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Abstract
Auto-inducible promoter systems have been reported to increase soluble product formation in the periplasm of E. coli compared to inducer-dependent systems. In this study, we investigated the phosphate (PO4)-sensitive phoA expression system (pAT) for the production of a recombinant model antigen-binding fragment (Fab) in the periplasm of E. coli in detail. We explored the impact of non-limiting and limiting PO4 conditions on strain physiology as well as Fab productivity. We compared different methods for extracellular PO4 detection, identifying automated colorimetric measurement to be most suitable for at-line PO4 monitoring. We showed that PO4 limitation boosts phoA-based gene expression, however, the product was already formed at non-limiting PO4 conditions, indicating leaky expression. Furthermore, cultivation under PO4 limitation caused physiological changes ultimately resulting in a metabolic breakdown at PO4 starvation. Finally, we give recommendations for process optimization with the phoA expression system. In summary, our study provides very detailed information on the E. coli phoA expression system, thus extending the existing knowledge of this system, and underlines its high potential for the successful production of periplasmic products in E. coli.
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Pan L, Cao C, Run C, Zhou L, Chou JJ. DNA-Mediated Assembly of Multispecific Antibodies for T Cell Engaging and Tumor Killing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1900973. [PMID: 31993277 PMCID: PMC6974939 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Targeting T-cells against cancer cells is a direct means of treating cancer, and has already shown great responses in clinical treatment of B-cell malignancies. A simple way to redirect T-cells to cancer cells is by using multispecific antibody (MsAb) that contains different arms for specifically "grabbing" the T-cells and cancer cells; as such, the T-cells are activated upon target engagement and the killing begins. Here, a nucleic acid mediated protein-protein assembly (NAPPA) approach is implemented to construct a MsAb for T-cell engaging and tumor killing. Anti -CD19 and -CD3 single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) are conjugated to different l-DNAs with sequences that form the Holliday junction, thus allowing spontaneous assembly of homogeneous protein-DNA oligomers containing two anti-CD19 and one anti-CD3 scFvs. The new MsAb shows strong efficacy in inducing Raji tumor cell cytotoxicity in the presence of T-cells with EC50 ≈ 0.2 × 10-9 m; it also suppresses tumor growth in a Raji xenograft mouse model. The data indicates that MsAbs assembled from protein-DNA conjugates are effective macromolecules for directing T-cells for tumor killing. The modular nature of the NAPPA platform allows rapid generation of complex MsAbs from simple antibody fragments, while offering a general solution for preparing antibodies with high-order specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Pan
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti‐cancer Drug ResearchCollege of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang University310058HangzhouChina
| | - Chan Cao
- Assembly Medicine, LLCShanghai201203China
| | | | | | - James J. Chou
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular PharmacologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
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Hampe CS, Radtke JR, Wester A, Carlsson A, Cedervall E, Jönsson B, Ivarsson SA, Elding Larsson H, Larsson K, Lindberg B, Neiderud J, Rolandsson O, Lernmark Å. Reduced display of conformational epitopes in the N-terminal truncated GAD65 isoform: relevance for people with stiff person syndrome or DQ8/8-positive Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2019; 36:1375-1383. [PMID: 30264481 PMCID: PMC6437014 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate whether the N-terminal truncated glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) isoform is as well recognized by people with stiff person syndrome as it is by people with Type 1 diabetes, and whether conformational GAD65 antibody epitopes are displayed properly by the isoform. METHODS GAD65 antibody-positive healthy individuals (n=13), people with stiff-person syndrome (n=15) and children with new-onset Type 1 diabetes (n=654) were analysed to determine binding to full-length GAD65 and the N-terminal truncated GAD65 isoform in each of these settings. GAD65 autoantibody epitope specificity was correlated with binding ratios of full-length GAD65/N-terminal truncated GAD65. RESULTS The N-terminal truncated GAD65 isoform was significantly less recognized in GAD65Ab-positive people with stiff-person syndrome (P=0.002) and in healthy individuals (P=0.0001) than in people with Type 1 diabetes. Moreover, at least two specific conformational GAD65Ab epitopes were not, or were only partially, presented by the N-terminal truncated GAD65 isoform compared to full-length GAD65. Finally, an N-terminal conformational GAD65Ab epitope was significantly less recognized in DQ8/8 positive individuals with Type 1 diabetes (P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS In people with stiff person syndrome preferred binding to the full-length GAD65 isoform over the N-terminal truncated molecule was observed. This binding characteristic is probably attributable to reduced presentation of two conformational epitopes by the N-terminal truncated molecule. These findings support the notion of disease-specific GAD65Ab epitope specificities and emphasize the need to evaluate the applicability of novel assays for different medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Hampe
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J R Radtke
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A Wester
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Malmo, Sweden
| | - A Carlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Malmo, Sweden
| | - E Cedervall
- Department of Paediatrics, Ängelholm Hospital, Ängelholm, Malmo, Sweden
| | - B Jönsson
- Department of Paediatrics, Ystad Hospital, Ystad, Sweden
| | - S A Ivarsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Malmo, Sweden
| | - H Elding Larsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Malmo, Sweden
| | - K Larsson
- Department of Paediatrics, Kristianstad Hospital, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - B Lindberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Malmo, Sweden
| | - J Neiderud
- Department of Paediatrics, Helsingborg Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden
| | - O Rolandsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Family Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Å Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Skåne University Hospital SUS, Malmo, Sweden
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QbD Based Media Development for the Production of Fab Fragments in E. coli. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:bioengineering6020029. [PMID: 30925730 PMCID: PMC6631317 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ranibizumab is a biotherapeutic Fab fragment used for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration and macular oedema. It is currently expressed in the gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli. However, low expression levels result in a high manufacturing cost. The protein expression can be increased by manipulating nutritional requirements (carbon source, nitrogen source, buffering agent), process parameters (pH, inducer concentration, agitation, temperature), and the genetic make-up of the producing strain. Further, understanding the impact of these factors on product quality is a requirement as per the principles of Quality by Design (QbD). In this paper, we examine the effect of various media components and process parameters on the expression level and quality of the biotherapeutic. First, risk analysis was performed to shortlist different media components based on the literature. Next, experiments were performed to screen these components. Eight components were identified for further investigation and were examined for their effect and interactions using a Fractional Factorial experimental design. Sucrose, biotin, and pantothenate were found to have the maximum effect during Fab production. Furthermore, cyanocobalamin glutathione and biotin-glutathione were the most significant interactions observed. Product identification was performed with Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), the expression level was quantified using Bio-layer Interferometry, Reverse Phase-HPLC, and SDS-PAGE, and product quality were measured by RP-HPLC. Overall, a five-fold enhancement of the target protein titer was obtained (from 5 mg/L to 25 mg/L) using the screened medium components vis-a-vis the basal medium, thereby demonstrating the efficacy of the systematic approach purported by QbD.
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Ellis M, Patel P, Edon M, Ramage W, Dickinson R, Humphreys DP. Development of a high yieldingE. coliperiplasmic expression system for the production of humanized Fab' fragments. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 33:212-220. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ellis
- Discovery Research, Protein Sciences; UCB Pharma, 208 Bath Road; Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE U.K
| | | | - Marjory Edon
- Novasep, 5 chemin du Pilon, St Maurice de Beynost; Miribel 01708 France
| | - Walter Ramage
- NIBSC, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar; Hertfordshire EN6 3QG U.K
| | | | - David P. Humphreys
- Discovery Research, Protein Sciences; UCB Pharma, 208 Bath Road; Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE U.K
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Kim HS, Kim I, Zheng L, Vernes JM, Meng YG, Spiess C. Evading pre-existing anti-hinge antibody binding by hinge engineering. MAbs 2016; 8:1536-1547. [PMID: 27606571 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1219006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-binding fragments (Fab) and F(ab')2 antibodies serve as alternative formats to full-length anti-bodies in therapeutic and immune assays. They provide the advantage of small size, short serum half-life, and lack of effector function. Several proteases associated with invasive diseases are known to cleave antibodies in the hinge-region, and this results in anti-hinge antibodies (AHA) toward the neoepitopes. The AHA can act as surrogate Fc and reintroduce the properties of the Fc that are otherwise lacking in antibody fragments. While this response is desired during the natural process of fighting disease, it is commonly unwanted for therapeutic antibody fragments. In our study, we identify a truncation in the lower hinge region of the antibody that maintains efficient proteolytic cleavage by IdeS protease. The resulting neoepitope at the F(ab')2 C-terminus does not have detectable binding of pre-existing AHA, providing a practical route to produce F(ab')2 in vitro by proteolytic digestion when the binding of pre-existing AHA is undesired. We extend our studies to the upper hinge region of the antibody and provide a detailed analysis of the contribution of C-terminal residues of the upper hinge of human IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4 to pre-existing AHA reactivity in human serum. While no pre-existing antibodies are observed toward the Fab of IgG2 and IgG4 isotype, a significant response is observed toward most residues of the upper hinge of human IgG1. We identify a T225L variant and the natural C-terminal D221 as solutions with minimal serum reactivity. Our work now enables the production of Fab and F(ab')2 for therapeutic and diagnostic immune assays that have minimal reactivity toward pre-existing AHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hok Seon Kim
- a Department of Antibody Engineering , Genentech Research and Early Development , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Ingrid Kim
- a Department of Antibody Engineering , Genentech Research and Early Development , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Linda Zheng
- b Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology , Genentech Research and Early Development , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Jean-Michel Vernes
- b Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology , Genentech Research and Early Development , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Y Gloria Meng
- b Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology , Genentech Research and Early Development , South San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Christoph Spiess
- a Department of Antibody Engineering , Genentech Research and Early Development , South San Francisco , CA , USA
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7
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Zhang YS, Chang JB, Alvarez MM, Trujillo-de Santiago G, Aleman J, Batzaya B, Krishnadoss V, Ramanujam AA, Kazemzadeh-Narbat M, Chen F, Tillberg PW, Dokmeci MR, Boyden ES, Khademhosseini A. Hybrid Microscopy: Enabling Inexpensive High-Performance Imaging through Combined Physical and Optical Magnifications. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22691. [PMID: 26975883 PMCID: PMC4792139 DOI: 10.1038/srep22691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, much effort has been expended on making high-performance microscopes through better instrumentation. Recently, it was discovered that physical magnification of specimens was possible, through a technique called expansion microscopy (ExM), raising the question of whether physical magnification, coupled to inexpensive optics, could together match the performance of high-end optical equipment, at a tiny fraction of the price. Here we show that such "hybrid microscopy" methods--combining physical and optical magnifications--can indeed achieve high performance at low cost. By physically magnifying objects, then imaging them on cheap miniature fluorescence microscopes ("mini-microscopes"), it is possible to image at a resolution comparable to that previously attainable only with benchtop microscopes that present costs orders of magnitude higher. We believe that this unprecedented hybrid technology that combines expansion microscopy, based on physical magnification, and mini-microscopy, relying on conventional optics--a process we refer to as Expansion Mini-Microscopy (ExMM)--is a highly promising alternative method for performing cost-effective, high-resolution imaging of biological samples. With further advancement of the technology, we believe that ExMM will find widespread applications for high-resolution imaging particularly in research and healthcare scenarios in undeveloped countries or remote places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shrike Zhang
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | | | - Mario Moisés Alvarez
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, CP 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
- Microsystems Technologies Laboratories, MIT, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
| | - Grissel Trujillo-de Santiago
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey at Monterrey, CP 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
- Microsystems Technologies Laboratories, MIT, Cambridge, 02139, MA, USA
| | - Julio Aleman
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Byambaa Batzaya
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Vaishali Krishnadoss
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
| | - Aishwarya Aravamudhan Ramanujam
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
| | - Mehdi Kazemzadeh-Narbat
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Paul W. Tillberg
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Mehmet Remzi Dokmeci
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Edward S. Boyden
- Media Lab, MIT, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- McGovern Institute, MIT, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Center for Neurobiological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02139, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge 02139, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston 02115, MA, USA
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia
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Lombana TN, Dillon M, Bevers J, Spiess C. Optimizing antibody expression by using the naturally occurring framework diversity in a live bacterial antibody display system. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17488. [PMID: 26631978 PMCID: PMC4668361 DOI: 10.1038/srep17488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid identification of residues that influence antibody expression and thermostability is often needed to move promising therapeutics into the clinic. To establish a method that can assess small expression differences, we developed a Bacterial Antibody Display (BAD) system that overcomes previous limitations, enabling the use of full-length formats for antibody and antigen in a live cell setting. We designed a unique library of individual framework variants using natural diversity introduced by somatic hypermutation, and screened half-antibodies for increased expression using BAD. We successfully identify variants that dramatically improve expression yields and in vitro thermostability of two therapeutically relevant antibodies in E. coli and mammalian cells. While we study antibody expression, bacterial display can now be expanded to examine the processes of protein folding and translocation. Additionally, our natural library design strategy could be applied during antibody humanization and library design for in vitro display methods to maintain expression and formulation stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Noelle Lombana
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Research and Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Michael Dillon
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Research and Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jack Bevers
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Research and Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Christoph Spiess
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Research and Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
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9
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Challenges to production of antibodies in bacteria and yeast. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:483-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Mizukami M, Tokunaga H, Onishi H, Ueno Y, Hanagata H, Miyazaki N, Kiyose N, Ito Y, Ishibashi M, Hagihara Y, Arakawa T, Miyauchi A, Tokunaga M. Highly efficient production of VHH antibody fragments in Brevibacillus choshinensis expression system. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 105:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Ayyar BV, Hearty S, O’Kennedy R. Facile domain rearrangement abrogates expression recalcitrance in a rabbit scFv. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:2693-703. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Sharma GK, Mahajan S, Matura R, Subramaniam S, Mohapatra JK, Pattnaik B. Production and characterization of single-chain antibody (scFv) against 3ABC non-structural protein in Escherichia coli for sero-diagnosis of Foot and Mouth Disease virus. Biologicals 2014; 42:339-45. [PMID: 25439091 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease infected from vaccinated animals is essential for effective implementation of vaccination based control programme. Detection of antibodies against 3ABC non-structural protein of FMD virus by immunodiagnostic assays provides reliable indication of FMD infection. Sero-monitoring of FMD in the large country like India is a big task where thousands of serum samples are annually screened. Currently, monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies are widely used in these immunodiagnostic assays. Considering the large population of livestock in the country, an economical and replenishable alternative of these antibodies was required. In this study, specific short chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody against 3B region of 3ABC poly-protein was developed. High level of scFv expression in Escherichia coli system was obtained by careful optimization in four different strains. Two formats of enzyme immunoassays (sandwich and competitive ELISAs) were optimized using scFv with objective to differentiate FMD infected among the vaccinated population. The assays were statistically validated by testing 2150 serum samples. Diagnostic sensitivity/specificity of sandwich and competitive ELISAs were determined by ROC method as 92.2%/95.5% and 89.5%/93.5%, respectively. This study demonstrated that scFv is a suitable alternate for immunodiagnosis of FMD on large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav K Sharma
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Sonalika Mahajan
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Rakesh Matura
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Jajati K Mohapatra
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138, India
| | - Bramhadev Pattnaik
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IVRI Campus, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand 263138, India.
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Kornberger P, Skerra A. Sortase-catalyzed in vitro functionalization of a HER2-specific recombinant Fab for tumor targeting of the plant cytotoxin gelonin. MAbs 2013; 6:354-66. [PMID: 24492291 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.27444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on the preparation of a new type of immunotoxin via in vitro ligation of the αHer2 antigen binding fragment (Fab) of the clinically-validated antibody trastuzumab to the plant toxin gelonin, employing catalysis by the bacterial enzyme sortase A (SrtA). The αHer2 Fab was fused with the extended SrtA recognition motif LPET↓GLEH 6 at the C-terminus of its heavy chain, thereby preventing interference with antigen binding, while the toxin was equipped with a Gly 2 sequence at its N-terminus, distant to the catalytically active site in the C-terminal region. Site-specific in vitro transpeptidation led to a novel antibody-toxin conjugate wherein gelonin had effectively replaced the Fc region of a conventional (monomerized) immunoglobulin. After optimization of reaction conditions and incubation time, the resulting Fab-Gelonin ligation product was purified to homogeneity in a two-step procedure by means of Strep-Tactin affinity chromatography--utilizing the Strep-tag II appended to gelonin--and size exclusion chromatography. Binding activity of the immunotoxin for the Her2 ectodomain was indistinguishable from the unligated Fab as measured by real-time surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Specific cytotoxic potency of Fab-Gelonin was demonstrated against two Her2-positive cell lines, resulting in EC 50 values of ~1 nM or lower, indicating a 1000-fold enhanced cell-killing activity compared with gelonin itself. Thus, our strategy provides a convenient route to the modular construction of functional immunotoxins from Fabs of established tumor-specific antibodies with gelonin or related proteotoxins, also avoiding the elevated biosafety levels that would be mandatory for the direct biotechnological preparation of corresponding fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kornberger
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie; Technische Universität München; Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie; Technische Universität München; Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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15
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Richardson CC, McLaughlin KA, Brown TJ, Morgan D, Feltbower R, Powell M, Furmaniak J, Rees Smith B, Christie MR. Failure to detect anti-idiotypic antibodies in the autoimmune response to IA-2 in Type 1 diabetes. Autoimmunity 2013; 46:375-81. [PMID: 24001205 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2013.773978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The concept that immune responses to self antigens are regulated by anti-idiotypic networks has attracted renewed interest following reports of circulating factors within IgG fractions of serum that impair detection of autoantibodies with autoantigen. Thus, preclearance of sera with bead-immobilised monoclonal autoantibodies to the Type 1 diabetes autoantigen GAD65, or prebinding of serum antibodies to protein A Sepharose prior to addition of antigen, increases immunoreactivity detected in serum samples consistent with the trapping on the beads of anti-idiotypic antibodies that block antibody binding to the autoantigen. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of anti-idiotypic antibodies to another major target of autoantibodies in Type 1 diabetes, IA-2. As previously observed for GAD65, preadsorption of serum samples with immobilised monoclonal IA-2 autoantibody, or prebinding to protein A Sepharose, resulted in substantial increases in subsequent immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled IA-2 in a proportion of samples. However, control experiments indicated that the increases seen on pre-incubation with immobilized autoantibodies were caused by displacement of the antibody by serum IgG, whereas impaired detection of immunoreactivity in liquid-phase radiobinding assays was the result of formation of insoluble complexes that bind poorly to protein A. The results emphasise the importance of direct demonstration of specific binding of antibodies to the idiotype in the study of idiotypic networks in autoimmunity. Variability between patients in formation of insoluble immune complexes has implications for the design and standardization of autoantibody assays for diabetes prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn C Richardson
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, United Kingdom
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16
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Frenzel A, Hust M, Schirrmann T. Expression of recombinant antibodies. Front Immunol 2013; 4:217. [PMID: 23908655 PMCID: PMC3725456 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies are highly specific detection probes in research, diagnostics, and have emerged over the last two decades as the fastest growing class of therapeutic proteins. Antibody generation has been dramatically accelerated by in vitro selection systems, particularly phage display. An increasing variety of recombinant production systems have been developed, ranging from Gram-negative and positive bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi, insect cell lines, mammalian cells to transgenic plants and animals. Currently, almost all therapeutic antibodies are still produced in mammalian cell lines in order to reduce the risk of immunogenicity due to altered, non-human glycosylation patterns. However, recent developments of glycosylation-engineered yeast, insect cell lines, and transgenic plants are promising to obtain antibodies with "human-like" post-translational modifications. Furthermore, smaller antibody fragments including bispecific antibodies without any glycosylation are successfully produced in bacteria and have advanced to clinical testing. The first therapeutic antibody products from a non-mammalian source can be expected in coming next years. In this review, we focus on current antibody production systems including their usability for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Frenzel
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schirrmann
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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17
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Jalalirad R. Selective and efficient extraction of recombinant proteins from the periplasm of Escherichia coli using low concentrations of chemicals. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 40:1117-29. [PMID: 23864192 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-013-1307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to determine chemicals at low concentrations, which can be utilized for selective release of periplasmic proteins. It was revealed that 80-100 % of the activity of alpha-amylase, beta-lactamase, and Fab D1.3 was retained in the presence of 0.05 and 0.1 % Triton X-100, 0.1 % Tween 20, 0.1 % DOC, 0.01 % BAC, 0.01 % CTAB, 10 mM EDTA, 1 mM and 10 mM DEA, 10 mM NTA, 0.1 and 1 % SHMP, 200 mM urea, 100-500 mM GndCl, and 1 % solvents (hexane, xylene, toluene, benzene, pyridine and isoamyl alcohol). Performance of these chemicals, recognized as generally safe, for selective release of proteins from the periplasm of Escherichia coli was investigated. DOC was a general and very efficient agent, and at concentrations as low as 0.05, 0.1, and 0.025 %, released beta-lactamase, alpha-amylase, and Fab D1.3 selectively with yield factors of 2.7, 2.3, and 3.6 times greater than osmotic shock procedure, respectively. EDTA (1 and 10 mM) discharged Fab D1.3 with efficiency more than osmotic shock (target protein yield of 110 and 138 %, correspondingly). Isoamyl alcohol (10 % v/v) was effective for periplasmic release of alpha-amylase and particularly Fab D1.3, with target protein yields of 75 and 168 %, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Jalalirad
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK,
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18
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Scheer JM, Sandoval W, Elliott JM, Shao L, Luis E, Lewin-Koh SC, Schaefer G, Vandlen R. Reorienting the Fab domains of trastuzumab results in potent HER2 activators. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51817. [PMID: 23284778 PMCID: PMC3527469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure of the Fab region of antibodies is critical to their function. By introducing single cysteine substitutions into various positions of the heavy and light chains of the Fab region of trastuzumab, a potent antagonist of HER2, and using thiol chemistry to link the different Fabs together, we produced a variety of monospecific F(ab′)2-like molecules with activities spanning from activation to inhibition of breast tumor cell growth. These isomers (or bis-Fabs) of trastuzumab, with varying relative spatial arrangements between the Fv-regions, were able to either promote or inhibit cell-signaling activities through the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways. A quantitative phosphorylation mapping of HER2 indicated that the agonistic isomers produced a distinct phosphorylation pattern associated with activation. This study suggests that antibody geometric isomers, found both in nature and during synthetic antibody development, can have profoundly different biological activities independent of their affinities for their target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Scheer
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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19
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Wajanarogana S, Nimnuch P, Thongmee A, Kritsiriwuthinan K. Potential of recombinant flagellin fragment from Burkholderia thailandensis as an antigen for melioidosis antibody detection by indirect ELISA. Mol Cell Probes 2012; 27:98-102. [PMID: 23159530 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Non-pathogenic Burkholderia thailandensis may be used as a model for Burkholderia pseudomallei due to the genetic similarity of these species. Moreover, the experimental manipulation of B. thailandensis is safer. In this study, we constructed recombinant flagellin protein fragments of B. thailandensis E264 (FLAG300, FLAG600, FLAG900, and FLAGFL fragments) and used fragments as the antigen to detect melioidosis antibodies by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (indirect ELISA). The serum samples consisted of serodiagnostic melioidosis sera (N = 52), septicemic sera caused by other bacteria (disease control) (N = 16) and healthy donor sera (N = 40). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve at optimal value (mean plus standard deviation) of all constructed fragments to melioidosis antibodies detection ranged from 0.654 to 0.953. The highest area under the ROC curve (AUROCC, 0.953) for FLAG300 fragment at 1600 serum titer revealed the best performance of melioidosis diagnosis. The indirect ELISA using this fragment as the antigen possessed 82.7% sensitivity and 94.6% specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumet Wajanarogana
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Rangsit University, Muang Ake, Pathumthain 12000, Thailand.
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20
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Figini M, Orlandi R. New Techniques for the Production of Therapeutic Recombinant Human Monoclonal Antibodies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03259294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Quintero-Hernández V, Del Pozo-Yauner L, Pedraza-Escalona M, Juárez-González VR, Alcántara-Recillas I, Possani LD, Becerril B. Evaluation of three different formats of a neutralizing single chain human antibody against toxin Cn2: neutralization capacity versus thermodynamic stability. Immunol Lett 2012; 143:152-60. [PMID: 22306104 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The single-chain antibody fragment (scFv) 6009F, obtained by directed evolution, neutralizes the effects of the Cn2 toxin, which is the major toxic component of Centruroides noxius scorpion venom. In this work we compared the neutralization capacity and the thermodynamic stability of scFv 6009F with those of two other derived formats: Fab 6009F and diabody 6009F. Additionally, the affinity constants to Cn2 toxin of the three recombinant antibody fragments were determined by means of BIAcore. We found a correlation between the thermodynamic stability of these antibody fragments with their neutralization capacity. The order of thermodynamic stability determined was Fab≫scFv>diabody. The Fab and scFv were capable of neutralizing the toxic effects of Cn2 and whole venom but the diabody was unable to fully neutralize intoxication. In silico analysis of the diabody format indicates that the reduction of stability and neutralization capacity could be explained by a less cooperative interface between the heavy and the light variable domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Quintero-Hernández
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
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22
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Kirpotin DB, Noble CO, Hayes ME, Huang Z, Kornaga T, Zhou Y, Nielsen UB, Marks JD, Drummond DC. Building and characterizing antibody-targeted lipidic nanotherapeutics. Methods Enzymol 2012; 502:139-66. [PMID: 22208985 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416039-2.00007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Immunoliposomes provide a complementary, and in many instances advantageous, drug delivery strategy to antibody-drug conjugates. Their high carrying capacity of 20,000-150,000 drug molecules/liposome, allows for the use of a significantly broader range of moderate-to-high potency small molecule drugs when compared to the comparably few subnanomolar potency maytansinoid- and auristatin-based immunoconjugates. The multivalent display of 5-100 antibody fragments/liposome results in an avidity effect that can make use of even moderate affinity antibodies, as well as a cross-linking of cell surface receptors to induce the internalization required for intracellular drug release and subsequent activity. The underlying liposomal drug must be effectively engineered for long circulating pharmacokinetics and stable in vivo drug retention in order to allow for the drug to be efficiently delivered to the target tissue and take advantage of the site-specific bioavailability provided for by the targeting arm. In this chapter, we describe the rationale for engineering stable immunoliposome-based therapeutics, methods required for preparation of immunoliposomes, as well as for their physicochemical and in vivo characterization.
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23
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Camper N, Byrne T, Burden RE, Lowry J, Gray B, Johnston JA, Migaud ME, Olwill SA, Buick RJ, Scott CJ. Stable expression and purification of a functional processed Fab' fragment from a single nascent polypeptide in CHO cells expressing the mCAT-1 retroviral receptor. J Immunol Methods 2011; 372:30-41. [PMID: 21782818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies and derivative formats such as Fab' fragments are used in a broad range of therapeutic, diagnostic and research applications. New systems and methodologies that can improve the production of these proteins are consequently of much interest. Here we present a novel approach for the rapid production of processed Fab' fragments in a CHO cell line that has been engineered to express the mouse cationic amino acid transporter receptor 1 (mCAT-1). This facilitated the introduction of the target antibody gene through retroviral transfection, rapidly producing stable expression. Using this system, we designed a single retroviral vector construct for the expression of a target Fab' fragment as a single polypeptide with a furin cleavage site and a FMDV 2A self-cleaving peptide introduced to bridge the light and truncated heavy chain regions. The introduction of these cleavage motifs ensured equimolar expression and processing of the heavy and light domains as exemplified by the production of an active chimeric Fab' fragment against the Fas receptor, routinely expressed in 1-2mg/L yield in spinner-flask cell cultures. These results demonstrate that this method could have application in the facile production of bioactive Fab' fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Camper
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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24
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Jeong KJ, Jang SH, Velmurugan N. Recombinant antibodies: engineering and production in yeast and bacterial hosts. Biotechnol J 2011; 6:16-27. [PMID: 21170983 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
After the appearance of the first FDA-approved antibody 25 years ago, antibodies have become major therapeutic agents in the treatment of many human diseases, including cancer and infectious diseases, and the use of antibodies as therapeutic/diagnostic agents is expected to increase in the future. So far, a variety of strategies have been devised for engineering of these fascinating molecules to develop superior properties and functions. Recent progress in systems biology has provided more information about the structures and cellular networks of antibodies, and, in addition, recent development of biotechnology tools, particularly in regard to high-throughput screening, has made it possible to perform more intensive engineering on these substances. Based on a sound understanding and new technologies, antibodies are now being developed as more powerful drugs. In this review, we highlight the recent, significant progress that has been made in antibody engineering, with a particular focus on Fc engineering and glycoengineering for improved functions, and cellular engineering for enhanced production of antibodies in yeast and bacterial hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Jun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea.
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25
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Hutchins BM, Kazane SA, Staflin K, Forsyth JS, Felding-Habermann B, Schultz PG, Smider VV. Site-specific coupling and sterically controlled formation of multimeric antibody fab fragments with unnatural amino acids. J Mol Biol 2011; 406:595-603. [PMID: 21237172 PMCID: PMC4278757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunoconjugates and multispecific antibodies are rapidly emerging as highly potent experimental therapeutics against cancer. We have developed a method to incorporate an unnatural amino acid, p-acetylphenylalanine (pAcPhe) into an antibody antigen binding fragment (Fab) targeting HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), allowing site-specific labeling without disrupting antigen binding. Expression levels of the pAcPhe-containing proteins were comparable to that of wild-type protein in shake-flask and fermentation preparations. The pAcPhe-Fabs were labeled by reaction with hydroxylamine dye and biotin species to produce well-defined, singly conjugated Fabs. We then coupled a hydroxylamine biotin to the pAcPhe-Fab and demonstrated controlled assembly of Fabs in the presence of the tetrameric biotin-binding protein, NeutrAvidin. The position of Fab biotinylation dictates the geometry of multimer assembly, producing unique multimeric Fab structures. These assembled Fab multimers differentially attenuate Her2 phosphorylation in breast cancer cells that overexpress the Her2 receptor. Thus, an encoded unnatural amino acid produces a chemical "handle" by which immunoconjugates and multimers can be engineered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Hutchins
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Kazane
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karin Staflin
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jane S. Forsyth
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brunhilde Felding-Habermann
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vaughn V. Smider
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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26
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Carter PJ. Introduction to current and future protein therapeutics: a protein engineering perspective. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:1261-9. [PMID: 21371474 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics and its enabling sister discipline, protein engineering, have emerged since the early 1980s. The first protein therapeutics were recombinant versions of natural proteins. Proteins purposefully modified to increase their clinical potential soon followed with enhancements derived from protein or glycoengineering, Fc fusion or conjugation to polyethylene glycol. Antibody-based drugs subsequently arose as the largest and fastest growing class of protein therapeutics. The rationale for developing better protein therapeutics with enhanced efficacy, greater safety, reduced immunogenicity or improved delivery comes from the convergence of clinical, scientific, technological and commercial drivers that have identified unmet needs and provided strategies to address them. Future protein drugs seem likely to be more extensively engineered to improve their performance, e.g., antibodies and Fc fusion proteins with enhanced effector functions or extended half-life. Two old concepts for improving antibodies, namely antibody-drug conjugates and bispecific antibodies, have advanced to the cusp of clinical success. As for newer protein therapeutic platform technologies, several engineered protein scaffolds are in early clinical development and offer differences and some potential advantages over antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Carter
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, USA.
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27
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Jeong KJ, Rani M. High-level production of a single chain antibody against anthrax toxin in Escherichia coli by high cell density cultivation. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2011; 34:811-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-011-0531-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Padoa CJ, Larsen SL, Hampe CS, Gilbert JA, Dagdan E, Hegedus L, Dunn-Walters D, Banga JP. Clonal relationships between thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor-stimulating antibodies illustrate the effect of hypermutation on antibody function. Immunology 2009; 129:300-8. [PMID: 19845794 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Graves' disease is characterized by production of agonist antibodies to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), but knowledge of the genetic and somatic events leading to their aberrant production is limited. We describe the genetic analysis of two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with thyroid-stimulating activity (TSAb) obtained from a single mouse with experimental Graves' disease. The mAbs were class switched, but used the same rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy chain, variable region (IGHV) and immunoglobulin light chain, variable region (IGLV) germline genes, implying a clonal relationship and derivation from a single precursor B-cell clone. The IGHV-region genes of the two mAbs underwent high degrees of somatic hypermutation by sharing numerous mutations before diverging, while the IGLV genes evolved separately. Interestingly, the mutations were present in both the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) and the framework regions. The cloned IGHV and IGLV genes were confirmed to have TSAb properties in experiments in which they were expressed as recombinant Fabs (rFabs). In other experiments, we swapped the IGLV genes with IGHV genes by constructing chimeric rFabs and showed that the chimeras retained TSAb activities, confirming the close functional relatedness of the V-region genes. Importantly, the IGLV genes in chimeric rFabs had a dominant stimulatory effect at low concentrations, while the IGHV genes had a dominant effect at higher concentrations. Our findings demonstrate that, in experimentally immunized mice, multiple pathogenic antibodies to TSHR can arise from a single clone by a series of somatic mutations in the V-region genes and may give an insight into how such antibodies develop spontaneously in autoimmune Graves' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Padoa
- Division of Gene and Cell Based Therapy, King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK
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29
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Potgieter TI, Cukan M, Drummond JE, Houston-Cummings NR, Jiang Y, Li F, Lynaugh H, Mallem M, McKelvey TW, Mitchell T, Nylen A, Rittenhour A, Stadheim TA, Zha D, d’Anjou M. Production of monoclonal antibodies by glycoengineered Pichia pastoris. J Biotechnol 2009; 139:318-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Bostrom J, Fuh G. Design and construction of synthetic phage-displayed Fab libraries. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 562:17-35. [PMID: 19554284 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-302-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diversity-the variability carried by the amino acid sequences of a synthetic antibody library-can be generated by synthetic degenerate oligonucleotides. One can experiment with different diversity designs in the variable domains of light and heavy chains (V(H) and V(L)) to generate antibody libraries with different properties. The ability to precisely define the final diversity of a library facilitates the process of isolating, characterizing, and optimizing an antibody lead. Here we describe detailed protocols for the design and construction of phage-displayed synthetic antibody libraries in which diversity is generated in the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of the V(H) of a single humanized bivalent Fab scaffold. The example used in the protocol provides a general methodology for generation of libraries with engineered CDR diversity that can be applied to a template antibody sequence of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Bostrom
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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31
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Abstract
This unit lists the most useful expression strains of E. coli for fermentation processes. Standard procedures are provided for several expression systems, namely, temperature induction via the p(L) promoter and chemical induction via the trp promoter, lac or tac promoters, and the T7 promoter. These protocols require that the gene encoding the protein of interest has been identified and cloned into an appropriate expression vector using standard molecular biology techniques. Transformation of a suitable host strain (e.g., by electroporation) is also described and is a prerequisite. Protocols for the analysis of plasmid stability and subsequent storage are provided. Support protocols describe how to prepare samples for electrophoresis, how to analyze the solubility of the expressed proteins, and how to make samples of periplasmic extracts and extracellular media (using TCA precipitation). Many of the support protocols are small-scale analysis procedures that are used to guide subsequent purification strategies and determine the suitability of the expression system for further development and scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bernard
- Glaxo Institute for Molecular Biology, Geneva, Switzerland
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32
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Lu Y, Harding SE, Turner A, Smith B, Athwal DS, Grossmann JG, Davis KG, Rowe AJ. Effect of PEGylation on the Solution Conformation of Antibody Fragments. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:2062-79. [PMID: 17828753 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Covalent attachment of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to therapeutic antibody fragments has been found effective in prolonging the half-life of the protein molecule in vivo. In this study analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) in combination with small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) has been applied to a number of antibody fragments and to their respective PEGylated conjugates. Despite the large increase in molecular weight due to the attachment of a 20-40 kDa PEG moiety, the PEGylated conjugates have smaller sedimentation coefficients, s, than their parent antibody fragments, due to a significant increase in frictional ratio f/f(o) (from approximately 1.3 to 2.3-2.8): the solution hydrodynamic properties of the conjugates are clearly dominated by the PEG moiety (f/f(o) approximately 3.0). This observation is reinforced by SAXS data at high values of r (separation of scattering centres within a particle) that appear dominated by the PEG part of the complex. By contrast, SAXS data at low values of r suggest that there are no significant conformational changes of the protein moiety itself after PEGylation The location of the PEGylation site within the conjugate was identified, and found to be consistent with expectation from the conjugation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Lu
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, England, UK
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33
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Segal DM, Bast BJ. Production of bispecific antibodies. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2008; Chapter 2:2.13.1-2.13.16. [PMID: 18432765 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im0213s14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) contain two different binding specificities within a single molecule and can specifically bind two different molecules together. BsAbs can be produced by chemically cross-linking purified antibodies or Fab fragments with reducible disulfide bonds or nonreducible thioether bonds, both of which are described in this unit. Protocols are also presented for producing BsAbs by fusing two antibody-producing hybridomas that can be selected for based on drug resistance, or by double labeling with fluorochromes and FACS. Support protocols describe screening and purification of bsAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Segal
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Adair JR, Bright SM. Monthly Update: Biologicals & Immunologicals: Progress with humanised antibodies - An update. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.4.9.863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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35
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Philibert P, Stoessel A, Wang W, Sibler AP, Bec N, Larroque C, Saven JG, Courtête J, Weiss E, Martineau P. A focused antibody library for selecting scFvs expressed at high levels in the cytoplasm. BMC Biotechnol 2007; 7:81. [PMID: 18034894 PMCID: PMC2241821 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-7-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 11/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrabodies are defined as antibody molecules which are ectopically expressed inside the cell. Such intrabodies can be used to visualize or inhibit the targeted antigen in living cells. However, most antibody fragments cannot be used as intrabodies because they do not fold under the reducing conditions of the cell cytosol and nucleus. RESULTS We describe the construction and validation of a large synthetic human single chain antibody fragment library based on a unique framework and optimized for cytoplasmic expression. Focusing the library by mimicking the natural diversity of CDR3 loops ensured that the scFvs were fully human and functional. We show that the library is highly diverse and functional since it has been possible to isolate by phage-display several strong binders against the five proteins tested in this study, the Syk and Aurora-A protein kinases, the alphabeta tubulin dimer, the papillomavirus E6 protein and the core histones. Some of the selected scFvs are expressed at an exceptional high level in the bacterial cytoplasm, allowing the purification of 1 mg of active scFv from only 20 ml of culture. Finally, we show that after three rounds of selection against core histones, more than half of the selected scFvs were active when expressed in vivo in human cells since they were essentially localized in the nucleus. CONCLUSION This new library is a promising tool not only for an easy and large-scale selection of functional intrabodies but also for the isolation of highly expressed scFvs that could be used in numerous biotechnological and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Philibert
- CNRS, UMR5160, CRLC, 15, av, Charles Flahault, BP14491, 34093, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Jeong KJ, Seo MJ, Iverson BL, Georgiou G. APEx 2-hybrid, a quantitative protein-protein interaction assay for antibody discovery and engineering. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:8247-52. [PMID: 17494738 PMCID: PMC1895937 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702650104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a bacterial system for the discovery of interacting proteins that, unlike other two-hybrid technologies, allows for the selection of protein pairs on the basis of affinity or expression. This technology relies on the anchored periplasmic expression (APEx) of one protein (bait) on the periplasmic side of the inner membrane of Escherichia coli and its interacting partner (prey) as a soluble, epitope-tagged, periplasmic protein. Upon removal of the outer membrane by spheroplasting, periplasmic proteins, including any unbound epitope-tagged prey, are released into the extracellular fluid. However, if the epitope-tagged prey can bind to the membrane-anchored bait, it remains associated with the cell and can be detected quantitatively by using fluorescent anti-epitope tag antibodies. Cells expressing prey:bait pairs exhibiting different affinities can be readily distinguished by flow cytometry. The utility of this technology, called APEx two-hybrid, was demonstrated in two demanding antibody engineering applications: First, single-chain variable fragment (scFvs) with increased affinity to the protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis were isolated from cells coexpressing libraries of scFv random mutants, together with endogenously expressed antigen. Second, APEx two-hybrid coupled with multicolor FACS analysis to account for protein expression was used for the selection of mutant Fab antibody fragments exhibiting improved expression in the bacterial periplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Jun Jeong
- Departments of *Chemical Engineering
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, and
| | - Min Jeong Seo
- Departments of *Chemical Engineering
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, and
| | | | - George Georgiou
- Departments of *Chemical Engineering
- Biomedical Engineering
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Levy R, Molineux IJ, Iverson BL, Georgiou G. Isolation of trans-acting genes that enhance soluble expression of scFv antibodies in the E. coli cytoplasm by lambda phage display. J Immunol Methods 2007; 321:164-73. [PMID: 17328908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Functional antibody fragments with native disulfide bonds can be expressed in Escherichia coli trxB gor mutant strains having an oxidizing cytoplasm that allows the formation of disulfide bonds. However, expression yields in the cytoplasm are generally lower than those obtained by secretion into the periplasm. We developed a novel methodology for the screening of genomic DNA fragments that enhance expression yields of scFvs in the cytoplasm of trxB gor cells by capitalizing on bacteriophage lambda display. The anti-digoxin 26.10 scFv was displayed on lambda as a fusion to the coat protein gpD. A genomic E. coli library was cloned into lambdagt11 downstream from the lac promoter and used to lysogenize cells transformed with a plasmid encoding the scFv-gpD fusion. Following induction of expression of the cloned gene fragments, phage was prepared and screened for improved functional display via panning against immobilized hapten. Phage exhibiting improved display was isolated after two rounds. One of the isolated clones, encoding the N-terminal domain of the alpha-subunit of RNA polymerase (alpha-NTD), was shown to increase the yield of scFv expressed in soluble form in the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Levy
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712-1064, USA
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Quintero-Hernández V, Juárez-González VR, Ortíz-León M, Sánchez R, Possani LD, Becerril B. The change of the scFv into the Fab format improves the stability and in vivo toxin neutralization capacity of recombinant antibodies. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:1307-15. [PMID: 16814388 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2006] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The antigen-binding fragment (Fab) has been considered a more functionally stable version of recombinant antibodies than single chain antibody fragments (scFvs), however this intuitive consideration has not been sufficiently proven in vivo. This communication shows that three out of four specific scFvs against a scorpion toxin, with different affinities and stabilities, become neutralizing in vivo when expressed as Fabs, despite the fact that they are not neutralizing in the scFv format. A scFv fragment previously obtained from a neutralizing mouse antibody (BCF2) was used to produce three derived scFvs by directed evolution. Only one of them was neutralizing, however when expressed as Fab, all of them became neutralizing fragments in vivo. The initial scFvBCF2 (earlier used for directed evolution) was not neutralizing in the scFv format. After expressing it as Fab did not become a neutralizing fragment, but did reduce the intoxication symptoms of experimental mice. The stability of the four Fabs derived from their respective scFvs was improved when tested in the presence of guanidinium chloride. The in vitro stability of the Fab format has been shown earlier, but the physiological consequences of this stability are shown in this communication. The present results indicate that improved functional stability conferred by the Fab format can replace additional maturation steps, when the affinity and stability are close to the minimum necessary to be neutralizing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Quintero-Hernández
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
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39
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Dennis MS, Jin H, Dugger D, Yang R, McFarland L, Ogasawara A, Williams S, Cole MJ, Ross S, Schwall R. Imaging tumors with an albumin-binding Fab, a novel tumor-targeting agent. Cancer Res 2007; 67:254-61. [PMID: 17210705 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Association with albumin as a means to improve biodistribution and tumor deposition of a Fab was investigated using AB.Fab4D5, a bifunctional molecule derived from trastuzumab (HERCEPTIN) capable of binding albumin and tumor antigen HER2 (erbB2) simultaneously. AB.Fab4D5 was compared with trastuzumab and a trastuzumab-derived Fab (Fab4D5) for the ability to target tumors overexpressing HER2 in mouse mammary tumor virus/HER2 allograft models. Biodistribution was monitored using intravital microscopy, histology, and integrated single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography analysis. Fab4D5 tumor deposition was characterized by rapid but transient appearance in tumor at 2 h with little retention, followed by rapid accumulation in kidney by 6 h. Trastuzumab was slow to accumulate in tumors and slow to clear from normal tissues, although significant tumor deposition was achieved by 24 h. In contrast, AB.Fab4D5 was observed at 2 h in tumor and its presence was sustained beyond 24 h similar to trastuzumab. Intravital microscopy revealed that at peak tumor accumulation, tumor cell staining by AB.Fab4D5 was more uniform than for Fab4D5 or trastuzumab. Similar tumor deposition was achieved for both AB.Fab4D5 and trastuzumab at 48 h (35.9 +/- 1.8% and 38.2 +/- 3.1% injected dose/g); however, AB.Fab4D5 targeted tumors more rapidly and quickly cleared from blood, leading to a lower overall normal tissue exposure. Importantly, unlike Fab4D5, AB.Fab4D5 did not accumulate in kidney, suggesting that association with albumin leads to an altered route of clearance and metabolism. Rapid targeting, excellent tumor deposition and retention, coupled with high tumor to blood ratios may make AB.Fab an exceptional molecule for imaging and cancer therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Albumins/chemistry
- Albumins/pharmacokinetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Female
- Humans
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Immunoconjugates/chemistry
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacokinetics
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin Fragments/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/diagnostic imaging
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Radionuclide Imaging
- Receptor, ErbB-2/biosynthesis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Trastuzumab
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Dennis
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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40
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Jordan E, Hust M, Roth A, Biedendieck R, Schirrmann T, Jahn D, Dübel S. Production of recombinant antibody fragments in Bacillus megaterium. Microb Cell Fact 2007; 6:2. [PMID: 17224052 PMCID: PMC1797049 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-6-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant antibodies are essential reagents for research, diagnostics and therapy. The well established production host Escherichia coli relies on the secretion into the periplasmic space for antibody synthesis. Due to the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, only a fraction of this material reaches the medium. Recently, the gram-positive bacterium Bacillus megaterium was shown to efficiently secrete recombinant proteins into the growth medium. Here we evaluated B. megaterium for the recombinant production of antibody fragments. RESULTS The lysozyme specific single chain Fv (scFv) fragment D1.3 was successfully produced using B. megaterium. The impact of culture medium composition, gene expression time and culture temperatures on the production of functional scFv protein was systematically analyzed. A production and secretion at 41 degrees C for 24 h using TB medium was optimal for this individual scFv. Interestingly, these parameters were very different to the optimal conditions for the expression of other proteins in B. megaterium. Per L culture supernatant, more than 400 microg of recombinant His6-tagged antibody fragment were purified by one step affinity chromatography. The material produced by B. megaterium showed an increased specific activity compared to material produced in E. coli. CONCLUSION High yields of functional scFv antibody fragments can be produced and secreted into the culture medium by B. megaterium, making this production system a reasonable alternative to E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Jordan
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Roth
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Mikrobiologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rebekka Biedendieck
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Mikrobiologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schirrmann
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dieter Jahn
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Mikrobiologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Dübel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Natarajan A, Du W, Xiong CY, DeNardo GL, DeNardo SJ, Gervay-Hague J. Construction of di-scFv through a trivalent alkyne–azide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:695-7. [PMID: 17392953 DOI: 10.1039/b611636a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Heterofunctional azide and alkyne PEG-linkers have been synthesized and site specifically conjugated to scFv via a reactive thiol functionality; two scFv were coupled by copper catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to make divalent scFv (di-scFv) with an inter-scFv distance defined to provide divalent binding; antigen binding was maintained for the di-scFv construct and increased several times compared to that of the parent scFv; the cycloaddition reaction reported herein represents an important ligation strategy to covalently link macromolecular proteins and retain sensitive structural conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arutselvan Natarajan
- Radiodiagnosis and Therapy, Molecular Cancer Institute, University of California, Davis Medical Center, 1508 Alhambra Boulevard, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA
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42
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Hall TR, Thomas JW, Padoa CJ, Torn C, Landin-Olsson M, Ortqvist E, Hampe CS. Longitudinal epitope analysis of insulin-binding antibodies in type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 146:9-14. [PMID: 16968392 PMCID: PMC1809737 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies to insulin (IAA) are one of the first markers of the autoimmune process leading to type 1 diabetes (T1D). While other autoantibodies in T1D have been studied extensively, relatively little is known about IAA and their binding specificities, especially after insulin treatment is initiated. We hypothesize that insulin antibodies (IA) that develop upon initiation of insulin treatment differ in their epitope specificities from IAA. We analysed insulin antibody binding specificities in longitudinal samples of T1D patients (n = 49). Samples were taken at clinical diagnosis of disease and after insulin treatment was initiated. The epitope specificities were analysed using recombinant Fab (rFab) derived from insulin-specific monoclonal antibodies AE9D6 and CG7C7. Binding of radiolabelled insulin by samples taken at onset of the disease was significantly reduced in the presence of rFab CG7C7 and AE9D6. rFab AE9D6 competed sera binding to insulin significantly better than rFab CG7C7 (P = 0.02). Binding to the AE9D6-defined epitope in the initial sample was correlated inversely with age at onset (P = 0.005). The binding to the AE9D6-defined epitope increased significantly (P < 0.0001) after 3 months of insulin treatment. Binding to the CG7C7-defined epitope did not change during the analysed period of 12 months. We conclude that epitopes recognized by insulin binding antibodies can be identified using monoclonal insulin-specific rFab as competitors. Using this approach we observed that insulin treatment is accompanied by a change in epitope specificities in the emerging IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Hall
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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43
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Rui M, Hampe CS, Wang C, Ling Z, Gorus FK, Lernmark A, Pipeleers DG, De Pauw PEM. Species and epitope specificity of two 65 kDa glutamate decarboxylase time-resolved fluorometric immunoassays. J Immunol Methods 2006; 319:133-43. [PMID: 17210161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 65 kDa isoform of human glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65) is a major autoantigen in type 1 diabetes (T1D). In the present study, we have developed a sensitive sandwich time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TRFIA) for the quantification of GAD65 in cell extracts, cell media and serum. The monoclonal antibody GAD-6 is used to selectively capture GAD65 but not the slightly larger isoform GAD67, and the utilization of different detecting antibodies with distinct GAD65 epitope specificity allows modulating the specificity of the assay. To this effect we have biotinylated a recombinant antigen-binding fragment (rFab) with epitope specificity for the N-terminal region of rat and human GAD65 (rFab N-GAD65) and another rFab that selectively binds to the middle part of human GAD65 (rFab b96.11). In the assay the biotinylated rFabs are recognized by Europium labeled streptavidin. The obtained time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) is directly proportional to the concentration of GAD65 over a large measuring range (0.1 to >100 ng/mL). Based on total error estimation including both bias and imprecision, the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of GAD65 in cell extracts is 0.33 ng/mL with the N-GAD65 TRFIA, and 0.10 ng/mL with the b96.11 TRFIA, but the latter is suitable for human GAD65 only, whereas the N-GAD65 TRFIA has equal sensitivity with rat and human GAD65. Specificity was further checked with GAD65/67 fusion proteins, confirming that the presence of intact capture as well as detection epitope on the analyte is a prerequisite for recognition in both assays. We show that the beta cell-specific marker GAD65 can be quantified in pancreatic cell extracts and in serum, allowing studies on discharge during cell death in vitro as well as in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Rui
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University, Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
Synthetic antibody libraries, whose repertoires are designed, have advanced in the last decade to rival natural repertoire-based libraries. Many types of diversity design have been shown to generate highly functional libraries. Defined template and defined diversity in synthetic antibody libraries improve the process of discovering and optimizing new antibodies. Synthetic libraries with different diversity design have targeted different epitopes on antigens, including epitopes that are unlikely to be targeted by immunization and hybridoma. Cross-species binding antibodies are prime examples of products generated by synthetic antibody libraries, and they are becoming the tools of choice to validate the selection of targeted molecules in therapeutic development. Synthetic antibody libraries complement the existing natural repertoire-based antibody libraries and hybridoma approach to maximize the potentials of antibodies as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germaine Fuh
- Genentech, Inc., Department of Protein Engineering, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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45
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Gasser B, Mattanovich D. Antibody production with yeasts and filamentous fungi: on the road to large scale? Biotechnol Lett 2006; 29:201-12. [PMID: 17120087 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Yeasts and filamentous fungi have gained significant interest for the production of recombinant antibodies and antibody fragments. The opportunities and constraints of antibody (fragment) production in these hosts are highlighted as well as cell engineering strategies to overcome the constraints. Following aspects are addressed: folding, assembly and secretion of antibody related proteins, process optimization to improve productivity and quality, proteolysis, and, as a major point of interest, glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Gasser
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Nadkarni A, Kelley LLC, Momany C. Optimization of a mouse recombinant antibody fragment for efficient production from Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 52:219-29. [PMID: 17141527 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A mutagenized mouse recombinant antibody fragment (rFab) that recognized HIV capsid protein was isolated from Escherichia coli at a level of 12 mg per liter of culture using standard shake flask methods. This is one of the highest yields of a modified antibody fragment obtained using non-fermentor-based methods. Recombinant Fab was isolated directly from the culture medium, which lacked complex materials such as tryptone and yeast extract. Fab isolated from the periplasm was not as homogeneous as that isolated directly from the culture medium. Optimization of the culture medium using recently developed media, the use of E. coli cell lines that contained rare tRNA codons, and mutagenesis of the Fab to improve the stability of the Fab were important factors in producing high-levels of the Fab. An isolation protocol easily adaptable to automation using a thiophilic-sepharose column followed by metal-chelate chromatography and the introduction of a non-traditional metal binding site for metal-chelate purification that bypasses the conventional hexahistidine tag cleavage step (to prevent the purification tag from interfering with crystallization) are additional features of this approach to produce a highly homogenous preparation of rFab. The resulting rFab binds to its antigen, p24, equivalent in character to the monoclonal from which the rFab was originally derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Nadkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Room 372, Wilson Pharmacy Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, USA
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Parkkinen T, Nevanen TK, Koivula A, Rouvinen J. Crystal Structures of an Enantioselective Fab-fragment in Free and Complex Forms. J Mol Biol 2006; 357:471-80. [PMID: 16427081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2005] [Revised: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselective antibodies can separate the enantiomers of a chiral compound in a highly specific manner. We have recently reported the cloning and applications of a recombinant Fab-fragment, ENA11His, in the enantioseparation of a drug candidate, finrozole, which contains two chiral centers. Here, the crystal structures of this enantioselective antibody Fab-fragment are determined in the absence of the hapten at a resolution of 2.75 A, and in the presence of the hapten at 2.05 A resolution. The conformation of the protein was found to be similar in both free and complex forms. The hapten molecule was tightly bound in a deep cleft between the light and heavy chains of the Fab-fragment. The complex structure also allowed us to describe the molecular basis for enantioselectivity and to deduce the absolute configurations of all the four different stereoisomers (a-d) of finrozole. The ENA11His antibody fragment selectively binds the SR (a) enantiomer from the racemic mixture of a and d-enantiomers, thus allowing separation from the pharmacologically most active RS enantiomer (d). In particular, Asp95 and Asn35 of the H-chain in the ENA11 His antibody seem to provide this specificity through hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarja Parkkinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Joensuu, PO Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland
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48
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Raju R, Foote J, Banga JP, Hall TR, Padoa CJ, Dalakas MC, Ortqvist E, Hampe CS. Analysis of GAD65 autoantibodies in Stiff-Person syndrome patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:7755-62. [PMID: 16301686 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.11.7755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies to the 65-kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase GAD65 (GAD65Ab) are strong candidates for a pathological role in Stiff-Person syndrome (SPS). We have analyzed the binding specificity of the GAD65Ab in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 12 patients with SPS by competitive displacement studies with GAD65-specific rFab-derived from a number of human and mouse mAbs specific for different determinants on the Ag. We demonstrate considerable differences in the epitope specificity when comparing paired serum and CSF samples, suggesting local stimulation of B cells in the CSF compartment of these patients. Moreover, these autoantibodies strongly inhibit the enzymatic activity of GAD65, thus blocking the formation of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid. The capacity of the sera to inhibit the enzymatic activity of GAD65 correlated with their binding to a conformational C-terminal Ab epitope. Investigation of the inhibitory mechanism revealed that the inhibition could not be overcome by high concentrations of glutamate or the cofactor pyridoxal phosphate, suggesting a noncompetitive inhibitory mechanism. Finally, we identified a linear epitope on amino acids residues 4-22 of GAD65 that was recognized solely by autoantibodies from patients with SPS but not by serum from type 1 diabetes patients. A mAb (N-GAD65 mAb) recognizing this N-terminal epitope was successfully humanized to enhance its potential therapeutic value by reducing its overall immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavanpillai Raju
- Neuromuscular Diseases Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Kornacker M, Verneris M, Kornacker B, Ganten T, Scheffold C, Negrin R. The apoptotic and proliferative fate of cytokine-induced killer cells after redirection to tumor cells with bispecific Ab. Cytotherapy 2006; 8:13-23. [PMID: 16627341 DOI: 10.1080/14653240500518264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are ex vivo expanded T cells with co-expression of CD3 and CD56 and NK activity. They have recently been evaluated in a phase I/II clinical trial against malignant lymphoma. Bispecific Ab (bsAb) redirect CIK cells to tumor targets, thus enhancing their cytotoxicity. While bsAb may improve T-cell mediated anti-tumor activity, little is known about the fate of effector cells upon redirection to tumor targets using a bsAb. METHODS Using ex vivo-activated CIK cells, Her2/neu expressing breast and ovarian cell lines and a F(ab')2 Her2/neu x CD3 bsAb, we investigated the anti-tumor activity and the proliferative and apoptotic outcome of CIK cells. RESULTS When redirected to tumor targets with bsAb, there was a significant increase in anti-tumor activity as well as an increase in both CIK cell proliferation and apoptosis. The addition of agonistic Ab against CD28 did not significantly increase proliferation or apoptosis of CIK cells redirected to CD80- and CD86- tumor targets. To attempt to reduce T-cell apoptosis, we incubated CIK cells in the presence of the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk, which led to a partial reduction in T-cell apoptosis without increasing cellular cytotoxicity. DISCUSSION bsAb are effective in redirecting activated T cells to tumor targets and such redirection leads to both T-cell proliferation and apoptosis that are not altered by co-stimulation through CD28. Effector cell apoptosis can be reduced by using a caspase inhibitor but this does not increase CIK cell cytotoxicity.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Binding Sites, Antibody
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kornacker
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Thomassen YE, Verkleij AJ, Boonstra J, Verrips CT. Specific production rate of VHH antibody fragments by Saccharomyces cerevisiae is correlated with growth rate, independent of nutrient limitation. J Biotechnol 2005; 118:270-7. [PMID: 15979755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae carrying a multicopy integrated expression vector containing the gene encoding a Llama antibody fragment, has been cultivated in continuous cultures both under carbon and nitrogen limiting conditions with galactose as the sole carbon source. VHH-R2 expression was under control of the inducible GAL7 promoter. Induction however, was independent of the galactose consumption rate and maximal at all growth rates. VHH-R2 was secreted with 70% efficiency at all growth rates and under both limitations. The specific production rate increased linear with increasing growth rate in a growth-associated manner. However, when grown under nitrogen limitation at growth rates above 0.09 h(-1), the extracellular VHH-R2 was less active or part of the VHH-R2 was in an inactive form. From our results we conclude that to obtain a maximal amount of VHH per kilogram biomass per hour, VHH production should be done in carbon limited continuous cultures at high specific growth rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne E Thomassen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and the Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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