 + T Lymphocytes. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01721-18. [PMID: 30463981 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01721-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) results in infection of epithelial cells at the neuro-epithelial junction and shedding of virus at the epithelial surface. Virus shedding can occur in either the presence or absence of clinical disease and is usually of short duration, although the shedding frequency varies among individuals. The basis for host control of virus shedding is not well understood, although adaptive immune mechanisms are thought to play a central role. To determine the importance of CD4+ T cells in control of HSV-2 shedding, this subset of immune cells was depleted from HSV-2-infected guinea pigs by injection of an anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (MAb). Guinea pigs were treated with the depleting MAb after establishment of a latent infection, and vaginal swabs were taken daily to monitor shedding by quantitative PCR. The cumulative number of HSV-2 shedding days and the mean number of days virus was shed were significantly increased in CD4-depleted compared to control-treated animals. However, there was no difference in the incidence of recurrent disease between the two treatment groups. Serum antibody levels and the number of HSV-specific antibody-secreting cells in secondary lymphoid tissues were unaffected by depletion of CD4+ T cells; however, the frequency of functional HSV-specific, CD8+ gamma interferon-secreting cells was significantly decreased. Together, these results demonstrate an important role for CD4+ T lymphocytes in control of virus shedding that may be mediated in part by maintenance of HSV-specific CD8+ T cell populations. These results have important implications for development of therapeutic vaccines designed to control HSV-2 shedding.IMPORTANCE Sexual transmission of HSV-2 results from viral shedding following reactivation from latency. The immune cell populations and mechanisms that control HSV-2 shedding are not well understood. This study examined the role of CD4+ T cells in control of virus shedding using a guinea pig model of genital HSV-2 infection that recapitulates the shedding of virus experienced by humans. We found that the frequency of virus-shedding episodes, but not the incidence of clinical disease, was increased by depletion of CD4+ T cells. The HSV-specific antibody response was not diminished, but frequency of functional HSV-reactive CD8+ T cells was significantly diminished by CD4 depletion. These results confirm the role of cell-mediated immunity and highlight the importance of CD4+ T cells in controlling HSV shedding, suggesting that therapeutic vaccines designed to reduce transmission by controlling HSV shedding should include specific enhancement of HSV-specific CD4+ T cell responses.
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Profile of Akiko Iwasaki. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:12544-12546. [PMID: 30509976 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818903115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Jaggi U, Wang S, Tormanen K, Matundan H, Ljubimov AV, Ghiasi H. Role of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) Glycoprotein K (gK) Pathogenic CD8 + T Cells in Exacerbation of Eye Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2895. [PMID: 30581441 PMCID: PMC6292954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HSV-1-induced corneal scarring (CS), also broadly referred to as Herpes Stromal Keratitis (HSK), is the leading cause of infectious blindness in developed countries. It is well-established that HSK is in fact an immunopathological disease. The contribution of the potentially harmful T cell effectors that lead to CS remains an area of intense study. Although the HSV-1 gene(s) involved in eye disease is not yet known, we have demonstrated that gK, which is one of the 12 known HSV-1 glycoproteins, has a crucial role in CS. Immunization of HSV-1 infected mice with gK, but not with any other known HSV-1 glycoprotein, significantly exacerbates CS, and dermatitis. The gK-induced eye disease occurs independently of the strain of the virus or mouse. HSV-1 mutants that lack gK are unable to efficiently infect and establish latency in neurons. HSV-1 recombinant viruses expressing two additional copies of the gK (total of three gK genes) exacerbated CS as compared with wild type HSV-1 strain McKrae that contains one copy of gK. Furthermore, we have shown that an 8mer (ITAYGLVL) within the signal sequence of gK enhanced CS in ocularly infected BALB/c mice, C57BL/6 mice, and NZW rabbits. In HSV-infected “humanized” HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice, this gK 8mer induced strong IFN-γ-producing cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses. gK induced CS is dependent on gK binding to signal peptide peptidase (SPP). gK also binds to HSV-1 UL20, while UL20 binds GODZ (DHHC3) and these quadruple interactions are required for gK induced pathology. Thus, potential therapies might include blocking of gK-SPP, gK-UL20, UL20-GODZ interactions, or a combination of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjaldeep Jaggi
- Department of Surgery, Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Department of Surgery, Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kati Tormanen
- Department of Surgery, Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Harry Matundan
- Department of Surgery, Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Alexander V Ljubimov
- Eye Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, and David Geffen School of Medicine, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Department of Surgery, Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Latorre D, Kallweit U, Armentani E, Foglierini M, Mele F, Cassotta A, Jovic S, Jarrossay D, Mathis J, Zellini F, Becher B, Lanzavecchia A, Khatami R, Manconi M, Tafti M, Bassetti CL, Sallusto F. T cells in patients with narcolepsy target self-antigens of hypocretin neurons. Nature 2018; 562:63-68. [PMID: 30232458 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wei SC, Duffy CR, Allison JP. Fundamental Mechanisms of Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:1069-1086. [PMID: 30115704 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1874] [Impact Index Per Article: 312.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade is able to induce durable responses across multiple types of cancer, which has enabled the oncology community to begin to envision potentially curative therapeutic approaches. However, the remarkable responses to immunotherapies are currently limited to a minority of patients and indications, highlighting the need for more effective and novel approaches. Indeed, an extraordinary amount of preclinical and clinical investigation is exploring the therapeutic potential of negative and positive costimulatory molecules. Insights into the underlying biological mechanisms and functions of these molecules have, however, lagged significantly behind. Such understanding will be essential for the rational design of next-generation immunotherapies. Here, we review the current state of our understanding of T-cell costimulatory mechanisms and checkpoint blockade, primarily of CTLA4 and PD-1, and highlight conceptual gaps in knowledge.Significance: This review provides an overview of immune checkpoint blockade therapy from a basic biology and immunologic perspective for the cancer research community. Cancer Discov; 8(9); 1069-86. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer C Wei
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Colm R Duffy
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - James P Allison
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. .,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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40
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Critical role of CD4 + T cells and IFNγ signaling in antibody-mediated resistance to Zika virus infection. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3136. [PMID: 30087337 PMCID: PMC6081430 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05519-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Protective adaptive immunity to Zika virus (ZIKV) has been mainly attributed to cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and neutralizing antibodies, while the participation of CD4+ T cells in resistance has remained largely uncharacterized. Here, we show a neutralizing antibody response, dependent on CD4+ T cells and IFNγ signaling, which we detected during the first week of infection and is associated with reduced viral load in the brain, prevention of rapid disease onset and survival. We demonstrate participation of these components in the resistance to ZIKV during primary infection and in murine adoptive transfer models of heterologous ZIKV infection in a background of IFNR deficiency. The protective effect of adoptively transferred CD4+ T cells requires IFNγ signaling, CD8+ T cells and B lymphocytes in recipient mice. Together, this indicates the importance of CD4+ T cell responses in future vaccine design for ZIKV.
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41
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Bangash M, Alles SR, Santana-Varela S, Millet Q, Sikandar S, de Clauser L, ter Heegde F, Habib AM, Pereira V, Sexton JE, Emery EC, Li S, Luiz AP, Erdos J, Gossage SJ, Zhao J, Cox JJ, Wood JN. Distinct transcriptional responses of mouse sensory neurons in models of human chronic pain conditions. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:78. [PMID: 30079380 PMCID: PMC6053702 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14641.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sensory neurons play an essential role in almost all pain conditions, and have recently been classified into distinct subsets on the basis of their transcriptomes. Here we have analysed alterations in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) gene expression using microarrays in mouse models related to human chronic pain. Methods: Six different pain models were studied in male C57BL/6J mice: (1) bone cancer pain using cancer cell injection in the intramedullary space of the femur; (2) neuropathic pain using partial sciatic nerve ligation; (3) osteoarthritis pain using mechanical joint loading; (4) chemotherapy-induced pain with oxaliplatin; (5) chronic muscle pain using hyperalgesic priming; and (6) inflammatory pain using intraplantar complete Freund's adjuvant. Microarray analyses were performed using RNA isolated from dorsal root ganglia and compared to sham/vehicle treated controls. Results: Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Known and previously unreported genes were found to be dysregulated in each pain model. The transcriptomic profiles for each model were compared and expression profiles of DEGs within subsets of DRG neuronal populations were analysed to determine whether specific neuronal subsets could be linked to each of the pain models. Conclusions: Each pain model exhibits a unique set of altered transcripts implying distinct cellular responses to different painful stimuli. No simple direct link between genetically distinct sets of neurons and particular pain models could be discerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A. Bangash
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sascha R.A. Alles
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sonia Santana-Varela
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Queensta Millet
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shafaq Sikandar
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Larissa de Clauser
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Freija ter Heegde
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Comparative Biomedical Science, Skeletal Biology Group, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Abdella M. Habib
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- College of Medicine, Member of Qatar Health Cluster, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Vanessa Pereira
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jane E. Sexton
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Edward C. Emery
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Shengnan Li
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ana P. Luiz
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Janka Erdos
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Samuel J. Gossage
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jing Zhao
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - James J. Cox
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - John N. Wood
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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42
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Mills EA, Mao-Draayer Y. Aging and lymphocyte changes by immunomodulatory therapies impact PML risk in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler 2018; 24:1014-1022. [PMID: 29774781 DOI: 10.1177/1352458518775550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
New potent immunomodulatory therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) are associated with increased risk for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). It is unclear why a subset of treated patients develops PML, but patient age has emerged as an important risk factor. PML is caused by the JC virus and aging is associated with immune senescence, which increases susceptibility to infection. With the goal of improving PML risk stratification, we here describe the lymphocyte changes that occur with disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) associated with high or moderate risk toward PML in MS patients, how these changes compare to immune aging, and which measures best correlate with risk. We reviewed studies examining how these therapies alter patient immune profiles, which revealed the induction of changes to lymphocyte number and/or function that resemble immunosenescence. Therefore, the immunosuppressive activity of these MS DMTs may be enhanced in the context of an immune system that is already exhibiting features of senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Mills
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yang Mao-Draayer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA/Graduate Program in Immunology, Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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43
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Sonar SA, Lal G. Blood–brain barrier and its function during inflammation and autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ru1117-428r order by 8029-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiologic barrier that separates CNS from soluble inflammatory mediators and effector immune cells from peripheral circulation. The optimum function of the BBB is necessary for the homeostasis, maintenance, and proper neuronal function. The clinical and experimental findings have shown that BBB dysfunction is an early hallmark of various neurologic disorders ranging from inflammatory autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and traumatic diseases to neuroinvasive infections. Significant progress has been made in the understanding of the regulation of BBB function under homeostatic and neuroinflammatory conditions. Several neurologic disease-modifying drugs have shown to improve the BBB function. However, they have a broad-acting immunomodulatory function and can increase the risk of life-threatening infections. The recent development of in vitro multicomponent 3-dimensional BBB models coupled with fluidics chamber as well as a cell-type specific reporter and knockout mice gave a new boost to our understanding of the dynamics of the BBB. In the review, we discuss the current understanding of BBB composition and recent findings that illustrate the critical regulatory elements of the BBB function under physiologic and inflammatory conditions, and also suggested the strategies to control BBB structure and function.
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44
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Sonar SA, Lal G. Blood–brain barrier and its function during inflammation and autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ru1117-428r order by 8029-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiologic barrier that separates CNS from soluble inflammatory mediators and effector immune cells from peripheral circulation. The optimum function of the BBB is necessary for the homeostasis, maintenance, and proper neuronal function. The clinical and experimental findings have shown that BBB dysfunction is an early hallmark of various neurologic disorders ranging from inflammatory autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and traumatic diseases to neuroinvasive infections. Significant progress has been made in the understanding of the regulation of BBB function under homeostatic and neuroinflammatory conditions. Several neurologic disease-modifying drugs have shown to improve the BBB function. However, they have a broad-acting immunomodulatory function and can increase the risk of life-threatening infections. The recent development of in vitro multicomponent 3-dimensional BBB models coupled with fluidics chamber as well as a cell-type specific reporter and knockout mice gave a new boost to our understanding of the dynamics of the BBB. In the review, we discuss the current understanding of BBB composition and recent findings that illustrate the critical regulatory elements of the BBB function under physiologic and inflammatory conditions, and also suggested the strategies to control BBB structure and function.
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45
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Sonar SA, Lal G. Blood–brain barrier and its function during inflammation and autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ru1117-428r order by 1-- gadu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiologic barrier that separates CNS from soluble inflammatory mediators and effector immune cells from peripheral circulation. The optimum function of the BBB is necessary for the homeostasis, maintenance, and proper neuronal function. The clinical and experimental findings have shown that BBB dysfunction is an early hallmark of various neurologic disorders ranging from inflammatory autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and traumatic diseases to neuroinvasive infections. Significant progress has been made in the understanding of the regulation of BBB function under homeostatic and neuroinflammatory conditions. Several neurologic disease-modifying drugs have shown to improve the BBB function. However, they have a broad-acting immunomodulatory function and can increase the risk of life-threatening infections. The recent development of in vitro multicomponent 3-dimensional BBB models coupled with fluidics chamber as well as a cell-type specific reporter and knockout mice gave a new boost to our understanding of the dynamics of the BBB. In the review, we discuss the current understanding of BBB composition and recent findings that illustrate the critical regulatory elements of the BBB function under physiologic and inflammatory conditions, and also suggested the strategies to control BBB structure and function.
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46
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Sonar SA, Lal G. Blood–brain barrier and its function during inflammation and autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ru1117-428r and 1880=1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiologic barrier that separates CNS from soluble inflammatory mediators and effector immune cells from peripheral circulation. The optimum function of the BBB is necessary for the homeostasis, maintenance, and proper neuronal function. The clinical and experimental findings have shown that BBB dysfunction is an early hallmark of various neurologic disorders ranging from inflammatory autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and traumatic diseases to neuroinvasive infections. Significant progress has been made in the understanding of the regulation of BBB function under homeostatic and neuroinflammatory conditions. Several neurologic disease-modifying drugs have shown to improve the BBB function. However, they have a broad-acting immunomodulatory function and can increase the risk of life-threatening infections. The recent development of in vitro multicomponent 3-dimensional BBB models coupled with fluidics chamber as well as a cell-type specific reporter and knockout mice gave a new boost to our understanding of the dynamics of the BBB. In the review, we discuss the current understanding of BBB composition and recent findings that illustrate the critical regulatory elements of the BBB function under physiologic and inflammatory conditions, and also suggested the strategies to control BBB structure and function.
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47
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Sonar SA, Lal G. Blood–brain barrier and its function during inflammation and autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ru1117-428r order by 1-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiologic barrier that separates CNS from soluble inflammatory mediators and effector immune cells from peripheral circulation. The optimum function of the BBB is necessary for the homeostasis, maintenance, and proper neuronal function. The clinical and experimental findings have shown that BBB dysfunction is an early hallmark of various neurologic disorders ranging from inflammatory autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and traumatic diseases to neuroinvasive infections. Significant progress has been made in the understanding of the regulation of BBB function under homeostatic and neuroinflammatory conditions. Several neurologic disease-modifying drugs have shown to improve the BBB function. However, they have a broad-acting immunomodulatory function and can increase the risk of life-threatening infections. The recent development of in vitro multicomponent 3-dimensional BBB models coupled with fluidics chamber as well as a cell-type specific reporter and knockout mice gave a new boost to our understanding of the dynamics of the BBB. In the review, we discuss the current understanding of BBB composition and recent findings that illustrate the critical regulatory elements of the BBB function under physiologic and inflammatory conditions, and also suggested the strategies to control BBB structure and function.
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48
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Sonar SA, Lal G. Blood–brain barrier and its function during inflammation and autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ru1117-428r order by 8029-- awyx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiologic barrier that separates CNS from soluble inflammatory mediators and effector immune cells from peripheral circulation. The optimum function of the BBB is necessary for the homeostasis, maintenance, and proper neuronal function. The clinical and experimental findings have shown that BBB dysfunction is an early hallmark of various neurologic disorders ranging from inflammatory autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and traumatic diseases to neuroinvasive infections. Significant progress has been made in the understanding of the regulation of BBB function under homeostatic and neuroinflammatory conditions. Several neurologic disease-modifying drugs have shown to improve the BBB function. However, they have a broad-acting immunomodulatory function and can increase the risk of life-threatening infections. The recent development of in vitro multicomponent 3-dimensional BBB models coupled with fluidics chamber as well as a cell-type specific reporter and knockout mice gave a new boost to our understanding of the dynamics of the BBB. In the review, we discuss the current understanding of BBB composition and recent findings that illustrate the critical regulatory elements of the BBB function under physiologic and inflammatory conditions, and also suggested the strategies to control BBB structure and function.
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49
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Sonar SA, Lal G. Blood–brain barrier and its function during inflammation and autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ru1117-428r order by 1-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an important physiologic barrier that separates CNS from soluble inflammatory mediators and effector immune cells from peripheral circulation. The optimum function of the BBB is necessary for the homeostasis, maintenance, and proper neuronal function. The clinical and experimental findings have shown that BBB dysfunction is an early hallmark of various neurologic disorders ranging from inflammatory autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and traumatic diseases to neuroinvasive infections. Significant progress has been made in the understanding of the regulation of BBB function under homeostatic and neuroinflammatory conditions. Several neurologic disease-modifying drugs have shown to improve the BBB function. However, they have a broad-acting immunomodulatory function and can increase the risk of life-threatening infections. The recent development of in vitro multicomponent 3-dimensional BBB models coupled with fluidics chamber as well as a cell-type specific reporter and knockout mice gave a new boost to our understanding of the dynamics of the BBB. In the review, we discuss the current understanding of BBB composition and recent findings that illustrate the critical regulatory elements of the BBB function under physiologic and inflammatory conditions, and also suggested the strategies to control BBB structure and function.
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50
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Gray JI, Westerhof LM, MacLeod MKL. The roles of resident, central and effector memory CD4 T-cells in protective immunity following infection or vaccination. Immunology 2018; 154:574-581. [PMID: 29570776 PMCID: PMC6050220 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory provides rapid protection to pathogens previously encountered through infection or vaccination. CD4 T-cells play a central role in all adaptive immune responses. Vaccines must, therefore, activate CD4 T-cells if they are to generate protective immunity. For many diseases, we do not have effective vaccines. These include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis and malaria, which are responsible for many millions of deaths each year across the globe. CD4 T-cells play many different roles during the immune response coordinating the actions of many other cells. In order to harness the diverse protective effects of memory CD4 T-cells, we need to understand how memory CD4 T-cells are generated and how they protect the host. Here we review recent findings on the location of different subsets of memory CD4 T-cells that are found in peripheral tissues (tissue resident memory T-cells) and in the circulation (central and effector memory T-cells). We discuss the generation of these cells, and the evidence that demonstrates how they provide immune protection in animal and human challenge models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I. Gray
- Centre for ImmunobiologyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Lotus M. Westerhof
- Centre for ImmunobiologyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- GLAZgo Discovery CentreInstitute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Megan K. L. MacLeod
- Centre for ImmunobiologyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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