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Xu Y, Wang B, Bush I, Saunders HAJ, Wildonger J, Han C. In vivo optogenetic manipulations of endogenous proteins reveal spatiotemporal roles of microtubule and kinesin in dendrite patterning. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp0138. [PMID: 39213355 PMCID: PMC11364106 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
During animal development, the spatiotemporal properties of molecular events largely determine the biological outcomes. Conventional gene analysis methods lack the spatiotemporal resolution for precise dissection of developmental mechanisms. Although optogenetic tools exist for manipulating designer proteins in cultured cells, few have been successfully applied to endogenous proteins in live animals. Here, we report OptoTrap, a light-inducible clustering system for manipulating endogenous proteins of diverse sizes, subcellular locations, and functions in Drosophila. This system turns on fast, is reversible in minutes or hours, and contains variants optimized for neurons and epithelial cells. By using OptoTrap to disrupt microtubules and inhibit kinesin-1 in neurons, we show that microtubules support the growth of highly dynamic dendrites and that kinesin-1 is required for patterning of low- and high-order dendritic branches in differential spatiotemporal domains. OptoTrap allows for precise manipulation of endogenous proteins in a spatiotemporal manner and thus holds promise for studying developmental mechanisms in a wide range of cell types and developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yineng Xu
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Bei Wang
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Inle Bush
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Harriet AJ Saunders
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jill Wildonger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Pediatrics Department and Biological Sciences Division, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chun Han
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Zhuang Z, Meng Y, Xue Y, Wang Y, Cheng X, Jing J. Adaptation of STIM1 structure-function relationships for optogenetic control of calcium signaling. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107636. [PMID: 39122007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In cellular contexts, the oscillation of calcium ions (Ca2+) is intricately linked to various physiological processes, such as cell proliferation, metabolism, and survival. Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) proteins form a crucial regulatory component in the store-operated calcium entry process. The structural attributes of STIM1 are vital for its functionality, encompassing distinct domains situated in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen and the cytoplasm. The intraluminal domain enables the timely detection of diminishing Ca2+ concentrations, prompting structural modifications that activate the cytoplasmic domain. This activated cytoplasmic domain undergoes conformational alterations and engages with membrane components, opening a channel that facilitates the influx of Ca2+ from the extracellular environment. Given its multiple domains and interaction mechanisms, STIM1 plays a foundational role in cellular biology. This review focuses on the design of optogenetic tools inspired by the structure and function of STIM1. These tools offer a groundbreaking approach for studying and manipulating intracellular Ca2+ signaling with precise spatiotemporal control. We further explore the practical applications of these tools, spanning fundamental scientific research, clinical studies, and their potential for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirui Zhuang
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; School of Molecular Medicine, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Meng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Xue
- School of Life Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtza River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Cheng
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HlM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji Jing
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Gastric Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HlM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Söllner J, Derler I. Genetic code expansion, an emerging tool in the Ca 2+ ion channel field. J Physiol 2024; 602:3297-3313. [PMID: 38695316 DOI: 10.1113/jp285840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Various methods for characterizing binding forces as well as for monitoring and remote control of ion channels are still emerging. A recent innovation is the direct incorporation of unnatural amino acids (UAAs) with corresponding biophysical or biochemical properties, which are integrated using genetic code expansion technology. Minimal changes to natural amino acids, which are achieved by chemical synthesis of corresponding UAAs, are valuable tools to provide insight into the contributions of physicochemical properties of side chains in binding events. To gain unique control over the conformational changes or function of ion channels, a series of light-sensitive, chemically reactive and posttranslationally modified UAAs have been developed and utilized. Here, we present the existing UAA tools, their mode of action, their potential and limitations as well as their previous applications to Ca2+-permeable ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Söllner
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Isabella Derler
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
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Sallinger M, Grabmayr H, Humer C, Bonhenry D, Romanin C, Schindl R, Derler I. Activation mechanisms and structural dynamics of STIM proteins. J Physiol 2024; 602:1475-1507. [PMID: 36651592 DOI: 10.1113/jp283828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of stromal interaction molecules (STIM) includes two widely expressed single-pass endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transmembrane proteins and additional splice variants that act as precise ER-luminal Ca2+ sensors. STIM proteins mainly function as one of the two essential components of the so-called Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel. The second CRAC channel component is constituted by pore-forming Orai proteins in the plasma membrane. STIM and Orai physically interact with each other to enable CRAC channel opening, which is a critical prerequisite for various downstream signalling pathways such as gene transcription or proliferation. Their activation commonly requires the emptying of the intracellular ER Ca2+ store. Using their Ca2+ sensing capabilities, STIM proteins confer this Ca2+ content-dependent signal to Orai, thereby linking Ca2+ store depletion to CRAC channel opening. Here we review the conformational dynamics occurring along the entire STIM protein upon store depletion, involving the transition from the quiescent, compactly folded structure into an active, extended state, modulation by a variety of accessory components in the cell as well as the impairment of individual steps of the STIM activation cascade associated with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Sallinger
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Herwig Grabmayr
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Christina Humer
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Daniel Bonhenry
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Nove Hrady, Czech Republic
| | - Christoph Romanin
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Rainer Schindl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Isabella Derler
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
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Bacsa B, Hopl V, Derler I. Synthetic Biology Meets Ca 2+ Release-Activated Ca 2+ Channel-Dependent Immunomodulation. Cells 2024; 13:468. [PMID: 38534312 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Many essential biological processes are triggered by the proximity of molecules. Meanwhile, diverse approaches in synthetic biology, such as new biological parts or engineered cells, have opened up avenues to precisely control the proximity of molecules and eventually downstream signaling processes. This also applies to a main Ca2+ entry pathway into the cell, the so-called Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel. CRAC channels are among other channels are essential in the immune response and are activated by receptor-ligand binding at the cell membrane. The latter initiates a signaling cascade within the cell, which finally triggers the coupling of the two key molecular components of the CRAC channel, namely the stromal interaction molecule, STIM, in the ER membrane and the plasma membrane Ca2+ ion channel, Orai. Ca2+ entry, established via STIM/Orai coupling, is essential for various immune cell functions, including cytokine release, proliferation, and cytotoxicity. In this review, we summarize the tools of synthetic biology that have been used so far to achieve precise control over the CRAC channel pathway and thus over downstream signaling events related to the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Bacsa
- Division of Medical Physics und Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Valentina Hopl
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Isabella Derler
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020 Linz, Austria
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Lai YS, Chan TW, Nguyen TMH, Lin TC, Chao YY, Wang CY, Hung LY, Tsai SJ, Chiu WT. Store-operated calcium entry inhibits primary ciliogenesis via the activation of Aurora A. FEBS J 2024; 291:1027-1042. [PMID: 38050648 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilium is an antenna-like organelle protruding from the cell surface that can detect physical and chemical stimuli in the extracellular space to activate specific signaling pathways and downstream gene expressions. Calcium ion (Ca2+ ) signaling regulates a wide spectrum of cellular processes, including fertilization, proliferation, differentiation, muscle contraction, migration, and death. This study investigated the effects of the regulation of cytosolic Ca2+ levels on ciliogenesis using chemical, genetic, and optogenetic approaches. We found that ionomycin-induced Ca2+ influx inhibited ciliogenesis and Ca2+ chelator BATPA-AM-induced Ca2+ depletion promoted ciliogenesis. In addition, store-operated Ca2+ entry and the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ sensor stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) negatively regulated ciliogenesis. Moreover, an optogenetic platform was used to create different Ca2+ oscillation patterns by manipulating lighting parameters, including density, frequency, exposure time, and duration. Light-activated Ca2+ -translocating channelrhodopsin (CatCh) is activated by 470-nm blue light to induce Ca2+ influx. Our results show that high-frequency Ca2+ oscillations decrease ciliogenesis. Furthermore, the inhibition of cilia formation induced by Ca2+ may occur via the activation of Aurora kinase A. Cilia not only induce Ca2+ signaling but also regulate cilia formation by Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shyun Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Wei Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Thi My Hang Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chien Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ying Chao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yih Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yi Hung
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shaw-Jenq Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tai Chiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Watabe T, Yamahira S, Takakura K, Thumkeo D, Narumiya S, Matsuda M, Terai K. Calcium transients trigger switch-like discharge of prostaglandin E 2 in an extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent manner. eLife 2024; 12:RP86727. [PMID: 38276879 PMCID: PMC10945702 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a key player in a plethora of physiological and pathological events. Nevertheless, little is known about the dynamics of PGE2 secretion from a single cell and its effect on the neighboring cells. Here, by observing confluent Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells expressing fluorescent biosensors, we demonstrate that calcium transients in a single cell cause PGE2-mediated radial spread of PKA activation (RSPA) in neighboring cells. By in vivo imaging, RSPA was also observed in the basal layer of the mouse epidermis. Experiments with an optogenetic tool revealed a switch-like PGE2 discharge in response to the increasing cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations. The cell density of MDCK cells correlated with the frequencies of calcium transients and the following RSPA. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation also enhanced the frequency of RSPA in MDCK and in vivo. Thus, the PGE2 discharge is regulated temporally by calcium transients and ERK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Watabe
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Shinya Yamahira
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Kanako Takakura
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Dean Thumkeo
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Michiyuki Matsuda
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Kenta Terai
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
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Teng F, Cui T, Zhou L, Gao Q, Zhou Q, Li W. Programmable synthetic receptors: the next-generation of cell and gene therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:7. [PMID: 38167329 PMCID: PMC10761793 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01680-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell and gene therapies hold tremendous promise for treating a range of difficult-to-treat diseases. However, concerns over the safety and efficacy require to be further addressed in order to realize their full potential. Synthetic receptors, a synthetic biology tool that can precisely control the function of therapeutic cells and genetic modules, have been rapidly developed and applied as a powerful solution. Delicately designed and engineered, they can be applied to finetune the therapeutic activities, i.e., to regulate production of dosed, bioactive payloads by sensing and processing user-defined signals or biomarkers. This review provides an overview of diverse synthetic receptor systems being used to reprogram therapeutic cells and their wide applications in biomedical research. With a special focus on four synthetic receptor systems at the forefront, including chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and synthetic Notch (synNotch) receptors, we address the generalized strategies to design, construct and improve synthetic receptors. Meanwhile, we also highlight the expanding landscape of therapeutic applications of the synthetic receptor systems as well as current challenges in their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Teng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
| | - Tongtong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Li Zhou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qingqin Gao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Wei Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China.
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9
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Leemann S, Schneider-Warme F, Kleinlogel S. Cardiac optogenetics: shining light on signaling pathways. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:1421-1437. [PMID: 38097805 PMCID: PMC10730638 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02892-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
In the early 2000s, the field of neuroscience experienced a groundbreaking transformation with the advent of optogenetics. This innovative technique harnesses the properties of naturally occurring and genetically engineered rhodopsins to confer light sensitivity upon target cells. The remarkable spatiotemporal precision offered by optogenetics has provided researchers with unprecedented opportunities to dissect cellular physiology, leading to an entirely new level of investigation. Initially revolutionizing neuroscience, optogenetics quickly piqued the interest of the wider scientific community, and optogenetic applications were expanded to cardiovascular research. Over the past decade, researchers have employed various optical tools to observe, regulate, and steer the membrane potential of excitable cells in the heart. Despite these advancements, achieving control over specific signaling pathways within the heart has remained an elusive goal. Here, we review the optogenetic tools suitable to control cardiac signaling pathways with a focus on GPCR signaling, and delineate potential applications for studying these pathways, both in healthy and diseased hearts. By shedding light on these exciting developments, we hope to contribute to the ongoing progress in basic cardiac research to facilitate the discovery of novel therapeutic possibilities for treating cardiovascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Leemann
- Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, and Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Franziska Schneider-Warme
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, and Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Kleinlogel
- Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Translational Medicine Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland
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Kook YH, Lee H, Lee J, Jeong Y, Rho J, Heo WD, Lee S. AAV-compatible optogenetic tools for activating endogenous calcium channels in vivo. Mol Brain 2023; 16:73. [PMID: 37848907 PMCID: PMC10583393 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca2+) play pivotal roles in regulating diverse brain functions, including cognition, emotion, locomotion, and learning and memory. These functions are intricately regulated by a variety of Ca2+-dependent cellular processes, encompassing synaptic plasticity, neuro/gliotransmitter release, and gene expression. In our previous work, we developed 'monster OptoSTIM1' (monSTIM1), an improved OptoSTIM1 that selectively activates Ca2+-release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels in the plasma membrane through blue light, allowing precise control over intracellular Ca2+ signaling and specific brain functions. However, the large size of the coding sequence of monSTIM1 poses a limitation for its widespread use, as it exceeds the packaging capacity of adeno-associated virus (AAV). To address this constraint, we have introduced monSTIM1 variants with reduced coding sequence sizes and established AAV-based systems for expressing them in neurons and glial cells in the mouse brain. Upon expression by AAVs, these monSTIM1 variants significantly increased the expression levels of cFos in neurons and astrocytes in the hippocampal CA1 region following non-invasive light illumination. The use of monSTIM1 variants offers a promising avenue for investigating the spatiotemporal roles of Ca2+-mediated cellular activities in various brain functions. Furthermore, this toolkit holds potential as a therapeutic strategy for addressing brain disorders associated with aberrant Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Hee Kook
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Hyoin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsu Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonji Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaerang Rho
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Won Do Heo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea.
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Hyung S, Park JH, Jung K. Application of optogenetic glial cells to neuron-glial communication. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1249043. [PMID: 37868193 PMCID: PMC10585272 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1249043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic techniques combine optics and genetics to enable cell-specific targeting and precise spatiotemporal control of excitable cells, and they are increasingly being employed. One of the most significant advantages of the optogenetic approach is that it allows for the modulation of nearby cells or circuits with millisecond precision, enabling researchers to gain a better understanding of the complex nervous system. Furthermore, optogenetic neuron activation permits the regulation of information processing in the brain, including synaptic activity and transmission, and also promotes nerve structure development. However, the optimal conditions remain unclear, and further research is required to identify the types of cells that can most effectively and precisely control nerve function. Recent studies have described optogenetic glial manipulation for coordinating the reciprocal communication between neurons and glia. Optogenetically stimulated glial cells can modulate information processing in the central nervous system and provide structural support for nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system. These advances promote the effective use of optogenetics, although further experiments are needed. This review describes the critical role of glial cells in the nervous system and reviews the optogenetic applications of several types of glial cells, as well as their significance in neuron-glia interactions. Together, it briefly discusses the therapeutic potential and feasibility of optogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Hyung
- Precision Medicine Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Park
- Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhwan Jung
- DAWINBIO Inc., Hanam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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12
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Ali S, Ma G, Zhou Y. Shedding light on ORAI1 channel with genetic code expansion. Cell Calcium 2023; 113:102755. [PMID: 37196487 PMCID: PMC10484295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Genetic code expansion technology has been widely applied to control protein activity and biological systems by taking advantage of an amber stop codon suppressor tRNA and orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pair. With this chemical biology approach, Maltan et al. incorporated photocrosslinking unnatural amino acids (UAAs) into the transmembrane domains of ORAI1 to enable UV light-inducible calcium influx across the plasma membrane, mechanistic interrogation of the calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channel at the single amino acid level, and remote control of downstream calcium-modulated signaling in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sher Ali
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, 77030, United States of America
| | - Guolin Ma
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, 77030, United States of America; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, 77030, United States of America.
| | - Yubin Zhou
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, 77030, United States of America; Department of Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, 77030, United States of America.
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Choi J, Shin E, Lee J, Devarasou S, Kim D, Shin JH, Choi JH, Heo WD, Han YM. Light-stimulated insulin secretion from pancreatic islet-like organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Mol Ther 2023; 31:1480-1495. [PMID: 36932674 PMCID: PMC10188912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic techniques permit non-invasive, spatiotemporal, and reversible modulation of cellular activities. Here, we report a novel optogenetic regulatory system for insulin secretion in human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived pancreatic islet-like organoids using monSTIM1 (monster-opto-Stromal interaction molecule 1), an ultra-light-sensitive OptoSTIM1 variant. The monSTIM1 transgene was incorporated at the AAVS1 locus in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing. Not only were we able to elicit light-induced intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) transients from the resulting homozygous monSTIM1+/+-hESCs, but we also successfully differentiated them into pancreatic islet-like organoids (PIOs). Upon light stimulation, the β-cells in these monSTIM1+/+-PIOs displayed reversible and reproducible [Ca2+]i transient dynamics. Furthermore, in response to photoexcitation, they secreted human insulin. Light-responsive insulin secretion was similarly observed in monSTIM1+/+-PIOs produced from neonatal diabetes (ND) patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Under LED illumination, monSTIM1+/+-PIO-transplanted diabetic mice produced human c-peptide. Collectively, we developed a cellular model for the optogenetic control of insulin secretion using hPSCs, with the potential to be applied to the amelioration of hyperglycemic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsu Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Dongkyu Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jennifer H Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Do Heo
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Mahn Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Bouron A. Neuronal Store-Operated Calcium Channels. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03352-5. [PMID: 37118324 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the major intracellular calcium (Ca2+) storage compartment in eukaryotic cells. In most instances, the mobilization of Ca2+ from this store is followed by a delayed and sustained uptake of Ca2+ through Ca2+-permeable channels of the cell surface named store-operated Ca2+ channels (SOCCs). This gives rise to a store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) that has been thoroughly investigated in electrically non-excitable cells where it is the principal regulated Ca2+ entry pathway. The existence of this Ca2+ route in neurons has long been a matter of debate. However, a growing body of experimental evidence indicates that the recruitment of Ca2+ from neuronal ER Ca2+ stores generates a SOCE. The present review summarizes the main studies supporting the presence of a depletion-dependent Ca2+ entry in neurons. It also addresses the question of the molecular composition of neuronal SOCCs, their expression, pharmacological properties, as well as their physiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bouron
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Inserm UA13 BGE, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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15
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Liu S, Kumari S, He H, Mishra P, Singh BN, Singh D, Liu S, Srivastava P, Li C. Biosensors integrated 3D organoid/organ-on-a-chip system: A real-time biomechanical, biophysical, and biochemical monitoring and characterization. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 231:115285. [PMID: 37058958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
As a full-fidelity simulation of human cells, tissues, organs, and even systems at the microscopic scale, Organ-on-a-Chip (OOC) has significant ethical advantages and development potential compared to animal experiments. The need for the design of new drug high-throughput screening platforms and the mechanistic study of human tissues/organs under pathological conditions, the evolving advances in 3D cell biology and engineering, etc., have promoted the updating of technologies in this field, such as the iteration of chip materials and 3D printing, which in turn facilitate the connection of complex multi-organs-on-chips for simulation and the further development of technology-composite new drug high-throughput screening platforms. As the most critical part of organ-on-a-chip design and practical application, verifying the success of organ model modeling, i.e., evaluating various biochemical and physical parameters in OOC devices, is crucial. Therefore, this paper provides a logical and comprehensive review and discussion of the advances in organ-on-a-chip detection and evaluation technologies from a broad perspective, covering the directions of tissue engineering scaffolds, microenvironment, single/multi-organ function, and stimulus-based evaluation, and provides a more comprehensive review of the progress in the significant organ-on-a-chip research areas in the physiological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Medical Genetics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Shikha Kumari
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hongyi He
- West China School of Medicine & West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Parichita Mishra
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhisham Narayan Singh
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Divakar Singh
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sutong Liu
- Juxing College of Digital Economics, Haikou University of Economics, Haikou, 570100, China
| | - Pradeep Srivastava
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Chenzhong Li
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong(Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518172, China.
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16
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Maltan L, Weiß S, Najjar H, Leopold M, Lindinger S, Höglinger C, Höbarth L, Sallinger M, Grabmayr H, Berlansky S, Krivic D, Hopl V, Blaimschein A, Fahrner M, Frischauf I, Tiffner A, Derler I. Photocrosslinking-induced CRAC channel-like Orai1 activation independent of STIM1. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1286. [PMID: 36890174 PMCID: PMC9995687 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels, indispensable for the immune system and various other human body functions, consist of two transmembrane (TM) proteins, the Ca2+-sensor STIM1 in the ER membrane and the Ca2+ ion channel Orai1 in the plasma membrane. Here we employ genetic code expansion in mammalian cell lines to incorporate the photocrosslinking unnatural amino acids (UAA), p-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine (Bpa) and p-azido-L-phenylalanine (Azi), into the Orai1 TM domains at different sites. Characterization of the respective UAA-containing Orai1 mutants using Ca2+ imaging and electrophysiology reveal that exposure to UV light triggers a range of effects depending on the UAA and its site of incorporation. In particular, photoactivation at A137 using Bpa in Orai1 activates Ca2+ currents that best match the biophysical properties of CRAC channels and are capable of triggering downstream signaling pathways such as nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) translocation into the nucleus without the need for the physiological activator STIM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Maltan
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Sarah Weiß
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Hadil Najjar
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Melanie Leopold
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Sonja Lindinger
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Carmen Höglinger
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Lorenz Höbarth
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Matthias Sallinger
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Herwig Grabmayr
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Sascha Berlansky
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Denis Krivic
- Division of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Valentina Hopl
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Anna Blaimschein
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Marc Fahrner
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Irene Frischauf
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Adéla Tiffner
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Isabella Derler
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020, Linz, Austria.
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17
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Zaver SA, Johnson CJ, Berndt A, Simpson CL. Live Imaging with Genetically Encoded Physiologic Sensors and Optogenetic Tools. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:353-361.e4. [PMID: 36822769 PMCID: PMC9972253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Barrier tissues such as the epidermis employ complex signal transduction systems to execute morphogenetic programs and to rapidly respond to environmental cues to promote homeostasis. Recent advances in live-imaging techniques and tools allow precise spatial and temporal monitoring and manipulation of intracellular signaling cascades. Leveraging the chemistry of naturally occurring light-sensitive proteins, genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors have emerged as robust tools for visualizing dynamic signaling events. In contrast, optogenetic protein constructs permit laser-mediated control of signal receptors and effectors within live cells, organoids, and even model organisms. In this paper, we review the basic principles underlying novel biosensors and optogenetic tools and highlight how recent studies in cutaneous biology have leveraged these imaging strategies to illuminate the spatiotemporal signals regulating epidermal development, barrier formation, and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam A Zaver
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher J Johnson
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andre Berndt
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cory L Simpson
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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18
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Corre B, El Janati Elidrissi Y, Duval J, Quilhot M, Lefebvre G, Ecomard S, Lemaître F, Garcia Z, Bohineust A, Russo E, Bousso P. Integration of intermittent calcium signals in T cells revealed by temporally patterned optogenetics. iScience 2023; 26:106068. [PMID: 36824271 PMCID: PMC9942117 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells become activated following one or multiple contacts with antigen-presenting cells. Calcium influx is a key signaling event elicited during these cellular interactions; however, it is unclear whether T cells recall and integrate calcium signals elicited during temporally separated contacts. To study the integration of calcium signals, we designed a programmable, multiplex illumination strategy for temporally patterned optogenetics (TEMPO). We found that a single round of calcium elevation was insufficient to promote nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activity and cytokine production in a T cell line. However, robust responses were detected after a second identical stimulation even when signals were separated by several hours. Our results suggest the existence of a biochemical memory of calcium signals in T cells that favors signal integration during temporally separated contacts and promote cytokine production. As illustrated here, TEMPO is a versatile approach for dissecting temporal integration in defined signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Corre
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Yassine El Janati Elidrissi
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Justine Duval
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mailys Quilhot
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Gaëtan Lefebvre
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Solène Ecomard
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Lemaître
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Zacarias Garcia
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Armelle Bohineust
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Erica Russo
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Bousso
- Dynamics of Immune Responses Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1223, 75015 Paris, France,Corresponding author
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19
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Gropp MHM, Klaips CL, Hartl FU. Formation of toxic oligomers of polyQ-expanded Huntingtin by prion-mediated cross-seeding. Mol Cell 2022; 82:4290-4306.e11. [PMID: 36272412 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Manifestation of aggregate pathology in Huntington's disease is thought to be facilitated by a preferential vulnerability of affected brain cells to age-dependent proteostatic decline. To understand how specific cellular backgrounds may facilitate pathologic aggregation, we utilized the yeast model in which polyQ-expanded Huntingtin forms aggregates only when the endogenous prion-forming protein Rnq1 is in its amyloid-like prion [PIN+] conformation. We employed optogenetic clustering of polyQ protein as an orthogonal method to induce polyQ aggregation in prion-free [pin-] cells. Optogenetic aggregation circumvented the prion requirement for the formation of detergent-resistant polyQ inclusions but bypassed the formation of toxic polyQ oligomers, which accumulated specifically in [PIN+] cells. Reconstitution of aggregation in vitro suggested that these polyQ oligomers formed through direct templating on Rnq1 prions. These findings shed light on the mechanism of prion-mediated formation of oligomers, which may play a role in triggering polyQ pathology in the patient brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H M Gropp
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Courtney L Klaips
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AV Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - F Ulrich Hartl
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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20
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Faraj N, Duinkerken BHP, Carroll EC, Giepmans BNG. Microscopic modulation and analysis of islets of Langerhans in living zebrafish larvae. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2497-2512. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noura Faraj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen 9713AV The Netherlands
| | - B. H. Peter Duinkerken
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen 9713AV The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth C. Carroll
- Department of Imaging Physics Delft University of Technology Delft, 2628 CJ The Netherlands
| | - Ben N. G. Giepmans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen 9713AV The Netherlands
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21
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A 3D-printed neuromorphic humanoid hand for grasping unknown objects. iScience 2022; 25:104119. [PMID: 35391826 PMCID: PMC8980759 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with conventional von Neumann's architecture-based processors, neuromorphic systems provide energy-saving in-memory computing. We present here a 3D neuromorphic humanoid hand designed for providing an artificial unconscious response based on training. The neuromorphic humanoid hand system mimics the reflex arc for a quick response by managing complex spatiotemporal information. A 3D structural humanoid hand is first integrated with 3D-printed pressure sensors and a portable neuromorphic device that was fabricated by the multi-axis robot 3D printing technology. The 3D neuromorphic robot hand provides bioinspired signal perception, including detection, signal transmission, and signal processing, together with the biomimetic reflex arc function, allowing it to hold an unknown object with an automatically increased gripping force without a conventional controlling processor. The proposed system offers a new approach for realizing an unconscious response with an artificially intelligent robot.
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22
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Oscillatory calcium release and sustained store-operated oscillatory calcium signaling prevents differentiation of human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6160. [PMID: 35418597 PMCID: PMC9007940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous remyelination in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis is contingent upon the successful differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Signaling via the Gαq-coupled muscarinic receptor (M1/3R) inhibits human OPC differentiation and impairs endogenous remyelination in experimental models. We hypothesized that calcium release following Gαq-coupled receptor (GqR) activation directly regulates human OPC (hOPC) cell fate. In this study, we show that specific GqR agonists activating muscarinic and metabotropic glutamate receptors induce characteristic oscillatory calcium release in hOPCs and that these agonists similarly block hOPC maturation in vitro. Both agonists induce calcium release from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stores and store operated calcium entry (SOCE) likely via STIM/ORAI-based channels. siRNA mediated knockdown (KD) of obligate calcium sensors STIM1 and STIM2 decreased the magnitude of muscarinic agonist induced oscillatory calcium release and attenuated SOCE in hOPCs. In addition, STIM2 expression was necessary to maintain the frequency of calcium oscillations and STIM2 KD reduced spontaneous OPC differentiation. Furthermore, STIM2 siRNA prevented the effects of muscarinic agonist treatment on OPC differentiation suggesting that SOCE is necessary for the anti-differentiative action of muscarinic receptor-dependent signaling. Finally, using a gain-of-function approach with an optogenetic STIM lentivirus, we demonstrate that independent activation of SOCE was sufficient to significantly block hOPC differentiation and this occurred in a frequency dependent manner while increasing hOPC proliferation. These findings suggest that intracellular calcium oscillations directly regulate hOPC fate and that modulation of calcium oscillation frequency may overcome inhibitory Gαq-coupled signaling that impairs myelin repair.
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23
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Photopharmacological modulation of native CRAC channels using azoboronate photoswitches. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118160119. [PMID: 35312368 PMCID: PMC9060504 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118160119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium release–activated calcium (CRAC) channels play key roles in the regulation of cellular signaling, transcription, and migration. Here, we describe the design, chemical synthesis, and characterization of photoswitchable channel inhibitors that can be switched on and off depending on the wavelength of light used. We use the compounds to induce light-dependent modulation of channel activity and downstream gene expression in human immune cells. We further expand the usage of the compounds to control seeding of cancer cells in target tissue and regulation of response to noxious stimuli in vivo in mice. Store-operated calcium entry through calcium release–activated calcium (CRAC) channels replenishes intracellular calcium stores and plays a critical role in cellular calcium signaling. CRAC channels are activated by tightly regulated interaction between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium sensor STIM proteins and plasma membrane (PM) Orai channels. Our current understanding of the role of STIM–Orai-dependent calcium signals under physiologically relevant conditions remains limited in part due to a lack of spatiotemporally precise methods for direct manipulation of endogenous CRAC channels. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of azoboronate light-operated CRAC channel inhibitors (LOCIs) that allow for a dynamic and fully reversible remote modulation of the function of native CRAC channels using ultraviolet (UV) and visible light. We demonstrate the use of LOCI-1 to modulate gene expression in T lymphocytes, cancer cell seeding at metastatic sites, and pain-related behavior.
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24
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Miura Y, Senoo A, Doura T, Kiyonaka S. Chemogenetics of cell surface receptors: beyond genetic and pharmacological approaches. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:269-287. [PMID: 35359495 PMCID: PMC8905536 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00195g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface receptors transmit extracellular information into cells. Spatiotemporal regulation of receptor signaling is crucial for cellular functions, and dysregulation of signaling causes various diseases. Thus, it is highly desired to control receptor functions with high spatial and/or temporal resolution. Conventionally, genetic engineering or chemical ligands have been used to control receptor functions in cells. As the alternative, chemogenetics has been proposed, in which target proteins are genetically engineered to interact with a designed chemical partner with high selectivity. The engineered receptor dissects the function of one receptor member among a highly homologous receptor family in a cell-specific manner. Notably, some chemogenetic strategies have been used to reveal the receptor signaling of target cells in living animals. In this review, we summarize the developing chemogenetic methods of transmembrane receptors for cell-specific regulation of receptor signaling. We also discuss the prospects of chemogenetics for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Miura
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Akinobu Senoo
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Doura
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Shigeki Kiyonaka
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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25
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Zhu D, Johnson HJ, Chen J, Schaffer DV. Optogenetic Application to Investigating Cell Behavior and Neurological Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:811493. [PMID: 35273478 PMCID: PMC8902366 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.811493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells reside in a dynamic microenvironment that presents them with regulatory signals that vary in time, space, and amplitude. The cell, in turn, interprets these signals and accordingly initiates downstream processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and self-organization. Conventional approaches to perturb and investigate signaling pathways (e.g., agonist/antagonist addition, overexpression, silencing, knockouts) are often binary perturbations that do not offer precise control over signaling levels, and/or provide limited spatial or temporal control. In contrast, optogenetics leverages light-sensitive proteins to control cellular signaling dynamics and target gene expression and, by virtue of precise hardware control over illumination, offers the capacity to interrogate how spatiotemporally varying signals modulate gene regulatory networks and cellular behaviors. Recent studies have employed various optogenetic systems in stem cell, embryonic, and somatic cell patterning studies, which have addressed fundamental questions of how cell-cell communication, subcellular protein localization, and signal integration affect cell fate. Other efforts have explored how alteration of signaling dynamics may contribute to neurological diseases and have in the process created physiologically relevant models that could inform new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we focus on emerging applications within the expanding field of optogenetics to study gene regulation, cell signaling, neurodevelopment, and neurological disorders, and we comment on current limitations and future directions for the growth of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqing Zhu
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Hunter J. Johnson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jun Chen
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - David V. Schaffer
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: David V. Schaffer
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26
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Abstract
Optogenetics combines light and genetics to enable precise control of living cells, tissues, and organisms with tailored functions. Optogenetics has the advantages of noninvasiveness, rapid responsiveness, tunable reversibility, and superior spatiotemporal resolution. Following the initial discovery of microbial opsins as light-actuated ion channels, a plethora of naturally occurring or engineered photoreceptors or photosensitive domains that respond to light at varying wavelengths has ushered in the next chapter of optogenetics. Through protein engineering and synthetic biology approaches, genetically-encoded photoswitches can be modularly engineered into protein scaffolds or host cells to control a myriad of biological processes, as well as to enable behavioral control and disease intervention in vivo. Here, we summarize these optogenetic tools on the basis of their fundamental photochemical properties to better inform the chemical basis and design principles. We also highlight exemplary applications of opsin-free optogenetics in dissecting cellular physiology (designated "optophysiology"), and describe the current progress, as well as future trends, in wireless optogenetics, which enables remote interrogation of physiological processes with minimal invasiveness. This review is anticipated to spark novel thoughts on engineering next-generation optogenetic tools and devices that promise to accelerate both basic and translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Tan
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas, United States.,Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Lian He
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Yun Huang
- Center for Epigenetics and Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Yubin Zhou
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas, United States.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, Texas, United States
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27
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Bansal A, Shikha S, Zhang Y. Towards translational optogenetics. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 7:349-369. [PMID: 35027688 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics is widely used to interrogate the neural circuits underlying disease and has most recently been harnessed for therapeutic applications. The optogenetic toolkit consists of light-responsive proteins that modulate specific cellular functions, vectors for the delivery of the transgenes that encode the light-responsive proteins to targeted cellular populations, and devices for the delivery of light of suitable wavelengths at effective fluence rates. A refined toolkit with a focus towards translational uses would include efficient and safer viral and non-viral gene-delivery vectors, increasingly red-shifted photoresponsive proteins, nanomaterials that efficiently transduce near-infrared light deep into tissue, and wireless implantable light-delivery devices that allow for spatiotemporally precise interventions at clinically relevant tissue depths. In this Review, we examine the current optogenetics toolkit and the most notable preclinical and translational uses of optogenetics, and discuss future methodological and translational developments and bottlenecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Bansal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Swati Shikha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,NUS Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
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28
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Shen Y, Luchetti A, Fernandes G, Do Heo W, Silva AJ. The emergence of molecular systems neuroscience. Mol Brain 2022; 15:7. [PMID: 34983613 PMCID: PMC8728933 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems neuroscience is focused on how ensemble properties in the brain, such as the activity of neuronal circuits, gives rise to internal brain states and behavior. Many of the studies in this field have traditionally involved electrophysiological recordings and computational approaches that attempt to decode how the brain transforms inputs into functional outputs. More recently, systems neuroscience has received an infusion of approaches and techniques that allow the manipulation (e.g., optogenetics, chemogenetics) and imaging (e.g., two-photon imaging, head mounted fluorescent microscopes) of neurons, neurocircuits, their inputs and outputs. Here, we will review novel approaches that allow the manipulation and imaging of specific molecular mechanisms in specific cells (not just neurons), cell ensembles and brain regions. These molecular approaches, with the specificity and temporal resolution appropriate for systems studies, promise to infuse the field with novel ideas, emphases and directions, and are motivating the emergence of a molecularly oriented systems neuroscience, a new discipline that studies how the spatial and temporal patterns of molecular systems modulate circuits and brain networks, and consequently shape the properties of brain states and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shen
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Luchetti
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Giselle Fernandes
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Won Do Heo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Alcino J Silva
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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29
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Lee SK, Kweon YC, Lee AR, Lee YY, Park CY. Metastasis enhancer PGRMC1 boosts store-operated Ca2+ entry by uncoiling Ca2+ sensor STIM1 for focal adhesion turnover and actomyosin formation. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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30
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Huang P, Zhao Z, Duan L. Optogenetic activation of intracellular signaling based on light-inducible protein-protein homo-interactions. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:25-30. [PMID: 34100422 PMCID: PMC8451544 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.314293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic protein-protein interactions are essential for proper cell functioning. Homo-interaction events—physical interactions between the same type of proteins—represent a pivotal subset of protein-protein interactions that are widely exploited in activating intracellular signaling pathways. Capacities of modulating protein-protein interactions with spatial and temporal resolution are greatly desired to decipher the dynamic nature of signal transduction mechanisms. The emerging optogenetic technology, based on genetically encoded light-sensitive proteins, provides promising opportunities to dissect the highly complex signaling networks with unmatched specificity and spatiotemporal precision. Here we review recent achievements in the development of optogenetic tools enabling light-inducible protein-protein homo-interactions and their applications in optical activation of signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyuan Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Zhihao Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Liting Duan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering (SHIAE), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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31
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Palmer MA, Nerger BA, Goodwin K, Sudhakar A, Lemke SB, Ravindran PT, Toettcher JE, Košmrlj A, Nelson CM. Stress ball morphogenesis: How the lizard builds its lung. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabk0161. [PMID: 34936466 PMCID: PMC8694616 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The function of the lung is closely coupled to its structural anatomy, which varies greatly across vertebrates. Although architecturally simple, a complex pattern of airflow is thought to be achieved in the lizard lung due to its cavernous central lumen and honeycomb-shaped wall. We find that the wall of the lizard lung is generated from an initially smooth epithelial sheet, which is pushed through holes in a hexagonal smooth muscle meshwork by forces from fluid pressure, similar to a stress ball. Combining transcriptomics with time-lapse imaging reveals that the hexagonal meshwork self-assembles in response to circumferential and axial stresses downstream of pressure. A computational model predicts the pressure-driven changes in epithelial topology, which we probe using optogenetically driven contraction of 3D-printed engineered muscle. These results reveal the physical principles used to sculpt the unusual architecture of the lizard lung, which could be exploited as a novel strategy to engineer tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Palmer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Bryan A. Nerger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Katharine Goodwin
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Anvitha Sudhakar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sandra B. Lemke
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Jared E. Toettcher
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Andrej Košmrlj
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544,USA
| | - Celeste M. Nelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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32
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Maltan L, Najjar H, Tiffner A, Derler I. Deciphering Molecular Mechanisms and Intervening in Physiological and Pathophysiological Processes of Ca 2+ Signaling Mechanisms Using Optogenetic Tools. Cells 2021; 10:3340. [PMID: 34943850 PMCID: PMC8699489 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium ion channels are involved in numerous biological functions such as lymphocyte activation, muscle contraction, neurotransmission, excitation, hormone secretion, gene expression, cell migration, memory, and aging. Therefore, their dysfunction can lead to a wide range of cellular abnormalities and, subsequently, to diseases. To date various conventional techniques have provided valuable insights into the roles of Ca2+ signaling. However, their limited spatiotemporal resolution and lack of reversibility pose significant obstacles in the detailed understanding of the structure-function relationship of ion channels. These drawbacks could be partially overcome by the use of optogenetics, which allows for the remote and well-defined manipulation of Ca2+-signaling. Here, we review the various optogenetic tools that have been used to achieve precise control over different Ca2+-permeable ion channels and receptors and associated downstream signaling cascades. We highlight the achievements of optogenetics as well as the still-open questions regarding the resolution of ion channel working mechanisms. In addition, we summarize the successes of optogenetics in manipulating many Ca2+-dependent biological processes both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, optogenetics has significantly advanced our understanding of Ca2+ signaling proteins and the used tools provide an essential basis for potential future therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabella Derler
- Institute of Biophysics, JKU Life Science Center, Johannes Kepler University Linz, A-4020 Linz, Austria; (L.M.); (H.N.); (A.T.)
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33
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Lin Y, Yao Y, Zhang W, Fang Q, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Xu Y. Applications of upconversion nanoparticles in cellular optogenetics. Acta Biomater 2021; 135:1-12. [PMID: 34461347 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Upconversion-mediated optogenetics is an emerging powerful technique to remotely control and manipulate the deep-tissue protein functions and signaling pathway activation. This technique uses lanthanide upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as light transducers and through near-infrared light to indirectly activate the traditional optogenetic proteins. With the merits of high spatiotemporal resolution and minimal invasiveness, this technique enables cell-type specific manipulation of cellular activities in deep tissues as well as in living animals. In this review, we introduce the latest development of optogenetic modules and UCNPs, with emphasis on the integration of UCNPs with cellular optogenetics and their biomedical applications on the control of neural/brain activity, cancer therapy and cardiac optogenetics in vivo. Furthermore, we analyze the current developed strategies to optimize and advance the upconversion-mediated optogenetics and discuss the remaining challenges of its further applications in biomedical study and clinical translational research. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Optogenetics harnesses photoactivatable proteins to optically stimulate and control intracellular activities. UCNPs-mediated NIR-activatable optogenetics uses lanthanide upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as light transducers and utilizes near-infrared (NIR) light to indirectly activate the traditional optogenetic proteins. The integration of UCNPs with cellular optogenetics has showed great promise in biomedical applications in regulating neural/brain activity, cancer therapy and cardiac optogenetics in vivo. The evolution and optimization of functional UCNPs and the discovery and engineering of novel optogenetic modules would both contribute to the advance of such unique hybrid technology, which may lead to discoveries in biomedical research and provide new treatments for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyan Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuanfa Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wanmei Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qiuyu Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Luhao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yingke Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China.
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34
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Seo S, Lee JJ, Lee RG, Kim TH, Park S, Jung S, Lee HK, Andreev M, Lee KB, Jung KS, Oh S, Lee HJ, Kim KS, Yeom GY, Kim YH, Park JH. An Optogenetics-Inspired Flexible van der Waals Optoelectronic Synapse and its Application to a Convolutional Neural Network. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102980. [PMID: 34423469 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics refers to a technique that uses light to modulate neuronal activity with a high spatiotemporal resolution, which enables the manipulation of learning and memory functions in the human brain. This strategy of controlling neuronal activity using light can be applied for the development of intelligent systems, including neuromorphic and in-memory computing systems. Herein, a flexible van der Waals (vdW) optoelectronic synapse is reported, which is a core component of optogenetics-inspired intelligent systems. This synapse is fabricated on 2D vdW layered rhenium disulfide (ReS2 ) that features an inherent photosensitive memory nature derived from the persistent photoconductivity (PPC) effect, successfully mimicking the dynamics of biological synapses. Based on first-principles calculations, the PPC effect is identified to originate from sulfur vacancies in ReS2 that have an inherent tendency to form shallow defect states near the conduction band edges and under optical excitation lead to large lattice relaxation. Finally, the feasibility of applying the synapses in optogenetics-inspired intelligent systems is demonstrated via training and inference tasks for the CIFAR-10 dataset using a convolutional neural network composed of vdW optoelectronic synapse devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwan Seo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Je-Jun Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Ryong-Gyu Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Tae Hyung Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Sangyong Park
- Department of Semiconductor and Display Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
- Flash Process Architecture Team, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Pyeongtaek, 17786, Korea
| | - Sooyoung Jung
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyu Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Maksim Andreev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Kyeong-Bae Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Kil-Su Jung
- Department of Semiconductor and Display Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
- Memory Technology Design Team, Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Hwasung, 18448, Korea
| | - Seyong Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics (QSIB), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ho-Jun Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Ki Seok Kim
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16417, Korea
| | - Geun Young Yeom
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16417, Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Jin-Hong Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
- Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16417, Korea
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35
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Manoilov KY, Verkhusha VV, Shcherbakova DM. A guide to the optogenetic regulation of endogenous molecules. Nat Methods 2021; 18:1027-1037. [PMID: 34446923 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetically encoded tools for the regulation of endogenous molecules (RNA, DNA elements and protein) are needed to study and control biological processes with minimal interference caused by protein overexpression and overactivation of signaling pathways. Here we focus on light-controlled optogenetic tools (OTs) that allow spatiotemporally precise regulation of gene expression and protein function. To control endogenous molecules, OTs combine light-sensing modules from natural photoreceptors with specific protein or nucleic acid binders. We discuss OT designs and group OTs according to the principles of their regulation. We outline characteristics of OT performance, discuss considerations for their use in vivo and review available OTs and their applications in cells and in vivo. Finally, we provide a brief outlook on the development of OTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyrylo Yu Manoilov
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Vladislav V Verkhusha
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA. .,Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Science Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia.
| | - Daria M Shcherbakova
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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36
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Wichert N, Witt M, Blume C, Scheper T. Clinical applicability of optogenetic gene regulation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4168-4185. [PMID: 34287844 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The field of optogenetics is rapidly growing in relevance and number of developed tools. Among other things, the optogenetic repertoire includes light-responsive ion channels and methods for gene regulation. This review will be confined to the optogenetic control of gene expression in mammalian cells as suitable models for clinical applications. Here optogenetic gene regulation might offer an excellent method for spatially and timely regulated gene and protein expression in cell therapeutic approaches. Well-known systems for gene regulation, such as the LOV-, CRY2/CIB-, PhyB/PIF-systems, as well as other, in mammalian cells not yet fully established systems, will be described. Advantages and disadvantages with regard to clinical applications are outlined in detail. Among the many unanswered questions concerning the application of optogenetics, we discuss items such as the use of exogenous chromophores and their effects on the biology of the cells and methods for a gentle, but effective gene transfection method for optogenetic tools for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Wichert
- Insitute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Witt
- Insitute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cornelia Blume
- Insitute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheper
- Insitute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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37
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Kazzaz SA, Baraniak JH, Zhou Y, Gill DL. Remote light-activation of native Orai channels. Cell Res 2021; 31:727-729. [PMID: 33654210 PMCID: PMC8249468 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-021-00484-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Kazzaz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - James H Baraniak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Yandong Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Donald L Gill
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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38
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Cheng P, Tian X, Tang W, Cheng J, Bao J, Wang H, Zheng S, Wang Y, Wei X, Chen T, Feng H, Xue T, Goda K, He H. Direct control of store-operated calcium channels by ultrafast laser. Cell Res 2021; 31:758-772. [PMID: 33469157 PMCID: PMC8249419 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-00463-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ channels are essential to cell birth, life, and death. They can be externally activated by optogenetic tools, but this requires robust introduction of exogenous optogenetic genes for expression of photosensitive proteins in biological systems. Here we present femtoSOC, a method for direct control of Ca2+ channels solely by ultrafast laser without the need for optogenetic tools or any other exogenous reagents. Specifically, by focusing and scanning wavelength-tuned low-power femtosecond laser pulses on the plasma membrane for multiphoton excitation, we directly induced Ca2+ influx in cultured cells. Mechanistic study reveals that photoexcited flavins covalently bind cysteine residues in Orai1 via thioether bonds, which facilitates Orai1 polymerization to form store-operated calcium channels (SOCs) independently of STIM1, a protein generally participating in SOC formation, enabling all-optical activation of Ca2+ influx and downstream signaling pathways. Moreover, we used femtoSOC to demonstrate direct neural activation both in brain slices in vitro and in intact brains of living mice in vivo in a spatiotemporal-specific manner, indicating potential utility of femtoSOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Cheng
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Xiaoying Tian
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Wanyi Tang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Juan Cheng
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639School of life science, the University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XDepartment of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032 China
| | - Jin Bao
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639School of life science, the University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
| | - Haipeng Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Sisi Zheng
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Youjun Wang
- grid.20513.350000 0004 1789 9964Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Xunbin Wei
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
| | - Tunan Chen
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Institute of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Hua Feng
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Institute of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Tian Xue
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639School of life science, the University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026 China
| | - Keisuke Goda
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan ,grid.49470.3e0000 0001 2331 6153Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072 China ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Hao He
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030 China
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Kolesov DV, Sokolinskaya EL, Lukyanov KA, Bogdanov AM. Molecular Tools for Targeted Control of Nerve Cell Electrical Activity. Part I. Acta Naturae 2021; 13:52-64. [PMID: 34707897 PMCID: PMC8526180 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern life sciences, the issue of a specific, exogenously directed manipulation of a cell's biochemistry is a highly topical one. In the case of electrically excitable cells, the aim of the manipulation is to control the cells' electrical activity, with the result being either excitation with subsequent generation of an action potential or inhibition and suppression of the excitatory currents. The techniques of electrical activity stimulation are of particular significance in tackling the most challenging basic problem: figuring out how the nervous system of higher multicellular organisms functions. At this juncture, when neuroscience is gradually abandoning the reductionist approach in favor of the direct investigation of complex neuronal systems, minimally invasive methods for brain tissue stimulation are becoming the basic element in the toolbox of those involved in the field. In this review, we describe three approaches that are based on the delivery of exogenous, genetically encoded molecules sensitive to external stimuli into the nervous tissue. These approaches include optogenetics (Part I) as well as chemogenetics and thermogenetics (Part II), which are significantly different not only in the nature of the stimuli and structure of the appropriate effector proteins, but also in the details of experimental applications. The latter circumstance is an indication that these are rather complementary than competing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. V. Kolesov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - E. L. Sokolinskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - K. A. Lukyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - A. M. Bogdanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, 117997 Russia
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40
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Elevating the Levels of Calcium Ions Exacerbate Alzheimer's Disease via Inducing the Production and Aggregation of β-Amyloid Protein and Phosphorylated Tau. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115900. [PMID: 34072743 PMCID: PMC8198078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a high incidence rate. The main pathological features of AD are β-amyloid plaques (APs), which are formed by β-amyloid protein (Aβ) deposition, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which are formed by the excessive phosphorylation of the tau protein. Although a series of studies have shown that the accumulation of metal ions, including calcium ions (Ca2+), can promote the formation of APs and NFTs, there is no systematic review of the mechanisms by which Ca2+ affects the development and progression of AD. In view of this, the current review summarizes the mechanisms by which Ca2+ is transported into and out of cells and organelles, such as the cell, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial and lysosomal membranes to affect the balance of intracellular Ca2+ levels. In addition, dyshomeostasis of Ca2+ plays an important role in modulating the pathogenesis of AD by influencing the production and aggregation of Aβ peptides and tau protein phosphorylation and the ways that disrupting the metabolic balance of Ca2+ can affect the learning ability and memory of people with AD. In addition, the effects of these mechanisms on the synaptic plasticity are also discussed. Finally, the molecular network through which Ca2+ regulates the pathogenesis of AD is introduced, providing a theoretical basis for improving the clinical treatment of AD.
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41
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Tan P, He L, Zhou Y. Engineering Supramolecular Organizing Centers for Optogenetic Control of Innate Immune Responses. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000147. [PMID: 34028210 PMCID: PMC8144545 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal organization of oligomeric protein complexes, such as the supramolecular organizing centers (SMOCs) made of MyDDosome and MAVSome, is essential for transcriptional activation of host inflammatory responses and immunometabolism. Light-inducible assembly of MyDDosome and MAVSome is presented herein to induce activation of nuclear factor-kB and type-I interferons. Engineering of SMOCs and the downstream transcription factor permits programmable and customized innate immune operations in a light-dependent manner. These synthetic molecular tools will likely enable optical and user-defined modulation of innate immunity at a high spatiotemporal resolution to facilitate mechanistic studies of distinct modes of innate immune activations and potential intervention of immune disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Tan
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lian He
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yubin Zhou
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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42
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Seong J, Lin MZ. Optobiochemistry: Genetically Encoded Control of Protein Activity by Light. Annu Rev Biochem 2021; 90:475-501. [PMID: 33781076 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-072420-112431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Optobiochemical control of protein activities allows the investigation of protein functions in living cells with high spatiotemporal resolution. Over the last two decades, numerous natural photosensory domains have been characterized and synthetic domains engineered and assembled into photoregulatory systems to control protein function with light. Here, we review the field of optobiochemistry, categorizing photosensory domains by chromophore, describing photoregulatory systems by mechanism of action, and discussing protein classes frequently investigated using optical methods. We also present examples of how spatial or temporal control of proteins in living cells has provided new insights not possible with traditional biochemical or cell biological techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Seong
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea;
| | - Michael Z Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; .,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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43
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Yi MH, Liu YU, Umpierre AD, Chen T, Ying Y, Zheng J, Dheer A, Bosco DB, Dong H, Wu LJ. Optogenetic activation of spinal microglia triggers chronic pain in mice. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001154. [PMID: 33739978 PMCID: PMC8011727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal microglia are highly responsive to peripheral nerve injury and are known to be a key player in pain. However, there has not been direct evidence showing that selective microglial activation in vivo is sufficient to induce chronic pain. Here, we used optogenetic approaches in microglia to address this question employing CX3CR1creER/+: R26LSL-ReaChR/+ transgenic mice, in which red-activated channelrhodopsin (ReaChR) is inducibly and specifically expressed in microglia. We found that activation of ReaChR by red light in spinal microglia evoked reliable inward currents and membrane depolarization. In vivo optogenetic activation of microglial ReaChR in the spinal cord triggered chronic pain hypersensitivity in both male and female mice. In addition, activation of microglial ReaChR up-regulated neuronal c-Fos expression and enhanced C-fiber responses. Mechanistically, ReaChR activation led to a reactive microglial phenotype with increased interleukin (IL)-1β production, which is likely mediated by inflammasome activation and calcium elevation. IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) was able to reverse the pain hypersensitivity and neuronal hyperactivity induced by microglial ReaChR activation. Therefore, our work demonstrates that optogenetic activation of spinal microglia is sufficient to trigger chronic pain phenotypes by increasing neuronal activity via IL-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hee Yi
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yong U. Liu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Anthony D. Umpierre
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Tingjun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yanlu Ying
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Aastha Dheer
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Dale B. Bosco
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hailong Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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44
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Lee YT, Chen R, Zhou Y, He L. Optogenetic control of calcium influx in mammalian cells. Methods Enzymol 2021; 654:255-270. [PMID: 34120716 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics combines optics and genetics to enable non-invasive interrogation of cell physiology at an unprecedented high spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we introduce Opto-CRAC as a set of genetically-encoded calcium actuators (GECAs) engineered from the calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channel, which has been tailored for optical control of calcium entry and calcium-dependent physiological responses in non-excitable cells and tissues. We describe a detailed protocol for applying Opto-CRAC as an optogenetic tool to achieve photo-tunable control over intracellular calcium signals and calcium-dependent gene expression in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tsang Lee
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rui Chen
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yubin Zhou
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Lian He
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, United States.
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45
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Kim JE, Chae S, Kim S, Jung YJ, Kang MG, Heo WD, Kim D. Cerebellar 5HT-2A receptor mediates stress-induced onset of dystonia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/10/eabb5735. [PMID: 33658190 PMCID: PMC7929497 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb5735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stress is a key risk factor for dystonia, a debilitating motor disorder characterized by cocontractions of muscles leading to abnormal body posture. While the serotonin (5HT) system is known to control emotional responses to stress, its role in dystonia remains unclear. Here, we reveal that 5HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) send projections to the fastigial deep cerebellar nuclei (fDCN) and that photostimulation of 5HT-fDCN induces dystonia in wild-type mice. Moreover, we report that photoinhibition of 5HT-fDCN reduces dystonia in a1A tot/tot mice, a genetic model of stress-induced dystonia, and administration of a 5HT-2A receptor inverse agonist (MDL100907; 0.1 to 1 mg/kg) or shRNA-mediated knockdown of the ht2ar gene in fDCN can notably reduce the onset of dystonia in a1A tot/tot mice. These results support the serotonin theory of dystonia and suggest strategies for alleviating symptoms in human patients by blocking 5HT-2A receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Chae
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Joo Jung
- Bio Core Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Goo Kang
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Won Do Heo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
- Bio Core Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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46
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Li ES, Saha MS. Optimizing Calcium Detection Methods in Animal Systems: A Sandbox for Synthetic Biology. Biomolecules 2021; 11:343. [PMID: 33668387 PMCID: PMC7996158 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 1970s, the emergence and expansion of novel methods for calcium ion (Ca2+) detection have found diverse applications in vitro and in vivo across a series of model animal systems. Matched with advances in fluorescence imaging techniques, the improvements in the functional range and stability of various calcium indicators have significantly enhanced more accurate study of intracellular Ca2+ dynamics and its effects on cell signaling, growth, differentiation, and regulation. Nonetheless, the current limitations broadly presented by organic calcium dyes, genetically encoded calcium indicators, and calcium-responsive nanoparticles suggest a potential path toward more rapid optimization by taking advantage of a synthetic biology approach. This engineering-oriented discipline applies principles of modularity and standardization to redesign and interrogate endogenous biological systems. This review will elucidate how novel synthetic biology technologies constructed for eukaryotic systems can offer a promising toolkit for interfacing with calcium signaling and overcoming barriers in order to accelerate the process of Ca2+ detection optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret S. Saha
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA;
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47
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He L, Wang L, Zeng H, Tan P, Ma G, Zheng S, Li Y, Sun L, Dou F, Siwko S, Huang Y, Wang Y, Zhou Y. Engineering of a bona fide light-operated calcium channel. Nat Commun 2021; 12:164. [PMID: 33431868 PMCID: PMC7801460 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The current optogenetic toolkit lacks a robust single-component Ca2+-selective ion channel tailored for remote control of Ca2+ signaling in mammals. Existing tools are either derived from engineered channelrhodopsin variants without strict Ca2+ selectivity or based on the stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) that might crosstalk with other targets. Here, we describe the design of a light-operated Ca2+ channel (designated LOCa) by inserting a plant-derived photosensory module into the intracellular loop of an engineered ORAI1 channel. LOCa displays biophysical features reminiscent of the ORAI1 channel, which enables precise optical control over Ca2+ signals and hallmark Ca2+-dependent physiological responses. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of LOCa to modulate aberrant hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal, transcriptional programming, cell suicide, as well as neurodegeneration in a Drosophila model of amyloidosis. Existing optogenetic methods to induce calcium mobilisation lack selectivity and specificity. Here, the authors design and engineer a single-component light-operated calcium channel to provide optical control over calcium signals and calcium-dependent physiological responses: LOCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian He
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Liuqing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxiang Zeng
- Center for Epigenetics and Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peng Tan
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guolin Ma
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sisi Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Dou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Drugs and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Siwko
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yun Huang
- Center for Epigenetics and Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Youjun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yubin Zhou
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA.
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48
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Mumford TR, Roth L, Bugaj LJ. Reverse and Forward Engineering Multicellular Structures with Optogenetics. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 16:61-71. [PMID: 33718689 PMCID: PMC7945718 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.100250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how cells self-organize into functional higher-order structures is of great interest, both towards deciphering animal development, as well as for our ability to predictably build custom tissues to meet research and therapeutic needs. The proper organization of cells across length-scales results from interconnected and dynamic networks of molecules and cells. Optogenetic probes provide dynamic and tunable control over molecular events within cells, and thus represent a powerful approach to both dissect and control collective cell behaviors. Here we emphasize the breadth of the optogenetic toolkit and discuss how these methods have already been used to reverse-engineer the design rules of developing organisms. We also offer our perspective on the rich potential for optogenetics to power forward-engineering of tissue assembly towards the generation of bespoke tissues with user-defined properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Mumford
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Bioengineering, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 South 33 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Lee Roth
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Bioengineering, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 South 33 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Lukasz J. Bugaj
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Bioengineering, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 South 33 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
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49
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Meng X, Wu X, Zheng Y, Shang K, Jing R, Jiao P, Zhou C, Zhou J, Sun J. Exploiting Ca 2+ signaling in T cells to advance cancer immunotherapy. Semin Immunol 2020; 49:101434. [PMID: 33272900 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Decades of basic research has established the importance of Ca2+ to various T cell functions, such as cytotoxicity, proliferation, differentiation and cytokine secretion. We now have a good understanding of how proximal TCR signaling initiates Ca2+ influx and how this influx subsequently changes transcriptional activities in T cells. As chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T therapy has achieved great clinical success, is it possible to harness Ca2+ signaling to further advance CAR-T research? How is CAR signaling different from TCR signaling? How can functional CARs be identified in a high-throughput way? Quantification of various Ca2+ signals downstream of CAR/TCR activation might help answer these questions. Here we first summarized recent studies that used Ca2+ dye, genetically-encoded Ca2+ indicators (GECI) or transcriptional activity reporters to understand CAR activation in vitro and in vivo. We next reviewed several proof-of-concept reports that manipulate Ca2+ signaling by light or ultrasound to achieve precise spatiotemporal control of T cell functions. These efforts, though preliminary, opened up new avenues to solve the on-target/off-tumor problem of therapeutic T cells. Other modalities to regulate Ca2+ signaling, such as radio wave and electrical pulse, were also discussed. Thus, monitoring or manipulating Ca2+ signaling in T cells provides us many opportunities to advance cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Meng
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuyuan Zheng
- School of Public Health, and Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kai Shang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruirui Jing
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng Jiao
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems and Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chun Zhou
- School of Public Health, and Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China.
| | - Jie Sun
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China.
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50
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Progress in Stem Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:2853650. [PMID: 33204276 PMCID: PMC7661146 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2853650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the serious neurological diseases that occur in young people with high morbidity and disability. However, there is still a lack of effective treatments for it. Stem cell (SC) treatment of SCI has gradually become a new research hotspot over the past decades. This article is aimed at reviewing the research progress of SC therapy for SCI. Methods Review the literature and summarize the effects, strategies, related mechanisms, safety, and clinical application of different SC types and new approaches in combination with SC in SCI treatment. Results A large number of studies have focused on SC therapy for SCI, most of which showed good effects. The common SC types for SCI treatment include mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The modes of treatment include in vivo and in vitro induction. The pathways of transplantation consist of intravenous, transarterial, nasal, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, and intramedullary injections. Most of the SC treatments for SCI use a number of cells ranging from tens of thousands to millions. Early or late SC administration, application of immunosuppressant or not are still controversies. Potential mechanisms of SC therapy include tissue repair and replacement, neurotrophy, and regeneration and promotion of angiogenesis, antiapoptosis, and anti-inflammatory. Common safety issues include thrombosis and embolism, tumorigenicity and instability, infection, high fever, and even death. Recently, some new approaches, such as the pharmacological activation of endogenous SCs, biomaterials, 3D print, and optogenetics, have been also developed, which greatly improved the application of SC therapy for SCI. Conclusion Most studies support the effects of SC therapy on SCI, while a few studies do not. The cell types, mechanisms, and strategies of SC therapy for SCI are very different among studies. In addition, the safety cannot be ignored, and more clinical trials are required. The application of new technology will promote SC therapy of SCI.
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