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Dolai A, Bhunia S, Manna K, Bera S, Box SM, Bhattacharya K, Saha R, Sarkar S, Samanta S. Visible-Light-Sensitive Photoliquefiable Arylazoisoxazoles for the Solar Energy Conversion, Storage and Controlled-Release of Heat at Room Temperature or Lower Temperatures. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301700. [PMID: 38329884 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The photoswitchable MOlecular Solar Thermal (MOST) energy storage systems that are capable of exhibiting high energy storage densities are found to suffer from the poor cyclability, the use of less abundant UV light of the solar spectrum, or reduced charging/discharging rates and poor photoconversions in solid states. Herein, we have designed and readily synthesized a novel set of para-thioalkyl substituted arylazoisoxazoles, that undergo high trans-cis and cis-trans photoconversions under visible light, and show fast charging/discharging and impressive cyclability. Remarkably, the presence of C6-or C10-thioalkyl chainin photochromes permitted reversible solid-liquid phase transition with the formation of cis-enriched charged states by 400 nm light irradiation and trans-enriched discharged states by 530 nm light at various temperatures (10-35 °C). The solid-to-liquid phase transition enabled storage of the latent heat in addition to the isomerization energy, resulting in a high net energy storage density of 189-196 J/g, which are substantially higher than that of many recently reported azobenzene-based MOST compounds (100-161 J/g). Using a high-resolution infrared camera, we further demonstrated that a brief irradiation of green light can be employed to readily release the trapped photon energy as heat. Our results suggest that the arylazoisoxazole with C6-thioalkyl chain at para-position can serve as an effective and eco-friendly photoliquefiable MOST material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Dolai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Supriya Bhunia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Kalipada Manna
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, India
| | - Satyajit Bera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Sk Majid Box
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Kallol Bhattacharya
- Department of Applied Optics & Photonics, University of Calcutta, Sector-III, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700 106, India
| | - Ritabrata Saha
- College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kamarhati, Kolkata, 700058
| | - Subhasish Sarkar
- College of Medicine & Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kamarhati, Kolkata, 700058
| | - Subhas Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
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2
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Schatz D, Baumert ME, Kersten MC, Schneider FM, Nielsen MB, Hansmann MM, Wegner HA. para-Aminoazobenzenes-Bipolar Redox-Active Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202405618. [PMID: 38869230 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Azobenzenes (ABs) are versatile compounds featured in numerous applications for energy storage systems, such as solar thermal storages or phase change materials. Additionally, the reversible one-electron reduction of these diazenes to the nitrogen-based radical anion has been used in battery applications. Although the oxidation of ABs is normally irreversible, 4,4'-diamino substitution allows a reversible 2e- oxidation, which is attributed to the formation of a stable bis-quinoidal structure. Herein, we present a system that shows a bipolar redox behaviour. In this way, ABs can serve not only as anolytes, but also as catholytes. The resulting redox potentials can be tailored by suitable amine- and ring-substitution. For the first time, the solid-state structure of the oxidized form could be characterized by X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Schatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
- Center of Materials Research (ZfM/LaMa), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Marcel E Baumert
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology (CCB), Technical University of Dortmund, Otto-Hahn Str. 6., 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marie C Kersten
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
- Center of Materials Research (ZfM/LaMa), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Finn M Schneider
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
- Center of Materials Research (ZfM/LaMa), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | | | - Max M Hansmann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology (CCB), Technical University of Dortmund, Otto-Hahn Str. 6., 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
- Center of Materials Research (ZfM/LaMa), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Gießen, Germany
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3
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Hassan F, Tang Y, Bisoyi HK, Li Q. Photochromic Carbon Nanomaterials: An Emerging Class of Light-Driven Hybrid Functional Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2401912. [PMID: 38847224 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Photochromic molecules have remarkable potential in memory and optical devices, as well as in driving and manipulating molecular motors or actuators and many other systems using light. When photochromic molecules are introduced into carbon nanomaterials (CNMs), the resulting hybrids provide unique advantages and create new functions that can be employed in specific applications and devices. This review highlights the recent developments in diverse photochromic CNMs. Photochromic molecules and CNMs are also introduced. The fundamentals of different photochromic CNMs are discussed, including design principles and the types of interactions between CNMs and photochromic molecules via covalent interactions and non-covalent bonding such as π-π stacking, amphiphilic, electrostatic, and hydrogen bonding. Then the properties of photochromic CNMs, e.g., in photopatterning, fluorescence modulation, actuation, and photoinduced surface-relief gratings, and their applications in energy storage (solar thermal fuels, photothermal batteries, and supercapacitors), nanoelectronics (transistors, molecular junctions, photo-switchable conductance, and photoinduced electron transfer), sensors, and bioimaging are highlighted. Finally, an outlook on the challenges and opportunities in the future of photochromic CNMs is presented. This review discusses a vibrant interdisciplinary research field and is expected to stimulate further developments in nanoscience, advanced nanotechnology, intelligently responsive materials, and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathy Hassan
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, El-Gharbia, Egypt
| | - Yuqi Tang
- Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, China
| | - Hari Krishna Bisoyi
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Quan Li
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
- Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, China
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4
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Dong D, Zhang ZY, Dang T, Li T. Bis-azopyrazole Photoswitches for Efficient Solar Light Harvesting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202407186. [PMID: 38837631 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Although natural sunlight is one of the most abundant and sustainable energy resources, only a fraction of its energy is currently harnessed and utilized in photoactive systems. The development of molecular photoswitches that can be directly activated by sunlight is imperative for unlocking the full potential of solar energy and addressing the growing energy demands. Herein, we designed a series of 2-amino-1,3-bis-azopyrazoles featuring a coupled πn system, resulting in a pronounced redshift in their spectral absorption, reaching up to 661 nm in the red region. By varying the amino substituents of these molecules, highly efficient E→Z photoisomerization under unfiltered sunlight can be achieved, with yields of up to 88.4 %. Moreover, the Z,Z-isomers have high thermal stability with half-lives from days to years at room temperature. The introduction of ortho-amino substitutions and meta-bisazo units leads to a reversal of the n-π* and πn-π* transitions on the energy scale. This change provides a new perspective for further tuning the visible absorption of azo-switches by utilizing the πn-π* band instead of the conventional n-π* band. These results suggest that photoresponsive systems can be powered by sunlight instead of traditional artificial lights, thereby paving the way for sustainable smart materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tongtong Dang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Salthouse RJ, Moth-Poulsen K. Multichromophoric photoswitches for solar energy storage: from azobenzene to norbornadiene, and MOST things in between. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2024; 12:3180-3208. [PMID: 38327567 PMCID: PMC10846599 DOI: 10.1039/d3ta05972c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The ever-increasing global demands for energy supply and storage have led to numerous research efforts into finding and developing renewable energy technologies. Molecular solar thermal energy storage (MOST) systems utilise molecular photoswitches that can be isomerized to a metastable high-energy state upon solar irradiation. These high-energy isomers can then be thermally or catalytically converted back to their original state, releasing the stored energy as heat on-demand, offering a means of emission-free energy storage from a closed system, often from only organic materials. In this context, multichromophoric systems which incorporate two or more photochromic units may offer additional functionality over monosubstituted analogues, due to their potential to access multiple states as well as having more attractive physical properties. The extended conjugation offered by these systems can lead to a red shift in the absorption profile and hence a better overlap with the solar spectrum. Additionally, the multichromophoric design may lead to increased energy storage densities due to some of the molecular weight being 'shared' across several energy storage units. This review provides an overview and analysis of multichromophoric photoswitches incorporating the norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC) couple, azobenzene (AZB), dihydroazulene (DHA) and diarylethene (DAE) systems, in the context of energy storage applications. Mixed systems, where two or more different chromophores are linked together in one molecule, are also discussed, as well as limitations such as the loss of photochromism due to inner filter effects or self-quenching, and how these challenges may be overcome in future designs of multichromophoric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Salthouse
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE Eduard Maristany 16 08019 Barcelona Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE Eduard Maristany 16 08019 Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Llu'ıs Companys 23 Barcelona Spain
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivagen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
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6
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Chiodini S, Borbone F, Oscurato SL, Garcia PD, Ambrosio A. Light-induced modulation of viscoelastic properties in azobenzene polymers. NANOPHOTONICS 2024; 13:229-238. [PMID: 38283896 PMCID: PMC10808048 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Photo-induced isomerization of azobenzene molecules drives mass migrations in azopolymer samples. The resulting macroscopic directional photo-deformation of the material morphology has found many applications in literature, although the fundamental mechanisms behind this mass transfer are still under debate. Hence, it is of paramount importance to find quantitative observables that could drive the community toward a better understanding of this phenomenon. In this regard, azopolymer mechanical properties have been intensively studied, but the lack of a nanoscale technique capable of quantitative viscoelastic measurements has delayed the progress in the field. Here, we use bimodal atomic force microscopy (AFM) as a powerful technique for nanomechanical characterizations of azopolymers. With this multifrequency AFM approach, we map the azopolymer local elasticity and viscosity, with high resolution, after irradiation. We find that, while in the (previously) illuminated region, a general photo-softening is measured; locally, the Young modulus and the viscosity depend upon the inner structuring of the illuminating light spot. We then propose a possible interpretation based on a light-induced expansion plus a local alignment of the polymer chains (directional hole-burning effect), which explains the experimental observations. The possibility to access, in a reliable and quantitative way, both Young modulus and viscosity could trigger new theoretical-numerical investigations on the azopolymer mass migration dynamics since, as we show, both parameters can be considered measurable. Furthermore, our results provide a route for engineering the nanomechanical properties of azopolymers, which could find interesting applications in cell mechanobiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Chiodini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, 20134, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Borbone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cinthia Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano L. Oscurato
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, 20134, Milan, Italy
- Physics Department “E. Pancini”, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cinthia Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126Naples, Italy
| | - Pablo D. Garcia
- BYM-Ingema, Centro de Empresas del Caudal, Polígono Vega de Arriba, 33600, Mieres, Spain
| | - Antonio Ambrosio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino 81, 20134, Milan, Italy
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7
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Li J, Zhang QY, Lu XB. Azopolyesters with Intrinsic Crystallinity and Photoswitchable Reversible Solid-to-Liquid Transitions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311158. [PMID: 37738210 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we introduce a variety of azopolyesters (azobenzene-based polyesters) with remarkable intrinsic crystallinity and photoinduced reversible solid-to-liquid transition abilities from copolymerization of azobenzene-based epoxides with cyclic anhydrides. The length of the soft alkyl side-chain inlaid with azobenzenes and stereoregularity of main-chain of azopolymers have tremendous effects on crystallization properties of the resulting polyesters with melting temperature (Tm ) in the range of 51-251 °C. Moreover, some of azopolyesters possess excellently photoinduced reversible solid-to-liquid transition performance thanks to trans-cis photoisomerization of azobenzenes. Trans-azopolyesters are yellow solids with Tm s or glass transition temperatures (Tg s) above room temperature, whereas cis-polymers are red liquids with Tg s below -20 °C. These azopolyesters could be applied as novel light-switchable adhesives for quartz/quartz, wood/wood and quartz/wood adhesion, with the strength in the range of 0.73-0.89 MPa for trans-polymers. Conversely, the adhesion strength of liquefied cis-azopolyesters generated from the irradiation of trans-polymers by UV light was about 0.1 MPa, which shows light enable to control the adhesion process with high spatiotemporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiu-Yu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024, Dalian, China
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8
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Chen H, Yang C, Ren H, Zhang W, Cui X, Tang Q. Water-Soluble Azobenzene-Based Solar Thermal Fuels with Improved Long-Term Energy Storage and Energy Density. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37944917 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Azobenzene (azo)-based solar thermal fuels (STFs) have been developed to harvest and store solar energy. However, due to the lipophilicity and low energy density of azo-based STFs, the derived devices demand a large amount of toxic organic solvents for continuous and scalable energy storage. Herein, we report an ionic strategy to prepare water-soluble azo-based STFs (WASTFs) with improved energy storage performance, which can be realized through a facile quaternization reaction using commercial reagents. A family of WASTFs were synthesized, and all of them showed good water solubility, long-term thermal half-life (>30 days), and high energy storage density (a highest energy density of ∼143.6 J g-1 corresponding to an energy storage enthalpy of ∼111.8 kJ mol-1). Compared to the electrically neutral azo-based STFs with similar chemical structures, ΔH and thermal half-life (τ1/2) of the WASTFs are 2.5 times higher and 7.3 times longer, respectively. Cation-π interactions between the quaternized moieties [N+(CHx)4] and benzene moieties of azo were confirmed, which could account for their improvement of the energy storage performance. Macroscale heat release with an average temperature difference of ∼2 °C was achieved for the WASTFs prepared in this work. Generally, a novel family of WASTFs are synthesized and show great applicable prospects in fabricating advanced solar energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory for New Textile Materials and Applications, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Chang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory for New Textile Materials and Applications, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Hao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory for New Textile Materials and Applications, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xin Cui
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Technology Research Center, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qingquan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory for New Textile Materials and Applications, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
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9
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Castro F, Gancheff JS, Ramos JC, Seoane G, Bazzicalupi C, Bianchi A, Ridi F, Savastano M. A Norbornadiene-Based Molecular System for the Storage of Solar-Thermal Energy in an Aqueous Solution: Study of the Heat-Release Process Triggered by a Co(II)-Complex. Molecules 2023; 28:7270. [PMID: 37959690 PMCID: PMC10650538 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It is urgent yet challenging to develop new environmentally friendly and cost-effective sources of energy. Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems for energy capture and storage are a promising option. With this in mind, we have prepared a new water-soluble (pH > 6) norbornadiene derivative (HNBD1) whose MOST properties are reported here. HNBD1 shows a better matching to the solar spectrum compared to unmodified norbornadiene, with an onset absorbance of λonset = 364 nm. The corresponding quadricyclane photoisomer (HQC1) is quantitatively generated through the light irradiation of HNBD1. In an alkaline aqueous solution, the MOST system consists of the NBD1-/QC1- pair of deprotonated species. QC1- is very stable toward thermal back-conversion to NBD1-; it is absolutely stable at 298 K for three months and shows a marked resistance to temperature increase (half-life t½ = 587 h at 371 K). Yet, it rapidly (t½ = 11 min) releases the stored energy in the presence of the Co(II) porphyrin catalyst Co-TPPC (ΔHstorage = 65(2) kJ∙mol-1). Under the explored conditions, Co-TPPC maintains its catalytic activity for at least 200 turnovers. These results are very promising for the creation of MOST systems that work in water, a very interesting solvent for environmental sustainability, and offer a strong incentive to continue research towards this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Castro
- Área Química Inorgánica, Departamento Estrella Campos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
- Laboratorio de Química Fina, Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, By Pass de Rutas 8 y 101 s/n, Pando 91000, Uruguay;
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Jorge S. Gancheff
- Área Química Inorgánica, Departamento Estrella Campos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
| | - Juan C. Ramos
- Laboratorio de Química Fina, Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, By Pass de Rutas 8 y 101 s/n, Pando 91000, Uruguay;
- Área Química Orgánica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
| | - Gustavo Seoane
- Área Química Orgánica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Av. Gral. Flores 2124, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
| | - Carla Bazzicalupi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (A.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (A.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Francesca Ridi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; (C.B.); (A.B.); (F.R.)
- CSGI Consortium, Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Matteo Savastano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umane e Promozione della Qualità della Vita, Università Telematica San Raffaele Roma, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Roma, Italy
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10
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Singer N, Schlögl K, Zobel JP, Mihovilovic MD, González L. Singlet and Triplet Pathways Determine the Thermal Z/ E Isomerization of an Arylazopyrazole-Based Photoswitch. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8956-8961. [PMID: 37772734 PMCID: PMC10577781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the thermal isomerization mechanism of azobenzene derivatives is essential to designing photoswitches with tunable half-lives. Herein, we employ quantum chemical calculations, nonadiabatic transition state theory, and photosensitized experiments to unravel the thermal Z/E isomerization of a heteroaromatic azoswitch, the phenylazo-1,3,5-trimethylpyrazole. In contrast to the parent azobenzene, we predict two pathways to be operative at room temperature. One is a conventional ground-state reaction occurring via inversion of the aryl group, and the other is a nonadiabatic process involving intersystem crossing to the lowest-lying triplet state and back to the ground state, accompanied by a torsional motion around the azo bond. Our results illustrate that the fastest reaction rate is not controlled by the mechanism involving the lowest activation energy, but the size of the spin-orbit couplings at the crossing between the singlet and the triplet potential energy surfaces is also determinant. It is therefore mandatory to consider all of the multiple reaction pathways in azoswitches in order to predict experimental half-lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja
K. Singer
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna
Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Schlögl
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - J. Patrick Zobel
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marko D. Mihovilovic
- Institute
of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Leticia González
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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11
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Sun W, Shangguan Z, Zhang X, Dang T, Zhang ZY, Li T. Solar Efficiency of Azo-Photoswitches for Energy Conversion: A Comprehensive Assessment. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300582. [PMID: 37278140 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photoswitches can absorb solar photons and store them as chemical energy by photoisomerization, which is regarded as a promising strategy for photochemical solar energy storage. Although many efforts have been devoted to photoswitch discovery, the solar efficiency, a critical fundamental parameter assessing the solar energy conversion ability, has attracted little attention and remains to be studied comprehensively. Here we provide a systematic evaluation of the solar efficiency of typical azo-switches including azobenzenes and azopyrazoles, and gain a comprehensive understanding on its decisive factors. All the efficiencies are found below 1.0 %, far from the proposed limits for molecular solar thermal energy storage systems. Azopyrazoles exhibit remarkably higher solar efficiencies (0.59-0.94 %) than azobenzenes (0.11-0.43 %), benefiting from largely improved quantum yield and photoisomerization yield. Light filters can be used to improve the isomerization yield but inevitably narrow the usable range of solar spectrum, and these two contradictory effects ultimately reduce solar efficiencies. We envision this conflict could be resolved through developing azo-switches that afford high isomerization yields by absorbing wide-spectrum solar energy. We hope this work could promote more efforts to improve the solar efficiency of photoswitches, which is highly relevant to the prospect for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Zhichun Shangguan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Tongtong Dang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Yang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
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12
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Guo X, Cheng X, Zhang H. Light-responsive organic polaritons from first principles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23092-23099. [PMID: 37602397 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02515b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the optical properties of light-responsive organic molecules is essential for their application in photonics. We demonstrate how light-responsive organic polaritons formed inside an optical cavity can be used to modify these properties based on first principles. Specifically, we study the excited state properties of the trans-azobenzene molecule and the free base tetraphenyl porphyrin (H2TPP) molecule under weak to strong light-matter coupling. Our results show that the cavity can modulate the dispersion and absorption properties of organic molecules. Compared to the case outside the cavity, the anomalous dispersion of the trans-azobenzene molecule inside the cavity is suppressed and this suppression decreases with increasing coupling strength, showing the potential of strong light-matter coupling in manipulating the optical dipole trap of organic molecules. Moreover, by adjusting the cavity parameters to tune the strength of the light-matter coupling, we achieve free switching between symmetric Lorentz and asymmetric Fano line shapes for H2TPP polaritonic excitations. During the switching between these spectral features, we also find that the cavity can be used to control the spontaneous radiation of organic molecules via the Purcell effect. These findings provide a new pathway to manipulate the optical properties of light-responsive organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongwei Guo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Xinlu Cheng
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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13
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Sezgin B, Liu J, N. Gonçalves DP, Zhu C, Tilki T, Prévôt ME, Hegmann T. Controlling the Structure and Morphology of Organic Nanofilaments Using External Stimuli. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2023; 3:295-309. [PMID: 37601923 PMCID: PMC10436377 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.3c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
In our continuing pursuit to generate, understand, and control the morphology of organic nanofilaments formed by molecules with a bent molecular shape, we here report on two bent-core molecules specifically designed to permit a phase or morphology change upon exposure to an applied electric field or irradiation with UV light. To trigger a response to an applied electric field, conformationally rigid chiral (S,S)-2,3-difluorooctyloxy side chains were introduced, and to cause a response to UV light, an azobenzene core was incorporated into one of the arms of the rigid bent core. The phase behavior as well as structure and morphology of the formed phases and nanofilaments were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry, cross-polarized optical microscopy, circular dichroism spectropolarimetry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, UV-vis spectrophotometry, as well as X-ray diffraction experiments. Both bent-core molecules were characterized by the coexistence of two nanoscale morphologies, specifically helical nanofilaments (HNFs) and layered nanocylinders, prior to exposure to an external stimulus and independent of the cooling rate from the isotropic liquid. The application of an electric field triggers the disappearance of crystalline nanofilaments and instead leads to the formation of a tilted smectic liquid crystal phase for the material featuring chiral difluorinated side chains, whereas irradiation with UV light results in the disappearance of the nanocylinders and the sole formation of HNFs for the azobenzene-containing material. Combined results of this experimental study reveal that in addition to controlling the rate of cooling, applied electric fields and UV irradiation can be used to expand the toolkit for structural and morphological control of suitably designed bent-core molecule-based structures at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barış Sezgin
- Department
of Chemistry, Süleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Çünür, Turkey
- Advanced
Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242 United States
| | - Jiao Liu
- Advanced
Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242 United States
- Materials
Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242 United States
| | - Diana P. N. Gonçalves
- Advanced
Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242 United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State
University, Kent, Ohio 44242 United States
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
| | - Tahir Tilki
- Department
of Chemistry, Süleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Çünür, Turkey
| | - Marianne E. Prévôt
- Advanced
Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242 United States
| | - Torsten Hegmann
- Advanced
Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242 United States
- Materials
Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242 United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State
University, Kent, Ohio 44242 United States
- Brain Health
Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242 United States
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14
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Morikawa MA, Yamanaka Y, Ho Hui JK, Kimizuka N. Photoliquefaction and phase transition of m-bisazobenzenes give molecular solar thermal fuels with a high energy density. RSC Adv 2023; 13:24031-24037. [PMID: 37577092 PMCID: PMC10414017 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04595a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of m-bisazobenzene chromophores modified with various alkoxy substituents (1; methoxy, 2; ethoxy, 3; butoxy, 4; neopentyloxy) were developed for solvent-free molecular solar thermal fuels (STFs). Compounds (E,E)-1-3 in the crystalline thin film state exhibited photoliquefaction, the first example of photo-liquefiable m-bisazobenzenes. Meanwhile, (E,E)-4 did not show photoliquefaction due to the pronounced rigidity of the interdigitated molecular packing indicated by X-ray crystallography. The m-bisazobenzenes 1-4 exhibited twice the Z-to-E isomerization enthalpy compared to monoazobenzene derivatives, and the latent heat associated with the liquid-solid phase change further enhanced their heat storage capacity. To observe both exothermic Z-to-E isomerization and crystallization in a single heat-up process, the temperature increase of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) must occur at a rate that does not deviate from thermodynamic equilibrium. Bisazobenzene 1 showed an unprecedented gravimetric heat storage capacity of 392 J g-1 that exceeds previous records for well-defined molecular STFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masa-Aki Morikawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yuta Yamanaka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Joseph Ka Ho Hui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Research Center for Negative Emissions Technologies, Kyushu University (K-NETs) 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
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15
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Fei L, Zhang ZY, Tan Y, Ye T, Dong D, Yin Y, Li T, Wang C. Efficient and Robust Molecular Solar Thermal Fabric for Personal Thermal Management. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209768. [PMID: 36738144 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) materials, which can efficiently capture solar energy and release it as heat on demand, are promising candidates for future personal thermal management (PTM) applications, preferably in the form of fabrics. However, developing MOST fabrics with high energy-storage capacity and stable working performance remains a significant challenge because of the low energy density of the molecular materials and their leakage from the fabric. Here, an efficient and robust MOST fabric for PTM using azopyrazole-containing microcapsules with a deep-UV-filter shell is reported. The MOST fabric, which can co-harvest solar and thermal energy, achieves efficient photocharging and photo-discharging (>90% photoconversion), a high energy density of 2.5 kJ m-2 , and long-term storage sustainability at month scale. Moreover, it can undergo multiple cycles of washing, rubbing, and recharging without significant loss of energy-storage capacity. This MOST microcapsule strategy is easily used for the scalable production of a MOST fabric for solar thermal moxibustion. This achievement offers a promising route for the application of wearable MOST materials with high energy-storage performance and robustness in PTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Fei
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, 214122, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Yang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yongsong Tan
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, 214122, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Ting Ye
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, 214122, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Dongfang Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yunjie Yin
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, 214122, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Chaoxia Wang
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, 214122, Wuxi, P. R. China
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16
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Baby A, John AM, Balakrishnan SP. Photoresponsive Carbon-Azobenzene Hybrids: A Promising Material for Energy Devices. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200676. [PMID: 36445807 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in renewable energy technology have been a hot topic in the field of photoresponsive materials for a sustainable community. Organic compounds that function as photoswitches is being researched and developed for use in a variety of energy storage systems. Azobenzene photoswitches can be used to store and release solar energy in solar thermal fuels. This review draws out the significance of azobenzene as photoswitches and its recent advances in solar thermal fuels. The recent developments of nano carbon templated azobenzene, their interactions and the effect of substituents are highlighted. The review also introduces their applications in solar thermal fuels and concludes with the challenges and future scope of the material. The advancements of solar thermal fuels with cost effective and desired optimal properties can be explored by scientists and engineers from different technological backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Baby
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, 560029
| | - Athira Maria John
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Hosur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, 560029
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17
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Zhang L, Liu H, Du Q, Zhang G, Zhu S, Wu Z, Luo X. Photoliquefiable Azobenzene Surfactants toward Solar Thermal Fuels that Upgrade Photon Energy Storage via Molecular Design. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206623. [PMID: 36534833 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Photoresponsive phase change materials (PPCMs) are capable of storing photon and heat energy simultaneously and releasing the stored energy as heat in a controllable way. While, the azobenzene-based PPCMs exhibit a contradiction between gravimetric energy storage density and photoinduced phase change. Here, a type of azobenzene surfactants with balance between molecular free volume and intermolecular interaction is designed in molecular level, which can address the coharvest of photon energy and low-grade heat energy at room temperature. Such PPCMs gain the total gravimetric energy density up to 131.18 J g-1 by charging solid sample and 160.50 J g-1 by charging solution. Notably, the molar isomerization enthalpy upgrades by a factor of up to 2.4 compared to azobenzene. The working mechanism is explained by the computational studies. All the stored energy can release out as heat under Vis light, causing a fast surface temperature rise. This study demonstrates a new molecular designing strategy for developing azobenzene-based PPCMs with high gravimetric energy density by improving the photon energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOEShandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical AnalysisCollege of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Han Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOEShandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical AnalysisCollege of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Qianyao Du
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOEShandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical AnalysisCollege of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOEShandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical AnalysisCollege of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Shanhui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOEShandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical AnalysisCollege of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Zhongtao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOEShandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical AnalysisCollege of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
| | - Xiliang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOEShandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical AnalysisCollege of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P. R. China
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18
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Poidevin C, Duplaix-Rata G, Costuas K, Fihey A. Evaluation of tight-binding DFT performance for the description of organic photochromes properties. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:074303. [PMID: 36813718 DOI: 10.1063/5.0133418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Photochromic molecules are widely studied and developed for their many potential applications. To optimize the required properties through theoretical models, a considerable chemical space is to be explored, and their environment in devices is to be accounted for.. To this end, cheap and reliable computational methods can be powerful tools to steer synthetic developments. As ab initio methods remain costly for extensive studies (in terms of the size of the system and/or number of molecules), semiempirical methods such as density functional tight-binding (TB) could offer a good compromise between accuracy computational cost. However, these approaches necessitate benchmarking on the families of compounds of interest. Thus, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the accuracy of several key features calculated with TB methods (DFTB2, DFTB3, GFN2-xTB, and LC-DFTB2) for three sets of photochromic organic molecules: azobenzene (AZO), norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC), and dithienylethene (DTE) derivatives. The features considered here are the optimized geometries, the difference in energy between the two isomers (ΔE), and of the energies of the first relevant excited states. All the TB results are compared to those obtained with DFT methods and state-of-the-art electronic structure calculation methods: DLPNO-CCSD(T) for ground states and DLPNO-STEOM-CCSD for excited states. Our results show that, overall, DFTB3 is the TB method leading to the best results for the geometries and the ΔE values and can be used alone for these purposes for NBD/QC and DTE derivatives. Single point calculations at the r2SCAN-3c level using TB geometries allow circumventing the deficiencies of the TB methods in the AZO series. For electronic transition calculations, the range separated LC-DFTB2 method is the most accurate TB method tested for AZO and NBD/QC derivatives, in close agreement with the reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Poidevin
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Gwenhaël Duplaix-Rata
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Karine Costuas
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Arnaud Fihey
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
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19
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Franz E, Jung J, Kunz A, Wegner HA, Brummel O, Mollenhauer D, Libuda J. How Adsorption Affects the Energy Release in an Azothiophene-Based Molecular Solar-Thermal System. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1470-1477. [PMID: 36744855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar-thermal (MOST) systems combine solar energy conversion, storage, and release within one single molecule. To release the energy, different approaches are applicable, e.g., the electrochemical and the catalytic pathways. While the electrochemical pathway requires catalytically inert electrode materials, the catalytic pathway requires active and selective catalysts. In this work, we studied the catalytic activity and selectivity of graphite(0001), Pt(111), and Au(111) surfaces for the energy release from the MOST system 3-cyanophenylazothiophene along with its adsorption properties. In our study, we combine in situ photochemical IR spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT). Graphite(0001) is catalytically inactive, shows the weakest reactant-surface interaction, and therefore is ideally suitable for electrochemical triggering. On Pt(111), we observe strong reactant-surface interactions along with moderate catalytic activity and partial decomposition, which limit the applicability of this material. On Au(111), we observe high catalytic activity and high selectivity (>99%). We assign these catalytic properties to the moderate reactant surface interaction, which prevents decomposition but facilitates energy release via a singlet-triplet mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanie Franz
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jannis Jung
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, DE-35392Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, DE-35392Giessen, Germany
| | - Anne Kunz
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, DE-35392Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392Giessen, Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, DE-35392Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392Giessen, Germany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058Erlangen, Germany
| | - Doreen Mollenhauer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, DE-35392Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University Giessen, DE-35392Giessen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058Erlangen, Germany
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20
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Coppola F, Nucci M, Marazzi M, Rocca D, Pastore M. Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane System in the Spotlight: The Role of Rydberg States and Dynamic Electronic Correlation in a Solar‐Thermal Building Block. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Coppola
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques (LPCT) Université de Lorraine & CNRS, UMR 7019 54000 Nancy France
| | - Martina Nucci
- Universidad de Alcalá Departamento de Química Analítica Química Física e Ingeniería Química Grupo de Reactividad y Estructura Molecular (RESMOL) Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Marco Marazzi
- Universidad de Alcalá Departamento de Química Analítica Química Física e Ingeniería Química Grupo de Reactividad y Estructura Molecular (RESMOL) Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
- Universidad de Alcalá Instituto de Investigación Química ‘‘Andrés M. del Río'' (IQAR) Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Dario Rocca
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques (LPCT) Université de Lorraine & CNRS, UMR 7019 54000 Nancy France
| | - Mariachiara Pastore
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques (LPCT) Université de Lorraine & CNRS, UMR 7019 54000 Nancy France
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21
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Franz E, Krappmann D, Fromm L, Luchs T, Görling A, Hirsch A, Brummel O, Libuda J. Electrocatalytic Energy Release of Norbornadiene-Based Molecular Solar Thermal Systems: Tuning the Electrochemical Stability by Molecular Design. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201483. [PMID: 36213958 PMCID: PMC10099746 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems, such as the norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC) couple, combine solar energy conversion, storage, and release in a simple one-photon one-molecule process. Triggering the energy release electrochemically enables high control of the process, high selectivity, and reversibility. In this work, the influence of the molecular design of the MOST couple on the electrochemically triggered back-conversion reaction was addressed for the first time. The MOST systems phenyl-ethyl ester-NBD/QC (NBD1/QC1) and p-methoxyphenyl-ethyl ester-NBD/QC (NBD2/QC2) were investigated by in-situ photoelectrochemical infrared spectroscopy, voltammetry, and density functional theory modelling. For QC1, partial decomposition (40 %) was observed upon back-conversion and along with a voltammetric peak at 0.6 Vfc , which was assigned primarily to decomposition. The back-conversion of QC2, however, occurred without detectable side products, and the corresponding peak at 0.45 Vfc was weaker by a factor of 10. It was concluded that the electrochemical stability of a NBD/QC couple is easy tunable by simple structural changes. Furthermore, the charge input and, therefore, the current for the electrochemically triggered energy release is very low, which ensures a high overall efficiency of the MOST system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanie Franz
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Daniel Krappmann
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Lukas Fromm
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische ChemieFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Tobias Luchs
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische ChemieFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
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22
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Sun S, Liang S, Xu WC, Wang M, Gao J, Zhang Q, Wu S. Photoswitches with different numbers of azo chromophores for molecular solar thermal storage. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:8840-8849. [PMID: 36373235 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01073a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We investigate three azo-chromophore-containing photoswitches (1, 2 and 3) for molecular solar thermal storage (MOST) based on reversible Z-E isomerization. 1, 2 and 3 are photoswitchable compounds that contain one, two and three azo chromophores, respectively. In solution, 1, 2 and 3 were charged via UV-light-induced E-to-Z isomerization. Among these three compounds, 2 exhibited an energy density as high as 272 ± 1.8 J g-1, which showed the best energy storage performance. This result originated from the low molecular weight, a high degree of photoisomerization, and moderate steric hindrance of 2, which demonstrated the advantages of the meta-bisazobenzene structure for MOST. In addition, we studied the performances of these photoswitches in the solvent-free state. Only 1 showed photoinduced reversible solid-to-liquid transitions, which enabled the charging of 1 in a solvent-free state. The stored energy density for 1 in a solvent-free state was 237 ± 1.5 J g-1. By contrast, 2 and 3 could not be charged in the solvent-free state due to the lack of solid-state photoisomerization. Our findings provide a better understanding of the structure-performance relationship for azobenzenebased MOST and pave the way for the development of high-density solar thermal fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodong Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Shuofeng Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Wen-Cong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Minghao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Jiangang Gao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Qijin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Si Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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23
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Franz E, Stumm C, Waidhas F, Bertram M, Jevric M, Orrego-Hernández J, Hölzel H, Moth-Poulsen K, Brummel O, Libuda J. Tunable Energy Release in a Reversible Molecular Solar Thermal System. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evanie Franz
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Corinna Stumm
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Fabian Waidhas
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Manon Bertram
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | | | - Helen Hölzel
- Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
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24
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Franz E, Kunz A, Oberhof N, Heindl AH, Bertram M, Fusek L, Taccardi N, Wasserscheid P, Dreuw A, Wegner HA, Brummel O, Libuda J. Electrochemically Triggered Energy Release from an Azothiophene-Based Molecular Solar Thermal System. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200958. [PMID: 35762102 PMCID: PMC9796447 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems combine solar energy conversion, storage, and release in simple one-photon one-molecule processes. Here, we address the electrochemically triggered energy release from an azothiophene-based MOST system by photoelectrochemical infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PEC-IRRAS) and density functional theory (DFT). Specifically, the electrochemically triggered back-reaction from the energy rich (Z)-3-cyanophenylazothiophene to its energy lean (E)-isomer using highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) as the working electrode was studied. Theory predicts that two reaction channels are accessible, an oxidative one (hole-catalyzed) and a reductive one (electron-catalyzed). Experimentally it was found that the photo-isomer decomposes during hole-catalyzed energy release. Electrochemically triggered back-conversion was possible, however, through the electron-catalyzed reaction channel. The reaction rate could be tuned by the electrode potential within two orders of magnitude. It was shown that the MOST system withstands 100 conversion cycles without detectable decomposition of the photoswitch. After 100 cycles, the photochemical conversion was still quantitative and the electrochemically triggered back-reaction reached 94 % of the original conversion level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanie Franz
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Anne Kunz
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJustus-Liebig-UniversitätHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
| | - Nils Oberhof
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific ComputingUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 205 A69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Andreas H. Heindl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJustus-Liebig-UniversitätHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
| | - Manon Bertram
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Lukas Fusek
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Institute of Chemical Reaction EngineeringFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 3D-91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Institute of Chemical Reaction EngineeringFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 3D-91058ErlangenGermany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHHelmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable EnergyEgerlandstraße 3D-91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific ComputingUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 205 A69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJustus-Liebig-UniversitätHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
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25
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Yang Y, Huang S, Ma Y, Yi J, Jiang Y, Chang X, Li Q. Liquid and Photoliquefiable Azobenzene Derivatives for Solvent-free Molecular Solar Thermal Fuels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:35623-35634. [PMID: 35916069 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A series of liquid and photoliquefiable azobenzene (Azo) derivatives (Azo-Cn-Br) have been synthesized for molecular solar thermal fuels. Each of the liquid and photoliquefiable azo derivatives shows a high degree of isomerization, a fast isomerization rate, a long half-life, an appropriate energy storage density, and a solvent-free "charging" and "discharging" process. The photoliquefied azo derivatives can isomerize upon UV light irradiation at low temperatures to give the "UV-charged" azo ones. Therefore, the phase transition enthalpy is stored simultaneously along with the isomerization enthalpy. The "UV-charged" azo derivatives are capable of releasing heat under the manipulation of blue light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Yang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials, College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yanduo Ma
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials, College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Jie Yi
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials, College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Yuchun Jiang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials, College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Xiaohong Chang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Green Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry of Advanced Materials, College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Quan Li
- Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
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26
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Kunz A, Oberhof N, Scherz F, Martins L, Dreuw A, Wegner HA. Azobenzene‐Substituted Triptycenes: Understanding the Exciton Coupling of Molecular Switches in Close Proximity. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200972. [PMID: 35499252 PMCID: PMC9401047 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a series of azobenzene‐substituted triptycenes. In their design, these switching units were placed in close proximity, but electronically separated by a sp3 center. The azobenzene switches were prepared by Baeyer–Mills coupling as key step. The isomerization behavior was investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and HPLC. It was shown that all azobenzene moieties are efficiently switchable. Despite the geometric decoupling of the chromophores, computational studies revealed excitonic coupling effects between the individual azobenzene units depending on the connectivity pattern due to the different transition dipole moments of the π→π* excitations. Transition probabilities for those excitations are slightly altered, which is also revealed in their absorption spectra. These insights provide new design parameters for combining multiple photoswitches in one molecule, which have high potential as energy or information storage systems, or, among others, in molecular machines and supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kunz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Justus Liebig University Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
- Center of Material Research (LaMa/ZfM) Justus Liebig University Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Nils Oberhof
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 205 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frederik Scherz
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 205 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Leon Martins
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 205 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 205 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Justus Liebig University Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
- Center of Material Research (LaMa/ZfM) Justus Liebig University Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
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27
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Wang H, Feng Y, Gao J, Fang W, Ge J, Yang X, Zhai F, Yu Y, Feng W. Metallic-Ion Controlled Dynamic Bonds to Co-Harvest Isomerization Energy and Bond Enthalpy for High-Energy Output of Flexible Self-Heated Textile. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201657. [PMID: 35491498 PMCID: PMC9284279 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular light-harvesting capabilities and the production of low-temperature heat output are essential for flexible self-heated textiles. An effective strategy to achieve these characteristics is to introduce photoresponsive molecular interactions (photodynamic bonds) to increase the energy storage capacity and optimize the low-temperature photochromic kinetics. In this study, a series of sulfonic-grafted azobenzene-based polymers interacted with different metal ions (PAzo-M, M = Mg, Ca, Ni, Zn, Cu, and Fe) to optimize the energy level and isomerization kinetics of these polymers is designed and prepared. Photoinduced formation and dissociation of MO dynamic bonds enlarge the energy gap (∆E) between trans and cis isomers for high-energy storage and favor a high rate of isomerization for low-temperature heat release. The suitable binding energy and high ∆E enable PAzo-M to store and release isomerization energy and bond enthalpy even in a low-temperature (-5 °C) environment. PAzo-Mg possesses the highest energy storage density of 408.6 J g-1 (113.5 Wh kg-1 ). A flexible textile coated with PAzo-Mg can provide a high rise in temperature of 7.7-12.5 °C in a low-temperature (-5.0 to 5.0 °C) environment by selectively self-releasing heat indoors and outdoors. The flexible textile provides a new pathway for wearable thermal management devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300350China
| | - Yiyu Feng
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300350China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and MoldMinistry of EducationZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450002China
| | - Jian Gao
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300350China
| | - Wenyu Fang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300350China
| | - Jing Ge
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300350China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300350China
| | - Fei Zhai
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300350China
| | - Yunfei Yu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300350China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300350China
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28
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Zhang B, Feng Y, Feng W. Azobenzene-Based Solar Thermal Fuels: A Review. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:138. [PMID: 35767090 PMCID: PMC9243213 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00876-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The energy storage mechanism of azobenzene is based on the transformation of molecular cis and trans isomerization, while NBD/QC, DHA/VHF, and fulvalene dimetal complexes realize the energy storage function by changing the molecular structure. Acting as "molecular batteries," they can exhibit excellent charging and discharging behavior by converting between trans and cis isomers or changing molecular structure upon absorption of ultraviolet light. Key properties determining the performance of STFs are stored energy, energy density, half-life, and solar energy conversion efficiency. This review is aiming to provide a comprehensive and authoritative overview on the recent advancements of azobenzene molecular photoswitch system in STFs fields, including derivatives and carbon nano-templates, which is emphasized for its attractive performance. Although the energy storage performance of Azo-STFs has already reached the level of commercial lithium batteries, the cycling capability and controllable release of energy still need to be further explored. For this, some potential solutions to the cycle performance are proposed, and the methods of azobenzene controllable energy release are summarized. Moreover, energy stored by STFs can be released in the form of mechanical energy, which in turn can also promote the release of thermal energy from STFs, implying that there could be a relationship between mechanical and thermal energy in Azo-STFs, providing a potential direction for further research on Azo-STFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyu Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Shangguan Z, Sun W, Zhang ZY, Fang D, Wang Z, Wu S, Deng C, Huang X, He Y, Wang R, Li T, Moth-Poulsen K, Li T. A rechargeable molecular solar thermal system below 0 °C. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6950-6958. [PMID: 35774182 PMCID: PMC9200126 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01873j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An optimal temperature is crucial for a broad range of applications, from chemical transformations, electronics, and human comfort, to energy production and our whole planet. Photochemical molecular thermal energy storage systems coupled with phase change behavior (MOST-PCMs) offer unique opportunities to capture energy and regulate temperature. Here, we demonstrate how a series of visible-light-responsive azopyrazoles couple MOST and PCMs to provide energy capture and release below 0 °C. The system is charged by blue light at -1 °C, and discharges energy in the form of heat under green light irradiation. High energy density (0.25 MJ kg-1) is realized through co-harvesting visible-light energy and thermal energy from the environment through phase transitions. Coatings on glass with photo-controlled transparency are prepared as a demonstration of thermal regulation. The temperature difference between the coatings and the ice cold surroundings is up to 22.7 °C during the discharging process. This study illustrates molecular design principles that pave the way for MOST-PCMs that can store natural sunlight energy and ambient heat over a wide temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichun Shangguan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Wenjin Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Zhao-Yang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Dong Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg 41296 Sweden
| | - Si Wu
- Research Center of Solar Power & Refrigeration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Chao Deng
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University Wenzhou 325027 Zhejiang China
| | - Xianhui Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yixin He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Ruzhu Wang
- Research Center of Solar Power & Refrigeration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Tingxian Li
- Research Center of Solar Power & Refrigeration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg 41296 Sweden
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 Barcelona Spain
| | - Tao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
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30
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Xu X, Wang G. Molecular Solar Thermal Systems towards Phase Change and Visible Light Photon Energy Storage. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107473. [PMID: 35132792 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems have attracted tremendous attention for solar energy conversion and storage, which can generate high-energy metastable isomers upon capturing photon energy, and release the stored energy as heat on demand during back conversion. However, the pristine molecular photoswitches are limited by low storage energy density and UV light photon energy storage. Recently, numerous pioneering works have been focused on the development of MOST systems towards phase change (PC) and visible light photon energy storage to increase their properties. On the one hand, the strategy of simultaneously capturing isomerization enthalpy and PC energy between solid and liquid can not only offer high latent heat, but also promote the development of sustainable energy systems. On the other hand, the efficient photon energy storage in the visible light range opens a tremendously fascinating avenue to fabricate MOST systems powered under natural sunlight. Here, the recent advances of MOST systems towards PC and visible light photon energy storage are systematically summarized, the most promising advantages and current challenges are analyzed, and emerging strategies and future research directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingtang Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guojie Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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31
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Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Kjeldal FØ, Høyer NM, Mikkelsen KV. Optimization of the thermochemical properties of the norbornadiene/quadricyclane photochromic couple for solar energy storage using nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5506-5521. [PMID: 35171973 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00226d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present an investigation concerning the prospects of using nanoparticles to improve solar energy storage properties of three different norbornadiene/quadricyclane derivatives. Computationally, we study how different nanoparticles influence the properties of the systems that relate to the storage of solar energy, namely, the storage energy and the back reaction barrier. Our approach employs hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical calculations in which the molecular systems are described using density functional theory while the nanoparticles are described using molecular mechanics. The interactions between the two subsystems are determined using polarization dynamics. The results show that the influence of the nanoparticles on the thermochemical properties largely depends on the type of nanoparticle used, the relative orientation with respect to the nanoparticle, and the distance between the the nanoparticle and the molecular system. Additionally, we find indications that copper and/or titanium dioxide nanoparticles can lower the energy barrier of the back reaction for all of the studied systems without significantly lowering the storage capability of the systems. Consequently, the study shows that nanoparticles can potentially be employed in the optimization of molecular photoswitches towards solar energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Erbs Hillers-Bendtsen
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Frederik Ørsted Kjeldal
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Nicolai Machholdt Høyer
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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32
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Kjeldsen ILH, Høvring JF, von Buchwald TJ, Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Mikkelsen KV. The effects of solvation on the back reaction and storage capabilities of solar thermal energy storage systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5564-5577. [PMID: 35174838 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00401a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solvent effects on molecular solar thermal energy storage systems have been investigated using density functional theory combined with solvent models describing the effects of viscosities and dielectric constants on chemical reaction rates. We have addressed the following issues concerning how solvents influence both the thermochemical properties and the thermal relaxation kinetics of the studied systems, how the friction of the solvent influences the recrossing of the reactions along with the dynamics and force constants of the transition state. We observe that the rate constants for the chemical reactions of the molecular solar thermal energy storage systems depend strongly on the dielectric solvent properties and the viscosities of the solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Lützen Hoff Kjeldsen
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Julie Franck Høvring
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Theo Juncker von Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Andreas Erbs Hillers-Bendtsen
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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33
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A new approach exploiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecules to optimize solar thermal energy storage. Nat Commun 2022; 13:797. [PMID: 35145125 PMCID: PMC8831622 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a new concept exploiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules as photosensitizers, storage units and signal transducers to harness solar thermal energy. Molecular composites based on the TADF core phenoxazine–triphenyltriazine (PXZ-TRZ) anchored with norbornadiene (NBD) were synthesized, yielding compounds PZDN and PZTN with two and four NBD units, respectively. Upon visible-light excitation, energy transfer to the triplet state of NBD occurred, followed by NBD → quadricyclane (QC) conversion, which can be monitored by changes in steady-state or time-resolved spectra. The small S1-T1 energy gap was found to be advantageous in optimizing the solar excitation wavelength. Upon tuning the molecule’s triplet state energy lower than that of NBD (61 kcal/mol), as achieved by another composite PZQN, the efficiency of the NBD → QC conversion decreased drastically. Upon catalysis, the reverse QC → NBD reaction occurred at room temperature, converting the stored chemical energy back to heat with excellent reversibility. Direct conversion of solar energy to stored chemical energy can be achieved through photoisomerization. Here, authors exploit thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials as a photosensitizer and signal transducer to harness solar energy, to maximize solar spectrum harvesting without sacrificing energy storage time.
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34
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Morikawa MA, Yamanaka Y, Kimizuka N. Liquid bisazobenzenes as molecular solar thermal fuel with enhanced energy density. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masa-aki Morikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395
| | - Yuta Yamanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395
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35
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Song T, Lei H, Cai F, Kang Y, Yu H, Zhang L. Supramolecular Cation-π Interaction Enhances Molecular Solar Thermal Fuel. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:1940-1949. [PMID: 34928571 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal fuels (MOSTs), especially azobenzene-based MOSTs (Azo-MOSTs), have been considered as ideal energy-storage and conversion systems in outer or confined space because of their "closed loop" properties. However, there are two main obstacles existing in practical applications of Azo-MOSTs: the solvent-assistant charging process and the high molar extinction coefficient of chromophores, which are both closely related to the π-π stacking. Here, we report one efficient strategy to improve the energy density by introducing a supramolecular "cation-π" interaction into one phase-changeable Azo-MOST system. The energy density is increased by 24.7% (from 164.3 to 204.9 J/g) in Azo-MOST with a small loading amount of cation (2.0 mol %). Upon light triggering, the cation-π-enhanced Azo-MOST demonstrates one gravimetric energy density of about 56.9 W h/kg and a temperature increase of 8 °C in ambient conditions. Then the enhanced mechanism is revealed in both molecular and crystalline scales. This work demonstrates the huge potential of supramolecular interaction in the development of Azo-MOST systems, which could not only provide a universal method for enhancing the energy density of solar energy storage but also balance the conflicts between molecular design and the condensed state for phase-changeable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfu Song
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huanyu Lei
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Feng Cai
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Kang
- Analysis and Test Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haifeng Yu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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36
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Griffiths K, Halcovitch NR, Griffin JM. Crystalline azobenzene composites as photochemical phase-change materials. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00755j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Crystalline binary mixtures of azobenzene and 4-methoxyazobenzene are reported and form photochemical phase change materials that possess working temperatures in the range of −58 °C to 31 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Griffiths
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | | | - John M. Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
- Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
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37
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Griffiths K, Halcovitch NR, Griffin JM. Efficient solid-state photoswitching of methoxyazobenzene in a metal–organic framework for thermal energy storage. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3014-3019. [PMID: 35382460 PMCID: PMC8905824 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00632d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient photoswitching in the solid-state remains rare, yet is highly desirable for the design of functional solid materials. In particular, for molecular solar thermal energy storage materials high conversion to the metastable isomer is crucial to achieve high energy density. Herein, we report that 4-methoxyazobenzene (MOAB) can be occluded into the pores of a metal–organic framework Zn2(BDC)2(DABCO), where BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate and DABCO = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. The occluded MOAB guest molecules show near-quantitative E → Z photoisomerization under irradiation with 365 nm light. The energy stored within the metastable Z-MOAB molecules can be retrieved as heat during thermally-driven relaxation to the ground-state E-isomer. The energy density of the composite is 101 J g−1 and the half-life of the Z-isomer is 6 days when stored in the dark at ambient temperature. 4-Methoxyazobenzene can be occluded into the pores of a MOF and show near-quantitative E → Z photoisomerization under irradiation with 365 nm light. The energy density of the composite is 101 J g−1 and the half-life of the Z-isomer is 6 days.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran Griffiths
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA14YB, UK
| | | | - John M. Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA14YB, UK
- Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA14YB, UK
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38
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Asato R, Martin CJ, Nakashima T, Calupitan JP, Rapenne G, Kawai T. Energy Storage upon Photochromic 6-π Photocyclization and Efficient On-Demand Heat Release with Oxidation Stimuli. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:11391-11398. [PMID: 34787418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photochromic molecules display reversible isomerization reactions between two isomers accompanied by an exchange between heat and chemical potential. A considerable part of the absorbed light energy is stored in and released from the present E-type photochromic molecules, which undergo cyclization reactions under UV light excitation and backward reactions after application of oxidative stimuli. The photochromic nature, thermal stability, and cascade ring-opening reaction of the closed form isomers of eight photochromic terarylenes are studied, and energy storage efficiencies at a single wavelength, η, as high as 23% are experimentally demonstrated. Their efficient photochemical quantum yield for the cyclization reaction markedly contributes to the high energy storage efficiency as well as showing the capability of efficient cascade cycloreversion reactions. Spontaneous cycloreversion reactions are well-suppressed because the forbidden nature of the cycloreversion reaction gives rise to sufficient heat storage duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Asato
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, NAIST, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- International Collaborative Laboratory for Supraphotoactive Systems, NAIST-CEMES, CNRS UPR 8011, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Colin J Martin
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, NAIST, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- International Collaborative Laboratory for Supraphotoactive Systems, NAIST-CEMES, CNRS UPR 8011, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Takuya Nakashima
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, NAIST, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Jan Patrick Calupitan
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, NAIST, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- International Collaborative Laboratory for Supraphotoactive Systems, NAIST-CEMES, CNRS UPR 8011, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Gwénaël Rapenne
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, NAIST, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- International Collaborative Laboratory for Supraphotoactive Systems, NAIST-CEMES, CNRS UPR 8011, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- CEMES, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawai
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, NAIST, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- International Collaborative Laboratory for Supraphotoactive Systems, NAIST-CEMES, CNRS UPR 8011, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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39
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Telgerafchi AE, Mehranpour M, Nazockdast H. Fabrication of polymeric solar thermal fuel composite for solar energy storage applications. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Milad Mehranpour
- Polymer Engineering Department, Science & Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Nazockdast
- Polymer Engineering Department Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
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40
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Kerckhoffs A, Bo Z, Penty SE, Duarte F, Langton MJ. Red-shifted tetra- ortho-halo-azobenzenes for photo-regulated transmembrane anion transport. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9058-9067. [PMID: 34617944 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01457a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photo-responsive synthetic ion transporters are of interest as tools for studying transmembrane transport processes and have potential applications as targeted therapeutics, due to the possibility of spatiotemporal control and wavelength-dependent function. Here we report the synthesis of novel symmetric and non-symmetric red-shifted tetra-ortho-chloro- and tetra-ortho-fluoro azobenzenes, bearing pendant amine functionality. Functionalisation of the photo-switchable scaffolds with squaramide hydrogen bond donors enabled the preparation of a family of anion receptors, which act as photo-regulated transmembrane chloride transporters in response to green or red light. The subtle effects of chlorine/fluorine substitution, meta/para positioning of the anion receptors, and the use of more flexible linkers are explored. NMR titration experiments on the structurally diverse photo-switchable receptors reveal cooperative binding of chloride in the Z, but not E isomer, by the two squaramide binding sites. These results are supported by molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent and model membranes. We show that this intramolecular anion recognition leads to effective switching of transport activity in lipid bilayer membranes, in which optimal Z isomer activity is achieved using a combination of fluorine substitution and para-methylene spacer units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Kerckhoffs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Zonghua Bo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Samuel E Penty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Matthew J Langton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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41
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Deng Y, Zhang L, Zhang C, Gu J, Liu J, Liu H, Xie C, Wu Z. Tailoring effects of the chain length and terminal substituent on the photochromism of solid-state spiropyrans. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:8722-8726. [PMID: 34590648 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01797g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, by constructing a haloalkyl chain, a new class of solid-state spiropyrans showing advanced photochromic activity has been developed, but the tailoring effect of the haloalkyl chain on photochromism is unclear. Here, the photochromism of solid-state spiropyrans with different chain lengths and end substituents is investigated, which gives a clear correlation between the chain length/end substituent and the thermodynamic stability of zwitterionic merocyanine. This work provides a useful designing strategy for tailoring the photochromism of solid-state spiropyrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Deng
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
| | - Chenghao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
| | - Jingjing Gu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
| | - Jishuai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
| | - Han Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
| | - Congxia Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
| | - Zhongtao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
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42
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Ahmad AA, Al-Bataineh QM, Al-Nawafleh DM, Telfah AD. Photoisomerization Kinetics of Photoswitchable Thin Films Based on Nanostructure/Molecular Layers of AlN-AO7. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:831-842. [PMID: 34614230 DOI: 10.1111/php.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The photoisomerization kinetics of photoswitchable thin films based on nanostructure/molecular layers of AlN-AO7 have been studied, investigated and reported. The trans → cis isomerization process occurs by UV-light irradiation. The cis-isomer could be turned back to the trans-isomer by either thermal or optical relaxation. The kinetics and time-evolution of the photoisomerization and reverse isomerization mechanism of AlN-AO7 thin films are investigated by UV-Vis absorbance spectra using relevant models. All phases of AlN-AO7 thin film, initial trans-, cis-, optical trans-, thermal trans-phases, were investigated using UV-Vis absorbance spectra, FTIR spectra, XRD and SEM. Transforming AlN-AO7 thin film from the initial trans-phase into cis-phase leads to curvature in the AO7 leaves and increases in the strain inside the structure. Going back to the trans-phase by either optical or thermal relaxation leads to vanishing the curvature and decreasing the structure's strain. Finally, the energy storage capacity was calculated using DSC and was found to be 36.38 J g-1 , simultaneously realizing the multisource solar energy storage and environmental heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Ahmad
- Department of Physics, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Qais M Al-Bataineh
- Department of Physics, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan.,Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dima M Al-Nawafleh
- Department of Physics, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ahmad D Telfah
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany.,Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific Research (HMCSR), the Jordan University, Amman, Jordan
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43
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Ahmad AA, Al-Bataineh QM, Alsaad AM, Al-Nawafleh DM, Al-Nawafleh AM, Telfah AD. Synthesis and Characterization of Thin Films Based on Azobenzene Derivative Anchored to CeO 2 Nanoparticle for Photoswitching Applications. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:823-830. [PMID: 34612527 DOI: 10.1111/php.13534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Azobenzene has attracted substantial attention as a photoswitchable molecule since its applications range from energy and data storage to biomedical applications. This work reports a new type of thin-film based on azobenzene derivative anchored to cerium oxide nanoparticles CeO2 NPs for photoswitching applications. The trans-cis isomerization and reverse isomerization occur by UV-light exposure and thermal relaxation process, respectively. The photoisomerization and reverse isomerization kinetics for CeO2 NPs-MR thin films are studied, investigated, and analyzed using UV-Vis absorbance spectra, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in addition to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement to study the energy storage capacity. The results found that anchoring azobenzene to CeO2 NPs is successful in multisource storage of solar energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Ahmad
- Department of Physics, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Qais M Al-Bataineh
- Department of Physics, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan.,Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ahmad M Alsaad
- Department of Physics, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Dima M Al-Nawafleh
- Department of Physics, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Areej M Al-Nawafleh
- Department of Physics, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ahmad D Telfah
- Leibniz Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany.,Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific Research (HMCSR), the Jordan University, Amman, Jordan
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44
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Stephen SG, John AS, Alam MM. Theoretical study of linear and non-linear optical activity in dithienylethene-based photo-switch and its derivatives. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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45
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Titov E. On the Low-Lying Electronically Excited States of Azobenzene Dimers: Transition Density Matrix Analysis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 26:molecules26144245. [PMID: 34299521 PMCID: PMC8303869 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Azobenzene-containing molecules may associate with each other in systems such as self-assembled monolayers or micelles. The interaction between azobenzene units leads to a formation of exciton states in these molecular assemblies. Apart from local excitations of monomers, the electronic transitions to the exciton states may involve charge transfer excitations. Here, we perform quantum chemical calculations and apply transition density matrix analysis to quantify local and charge transfer contributions to the lowest electronic transitions in azobenzene dimers of various arrangements. We find that the transitions to the lowest exciton states of the considered dimers are dominated by local excitations, but charge transfer contributions become sizable for some of the lowest ππ* electronic transitions in stacked and slip-stacked dimers at short intermolecular distances. In addition, we assess different ways to partition the transition density matrix between fragments. In particular, we find that the inclusion of the atomic orbital overlap has a pronounced effect on quantifying charge transfer contributions if a large basis set is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Titov
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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46
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Leistner AL, Kirchner S, Karcher J, Bantle T, Schulte ML, Gödtel P, Fengler C, Pianowski ZL. Fluorinated Azobenzenes Switchable with Red Light. Chemistry 2021; 27:8094-8099. [PMID: 33769596 PMCID: PMC8252058 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches triggered with red or NIR light are optimal for photomodulation of complex biological systems, including efficient penetration of the human body for therapeutic purposes ("therapeutic window"). Yet, they are rarely reported, and even more rarely functional under aqueous conditions. In this work, fluorinated azobenzenes are shown to exhibit efficient E→Z photoisomerization with red light (PSS660nm >75 % Z) upon conjugation with unsaturated substituents. Initially demonstrated for aldehyde groups, this effect was also observed in a more complex structure by incorporating the chromophore into a cyclic dipeptide with propensity for self-assembly. Under physiological conditions, the latter molecule formed a supramolecular material that reversibly changed its viscosity upon irradiation with red light. Our observation can lead to design of new photopharmacology agents or phototriggered materials for in vivo use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Leistner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Susanne Kirchner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Johannes Karcher
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tobias Bantle
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mariam L Schulte
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter Gödtel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christian Fengler
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Zbigniew L Pianowski
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - FMS, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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47
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Xu X, Wu B, Zhang P, Xing Y, Shi K, Fang W, Yu H, Wang G. Arylazopyrazole-Based Dendrimer Solar Thermal Fuels: Stable Visible Light Storage and Controllable Heat Release. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:22655-22663. [PMID: 33970599 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Solar thermal fuels offer a closed cycle and a renewable energy storage strategy by harvesting photon energy within the chemical conformations of molecules and retrieving energy by an induced release of heat. However, the majority of reports are limited to the ultraviolet light storage, which potentially interferes with the surrounding environment and reduces the material lifetime. Here, we present a novel arylazopyrazole (AAP)-containing dendrimer that not only addresses the hindrance of visible light storage for solar thermal fuels but also exhibits outstanding performances of abundant energy conversion and stable storage, which are attributed to the substantial absorbance in visible wavelengths of para-thiomethyl-substituted AAP groups and the stability of cis isomers, respectively. The energy density of the dendrimer fuel after efficiently harvesting blue light (405 nm) is as high as 0.14 MJ kg-1 (67 kJ mol-1), and the storage half-life of the fabricated dendrimer film can reach up to 12.9 days. Moreover, the heat release of the dendrimer film can be triggered by different stimuli (light and heat). The dendrimer film displays a 6.5 °C temperature difference between trans isomers and cis isomers during green light irradiation. Our work provides a fascinating avenue to fabricate visible light storage solar thermal fuels and unlocks the possibility of developing natural sunlight storage in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingtang Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bo Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Youmei Xing
- Hangzhou Greenda Electronic Materials Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Ke Shi
- Hangzhou Greenda Electronic Materials Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Weihua Fang
- Hangzhou Greenda Electronic Materials Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Haifeng Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guojie Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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48
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Younis M, Long J, Peng SQ, Wang XS, Chai C, Bogliotti N, Huang MH. Reversible Transformation between Azo and Azonium Bond Other than Photoisomerization of Azo Bond in Main-Chain Polyazobenzenes. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3655-3661. [PMID: 33826348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although side-chain polyazobenzenes have been extensively studied, main-chain polyazobenzenes (abbreviated MCPABs) are rarely reported due to the challenges associated with difficulty in synthetic chemistry and photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs. Thus, it is highly demanded to develop new mechanisms other than photoisomerization of azo bonds in MCPABs to extend their applications. In this work, we created a new series of N-linked MCPABs via fast NaBH4-mediated reductive coupling polymerization on N-substituted bis(4-nitrophenyl)amines. The structure of MCPABs has been characterized by comprehensive solid-state NMR experiments such as CPMAS 13C NMR with long and short contact times, cross-polarization polarization-inversion (CPPI), and cross-polarization nonquaternary suppressed (CPNQS). The azo bonds in MCPABs were found to be promising for acid vapor sensing, being acidified to form azonium ion with significant color change from red to green. And the azonium of MCPABs turned from green to red when exposed to base vapor, thus suitable for base vapor sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Younis
- Experimental Center for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jonathan Long
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Shan-Qing Peng
- Experimental Center for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiao-Song Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 UniversityAvenue, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Chunpeng Chai
- Experimental Center for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nicolas Bogliotti
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mu-Hua Huang
- Experimental Center for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
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49
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Yamaguchi T, Imwiset KJ, Ogawa M. Efficient Negative Photochromism by the Photoinduced Migration of Photochromic Merocyanine/Spiropyran in the Solid State. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:3702-3708. [PMID: 33729810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Efficient negative photochromism was achieved by the photoinduced migration of merocyanine in mesoporous silica to an organophilic clay as spiropyran. Depending on the nature of the organophilic clays (dioctadecyldimethylammonium and dioleyldimethylammonium clays), important differences in the negative photochromisms and the thermal coloration were observed; the dioleyldimethylammonium clay gave a higher yield (98%) and faster reaction (half-life t1/2 = 2.8 h) than the dioctadecyldimethylammonium clay (94% and t1/2 = 3.2 h) of the negative photochromism, indicating the important role of the surfactant assembly to control the molecular diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Yamaguchi
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), 555 Moo 1 Payupnai, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Kamonnart Jaa Imwiset
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), 555 Moo 1 Payupnai, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Makoto Ogawa
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), 555 Moo 1 Payupnai, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
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50
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A Low-Temperature Heat Output Photoactive Material-Based High-Performance Thermal Energy Storage Closed System. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061434. [PMID: 33809446 PMCID: PMC8000957 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Designing and synthesizing photothermal conversion materials with better storage capacity, long-term stability as well as low temperature energy output capability is still a huge challenge in the area of photothermal storage. In this work, we report a brand new photothermal conversion material obtained by attaching trifluoromethylated azobenzene (AzoF) to reduced graphene oxide (rGO). AzoF-rGO exhibits outstanding heat storage density and power density up to 386.1 kJ·kg−1 and 890.6 W·kg−1, respectively, with a long half-life (87.7 h) because of the H-bonds based on high attachment density. AzoF-rGO also exhibits excellent cycling stability and is equipped with low-temperature energy output capability, which achieves the reversible cycle of photothermal conversion within a closed system. This novel AzoF-rGO complex, which on the one hand exhibits remarkable energy storage performance as well as excellent storage life span, and on the other hand is equipped with the ability to release heat at low temperatures, shows broad prospects in the practical application of actual photothermal storage.
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