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Singh R, Chandley P, Rohatgi S. Recent Advances in the Development of Monoclonal Antibodies and Next-Generation Antibodies. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:886-897. [PMID: 38149884 PMCID: PMC10759153 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
mAbs are highly indispensable tools for diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic applications. The first technique, hybridoma technology, was based on fusion of B lymphocytes with myeloma cells, which resulted in generation of single mAbs against a specific Ag. Along with hybridoma technology, several novel and alternative methods have been developed to improve mAb generation, ranging from electrofusion to the discovery of completely novel technologies such as B cell immortalization; phage, yeast, bacterial, ribosome, and mammalian display systems; DNA/RNA encoded Abs; single B cell technology; transgenic animals; and artificial intelligence/machine learning. This commentary outlines the evolution, methodology, advantages, and limitations of various mAb production techniques. Furthermore, with the advent of next-generation Ab technologies such as single-chain variable fragments, nanobodies, bispecific Abs, Fc-engineered Abs, Ab biosimilars, Ab mimetics, and Ab-drug conjugates, the healthcare and pharmaceutical sectors have become resourceful to develop highly specific mAb treatments against various diseases such as cancer and autoimmune and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pankaj Chandley
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Soma Rohatgi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
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2
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Osgerby A, Overton TW. Approaches for high-throughput quantification of periplasmic recombinant proteins. N Biotechnol 2023; 77:149-160. [PMID: 37708933 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The Gram-negative periplasm is a convenient location for the accumulation of many recombinant proteins including biopharmaceutical products. It is the site of disulphide bond formation, required by some proteins (such as antibody fragments) for correct folding and function. It also permits simpler protein release and downstream processing than cytoplasmic accumulation. As such, targeting of recombinant proteins to the E. coli periplasm is a key strategy in biologic manufacture. However, expression and translocation of each recombinant protein requires optimisation including selection of the best signal peptide and growth and production conditions. Traditional methods require separation and analysis of protein compositions of periplasmic and cytoplasmic fractions, a time- and labour-intensive method that is difficult to parallelise. Therefore, approaches for high throughput quantification of periplasmic protein accumulation offer advantages in rapid process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Osgerby
- School of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tim W Overton
- School of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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3
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Chung H, Kim J, Lee YJ, Choi KR, Jeong KJ, Kim GJ, Lee SY. Enhanced production of difficult-to-express proteins through knocking down rnpA gene expression. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2200641. [PMID: 37285237 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli has been employed as a workhorse for the efficient production of recombinant proteins. However, some proteins were found to be difficult to produce in E. coli. The stability of mRNA has been considered as one of the important factors affecting recombinant protein production. Here we report a generally applicable and simple strategy for enhancing mRNA stability, and consequently improving recombinant protein production in E. coli. RNase P, a ribozyme comprising an RNA subunit (RnpB) and a protein subunit (RnpA), is involved in tRNA maturation. Based on the finding that purified RnpA can digest rRNA and mRNA in vitro, it was reasoned that knocking down the level of RnpA might enhance recombinant protein production. For this, the synthetic small regulatory RNA-based knockdown system was applied to reduce the expression level of RnpA. The developed RnpA knockdown system allowed successful overexpression of 23 different recombinant proteins of various origins and sizes, including Cas9 protein, antibody fragment, and spider silk protein. Notably, a 284.9-kDa ultra-high molecular weight, highly repetitive glycine-rich spider silk protein, which is one of the most difficult proteins to produce, could be produced to 1.38 g L-1 , about two-fold higher than the highest value previously achieved, by a fed-batch culture of recombinant E. coli strain employing the RnpA knockdown system. The RnpA-knockdown strategy reported here will be generally useful for the production of recombinant proteins including those that have been difficult to produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Chung
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- MedicosBiotech Inc, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyong Kim
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- MedicosBiotech Inc, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jae Lee
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Rok Choi
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Jun Jeong
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Joong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- MedicosBiotech Inc, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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García-Alija M, van Moer B, Sastre DE, Azzam T, Du JJ, Trastoy B, Callewaert N, Sundberg EJ, Guerin ME. Modulating antibody effector functions by Fc glycoengineering. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108201. [PMID: 37336296 PMCID: PMC11027751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Antibody based drugs, including IgG monoclonal antibodies, are an expanding class of therapeutics widely employed to treat cancer, autoimmune and infectious diseases. IgG antibodies have a conserved N-glycosylation site at Asn297 that bears complex type N-glycans which, along with other less conserved N- and O-glycosylation sites, fine-tune effector functions, complement activation, and half-life of antibodies. Fucosylation, galactosylation, sialylation, bisection and mannosylation all generate glycoforms that interact in a specific manner with different cellular antibody receptors and are linked to a distinct functional profile. Antibodies, including those employed in clinical settings, are generated with a mixture of glycoforms attached to them, which has an impact on their efficacy, stability and effector functions. It is therefore of great interest to produce antibodies containing only tailored glycoforms with specific effects associated with them. To this end, several antibody engineering strategies have been developed, including the usage of engineered mammalian cell lines, in vitro and in vivo glycoengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel García-Alija
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia 48903, Spain
| | - Berre van Moer
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Zwijnaarde, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium
| | - Diego E Sastre
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tala Azzam
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jonathan J Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Beatriz Trastoy
- Structural Glycoimmunology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, 48903, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Nico Callewaert
- VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Zwijnaarde, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent (Zwijnaarde), Belgium.
| | - Eric J Sundberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Marcelo E Guerin
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia 48903, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.
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5
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Bao L, Yang A, Liu Z, Ma J, Pan J, Zhu Y, Tang Y, Dong P, Zhao G, Chen S. Development of a mammalian cell-based ZZ display system for IgG quantification. BMC Biotechnol 2023; 23:24. [PMID: 37507705 PMCID: PMC10375748 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-023-00798-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological laboratories and companies involved in antibody development need convenient and versatile methods to detect highly active antibodies. METHODS To develop a mammalian cell-based ZZ display system for antibody quantification, the eukaryotic ZZ-displayed plasmid was constructed and transfected into CHO cells. After screening by flow cytometric sorting, the stable ZZ display cells were incubated with reference IgG and samples with unknown IgG content for 40 min at 4℃, the relative fluorescence intensity of cells was analyzed and the concentration of IgG was calculated. RESULTS By investigating the effects of different display-associated genetic elements, a eukaryotic ZZ-displaying plasmid with the highest display efficiency were constructed. After transfection and screening, almost 100% of the cells were able to display the ZZ peptide (designated CHO-ZZ cells). These stable CHO-ZZ cells were able to capture a variety of IgG, including human, rabbit, donkey and even mouse and goat. CHO-ZZ cells could be used to quantify human IgG in the range of approximately 12.5-1000 ng/mL, and to identify high-yielding engineered monoclonal cell lines. CONCLUSIONS We have established a highly efficient CHO-ZZ display system in this study, which enables the quantification of IgG from various species under physiological conditions. This system offers the advantage of eliminating the need for antibody purification and will contribute to antibody development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Bao
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Aizhen Yang
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Ziqing Liu
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Jie Ma
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Jiajie Pan
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Ying Tang
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Pu Dong
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Shaopeng Chen
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241002, China.
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6
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Robinson MP, Jung J, Lopez-Barbosa N, Chang M, Li M, Jaroentomeechai T, Cox EC, Zheng X, Berkmen M, DeLisa MP. Isolation of full-length IgG antibodies from combinatorial libraries expressed in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3514. [PMID: 37316535 PMCID: PMC10267130 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we describe a facile and robust genetic selection for isolating full-length IgG antibodies from combinatorial libraries expressed in the cytoplasm of redox-engineered Escherichia coli cells. The method is based on the transport of a bifunctional substrate comprised of an antigen fused to chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, which allows positive selection of bacterial cells co-expressing cytoplasmic IgGs called cyclonals that specifically capture the chimeric antigen and sequester the antibiotic resistance marker in the cytoplasm. The utility of this approach is first demonstrated by isolating affinity-matured cyclonal variants that specifically bind their cognate antigen, the leucine zipper domain of a yeast transcriptional activator, with subnanomolar affinities, which represent a ~20-fold improvement over the parental IgG. We then use the genetic assay to discover antigen-specific cyclonals from a naïve human antibody repertoire, leading to the identification of lead IgG candidates with affinity and specificity for an influenza hemagglutinin-derived peptide antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael-Paul Robinson
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jinjoo Jung
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Natalia Lopez-Barbosa
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Matthew Chang
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Mingji Li
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Thapakorn Jaroentomeechai
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Emily C Cox
- Biomedical and Biological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Xiaolu Zheng
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Mehmet Berkmen
- New England Biolabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA, 01938, USA
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- Biomedical and Biological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- Cornell Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Zhu W, Wang Y, Lv L, Wang H, Shi W, Liu Z, Zhou M, Zhu J, Lu H. Universal chimeric Fcγ receptor T cells with appropriate affinity for IgG1 antibody exhibit optimal antitumor efficacy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:2071-2085. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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Bauer C, Ciesielski E, Pekar L, Krah S, Toleikis L, Zielonka S, Sellmann C. Facile One-Step Generation of Camelid VHH and Avian scFv Libraries for Phage Display by Golden Gate Cloning. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2681:47-60. [PMID: 37405642 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3279-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Since its development in the 1980s, the Nobel Prize-awarded phage display technology has been one of the most commonly used in vitro selection technologies for the discovery of therapeutic and diagnostic antibodies. Besides the importance of selection strategy, one key component of the successful isolation of highly specific recombinant antibodies is the construction of high-quality phage display libraries. However, previous cloning protocols relied on a tedious multistep process with subsequent cloning steps for the introduction of first heavy and then light chain variable genetic antibody fragments (VH and VL). This resulted in reduced cloning efficiency, higher frequency of missing VH or VL sequences, as well as truncated antibody fragments. With the emergence of Golden Gate Cloning (GGC) for the generation of antibody libraries, the possibility of more facile library cloning has arisen. Here, we describe a streamlined one-step GGC strategy for the generation of camelid heavy chain only variable phage display libraries as well as the simultaneous introduction of heavy chain and light chain variable regions from the chicken into a scFv phage display vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Bauer
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies (PEAT), Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Elke Ciesielski
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies (PEAT), Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lukas Pekar
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies (PEAT), Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simon Krah
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies (PEAT), Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lars Toleikis
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies (PEAT), Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies (PEAT), Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Carolin Sellmann
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies (PEAT), Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany.
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Rauniyar K, Akhondzadeh S, Gąciarz A, Künnapuu J, Jeltsch M. Bioactive VEGF-C from E. coli. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18157. [PMID: 36307539 PMCID: PMC9616921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22960-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) stimulates lymphatic vessel growth in transgenic models, via viral gene delivery, and as a recombinant protein. Expressing eukaryotic proteins like VEGF-C in bacterial cells has limitations, as these cells lack specific posttranslational modifications and provisions for disulfide bond formation. However, given the cost and time savings associated with bacterial expression systems, there is considerable value in expressing VEGF-C using bacterial cells. We identified two approaches that result in biologically active Escherichia coli-derived VEGF-C. Expectedly, VEGF-C expressed from a truncated cDNA became bioactive after in vitro folding from inclusion bodies. Given that VEGF-C is one of the cysteine-richest growth factors in humans, it was unclear whether known methods to facilitate correct cysteine bond formation allow for the direct expression of bioactive VEGF-C in the cytoplasm. By fusing VEGF-C to maltose-binding protein and expressing these fusions in the redox-modified cytoplasm of the Origami (DE3) strain, we could recover biological activity for deletion mutants lacking the propeptides of VEGF-C. This is the first report of a bioactive VEGF growth factor obtained from E. coli cells circumventing in-vitro folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Rauniyar
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biocenter 2, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soheila Akhondzadeh
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biocenter 2, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Gąciarz
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Künnapuu
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biocenter 2, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biocenter 2, University of Helsinki, P.O.B. 56 (Viikinkaari 5E), 00014 Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.452042.50000 0004 0442 6391Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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Minich A, Šarkanová J, Levarski Z, Stuchlík S. Enhancement of solubility of recombinant alcohol dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus ruber using predictive tool. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:214. [PMID: 36053335 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03403-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Solubility is one of key factors influencing the heterologous production of recombinant proteins in biotechnology. Among many aggregation-prone proteins, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-A) from Rhodococcus ruber (in this work abbreviated RrADH) shows a great potential in processes involved in the biotransformation of natural compounds. As ADH-A is a potentially high value asset in industrial biotransformation processes, improvement of its solubility would be of major commercial benefit. Predictive tools and in silico analysis provide a fast means for improving protein properties, for selecting appropriate changes, and ultimately for saving costs. We have therefore focused on enhancement of the solubility of RrADH using an online accesible predictive tool Aggrescan 3D 2.0. Selected mutations were introduced into the protein amino acid sequence by using site-directed PCR. This led to a 17% increase in the protein solubility of RrADHmut1 and a 98% increase for RrADHmut2. Moreover, the basic kinetics of the enzyme reaction were positively affected, further optimizing the overall performance of the production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Minich
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 811 04, Bratislava, Karlova Ves, Slovak Republic
| | - Júlia Šarkanová
- Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 8, Bratislava, 811 04, Karlova Ves, Slovak Republic
| | - Zdenko Levarski
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 811 04, Bratislava, Karlova Ves, Slovak Republic.,Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 8, Bratislava, 811 04, Karlova Ves, Slovak Republic
| | - Stanislav Stuchlík
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 811 04, Bratislava, Karlova Ves, Slovak Republic. .,Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 8, Bratislava, 811 04, Karlova Ves, Slovak Republic.
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Rashid MH. Full-length recombinant antibodies from Escherichia coli: production, characterization, effector function (Fc) engineering, and clinical evaluation. MAbs 2022; 14:2111748. [PMID: 36018829 PMCID: PMC9423848 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several antibody fragments and antibody fragment-fusion proteins produced in Escherichia coli (E. coli) are approved as therapeutics for various human diseases, a full-length monoclonal or a bispecific antibody produced in E. coli has not yet been approved. The past decade witnessed substantial progress in expression of full-length antibodies in the E. coli cytoplasm and periplasm, as well as in cell-free expression systems. The equivalency of E. coli-produced aglycosylated antibodies and their mammalian cell-produced counterparts, with respect to biochemical and biophysical properties, including antigen binding, in vitro and in vivo serum stability, pharmacokinetics, and in vivo serum half-life, has been demonstrated. Extensive engineering of the Fc domain of aglycosylated antibodies enables recruitment of various effector functions, despite the lack of N-linked glycans. This review summarizes recent research, preclinical advancements, and clinical development of E. coli-produced aglycosylated therapeutic antibodies as monoclonal, bispecific, and antibody-drug conjugates for use in autoimmune, oncology, and immuno-oncology areas.Abbreviations: ADA Anti-drug antibody; ADCC Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; ADCP Antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis; ADC Antibody-drug conjugate; aFc Aglycosylated Fc; AMD Age-related macular degeneration aTTP Acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; BCMA B-cell maturation antigen; BLA Biologics license application; BsAb Bispecific antibody; C1q Complement protein C1q; CDC Complement-dependent cytotoxicity; CDCC Complement-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; CDCP Complement-dependent cellular phagocytosis; CEX Cation exchange chromatography; CFPS Cell-free protein expression; CHO Chinese Hamster Ovary; CH1-3 Constant heavy chain 1-3; CL Constant light chain; DLBCL Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; DAR Drug antibody ratio; DC Dendritic cell; dsFv Disulfide-stabilized Fv; EU European Union; EGFR Epidermal growth factor receptor; E. coli Escherichia coli; EpCAM Epithelial cell adhesion molecule; Fab Fragment antigen binding; FACS Fluorescence activated cell sorting; Fc Fragment crystallizable; FcRn Neonatal Fc receptor; FcɣRs Fc gamma receptors; FDA Food and Drug Administration; FL-IgG Full-length immunoglobulin; Fv Fragment variable; FolRαa Folate receptor alpha; gFc Glycosylated Fc; GM-CSF Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor; GPx7 Human peroxidase 7; HCL Hairy cell leukemia; HIV Human immunodeficiency virusl; HER2 Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; HGF Hepatocyte growth factor; HIC Hydrophobic interaction chromatography; HLA Human leukocyte antigen; IBs Inclusion bodies; IgG1-4 Immunoglobulin 1-4; IP Intraperitoneal; ITC Isothermal titration calorimetry; ITP Immune thrombocytopenia; IV Intravenous; kDa Kilodalton; KiH Knob-into-Hole; mAb Monoclonal antibody; MAC Membrane-attack complex; mCRC Metastatic colorectal cancer; MM Multipl myeloma; MOA Mechanism of action; MS Mass spectrometry; MUC1 Mucin 1; MG Myasthenia gravis; NB Nanobody; NK Natural killer; nsAA Nonstandard amino acid; NSCLC Non-small cell lung cancer; P. aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa; PD-1 Programmed cell death 1; PD-L1 Programmed cell death-ligand 1; PDI Protein disulfide isomerase; PECS Periplasmic expression cytometric screening; PK Pharmacokinetics; P. pastoris Pichia pastoris; PTM Post-translational modification; Rg Radius of gyration; RA Rheumatoid arthritis; RT-PCR Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; SAXS Small angle X-ray scattering; scF Single chain Fv; SCLC Small cell lung cancer; SDS-PAGE Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SEC Size exclusion chromatography; SEED Strand-exchange engineered domain; sRNA Small regulatory RNA; SRP Signal recognition particle; T1/2 Half-life; Tagg Aggregation temperature; TCR T cell receptor; TDB T cell-dependent bispecific; TF Tissue factor; TIR Translation initiation region; Tm Melting temperature; TNBC Triple-negative breast cancer; TNF Tumor necrosis factor; TPO Thrombopoietin; VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor; vH Variable heavy chain; vL Variable light chain; vWF von Willebrand factor; WT Wild type.
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Taw MN, Li M, Kim D, Rocco MA, Waraho-Zhmayev D, DeLisa MP. Engineering a Supersecreting Strain of Escherichia coli by Directed Coevolution of the Multiprotein Tat Translocation Machinery. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:2947-2958. [PMID: 34757717 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli remains one of the preferred hosts for biotechnological protein production due to its robust growth in culture and ease of genetic manipulation. It is often desirable to export recombinant proteins into the periplasmic space for reasons related to proper disulfide bond formation, prevention of aggregation and proteolytic degradation, and ease of purification. One such system for expressing heterologous secreted proteins is the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway, which has the unique advantage of delivering correctly folded proteins into the periplasm. However, transit times for proteins through the Tat translocase, comprised of the TatABC proteins, are much longer than for passage through the SecYEG pore, the translocase associated with the more widely utilized Sec pathway. To date, a high protein flux through the Tat pathway has yet to be demonstrated. To address this shortcoming, we employed a directed coevolution strategy to isolate mutant Tat translocases for their ability to deliver higher quantities of heterologous proteins into the periplasm. Three supersecreting translocases were selected that each exported a panel of recombinant proteins at levels that were significantly greater than those observed for wild-type TatABC or SecYEG translocases. Interestingly, all three of the evolved Tat translocases exhibited quality control suppression, suggesting that increased translocation flux was gained by relaxation of substrate proofreading. Overall, our discovery of more efficient translocase variants paves the way for the use of the Tat system as a powerful complement to the Sec pathway for secreted production of both commodity and high value-added proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- May N. Taw
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mingji Li
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Daniel Kim
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mark A. Rocco
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Dujduan Waraho-Zhmayev
- Biological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Matthew P. DeLisa
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Cornell Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, 130 Biotechnology Building, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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13
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Engineered Fully Human Single-Chain Monoclonal Antibodies to PIM2 Kinase. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216436. [PMID: 34770845 PMCID: PMC8588357 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proviral integration site of Moloney virus-2 (PIM2) is overexpressed in multiple human cancer cells and high level is related to poor prognosis; thus, PIM2 kinase is a rational target of anti-cancer therapeutics. Several chemical inhibitors targeting PIMs/PIM2 or their downstream signaling molecules have been developed for treatment of different cancers. However, their off-target toxicity is common in clinical trials, so they could not be advanced to official approval for clinical application. Here, we produced human single-chain antibody fragments (HuscFvs) to PIM2 by using phage display library, which was constructed in a way that a portion of phages in the library carried HuscFvs against human own proteins on their surface with the respective antibody genes in the phage genome. Bacterial derived-recombinant PIM2 (rPIM2) was used as an antigenic bait to fish out the rPIM2-bound phages from the library. Three E. coli clones transfected with the HuscFv genes derived from the rPIM2-bound phages expressed HuscFvs that bound also to native PIM2 from cancer cells. The HuscFvs presumptively interact with the PIM2 at the ATP binding pocket and kinase active loop. They were as effective as small chemical drug inhibitor (AZD1208, which is an ATP competitive inhibitor of all PIM isoforms for ex vivo use) in inhibiting PIM kinase activity. The HuscFvs should be engineered into a cell-penetrating format and tested further towards clinical application as a novel and safe pan-anti-cancer therapeutics.
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14
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Wang B, Gallolu Kankanamalage S, Dong J, Liu Y. Optimization of therapeutic antibodies. Antib Ther 2021; 4:45-54. [PMID: 33928235 PMCID: PMC7944496 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we have summarized the current landscape of therapeutic antibody optimization for successful development. By engineering antibodies with display technology, computer-aided design and site mutagenesis, various properties of the therapeutic antibody candidates can be improved with the purpose of enhancing their safety, efficacy and developability. These properties include antigen binding affinity and specificity, biological efficacy, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, immunogenicity and physicochemical developability features. A best-in-class strategy may require the optimization of all these properties to generate a good therapeutic antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Ab Studio, Inc. Hayward, CA 94545, USA
| | | | | | - Yue Liu
- Ab Studio, Inc. Hayward, CA 94545, USA
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15
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Valldorf B, Hinz SC, Russo G, Pekar L, Mohr L, Klemm J, Doerner A, Krah S, Hust M, Zielonka S. Antibody display technologies: selecting the cream of the crop. Biol Chem 2021; 403:455-477. [PMID: 33759431 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibody display technologies enable the successful isolation of antigen-specific antibodies with therapeutic potential. The key feature that facilitates the selection of an antibody with prescribed properties is the coupling of the protein variant to its genetic information and is referred to as genotype phenotype coupling. There are several different platform technologies based on prokaryotic organisms as well as strategies employing higher eukaryotes. Among those, phage display is the most established system with more than a dozen of therapeutic antibodies approved for therapy that have been discovered or engineered using this approach. In recent years several other technologies gained a certain level of maturity, most strikingly mammalian display. In this review, we delineate the most important selection systems with respect to antibody generation with an emphasis on recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Valldorf
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Steffen C Hinz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Giulio Russo
- Abcalis GmbH, Inhoffenstrasse 7, D-38124Braunschweig, Germany.,Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, D-38106Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lukas Pekar
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Laura Mohr
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, D-60438Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Janina Klemm
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Achim Doerner
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simon Krah
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, D-38106Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, D-64293Darmstadt, Germany
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16
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Li M, Zhao R, Chen J, Tian W, Xia C, Liu X, Li Y, Li S, Sun H, Shen T, Ren W, Sun L. Next generation of anti-PD-L1 Atezolizumab with enhanced anti-tumor efficacy in vivo. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5774. [PMID: 33707569 PMCID: PMC7952408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85329-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
FDA-approved anti-PD-L1 antibody drug Atezolizumab is a human IgG1 without glycosylation by an N297A mutation. Aglycosylation of IgG1 has been used to completely remove the unwanted Fc-mediated functions such as antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). However, aglycosylated Atezolizumab is very unstable and easy to form aggregation, which causes quick development of anti-drug antibody (ADA) in 41% of Atezolizumab-treated cancer patients, eventually leading to loss of efficacy. Here, we report the development of the anti-PD-L1 antibody drug Maxatezo, a glycosylated version of Atezolizumab, with no ADCC activity, better thermo-stability, and significantly improved anti-tumor activity in vivo. Using Atezolizumab as the starting template, we back-mutated A297N to re-install the glycosylation, and inserted a short, flexible amino acid sequence (GGGS) between G237 and G238 in the hinge region of the IgG1 heavy chain. Our data shows that insertion of GGGS, does not alter the anti-PD-L1's affinity and inhibitory activity, while completely abolishing ADCC activity. Maxatezo has a similar glycosylation profile and expression level (up to 5.4 g/L) as any normal human IgG1. Most importantly, Maxatezo's thermal stability is much better than Atezolizumab, as evidenced by dramatic increases of Tm1 from 63.55 °C to 71.01 °C and Tagg from 60.7 °C to 71.2 °C. Furthermore, the levels of ADA in mice treated with Maxatezo were significantly lower compared with animals treated with Atezolizumab. Most importantly, at the same dose (10 mg/kg), the tumor growth inhibition rate of Maxatezo was 98%, compared to 68% for Atezolizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maohua Li
- AbMax BioPharmaceuticals Co., LTD, 99 Kechuang 14th Street, BDA, Beijing, 101111, China
| | | | | | - Wenzhi Tian
- ImmuneOnco Biopharma (Shanghai) Co., LTD, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxi Xia
- AbMax BioPharmaceuticals Co., LTD, 99 Kechuang 14th Street, BDA, Beijing, 101111, China
| | - Xudong Liu
- AbMax BioPharmaceuticals Co., LTD, 99 Kechuang 14th Street, BDA, Beijing, 101111, China
| | - Yingzi Li
- AbMax BioPharmaceuticals Co., LTD, 99 Kechuang 14th Street, BDA, Beijing, 101111, China
| | - Song Li
- ImmuneOnco Biopharma (Shanghai) Co., LTD, Shanghai, China
| | - Hunter Sun
- AnyGo Technology Co., LTD, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Shen
- AbMax BioPharmaceuticals Co., LTD, 99 Kechuang 14th Street, BDA, Beijing, 101111, China
| | - Wenlin Ren
- AbMax BioPharmaceuticals Co., LTD, 99 Kechuang 14th Street, BDA, Beijing, 101111, China.
| | - Le Sun
- AbMax BioPharmaceuticals Co., LTD, 99 Kechuang 14th Street, BDA, Beijing, 101111, China.
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17
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Skretas G, Ventura S. Editorial: Protein Aggregation and Solubility in Microorganisms (Archaea, Bacteria and Unicellular Eukaryotes): Implications and Applications. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:620239. [PMID: 33329506 PMCID: PMC7734127 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.620239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Skretas
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Salvador Ventura
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Lai JY, Lim TS. Infectious disease antibodies for biomedical applications: A mini review of immune antibody phage library repertoire. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:640-648. [PMID: 32650013 PMCID: PMC7340592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibody phage display is regarded as a critical tool for the development of monoclonal antibodies for infectious diseases. The different classes of antibody libraries are classified based on the source of repertoire used to generate the libraries. Immune antibody libraries are generated from disease infected host or immunization against an infectious agent. Antibodies derived from immune libraries are distinct from those derived from naïve libraries as the host's in vivo immune mechanisms shape the antibody repertoire to yield high affinity antibodies. As the immune system is constantly evolving in accordance to the health state of an individual, immune libraries can offer more than just infection-specific antibodies but also antibodies derived from the memory B-cells much like naïve libraries. The combinatorial nature of the gene cloning process would give rise to a combination of natural and un-natural antibody gene pairings in the immune library. These factors have a profound impact on the coverage of immune antibody libraries to target both disease-specific and non-disease specific antigens. This review looks at the diverse nature of antibody responses for immune library generation and discusses the extended potential of a disease-specified immune library in the context of phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yi Lai
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia; Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia.
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19
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Zhang J, Zhao Y, Cao Y, Yu Z, Wang G, Li Y, Ye X, Li C, Lin X, Song H. sRNA-Based Screening Chromosomal Gene Targets and Modular Designing Escherichia coli for High-Titer Production of Aglycosylated Immunoglobulin G. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1385-1394. [PMID: 32396719 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The production of the aglycosylated immunoglobulin G (IgG) in Escherichia coli has received wide interest for its analytical and therapeutic applications. To enhance the production titer of IgG, we first used synthetic sRNAs to perform a systematical analysis of the gene expression in the translational level in the glycolytic pathway (module 1) and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (module 2) to reveal the critical genes for the efficient IgG production. Second, to provide sufficient amino acid precursors for the protein biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis pathways (module 3) were enhanced to facilitate the IgG production. Upon integrated engineering of these genes in the three modules (module 1, aceF; module 2, gltA and acnA; module 3, serB) and optimization of fermentation conditions, the recombinant E. coli enabled a titer of the full-assembled IgG of 4.5 ± 0.6 mg/L in flask cultures and 184 ± 9.2 mg/L in the 5 L high cell density fed-batch fermenter, which is, as far as we know, the highest reported titer of IgG production in recombinant E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yanshu Zhao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yingxiu Cao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhenpeng Yu
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province 225100, P. R. China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province 225100, P. R. China
| | - Yiqun Li
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province 225100, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiong Ye
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province 225100, P. R. China
| | - Congfa Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Xue Lin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Hao Song
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), and School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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20
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Streamlined human antibody generation and optimization by exploiting designed immunoglobulin loci in a B cell line. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:1545-1561. [PMID: 32457406 PMCID: PMC8166883 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0440-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are widely utilized as therapeutic drugs for various diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. Using the avian-derived B cell line DT40, we previously developed an antibody display technology, namely, the ADLib system, which rapidly generates antigen-specific mAbs. Here, we report the development of a human version of the ADLib system and showcase the streamlined generation and optimization of functional human mAbs. Tailored libraries were first constructed by replacing endogenous immunoglobulin genes with designed human counterparts. From these libraries, clones producing full-length human IgGs against distinct antigens can be isolated, as exemplified by the selection of antagonistic mAbs. Taking advantage of avian biology, effective affinity maturation was achieved in a straightforward manner by seamless diversification of the parental clones into secondary libraries followed by single-cell sorting, quickly affording mAbs with improved affinities and functionalities. Collectively, we demonstrate that the human ADLib system could serve as an integrative platform with unique diversity for rapid de novo generation and optimization of therapeutic or diagnostic antibody leads. Furthermore, our results suggest that libraries can be constructed by introducing exogenous genes into DT40 cells, indicating that the ADLib system has the potential to be applied for the rapid and effective directed evolution and optimization of proteins in various fields beyond biomedicine.
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21
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Sidorin EV, Khomenko VA, Kim NY, Solov'eva TF. Chaperone and Immunoglobulin-Binding Activities of Skp Protein from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:80-89. [PMID: 32079519 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Here, we determined qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the chaperone and immunoglobulin-binding activities of recombinant Skp protein (rSkp) from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis using the methods of dynamic light scattering and surface plasmon resonance. Commercial human polyclonal IgG and Fc and Fab fragments of human IgG were used as substrate proteins. The activity of rSkp strongly depended on the medium pH. The most stable low-molecular-weight complexes with a hydrodynamic radius up to 10 nm were formed by rSkp and protein substrates at acidic pH values. Under these conditions, rSkp exhibited the lowest propensity to self-association and the highest affinity for human IgG and its Fc and Fab fragments, as well as prevented their aggregation most efficiently (i.e., demonstrated the maximal chaperone activity). As the medium pH increased, the affinity of rSkp for IgG and its fragments decreased; rSkp was not able to completely prevent the aggregation of protein substrates, but significantly slowed it down. The obtained information may be of practical interest, since the stability of therapeutic IgG preparations affects their safety and efficacy in medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Sidorin
- Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia.
| | - V A Khomenko
- Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | - N Yu Kim
- Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
| | - T F Solov'eva
- Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia
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22
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Zhang J, Zhao Y, Cao Y, Yu Z, Wang G, Li Y, Ye X, Li C, Lin X, Song H. Synthetic sRNA-Based Engineering of Escherichia coli for Enhanced Production of Full-Length Immunoglobulin G. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e1900363. [PMID: 32034883 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) receives considerable attention in the pharmaceutical industry. There has been an increasing interest in the expression of mAbs in Escherichia coli for analytical and therapeutic applications in recent years. Here, a modular synthetic biology approach is developed to rationally engineer E. coli by designing three functional modules to facilitate high-titer production of immunoglobulin G (IgG). First, a bicistronic expression system is constructed and the expression of the key genes in the pyruvate metabolism is tuned by the technologies of synthetic sRNA translational repression and gene overexpression, thus enhancing the cellular material and energy metabolism of E. coli for IgG biosynthesis (module 1). Second, to prevent the IgG biodegradation by proteases, the expression of a number of key proteases is identified and inhibited via synthetic sRNAs (module 2). Third, molecular chaperones are co-expressed to promote the secretion and folding of IgG (module 3). Synergistic integration of the three modules into the resulting recombinant E. coli results in a yield of the full-length IgG ≈150 mg L-1 in a 5L fed-batch bioreactor. The modular synthetic biology approach could be of general use in the production of recombinant mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE) , School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yanshu Zhao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE) , School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yingxiu Cao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE) , School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhenpeng Yu
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225100, P. R. China
| | - Guoping Wang
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225100, P. R. China
| | - Yiqun Li
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225100, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiong Ye
- Yangzhou Lianao Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and Yangzhou Aurisco Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wanmei Road No. 5, Hanjiang Economic Development Zone, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225100, P. R. China
| | - Congfa Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Xue Lin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Hao Song
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE) , School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
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23
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Leith EM, O'Dell WB, Ke N, McClung C, Berkmen M, Bergonzo C, Brinson RG, Kelman Z. Characterization of the internal translation initiation region in monoclonal antibodies expressed in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18046-18056. [PMID: 31604819 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent an important platform for the development of biotherapeutic products. Most mAbs are produced in mammalian cells, but several mAbs are made in Escherichia coli, including therapeutic fragments. The NISTmAb is a well-characterized reference material made widely available to facilitate the development of both originator biologics and biosimilars. Here, when expressing NISTmAb from codon-optimized constructs in E. coli (eNISTmAb), a truncated variant of its heavy chain was observed. N-terminal protein sequencing and mutagenesis analyses indicated that the truncation resulted from an internal translation initiation from a GTG codon (encoding Val) within eNISTmAb. Using computational and biochemical approaches, we demonstrate that this translation initiates from a weak Shine-Dalgarno sequence and is facilitated by a putative ribosomal protein S1-binding site. We also observed similar internal initiation in the mAb adalimumab (the amino acid sequence of the drug Humira) when expressed in E. coli Of note, these internal initiation regions were likely an unintended result of the codon optimization for E. coli expression, and the amino acid pattern from which it is derived was identified as a Pro-Ser-X-X-X-Val motif. We discuss the implications of our findings for E. coli protein expression and codon optimization and outline possible strategies for reducing the likelihood of internal translation initiation and truncated product formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Leith
- Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - William B O'Dell
- Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850; National Institute of Standards and Technology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Na Ke
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938
| | | | | | - Christina Bergonzo
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Robert G Brinson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Zvi Kelman
- Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850; National Institute of Standards and Technology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850.
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24
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Hu FJ, Lundqvist M, Uhlén M, Rockberg J. SAMURAI (Solid-phase Assisted Mutagenesis by Uracil Restriction for Accurate Integration) for antibody affinity maturation and paratope mapping. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:e34. [PMID: 30715449 PMCID: PMC6451119 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutagenesis libraries are essential for combinatorial protein engineering. Despite improvements in gene synthesis and directed mutagenesis, current methodologies still have limitations regarding the synthesis of complete antibody single-chain variable fragment (scFv) genes and simultaneous diversification of all six CDRs. Here, we describe the generation of mutagenesis libraries for antibody affinity maturation using a cell-free solid-phase technique for annealing of single-strand mutagenic oligonucleotides. The procedure consists of PCR-based incorporation of uracil into a wild-type template, bead-based capture, elution of single-strand DNA, and in vitro uracil excision enzyme based degradation of the template DNA. Our approach enabled rapid (8 hours) mutagenesis and automated cloning of 50 position-specific alanine mutants for mapping of a scFv antibody paratope. We further exemplify our method by generating affinity maturation libraries with diversity introduced in critical, nonessential, or all CDR positions randomly. Assessment with Illumina deep sequencing showed less than 1% wild-type in two libraries and the ability to diversify all CDR positions simultaneously. Selections of the libraries with bacterial display and deep sequencing evaluation of the selection output showed that diversity introduced in non-essential positions allowed for a more effective enrichment of improved binders compared to the other two diversification strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Jingxin Hu
- KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Protein Science, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lundqvist
- KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Protein Science, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Protein Science, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.,KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna 171 65, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Johan Rockberg
- KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Protein Science, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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McKenna R, Lombana TN, Yamada M, Mukhyala K, Veeravalli K. Engineered sigma factors increase full-length antibody expression in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2019; 52:315-323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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26
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Hu FJ, Volk AL, Persson H, Säll A, Borrebaeck C, Uhlen M, Rockberg J. Combination of phage and Gram-positive bacterial display of human antibody repertoires enables isolation of functional high affinity binders. N Biotechnol 2018; 45:80-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Jo M, Hwang B, Yoon HW, Jung ST. Escherichia coli inner membrane display system for high-throughput screening of dimeric proteins. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:2849-2858. [PMID: 30171695 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Multimer formation is indispensable to the intrinsicbiologicalfunctions of many natural proteins. For example, the human immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody has two variable regions (heavy chain variable domain [VH] and light chain variable domain [VL]) that must be assembled for specific antigen binding, and homodimerization of the antibody's Fc domain is essential for eliciting therapeutic effector functions. For the more efficient high-throughput directed evolution of multimeric proteins with ease of cultivation and handling, here we report a membrane protein drift and assembly (MPDA) system, in which a multimeric protein is displayed on a bacterial inner membrane by drifting and auto-assembling membrane-anchored subunit polypeptides. This system enabled the auto-assembly of membrane-tethered Fv domains (VH and VL) or the monomeric Fc domain into a functional hetero- or homodimeric protein complex on the bacterial inner membrane. This system could also be used to enrich a desired engineered Fc variant from a mixture containing a million-fold excess of wild-type Fc domain, indicating the applicability of the MPDA system for the high-throughput directed evolution of a variety of multimeric proteins, such as cytokines, enzymes, or structural proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Migyeong Jo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bora Hwang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Woung Yoon
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Taek Jung
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea
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28
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Mason DM, Weber CR, Parola C, Meng SM, Greiff V, Kelton WJ, Reddy ST. High-throughput antibody engineering in mammalian cells by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology-directed mutagenesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:7436-7449. [PMID: 29931269 PMCID: PMC6101513 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody engineering is often performed to improve therapeutic properties by directed evolution, usually by high-throughput screening of phage or yeast display libraries. Engineering antibodies in mammalian cells offer advantages associated with expression in their final therapeutic format (full-length glycosylated IgG); however, the inability to express large and diverse libraries severely limits their potential throughput. To address this limitation, we have developed homology-directed mutagenesis (HDM), a novel method which extends the concept of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology-directed repair (HDR). HDM leverages oligonucleotides with degenerate codons to generate site-directed mutagenesis libraries in mammalian cells. By improving HDR to a robust efficiency of 15-35% and combining mammalian display screening with next-generation sequencing, we validated this approach can be used for key applications in antibody engineering at high-throughput: rational library construction, novel variant discovery, affinity maturation and deep mutational scanning (DMS). We anticipate that HDM will be a valuable tool for engineering and optimizing antibodies in mammalian cells, and eventually enable directed evolution of other complex proteins and cellular therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M Mason
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Cédric R Weber
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Parola
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel 4058, Switzerland
- Life Science Graduate School, Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Simon M Meng
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Victor Greiff
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - William J Kelton
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Sai T Reddy
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel 4058, Switzerland
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29
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Reddy PT, Brinson RG, Hoopes JT, McClung C, Ke N, Kashi L, Berkmen M, Kelman Z. Platform development for expression and purification of stable isotope labeled monoclonal antibodies in Escherichia coli. MAbs 2018; 10:992-1002. [PMID: 30060704 PMCID: PMC6204800 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1496879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as a platform for therapeutic drug development in the pharmaceutical industry has led to an increased interest in robust experimental approaches for assessment of mAb structure, stability and dynamics. The ability to enrich proteins with stable isotopes is a prerequisite for the in-depth application of many structural and biophysical methods, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), small angle neutron scattering, neutron reflectometry, and quantitative mass spectrometry. While mAbs can typically be produced with very high yields using mammalian cell expression, stable isotope labeling using cell culture is expensive and often impractical. The most common and cost-efficient approach to label proteins is to express proteins in Escherichia coli grown in minimal media; however, such methods for mAbs have not been reported to date. Here we present, for the first time, the expression and purification of a stable isotope labeled mAb from a genetically engineered E. coli strain capable of forming disulfide bonds in its cytoplasm. It is shown using two-dimensional NMR spectral fingerprinting that the unlabeled mAb and the mAb singly or triply labeled with 13C, 15N, 2H are well folded, with only minor structural differences relative to the mammalian cell-produced mAb that are attributed to the lack of glycosylation in the Fc domain. This advancement of an E. coli-based mAb expression platform will facilitate the production of mAbs for in-depth structural characterization, including the high resolution investigation of mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad T Reddy
- a Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - Robert G Brinson
- b Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - J Todd Hoopes
- a Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
| | | | - Na Ke
- c New England Biolabs , Ipswich , MA , USA
| | - Lila Kashi
- a Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
| | | | - Zvi Kelman
- a Biomolecular Labeling Laboratory, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland , Rockville , MD , USA
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30
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Jimenez-Sandoval P, Madrigal-Carrillo EA, Santamaría-Suárez HA, Maturana D, Rentería-González I, Benitez-Cardoza CG, Torres-Larios A, Brieba LG. Mimicking a p53-MDM2 interaction based on a stable immunoglobulin-like domain scaffold. Proteins 2018; 86:802-812. [PMID: 29696695 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies recognize protein targets with great affinity and specificity. However, posttranslational modifications and the presence of intrinsic disulfide-bonds pose difficulties for their industrial use. The immunoglobulin fold is one of the most ubiquitous folds in nature and it is found in many proteins besides antibodies. An example of a protein family with an immunoglobulin-like fold is the Cysteine Protease Inhibitors (ICP) family I42 of the MEROPs database for protease and protease inhibitors. Members of this protein family are thermostable and do not present internal disulfide bonds. Crystal structures of several ICPs indicate that they resemble the Ig-like domain of the human T cell co-receptor CD8α As ICPs present 2 flexible recognition loops that vary accordingly to their targeted protease, we hypothesize that members of this protein family would be ideal to design peptide aptamers that mimic protein-protein interactions. Herein, we use an ICP variant from Entamoeba histolytica (EhICP1) to mimic the interaction between p53 and MDM2. We found that a 13 amino-acid peptide derived from p53 can be introduced in 2 variable loops (DE, FG) but not the third (BC). Chimeric EhICP1-p53 form a stable complex with MDM2 at a micromolar range. Crystal structure of the EhICP1-p53(FG)-loop variant in complex with MDM2 reveals a swapping subdomain between 2 chimeric molecules, however, the p53 peptide interacts with MDM2 as in previous crystal structures. The structural details of the EhICP1-p53(FG) interaction with MDM2 resemble the interaction between an antibody and MDM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Jimenez-Sandoval
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado Postal 629, Irapuato, Guanajuato, CP 36821, México
| | - Ezequiel A Madrigal-Carrillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70-243, Mexico City, 04510, México
| | - Hugo A Santamaría-Suárez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70-243, Mexico City, 04510, México
| | - Daniel Maturana
- NanoTemper Technologies GmbH, Floessergasse 4, Munich, 81369, Germany
| | - Itzel Rentería-González
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado Postal 629, Irapuato, Guanajuato, CP 36821, México
| | - Claudia G Benitez-Cardoza
- Laboratorio de Investigación Bioquímica, Programa Institucional en Biomedicina Molecular ENMyH-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Guillermo Massieu Helguera No. 239, La Escalera Ticoman, D.F, Mexico City, 07320, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Torres-Larios
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70-243, Mexico City, 04510, México
| | - Luis G Brieba
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apartado Postal 629, Irapuato, Guanajuato, CP 36821, México
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31
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Gunnarsen KS, Høydahl LS, Neumann RS, Bjerregaard-Andersen K, Nilssen NR, Sollid LM, Sandlie I, Løset GÅ. Soluble T-cell receptor design influences functional yield in an E. coli chaperone-assisted expression system. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195868. [PMID: 29649333 PMCID: PMC5897000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a quest for production of soluble protein of high quality for the study of T-cell receptors (TCRs), but expression often results in low yields of functional molecules. In this study, we used an E. coli chaperone-assisted periplasmic production system and compared expression of 4 different soluble TCR formats: single-chain TCR (scTCR), two different disulfide-linked TCR (dsTCR) formats, and chimeric Fab (cFab). A stabilized version of scTCR was also included. Additionally, we evaluated the influence of host (XL1-Blue or RosettaBlueTM) and the effect of IPTG induction on expression profiles. A celiac disease patient-derived TCR with specificity for gluten was used, and we achieved detectable expression for all formats and variants. We found that expression in RosettaBlueTM without IPTG induction resulted in the highest periplasmic yields. Moreover, after large-scale expression and protein purification, only the scTCR format was obtained in high yields. Importantly, stability engineering of the scTCR was a prerequisite for obtaining reliable biophysical characterization of the TCR-pMHC interaction. The scTCR format is readily compatible with high-throughput screening approaches that may enable both development of reagents allowing for defined peptide MHC (pMHC) characterization and discovery of potential novel therapeutic leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Støen Gunnarsen
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lene Støkken Høydahl
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ralf Stefan Neumann
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Nicolay Rustad Nilssen
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig Magne Sollid
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Åge Løset
- Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Nextera AS, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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32
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Bowers PM, Boyle WJ, Damoiseaux R. The Use of Somatic Hypermutation for the Affinity Maturation of Therapeutic Antibodies. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1827:479-489. [PMID: 30196512 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8648-4_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The engineering of antibodies and antibody fragments for affinity maturation, stability, and other biophysical characteristics is a common aspect of therapeutic development. Maturation of antibodies in B cells during the adaptive immune response is the result of a process called somatic hypermutation (SHM), in which the activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) acts to introduce mutations into immunoglobulin (Ig) genes. Iterative selection and clonal expansion of B cells containing affinity-enhancing mutations drive an increase in the overall affinity of antibodies. Here we describe the use of SHM coupled with mammalian cell surface display for the maturation of antibodies in vitro and the complementarity of these methods with the mining of immune lineages using next-generation sequencing (NGS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Bowers
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - William J Boyle
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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33
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The state-of-play and future of antibody therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 122:2-19. [PMID: 27916504 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been over four decades since the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using a hybridoma cell line was first reported. Since then more than thirty therapeutic antibodies have been marketed, mostly as oncology, autoimmune and inflammatory therapeutics. While antibodies are very efficient, their cost-effectiveness has always been discussed owing to their high costs, accumulating to more than one billion dollars from preclinical development through to market approval. Because of this, therapeutic antibodies are inaccessible to some patients in both developed and developing countries. The growing interest in biosimilar antibodies as affordable versions of therapeutic antibodies may provide alternative treatment options as well potentially decreasing costs. As certain markets begin to capitalize on this opportunity, regulatory authorities continue to refine the requirements for demonstrating quality, efficacy and safety of biosimilar compared to originator products. In addition to biosimilars, innovations in antibody engineering are providing the opportunity to design biobetter antibodies with improved properties to maximize efficacy. Enhancing effector function, antibody drug conjugates (ADC) or targeting multiple disease pathways via multi-specific antibodies are being explored. The manufacturing process of antibodies is also moving forward with advancements relating to host cell production and purification processes. Studies into the physical and chemical degradation pathways of antibodies are contributing to the design of more stable proteins guided by computational tools. Moreover, the delivery and pharmacokinetics of antibody-based therapeutics are improving as optimized formulations are pursued through the implementation of recent innovations in the field.
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34
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Salema V, Fernández LÁ. Escherichia coli surface display for the selection of nanobodies. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:1468-1484. [PMID: 28772027 PMCID: PMC5658595 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies (Nbs) are the smallest functional antibody fragments known in nature and have multiple applications in biomedicine or environmental monitoring. Nbs are derived from the variable segment of camelid heavy chain-only antibodies, known as VHH. For selection, libraries of VHH gene segments from naïve, immunized animals or of synthetic origin have been traditionally cloned in E. coli phage display or yeast display systems, and clones binding the target antigen recovered, usually from plastic surfaces with the immobilized antigen (phage display) or using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS; yeast display). This review briefly describes these conventional approaches and focuses on the distinct properties of an E. coli display system developed in our laboratory, which combines the benefits of both phage display and yeast display systems. We demonstrate that E. coli display using an N-terminal domain of intimin is an effective platform for the surface display of VHH libraries enabling selection of high-affinity Nbs by magnetic cell sorting and direct selection on live mammalian cells displaying the target antigen on their surface. Flow cytometry analysis of E. coli bacteria displaying the Nbs on their surface allows monitoring of the selection process, facilitates screening, characterization of antigen-binding clones, specificity, ligand competition and estimation of the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valencio Salema
- Department of Microbial BiotechnologyCentro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Luis Ángel Fernández
- Department of Microbial BiotechnologyCentro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)MadridSpain
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35
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Fang Y, Chu TH, Ackerman ME, Griswold KE. Going native: Direct high throughput screening of secreted full-length IgG antibodies against cell membrane proteins. MAbs 2017; 9:1253-1261. [PMID: 28933630 PMCID: PMC5680790 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1381812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gel microdroplet – fluorescence activated cell sorting (GMD-FACS) is an innovative high throughput screening platform for recombinant protein libraries, and we show here that GMD-FACS can overcome many of the limitations associated with conventional screening methods for antibody libraries. For example, phage and cell surface display benefit from exceptionally high throughput, but generally require high quality, soluble antigen target and necessitate the use of anchored antibody fragments. In contrast, the GMD-FACS assay can screen for soluble, secreted, full-length IgGs at rates of several thousand clones per second, and the technique enables direct screening against membrane protein targets in their native cellular context. In proof-of-concept experiments, rare anti-EGFR antibody clones were efficiently enriched from a 10,000-fold excess of anti-CCR5 clones in just three days. Looking forward, GMD-FACS has the potential to contribute to antibody discovery and engineering for difficult targets, such as ion channels and G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Fang
- a Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth , Hanover , NH , USA
| | - Thach H Chu
- a Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth , Hanover , NH , USA
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- a Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth , Hanover , NH , USA.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Dartmouth , Hanover , NH , USA
| | - Karl E Griswold
- a Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth , Hanover , NH , USA.,c Immunology & Cancer Immunotherapy Program, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center , Lebanon , NH , USA.,d Department of Biological Sciences , Dartmouth , Hanover , NH.,e Department of Chemistry , Dartmouth , Hanover , NH , USA
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36
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Bick MJ, Greisen PJ, Morey KJ, Antunes MS, La D, Sankaran B, Reymond L, Johnsson K, Medford JI, Baker D. Computational design of environmental sensors for the potent opioid fentanyl. eLife 2017; 6:28909. [PMID: 28925919 PMCID: PMC5655540 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the computational design of proteins that bind the potent analgesic fentanyl. Our approach employs a fast docking algorithm to find shape complementary ligand placement in protein scaffolds, followed by design of the surrounding residues to optimize binding affinity. Co-crystal structures of the highest affinity binder reveal a highly preorganized binding site, and an overall architecture and ligand placement in close agreement with the design model. We use the designs to generate plant sensors for fentanyl by coupling ligand binding to design stability. The method should be generally useful for detecting toxic hydrophobic compounds in the environment. Many small molecules, including toxins and some medicines, have flexible structures, which makes it difficult to detect and/or neutralize them. The pain medication fentanyl, for example, can rotate to adopt many shapes. In recent years, fentanyl drug abuse has become increasingly common, and the drug is often illegally produced. The number of deaths caused by fentanyl has risen greatly, which provides a strong reason to find new ways to detect this and other drugs. Now, Baker et al. have created new sensors that are able to detect fentanyl. First, the 11 most likely shapes that fentanyl could adopt were identified based on known information about the structure of the molecule. Then, a computer program was used to design proteins that were predicted to strongly bind to these most common shapes. Next, genes that coded for these proteins were synthesized in the laboratory and introduced into bacteria, which read the genes to build the proteins. Similar to a well-fitted lock and key, the shape of the newly designed protein had to complement a likely shape of the fentanyl molecule. Baker et al. used a technique called X-ray crystallography to visualize the proteins in atomic detail and confirm that these fentanyl-binders matched their corresponding computational models. Those proteins that bound fentanyl best were then engineered into plant cells, and later into whole plants, together with reporter systems that gave signals when the sensors detected fentanyl. In future, these specifically synthesized proteins could be integrated into entire panels of plants or other systems to detect toxins and other harmful chemicals. Such systems would be of interest in a medical setting and for detecting environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Bick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Per J Greisen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Kevin J Morey
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - Mauricio S Antunes
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - David La
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, United States
| | - Luc Reymond
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai Johnsson
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Chemical Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - June I Medford
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, United States
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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Rodriguez C, Nam DH, Kruchowy E, Ge X. Efficient Antibody Assembly in E. coli Periplasm by Disulfide Bond Folding Factor Co-expression and Culture Optimization. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 183:520-529. [PMID: 28488120 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones and protein folding factors of bacterial periplasmic space play important roles in assisting disulfide bond formation and proper protein folding. In this study, effects of disulfide bond protein (Dsb) families were investigated on assembly of 3F3 Fab, an antibody inhibitor targeting matrix metalloproteinase-14 (MMP-14). By optimizing DsbA/C co-expression, promoter for 3F3 Fab, host strains, and culture media and conditions, a high yield of 30-mg purified 3F3 Fab per liter culture was achieved. Produced 3F3 Fab exhibited binding affinity of 34 nM and inhibition potency of 970 nM. This established method of DsbA/C co-expression can be applied to produce other important disulfide bond-dependent recombinant proteins in E. coli periplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rodriguez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Dong Hyun Nam
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Xencor Inc., 111 W Lemon Ave., Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA
| | - Evan Kruchowy
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Xin Ge
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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Mistranslation: from adaptations to applications. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:3070-3080. [PMID: 28153753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conservation of the genetic code indicates that there was a single origin, but like all genetic material, the cell's interpretation of the code is subject to evolutionary pressure. Single nucleotide variations in tRNA sequences can modulate codon assignments by altering codon-anticodon pairing or tRNA charging. Either can increase translation errors and even change the code. The frozen accident hypothesis argued that changes to the code would destabilize the proteome and reduce fitness. In studies of model organisms, mistranslation often acts as an adaptive response. These studies reveal evolutionary conserved mechanisms to maintain proteostasis even during high rates of mistranslation. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review discusses the evolutionary basis of altered genetic codes, how mistranslation is identified, and how deviations to the genetic code are exploited. We revisit early discoveries of genetic code deviations and provide examples of adaptive mistranslation events in nature. Lastly, we highlight innovations in synthetic biology to expand the genetic code. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The genetic code is still evolving. Mistranslation increases proteomic diversity that enables cells to survive stress conditions or suppress a deleterious allele. Genetic code variants have been identified by genome and metagenome sequence analyses, suppressor genetics, and biochemical characterization. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the mechanisms of translation and genetic code deviations enables the design of new codes to produce novel proteins. Engineering the translation machinery and expanding the genetic code to incorporate non-canonical amino acids are valuable tools in synthetic biology that are impacting biomedical research. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Biochemistry of Synthetic Biology - Recent Developments" Guest Editor: Dr. Ilka Heinemann and Dr. Patrick O'Donoghue.
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Strutton B, Jaffé SRP, Pandhal J, Wright PC. Generation of Recombinant N-Linked Glycoproteins in E. coli. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1586:233-250. [PMID: 28470609 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6887-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The production of N-linked recombinant glycoproteins is possible in a variety of biotechnology host cells, and more recently in the bacterial workhorse, Escherichia coli. This methods chapter will outline the components and procedures needed to produce N-linked glycoproteins in E. coli, utilizing Campylobacter jejuni glycosylation machinery, although other related genes can be used with minimal tweaks to this methodology. To ensure a successful outcome, various methods will be highlighted that can confirm glycoprotein production to a high degree of confidence, including the gold standard of mass spectrometry analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Strutton
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Stephen R P Jaffé
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Jagroop Pandhal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Phillip C Wright
- Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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40
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Tinberg CE, Khare SD. Improving Binding Affinity and Selectivity of Computationally Designed Ligand-Binding Proteins Using Experiments. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1414:155-171. [PMID: 27094290 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3569-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to de novo design proteins that can bind small molecules has wide implications for synthetic biology and medicine. Combining computational protein design with the high-throughput screening of mutagenic libraries of computationally designed proteins is emerging as a general approach for creating binding proteins with programmable binding modes, affinities, and selectivities. The computational step enables the creation of a binding site in a protein that otherwise does not (measurably) bind the intended ligand, and targeted mutagenic screening allows for validation and refinement of the computational model as well as provides orders-of-magnitude increases in the binding affinity. Deep sequencing of mutagenic libraries can provide insights into the mutagenic binding landscape and enable further affinity improvements. Moreover, in such a combined computational-experimental approach where the binding mode is preprogrammed and iteratively refined, selectivity can be achieved (and modulated) by the placement of specified amino acid side chain groups around the ligand in defined orientations. Here, we describe the experimental aspects of a combined computational-experimental approach for designing-using the software suite Rosetta-proteins that bind a small molecule of choice and engineering, using fluorescence-activated cell sorting and high-throughput yeast surface display, high affinity and ligand selectivity. We illustrated the utility of this approach by performing the design of a selective digoxigenin (DIG)-binding protein that, after affinity maturation, binds DIG with picomolar affinity and high selectivity over structurally related steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Tinberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Amgen, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
| | - Sagar D Khare
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Center for Integrative Proteomics Research, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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Abstract
Since the development of therapeutic antibodies the demand of recombinant human antibodies is steadily increasing. Traditionally, therapeutic antibodies were generated by immunization of rat or mice, the generation of hybridoma clones, cloning of the antibody genes and subsequent humanization and engineering of the lead candidates. In the last few years, techniques were developed that use transgenic animals with a human antibody gene repertoire. Here, modern recombinant DNA technologies can be combined with well established immunization and hybridoma technologies to generate already affinity maturated human antibodies. An alternative are in vitro technologies which enabled the generation of fully human antibodies from antibody gene libraries that even exceed the human antibody repertoire. Specific antibodies can be isolated from these libraries in a very short time and therefore reduce the development time of an antibody drug at a very early stage.In this review, we describe different technologies that are currently used for the in vitro and in vivo generation of human antibodies.
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Lombana TN, Dillon M, Bevers J, Spiess C. Optimizing antibody expression by using the naturally occurring framework diversity in a live bacterial antibody display system. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17488. [PMID: 26631978 PMCID: PMC4668361 DOI: 10.1038/srep17488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid identification of residues that influence antibody expression and thermostability is often needed to move promising therapeutics into the clinic. To establish a method that can assess small expression differences, we developed a Bacterial Antibody Display (BAD) system that overcomes previous limitations, enabling the use of full-length formats for antibody and antigen in a live cell setting. We designed a unique library of individual framework variants using natural diversity introduced by somatic hypermutation, and screened half-antibodies for increased expression using BAD. We successfully identify variants that dramatically improve expression yields and in vitro thermostability of two therapeutically relevant antibodies in E. coli and mammalian cells. While we study antibody expression, bacterial display can now be expanded to examine the processes of protein folding and translocation. Additionally, our natural library design strategy could be applied during antibody humanization and library design for in vitro display methods to maintain expression and formulation stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Noelle Lombana
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Research and Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Michael Dillon
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Research and Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Jack Bevers
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Research and Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Christoph Spiess
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Research and Early Development, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
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Blanco-Toribio A, Álvarez-Cienfuegos A, Sainz-Pastor N, Merino N, Compte M, Sanz L, Blanco FJ, Álvarez-Vallina L. Bacterial secretion of soluble and functional trivalent scFv-based N-terminal trimerbodies. AMB Express 2015; 5:137. [PMID: 26239030 PMCID: PMC4523561 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-015-0137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies are used with great success in many different diagnostic and therapeutic applications. A variety of protein expression systems are available, but nowadays almost all therapeutic antibodies are produced in mammalian cell lines due to their complex structure and glycosylation requirements. However, production of clinical-grade antibodies in mammalian cells is very expensive and time-consuming. On the other hand, Escherichia coli (E. coli) is known to be the simplest, fastest and most cost-effective recombinant expression system, which usually achieves higher protein yields than mammalian cells. Indeed, it is one of the most popular host in the industry for the expression of recombinant proteins. In this work, a trivalent single-chain fragment variable (scFv)-based N-terminal trimerbody, specific for native laminin-111, was expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and in E. coli. Mammalian and bacterially produced anti-laminin trimerbody molecules display comparable functional and structural properties, although importantly the yield of trimerbody expressed in E. coli was considerably higher than in human cells. These results demonstrated that E. coli is a versatile and efficient expression system for multivalent trimerbody-based molecules that is suitable for their industrial production.
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Zhong N, Loppnau P, Seitova A, Ravichandran M, Fenner M, Jain H, Bhattacharya A, Hutchinson A, Paduch M, Lu V, Olszewski M, Kossiakoff AA, Dowdell E, Koide A, Koide S, Huang H, Nadeem V, Sidhu SS, Greenblatt JF, Marcon E, Arrowsmith CH, Edwards AM, Gräslund S. Optimizing Production of Antigens and Fabs in the Context of Generating Recombinant Antibodies to Human Proteins. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139695. [PMID: 26437229 PMCID: PMC4593582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed and optimized a high-throughput project workflow to generate renewable recombinant antibodies to human proteins involved in epigenetic signalling. Three different strategies to produce phage display compatible protein antigens in bacterial systems were compared, and we found that in vivo biotinylation through the use of an Avi tag was the most productive method. Phage display selections were performed on 265 in vivo biotinylated antigen domains. High-affinity Fabs (<20nM) were obtained for 196. We constructed and optimized a new expression vector to produce in vivo biotinylated Fabs in E. coli. This increased average yields up to 10-fold, with an average yield of 4 mg/L. For 118 antigens, we identified Fabs that could immunoprecipitate their full-length endogenous targets from mammalian cell lysates. One Fab for each antigen was converted to a recombinant IgG and produced in mammalian cells, with an average yield of 15 mg/L. In summary, we have optimized each step of the pipeline to produce recombinant antibodies, significantly increasing both efficiency and yield, and also showed that these Fabs and IgGs can be generally useful for chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhong
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, MaRS South tower, 101 College street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Peter Loppnau
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, MaRS South tower, 101 College street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Alma Seitova
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, MaRS South tower, 101 College street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mani Ravichandran
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, MaRS South tower, 101 College street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Maria Fenner
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, MaRS South tower, 101 College street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Harshika Jain
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, MaRS South tower, 101 College street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Anandi Bhattacharya
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, MaRS South tower, 101 College street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ashley Hutchinson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, MaRS South tower, 101 College street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Marcin Paduch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, University of Chicago, 900 East 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Vincent Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, University of Chicago, 900 East 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Michal Olszewski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, University of Chicago, 900 East 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Anthony A. Kossiakoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, University of Chicago, 900 East 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Evan Dowdell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, University of Chicago, 900 East 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Akiko Koide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, University of Chicago, 900 East 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Shohei Koide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, University of Chicago, 900 East 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Haiming Huang
- Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Vincent Nadeem
- Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Sachdev S. Sidhu
- Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Jack F. Greenblatt
- Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, MSB-4180, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Edyta Marcon
- Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Cheryl H. Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, MaRS South tower, 101 College street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Aled M. Edwards
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, MaRS South tower, 101 College street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Susanne Gräslund
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, MaRS South tower, 101 College street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- * E-mail:
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45
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Sun F, Pang X, Xie T, Zhai Y, Wang G, Sun F. BrkAutoDisplay: functional display of multiple exogenous proteins on the surface of Escherichia coli by using BrkA autotransporter. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:129. [PMID: 26337099 PMCID: PMC4558763 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial surface display technique enables the exogenous proteins or polypeptides displayed on the bacterial surface, while maintaining their relatively independent spatial structures and biological activities. The technique makes recombinant bacteria possess the expectant functions, subsequently, directly used for many applications. Many proteins could be used to achieve bacterial surface display, among them, autotransporter, a member of the type V secretion system of gram-negative bacteria, has been extensively studied because of its modular structure and apparent simplicity. However, autotransporter has not been widely used at present due to lack of a convenient genetic vector system. With our recently characterized autotransporter BrkA (Bordetella serum-resistance killing protein A) from Bordetella pertussis, we are aiming to develop a new autotransporter-based surface display system for potential wide application. Results Here, we construct a bacterial surface display system named as BrkAutoDisplay, based on the structure of autotransporter BrkA. BrkAutoDisplay is a convenient system to host exogenous genes. In our test, this system is good to efficiently display various proteins on the outer membrane surface of Escherichia coli, including green fluorescent protein (GFP), various enzymes and single chain antibody. Moreover, the displayed GFP possesses green fluorescence, the enzymes CotA, EstPc and PalA exhibit catalytic activity 0.12, 6.88 and 0.32 mU (per 5.2 × 108 living bacteria cells) respectively, and the single chain antibody fragment (scFv) can bind with its antigen strongly. Finally, we showed that C41(DE3) is a good strain of E. coli for the successful functionality of BrkAutoDisplay. Conclusions We designed a new bacterial display system called as BrkAutoDisplay and displayed various exogenous proteins on E. coli surface. Our results indicate that BrkAutoDisplay system is worthy of further study for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Sun
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xiaoyun Pang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Tian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yujia Zhai
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Ganggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Fei Sun
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China.
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46
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Efficient expression of full-length antibodies in the cytoplasm of engineered bacteria. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8072. [PMID: 26311203 PMCID: PMC4560801 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current methods for producing immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in engineered cells often require refolding steps or secretion across one or more biological membranes. Here, we describe a robust expression platform for biosynthesis of full-length IgG antibodies in the Escherichia coli cytoplasm. Synthetic heavy and light chains, both lacking canonical export signals, are expressed in specially engineered E. coli strains that permit formation of stable disulfide bonds within the cytoplasm. IgGs with clinically relevant antigen- and effector-binding activities are readily produced in the E. coli cytoplasm by grafting antigen-specific variable heavy and light domains into a cytoplasmically stable framework and remodelling the fragment crystallizable domain with amino-acid substitutions that promote binding to Fcγ receptors. The resulting cytoplasmic IgGs—named ‘cyclonals'—effectively bypass the potentially rate-limiting steps of membrane translocation and glycosylation. Current methods for production of monoclonal antibodies often require refolding steps or secretion across biological membranes. Here, Robinson et al. describe engineered E. coli strains for efficient production of functional immunoglobulin G antibodies in the bacterial cytoplasm.
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Fleetwood F, Andersson KG, Ståhl S, Löfblom J. An engineered autotransporter-based surface expression vector enables efficient display of Affibody molecules on OmpT-negative E. coli as well as protease-mediated secretion in OmpT-positive strains. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:179. [PMID: 25547008 PMCID: PMC4304625 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-014-0179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell display technologies (e.g. bacterial display) are attractive in directed evolution as they provide the option to use flow-cytometric cell sorting for selection from combinatorial libraries. The aim of this study was to engineer and investigate an expression vector system with dual functionalities: i) recombinant display of Affibody libraries on Escherichia coli for directed evolution and ii) small scale secreted production of candidate affinity proteins, allowing initial downstream characterizations prior to subcloning. Autotransporters form a class of surface proteins in Gram-negative bacteria that have potential for efficient translocation and tethering of recombinant passenger proteins to the outer membrane. We engineered a bacterial display vector based on the E. coli AIDA-I autotransporter for anchoring to the bacterial surface. Potential advantages of employing autotransporters combined with E. coli as host include: high surface expression level, high transformation frequency, alternative promoter systems available, efficient translocation to the outer membrane and tolerance for large multi-domain passenger proteins. Results The new vector was designed to comprise an expression cassette encoding for an Affibody molecule, three albumin binding domains for monitoring of surface expression levels, an Outer membrane Protease T (OmpT) recognition site for potential protease-mediated secretion of displayed affinity proteins and a histidine-tag for purification. A panel of vectors with different promoters were generated and evaluated, and suitable cultivation conditions were investigated. The results demonstrated a high surface expression level of the different evaluated Affibody molecules, high correlation between target binding and surface expression level, high signal-to-background ratio, efficient secretion and purification of binders in OmpT-positive hosts as well as tight regulation of surface expression for the titratable promoters. Importantly, a mock selection using FACS from a 1:100,000 background yielded around 20,000-fold enrichment in a single round and high viability of the isolated bacteria after sorting. Conclusions The new expression vectors are promising for combinatorial engineering of Affibody molecules and the strategy for small-scale production of soluble recombinant proteins has the potential to increase throughput of the entire discovery process. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-014-0179-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippa Fleetwood
- Division of Protein technology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ken G Andersson
- Division of Protein technology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Ståhl
- Division of Protein technology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - John Löfblom
- Division of Protein technology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Rhiel L, Krah S, Günther R, Becker S, Kolmar H, Hock B. REAL-Select: full-length antibody display and library screening by surface capture on yeast cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114887. [PMID: 25501029 PMCID: PMC4264850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel approach named REAL-Select for the non-covalent display of IgG-molecules on the surface of yeast cells for the purpose of antibody engineering and selection. It relies on the capture of secreted native full-length antibodies on the cell surface via binding to an externally immobilized ZZ domain, which tightly binds antibody Fc. It is beneficial for high-throughput screening of yeast-displayed IgG-libraries during antibody discovery and development. In a model experiment, antibody-displaying yeast cells were isolated from a 1∶1,000,000 mixture with control cells confirming the maintenance of genotype-phenotype linkage. Antibodies with improved binding characteristics were obtained by affinity maturation using REAL-Select, demonstrating the ability of this system to display antibodies in their native form and to detect subtle changes in affinity by flow cytometry. The biotinylation of the cell surface followed by functionalization with a streptavidin-ZZ fusion protein is an approach that is independent of the genetic background of the antibody-producing host and therefore can be expected to be compatible with other eukaryotic expression hosts such as P. pastoris or mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rhiel
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Serono, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simon Krah
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ralf Günther
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Serono, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Serono, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- * E-mail: (BH); (HK)
| | - Björn Hock
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Serono, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
- * E-mail: (BH); (HK)
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49
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Genetic methods of antibody generation and their use in immunohistochemistry. Methods 2014; 70:20-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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50
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Mammalian cell display technology coupling with AID induced SHM in vitro: an ideal approach to the production of therapeutic antibodies. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:380-6. [PMID: 25281392 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Traditional antibody production technology within non-mammalian cell expression systems has shown many unsatisfactory properties for the development of therapeutic antibodies. Nevertheless, mammalian cell display technology reaps the benefits of producing full-length all human antibodies. Together with the developed cytidine deaminase induced in vitro somatic hypermutation technology, mammalian cell display technology provides the opportunity to produce high affinity antibodies that might be ideal for therapeutic application. This review was concentrated on the development of the mammalian cell display technology as well as the activation-induced cytidine deaminase induced in vitro somatic hypermutation technology and their applications for the production of therapeutic antibodies.
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