1
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Stawski W, Anderson HL. Polymorphism and flexibility of six-porphyrin nanorings in the solid state. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc05255b. [PMID: 39328192 PMCID: PMC11421218 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc05255b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Butadiyne-linked porphyrin nanorings are fascinating nanometer-sized platforms for exploring electronic delocalization and aromaticity, and they mimic ultra-fast photosynthetic energy-transfer phenomena in plants and purple bacteria. However, little is known about how they interact in the solid state. Here, we compare the crystal structures of several pseudopolymorphs of a six-porphyrin nanoring template complex, and report the structure of the free-base nanoring co-crystallized with C60. The structures differ not only in the molecular packing; they also feature different molecular conformations. The template is slightly too small for the cavity of the nanoring, and this size mismatch can be accommodated by two types of distortion: either the zinc atoms are pulled away from the planes of the porphyrins, or the nanorings contract by adopting a ruffled conformation, with butadiyne links alternatingly above and below the plane of the six zinc centers. The template-bound ring forms sheets and tubular stacks with interdigitated aryl groups. Upon demetallation, the nanoring becomes more flexible, adopting a highly elliptical conformation on co-crystallization with C60. The structure of this free-base nanoring features infinite solvent filled channels with a channel diameter of 13.5 Å. The high porosity of these materials points towards possible applications as porous light-harvesting frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Stawski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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2
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Gotfredsen H, Hergenhahn J, Duarte F, Claridge TDW, Anderson HL. Bimolecular Sandwich Aggregates of Porphyrin Nanorings. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:25232-25244. [PMID: 39186461 PMCID: PMC11403599 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c09267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Extended π-systems often form supramolecular aggregates, drastically changing their optical and electronic properties. However, aggregation processes can be difficult to characterize or predict. Here, we show that butadiyne-linked 8- and 12-porphyrin nanorings form stable and well-defined bimolecular aggregates with remarkably sharp NMR spectra, despite their dynamic structures and high molecular weights (12.7 to 26.0 kDa). Pyridine breaks up the aggregates into their constituent rings, which are in slow exchange with the aggregates on the NMR time scale. All the aggregates have the same general two-layer sandwich structure, as deduced from NMR spectroscopy experiments, including 1H DOSY, 1H-1H COSY, TOCSY, NOESY, and 1H-13C HSQC. This structure was confirmed by analysis of residual dipolar couplings from 13C-coupled 1H-13C HSQC experiments on one of the 12-ring aggregates. Variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy revealed an internal ring-on-ring rotation process by which two π-π stacked conformers interconvert via a staggered conformation. A slower dynamic process, involving rotation of individual porphyrin units, was also detected by exchange spectroscopy in the 8-ring aggregates, implying partial disaggregation and reassociation. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the 8-ring aggregates are bowl-shaped and highly fluxional, compared to the 12-ring aggregates, which are cylindrical. This work demonstrates that large π-systems can form surprisingly well-defined aggregates and may inspire the design of other noncovalent assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Gotfredsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Janko Hergenhahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Timothy D W Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
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3
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Gao JN, Bu A, Chen Y, Huang M, Chen Z, Li X, Tung CH, Wu LZ, Cong H. Synthesis of All-Benzene Multi-Macrocyclic Nanocarbons by Post-Functionalization of meta-Cycloparaphenylenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408016. [PMID: 38828671 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Expanding the diversity of multi-macrocyclic nanocarbons, particularly those with all-benzene scaffolds, represents intriguing yet challenging synthetic tasks. Complementary to the existing synthetic approaches, here we report an efficient and modular post-functionalization strategy that employs iridium-catalyzed C-H borylation of the highly strained meta-cycloparaphenylenes (mCPPs) and an mCPP-derived catenane. Based on the functionalized macrocyclic synthons, a number of novel all-benzene topological structures including linear and cyclic chains, polycatenane, and pretzelane have been successfully prepared and characterized, thereby showcasing the synthetic utility and potential of the post-functionalization strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Nan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - An Bu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yiming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Mianling Huang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Guangdong, 518060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Huan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory on New Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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4
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Lai YL, Xie M, Zhou XC, Wang XZ, Zhu XW, Luo D, Zhou XP, Li D. Precise Post-Synthetic Modification of Heterometal-Organic Capsules for Selectively Encapsulating Tetrahedral Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402829. [PMID: 38380830 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Post-synthetic modification plays a crucial role in precisely adjusting the structure and functions of advanced materials. Herein, we report the self-assembly of a tubular heterometallic Pd3Cu6L16 capsule that incorporates Pd(II) and CuL1 metalloligands. This capsule undergoes further modification with two tridentate anionic ligands (L2) to afford a bicapped Pd3Cu6L16L22 capsule with an Edshammer polyhedral structure. By employing transition metal ions, acid, and oxidation agents, the bicapped capsule can be converted into an uncapped one. This uncapped form can then revert back to the bicapped structure on the addition of Br- ions and a base. Interestingly, introducing Ag+ ions leads to the removal of one L2 ligand from the bicapped capsule, yielding a mono-capped Pd3Cu6L16L2 structure. Furthermore, the size of the anions critically influences the precise control over the post-synthetic modifications of the capsules. It was demonstrated that these capsules selectively encapsulate tetrahedral anions, offering a novel approach for the design of intelligent molecular delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Liang Lai
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
| | - Mo Xie
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Chao Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Zhi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Engineering Technology Developing Center of High-Performance CCL, Jiaying University, Meizhou, Guangdong 514015, PR China
| | - Dong Luo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
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5
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Van Raden JM, Deng JR, Gotfredsen H, Hergenhahn J, Clarke M, Edmondson M, Hart J, O'Shea JN, Duarte F, Saywell A, Anderson HL. Template-Directed Synthesis of Strained meso-meso-Linked Porphyrin Nanorings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400103. [PMID: 38230920 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Strained macrocycles display interesting properties, such as conformational rigidity, often resulting in enhanced π-conjugation or enhanced affinity for non-covalent guest binding, yet they can be difficult to synthesize. Here we use computational modeling to design a template to direct the formation of an 18-porphyrin nanoring with direct meso-meso bonds between the porphyrin units. Coupling of a linear 18-porphyrin oligomer in the presence of this template gives the target nanoring, together with an unexpected 36-porphyrin ring by-product. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) revealed the elliptical conformations and flexibility of these nanorings on a Au(111) surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff M Van Raden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jie-Ren Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Henrik Gotfredsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Janko Hergenhahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Michael Clarke
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Matthew Edmondson
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jack Hart
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - James N O'Shea
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Alex Saywell
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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6
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Woźniak-Budych M, Staszak K, Wieszczycka K, Bajek A, Staszak M, Roszkowski S, Giamberini M, Tylkowski B. Microplastic label in microencapsulation field - Consequence of shell material selection. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133000. [PMID: 38029585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Plastics make our lives easier in many ways; however, if they are not appropriately disposed of or recycled, they may end up in the environment where they stay for centuries and degrade into smaller and smaller pieces, called microplastics. Each year, approximately 42000 tonnes of microplastics end up in the environment when products containing them are used. According to the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) one of the significant sources of microplastics are microcapsules formulated in home care and consumer care products. As part of the EU's plastics strategy, ECHA has proposed new regulations to ban intentionally added microplastics starting from 2022. It means that the current cross-linked microcapsules widely applied in consumer goods must be transformed into biodegradable shell capsules. The aim of this review is to provide the readers with a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of recent developments in the art of microencapsulation. Thus, considering the chemical structure of the capsule shell's materials, we discuss whether microcapsules should also be categorized as microplastic and therefore, feared and avoided or whether they should be used despite the persisting concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Woźniak-Budych
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Staszak
- Institute of Technology and Chemical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Karolina Wieszczycka
- Institute of Technology and Chemical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Bajek
- Tissue Engineering Department, Chair of Urology and Andrology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, ul. Karlowicza str 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maciej Staszak
- Institute of Technology and Chemical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Szymon Roszkowski
- Department of Geriatrics, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, ul. Jagiellonska 13/15, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marta Giamberini
- Department of Chemical Engineering (DEQ), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Bartosz Tylkowski
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Tecnologia Química, Marcel·lí Domingo 2, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health Science, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, ul. Sklodowskiej Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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7
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Zhao H, Huang L, Liu W, Dong Q, Bai Q, Yuan J, Jiang Z, Chen M, Liu D, Wang J, Li Y, Wang P. Segmented Template-Directed Self-Assembly of Giant Truncated Triangular Supramolecules. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4152-4159. [PMID: 38372260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The template-directed strategy has been extensively employed for the construction of supramolecular architectures. However, with the increase in the size and complexity of these structures, the synthesis difficulty of the templates escalates exponentially, thereby impeding the widespread application of this strategy. In this study, two truncated triangles T1 and T2 were successfully self-assembled through a novel segmented template strategy by segmenting the core triangular template into portions. Two metallo-organic ligands L2 and L3 were designed and synthesized by dividing the central stable triangle into three separate parts and incorporating them into the precursor ligands, which served as templates to guide the self-assembly process with ligands L1 and L4, respectively. The assembled structures were unambiguously characterized by multidimensional and multinuclear NMR (1H, COSY, NOESY), multidimensional mass spectrometry analysis (ESI-MS and TWIM-MS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, we observed the formation of fiberlike nanotubes from single-molecule triangles by hierarchical self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhao
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Linlin Huang
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Wenping Liu
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Qiangqiang Dong
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Qixia Bai
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Zhilong Jiang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mingzhao Chen
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Die Liu
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Pingshan Wang
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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8
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Zhao H, Wijerathna AMSD, Dong Q, Bai Q, Jiang Z, Yuan J, Wang J, Chen M, Zirnheld M, Li R, Liu D, Wang P, Zhang Y, Li Y. Adjusting the Architecture of Heptagonal Metallo-Macrocycles by Embedding Metal Nodes into the Backbone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318029. [PMID: 38087428 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Coordination-driven self-assembly has been extensively employed for the bottom-up construction of discrete metallo-macrocycles. However, the prevalent use of benzene rings as the backbone limits the formation of large metallo-macrocycles with more than six edges. Herein, by embedding metal nodes into the ligand backbone, we successfully regulated the ligand arm angle and assembled two giant heptagonal metallo-macrocycles with precise control. The angle between two arms at position 4 of the central terpyridine (tpy) extended after complexation with metal ions, leading to ring expansion of the metallo-macrocycle. The assembled structures were straightforwardly identified through multi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy (1 H, COSY, NOESY), multidimensional mass spectrometry analysis (ESI-MS and TWIM-MS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as well as scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). In addition, the catalytic performances of metallo-macrocycles in the oxidation of thioanisole were studied, with both supramolecules exhibiting good conversion rates. Furthermore, fiber-like nanostructures were observed from single-molecule heptagons by hierarchical self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhao
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | | | - Qiangqiang Dong
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Qixia Bai
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhiyuan Jiang
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mingzhao Chen
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Markus Zirnheld
- Department of Physics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Rockwell Li
- Department of Physics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Die Liu
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Pingshan Wang
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Physics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
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9
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Patrick CW, Gao Y, Gupta P, Thompson AL, Parker AW, Anderson HL. Masked alkynes for synthesis of threaded carbon chains. Nat Chem 2024; 16:193-200. [PMID: 37973943 PMCID: PMC10849957 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01374-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyynes are chains of sp1 carbon atoms with alternating single and triple bonds. As they become longer, they evolve towards carbyne, the 1D allotrope of carbon, and they become increasingly unstable. It has been anticipated that long polyynes could be stabilized by supramolecular encapsulation, by threading them through macrocycles to form polyrotaxanes-but, until now, polyyne polyrotaxanes with many threaded macrocycles have been synthetically inaccessible. Here we show that masked alkynes, in which the C≡C triple bond is temporarily coordinated to cobalt, can be used to synthesize polyrotaxanes, up to the C68 [5]rotaxane with 34 contiguous triple bonds and four threaded macrocycles. This is the length regime at which the electronic properties of polyynes converge to those of carbyne. Cyclocarbons constitute a related family of molecular carbon allotropes, and cobalt-masked alkynes also provide a route to [3]catenanes and [5]catenanes built around cobalt complexes of cyclo[40]carbon and cyclo[80]carbon, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor W Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yueze Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Prakhar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amber L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anthony W Parker
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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10
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Cougnon FBL, Stefankiewicz AR, Ulrich S. Dynamic covalent synthesis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:879-895. [PMID: 38239698 PMCID: PMC10793650 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05343a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynamic covalent synthesis aims to precisely control the assembly of simple building blocks linked by reversible covalent bonds to generate a single, structurally complex, product. In recent years, considerable progress in the programmability of dynamic covalent systems has enabled easy access to a broad range of assemblies, including macrocycles, shape-persistent cages, unconventional foldamers and mechanically-interlocked species (catenanes, knots, etc.). The reversibility of the covalent linkages can be either switched off to yield stable, isolable products or activated by specific physico-chemical stimuli, allowing the assemblies to adapt and respond to environmental changes in a controlled manner. This activatable dynamic property makes dynamic covalent assemblies particularly attractive for the design of complex matter, smart chemical systems, out-of-equilibrium systems, and molecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien B L Cougnon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Centre, University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Artur R Stefankiewicz
- Centre for Advanced Technology and Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | - Sébastien Ulrich
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM Montpellier France
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11
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Wu X, Borca B, Sen S, Koslowski S, Abb S, Rosenblatt DP, Gallardo A, Mendieta-Moreno JI, Nachtigall M, Jelinek P, Rauschenbach S, Kern K, Schlickum U. Molecular sensitised probe for amino acid recognition within peptide sequences. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8335. [PMID: 38097575 PMCID: PMC10721870 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43844-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of low-temperature scanning tunnelling microscopy with a mass-selective electro-spray ion-beam deposition established the investigation of large biomolecules at nanometer and sub-nanometer scale. Due to complex architecture and conformational freedom, however, the chemical identification of building blocks of these biopolymers often relies on the presence of markers, extensive simulations, or is not possible at all. Here, we present a molecular probe-sensitisation approach addressing the identification of a specific amino acid within different peptides. A selective intermolecular interaction between the sensitiser attached at the tip-apex and the target amino acid on the surface induces an enhanced tunnelling conductance of one specific spectral feature, which can be mapped in spectroscopic imaging. Density functional theory calculations suggest a mechanism that relies on conformational changes of the sensitiser that are accompanied by local charge redistributions in the tunnelling junction, which, in turn, lower the tunnelling barrier at that specific part of the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bogdana Borca
- Institute of Applied Physics and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany
- National Institute of Materials Physics, 077125, Magurele, Romania
| | - Suman Sen
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Abb
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Aurelio Gallardo
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Matyas Nachtigall
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jelinek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Stephan Rauschenbach
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Klaus Kern
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institut de Physique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Uta Schlickum
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Institute of Applied Physics and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38104, Braunschweig, Germany.
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12
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Mahmood A, Dimitrova M, Sundholm D. Current-Density Calculations on Zn-Porphyrin 40 Nanorings. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7452-7459. [PMID: 37665662 PMCID: PMC10510378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Two porphyrinoid nanorings have been studied computationally. They were built by linking 40 Zn-porphyrin units with butadiyne bridges. The molecular structures belonging to the D40h point group were fully optimized with the Turbomole program at the density functional theory (DFT) level using the B3LYP functional and the def2-SVP basis sets. The aromatic character was studied at the DFT level by calculating the magnetically induced current-density (MICD) susceptibility using the GIMIC program. The neutral molecules are globally non-aromatic with aromatic Zn-porphyrin units. Charged nanorings could not be studied because almost degenerate frontier orbitals led to vanishing optical gaps for the cations. Since DFT calculations of the MICD are computationally expensive, we also calculated the MICD using three pseudo-π models. Appropriate pseudo-π models were constructed by removing the outer hydrogen atoms and replacing all carbon and nitrogen atoms with hydrogen atoms. The central Zn atom was either replaced with a beryllium atom or with two inner hydrogen atoms. Calculations with the computationally inexpensive pseudo-π models yielded qualitatively the same magnetic response as obtained in the all-electron calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atif Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen Aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Dimitrova
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen Aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen Aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Sasaki N, Kikkawa J, Ishii Y, Uchihashi T, Imamura H, Takeuchi M, Sugiyasu K. Multistep, site-selective noncovalent synthesis of two-dimensional block supramolecular polymers. Nat Chem 2023:10.1038/s41557-023-01216-y. [PMID: 37264101 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although the principles of noncovalent bonding are well understood and form the basis for the syntheses of many intricate supramolecular structures, supramolecular noncovalent synthesis cannot yet achieve the levels of precision and complexity that are attainable in organic and/or macromolecular covalent synthesis. Here we show the stepwise synthesis of block supramolecular polymers from metal-porphyrin derivatives (in which the metal centre is Zn, Cu or Ni) functionalized with fluorinated alkyl chains. These monomers first undergo a one-dimensional supramolecular polymerization and cyclization process to form a toroidal structure. Subsequently, successive secondary nucleation, elongation and cyclization steps result in two-dimensional assemblies with concentric toroidal morphologies. The site selectivity endowed by the fluorinated chains, reminiscent of regioselectivity in covalent synthesis, enables the precise control of the compositions and sequences of the supramolecular structures, as demonstrated by the synthesis of several triblock supramolecular terpolymers.
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Grants
- JP22H02134 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 20H04682 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JP19K05592 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 20H04669 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JP20H05868 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Sasaki
- Molecular Design and Function Group, Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jun Kikkawa
- Electron Microscopy Group, Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ishii
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Hitomi Imamura
- Molecular Design and Function Group, Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takeuchi
- Molecular Design and Function Group, Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sugiyasu
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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14
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Xie R, Hu Y, Lee SL. A Paradigm Shift from 2D to 3D: Surface Supramolecular Assemblies and Their Electronic Properties Explored by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300413. [PMID: 36922729 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exploring supramolecular architectures at surfaces plays an increasingly important role in contemporary science, especially for molecular electronics. A paradigm of research interest in this context is shifting from 2D to 3D that is expanding from monolayer, bilayers, to multilayers. Taking advantage of its high-resolution insight into monolayers and a few layers, scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) turns out a powerful tool for analyzing such thin films on a solid surface. This review summarizes the representative efforts of STM/STS studies of layered supramolecular assemblies and their unique electronic properties, especially at the liquid-solid interface. The superiority of the 3D molecular networks at surfaces is elucidated and an outlook on the challenges that still lie ahead is provided. This review not only highlights the profound progress in 3D supramolecular assemblies but also provides researchers with unusual concepts to design surface supramolecular structures with increasing complexity and desired functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbin Xie
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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15
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Scherb S, Hinaut A, Yao X, Götz A, Al-Hilfi SH, Wang XY, Hu Y, Qiu Z, Song Y, Müllen K, Glatzel T, Narita A, Meyer E. Solution-Synthesized Extended Graphene Nanoribbons Deposited by High-Vacuum Electrospray Deposition. ACS NANO 2023; 17:597-605. [PMID: 36542550 PMCID: PMC9835822 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Solution-synthesized graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) facilitate various interesting structures and functionalities, like nonplanarity and thermolabile functional groups, that are not or not easily accessible by on-surface synthesis. Here, we show the successful high-vacuum electrospray deposition (HVESD) of well-elongated solution-synthesized GNRs on surfaces maintained in ultrahigh vacuum. We compare three distinct GNRs, a twisted nonplanar fjord-edged GNR, a methoxy-functionalized "cove"-type (or also called gulf) GNR, and a longer "cove"-type GNR both equipped with alkyl chains on Au(111). Nc-AFM measurements at room temperature with submolecular imaging combined with Raman spectroscopy allow us to characterize individual GNRs and confirm their chemical integrity. The fjord-GNR and methoxy-GNR are additionally deposited on nonmetallic HOPG and SiO2, and fjord-GNR is deposited on a KBr(001) surface, facilitating the study of GNRs on substrates, as of now not accessible by on-surface synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Scherb
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xuelin Yao
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alicia Götz
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Samir H. Al-Hilfi
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiao-Ye Wang
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yunbin Hu
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zijie Qiu
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yiming Song
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thilo Glatzel
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max
Plank Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department
of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Wei Y, Zhou P, Chen X, Bao Q, Xie L. Research Progress on Organic Nanohoops/Nanogrids. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/a22110480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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17
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Gotfredsen H, Deng JR, Van Raden JM, Righetto M, Hergenhahn J, Clarke M, Bellamy-Carter A, Hart J, O'Shea J, Claridge TDW, Duarte F, Saywell A, Herz LM, Anderson HL. Bending a photonic wire into a ring. Nat Chem 2022; 14:1436-1442. [PMID: 36253501 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01032-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural light-harvesting systems absorb sunlight and transfer its energy to the reaction centre, where it is used for photosynthesis. Synthetic chromophore arrays provide useful models for understanding energy migration in these systems. Research has focused on mimicking rings of chlorophyll molecules found in purple bacteria, known as 'light-harvesting system 2'. Linear meso-meso linked porphyrin chains mediate rapid energy migration, but until now it has not been possible to bend them into rings. Here we show that oligo-pyridyl templates can be used to bend these rod-like photonic wires to create covalent nanorings that consist of 24 porphyrin units and a single butadiyne link. Their elliptical conformations have been probed by scanning tunnelling microscopy. This system exhibits two excited state energy transfer processes: one from a bound template to the peripheral porphyrins and one, in the template-free ring, from the exciton-coupled porphyrin array to the π-conjugated butadiyne-linked porphyrin dimer segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Gotfredsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | - Jie-Ren Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeff M Van Raden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | - Marcello Righetto
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | - Janko Hergenhahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Clarke
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Jack Hart
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - James O'Shea
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Timothy D W Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | - Alex Saywell
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Laura M Herz
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, UK.
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK.
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18
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Chen C, Weil T. Cyclic polymers: synthesis, characteristics, and emerging applications. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:1121-1135. [PMID: 35938292 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00242f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic polymers with a ring-like topology and no chain ends are a unique class of macromolecules. In the past several decades, significant advances have been made to prepare these fascinating polymers, which allow for the exploration of their topological effects and potential applications in various fields. In this Review, we first describe representative synthetic strategies for making cyclic polymers and their derivative topological polymers with more complex structures. Second, the unique physical properties and self-assembly behavior of cyclic polymers are discussed by comparing them with their linear analogues. Special attention is paid to highlight how polymeric rings can assemble into hierarchical macromolecular architectures. Subsequently, representative applications of cyclic polymers in different fields such as drug and gene delivery and surface functionalization are presented. Last, we envision the following key challenges and opportunities for cyclic polymers that may attract future attention: large-scale synthesis, efficient purification, programmable folding and assembly, and expansion of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojian Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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19
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Wang G, Yang Y, Liu H, Chen M, Jiang Z, Bai Q, Yuan J, Jiang Z, Li Y, Wang P. Modular Construction of a Tessellated Octahedron, its Hierarchical Spherical Aggregate Behavior, and Electrocatalytic CO
2
Reduction Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205851. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guotao Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment Central South University Changsha Hunan 410083 China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution Changsha Hunan 410083 China
| | - Yunna Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment Central South University Changsha Hunan 410083 China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment Central South University Changsha Hunan 410083 China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution Changsha Hunan 410083 China
| | - Mingzhao Chen
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta Ministry of Education Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Zhiyuan Jiang
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha Hunan 410083 China
| | - Qixia Bai
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta Ministry of Education Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Jie Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Zhilong Jiang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta Ministry of Education Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha Hunan 410083 China
| | - Pingshan Wang
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Central South University Changsha Hunan 410083 China
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta Ministry of Education Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution Changsha Hunan 410083 China
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20
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Wang G, Yang Y, liu H, Chen M, Jiang Z, Bai Q, Yuan J, jiang Z, Li Y, Wang P. Modular Construction of a Tessellated Octahedron and its Hierarchical Spherical Aggregate Behavior. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guotao Wang
- Central South University School of Metallurgy and Environment CHINA
| | - Yunna Yang
- Central South University School of Metallurgy and Environment CHINA
| | - Hui liu
- Central South University School of Metallurgy and Environment CHINA
| | - Mingzhao Chen
- Guangzhou University Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area CHINA
| | - Zhiyuan Jiang
- Central South University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Qixia Bai
- Guangzhou University Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area CHINA
| | - Jie Yuan
- Henan Normal University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Zhilong jiang
- Guangzhou University Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area CHINA
| | - Yiming Li
- Central South University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Pingshan Wang
- Central South University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 932 S. Lushan Rd. 410083 Changsha CHINA
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21
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Xu L, Gao B, Xu X, Zhou L, Liu N, Wu Z. Controlled Synthesis of Cyclic‐Helical Polymers with Circularly Polarized Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204966. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Bao‐Rui Gao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering. Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009, Anhui Province China
| | - Xun‐Hui Xu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering. Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009, Anhui Province China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering. Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009, Anhui Province China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering. Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009, Anhui Province China
| | - Zong‐Quan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
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22
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Xu L, Gao BR, Xu XH, Zhou L, Liu N, Wu ZQ. Controlled Synthesis of Cyclic‐Helical Polymers with Circularly Polarized Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Jilin University Polymer Chemistry and Physis CHINA
| | - Bao-Rui Gao
- Hefei University of Technology Polymer Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Xun-Hui Xu
- Hefei University of Technology Polymer Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Li Zhou
- Hefei University of Technology Polymer Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Na Liu
- Hefei University of Technology Polymer Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Zong-Quan Wu
- Jilin University Polymer Chemistry and Physis Qianjin Street 2699 130012 Changchun CHINA
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23
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Hou ICY, Hinaut A, Scherb S, Meyer E, Narita A, Müllen K. Synthesis of Giant Dendritic Polyphenylenes with 366 and 546 Carbon Atoms and their High-vacuum Electrospray Deposition. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200220. [PMID: 35381624 PMCID: PMC9321752 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic polyphenylenes (PPs) can serve as precursors of nanographenes (NGs) if their structures represent 2D projections without overlapping benzene rings. Here, we report the synthesis of two giant dendritic PPs fulfilling this criteria with 366 and 546 carbon atoms by applying a “layer‐by‐layer” extension strategy. Although our initial attempts on their cyclodehydrogenation toward the corresponding NGs in solution were unsuccessful, we achieved their deposition on metal substrates under ultrahigh vacuum through the electrospray technique. Scanning probe microscopy imaging provides valuable information on the possible thermally induced partial planarization of such giant dendritic PPs on a metal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Cheng-Yi Hou
- Max-Planck-Institut fur Polymerforschung, synthetic chemitry, GERMANY
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- University of Basel: Universitat Basel, physics, GERMANY
| | | | - Ernst Meyer
- University of Basel: Universitat Basel, physics, GERMANY
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung: Max-Planck-Institut fur Polymerforschung, synthetic chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, GERMANY
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24
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Bressan G, Jirasek M, Roy P, Anderson HL, Meech SR, Heisler IA. Population and Coherence Dynamics in Large Conjugated Porphyrin Nanorings. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9624-9636. [PMID: 36091893 PMCID: PMC9400675 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01971j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In photosynthesis, nature exploits the distinctive electronic properties of chromophores arranged in supramolecular rings for efficient light harvesting. Among synthetic supramolecular cyclic structures, porphyrin nanorings have attracted considerable attention as they have a resemblance to naturally occurring light-harvesting structures but offer the ability to control ring size and the level of disorder. Here, broadband femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, with pump pulses in resonance with either the high or the low energy sides of the inhomogeneously broadened absorption spectrum, is used to study the population dynamics and ground and excited state vibrational coherence in large porphyrin nanorings. A series of fully conjugated, alkyne bridged, nanorings constituted of between ten and forty porphyrin units is studied. Pump-wavelength dependent fast spectral evolution is found. A fast rise or decay of the stimulated emission is found when large porphyrin nanorings are excited on, respectively, the high or low energy side of the absorption spectrum. Such dynamics are consistent with the hypothesis of a variation in transition dipole moment across the inhomogeneously broadened ground state ensemble. The observed dynamics indicate the interplay of nanoring conformation and oscillator strength. Oscillatory dynamics on the sub-ps time domain are observed in both pumping conditions. A combined analysis of the excitation wavelength-dependent transient spectra along with the amplitude and phase evolution of the oscillations allows assignment to vibrational wavepackets evolving on either ground or excited states electronic potential energy surfaces. Even though porphyrin nanorings support highly delocalized electronic wavefunctions, with coherence length spanning tens of chromophores, the measured vibrational coherences remain localised on the monomers. The main contributions to the beatings are assigned to two vibrational modes localised on the porphyrin cores: a Zn–N stretching mode and a skeletal methinic/pyrrolic C–C stretching and in-plane bending mode. Pump wavelength-dependent, ultrafast excited state dynamics arising from inhomogeneous broadening and ground and excited state nuclear wavepackets were observed for a series of Zn porphyrin nanorings made of 10 to 40 repeating units.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bressan
- School of Chemistry Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Michael Jirasek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Palas Roy
- School of Chemistry Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Stephen R Meech
- School of Chemistry Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Ismael A Heisler
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre Brazil
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25
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Leguizamon SC, Scott TF. Mimicking DNA Functions with Abiotic, Sequence-Defined Polymers. POLYM REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.2014519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C. Leguizamon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Timothy F. Scott
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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26
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Jirásek M, Anderson HL, Peeks MD. From Macrocycles to Quantum Rings: Does Aromaticity Have a Size Limit? Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3241-3251. [PMID: 34347441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThe ring currents of aromatic and antiaromatic molecules are remarkable emergent phenomena. A ring current is a quantum-mechanical feature of the whole system, and its existence cannot be inferred from the properties of the individual components of the ring. Hückel's rule states that when an aromatic molecule with a circuit of [4n + 2] π electrons is placed in a magnetic field, the field induces a ring current that creates a magnetic field opposing the external field inside the ring. In contrast, antiaromatic rings with 4n π electrons exhibit ring currents in the opposite direction. This rule bears the name of Erich Hückel, and it grew from his molecular orbital theory, but modern formulations of Hückel's rule incorporate contributions from others, particularly William Doering and Ronald Breslow. It is often assumed that aromaticity is restricted to small molecular rings with up to about 22 π electrons. This Account outlines the discovery of global ring currents in large macrocycles with circuits of up to 162 π electrons. The largest aromatic rings yet investigated are cyclic porphyrin oligomers, which exhibit global ring currents after oxidation, reduction or optical excitation but not in the neutral ground state. The global aromaticity in these porphyrin nanorings leads to experimentally measurable aromatic stabilization energies in addition to magnetic effects that can be studied by NMR spectroscopy. Wheel-like templates can be bound inside these nanorings, providing excellent control over the molecular geometry and allowing the magnetic shielding to be probed inside the nanoring. The ring currents in these systems are well-reproduced by density functional theory (DFT), although the choice of DFT functional often turns out to be critical. Here we review recent contributions to this field and present a simple method for determining the ring current susceptibility (in nA/T) in any aromatic or antiaromatic ring from experimental NMR data by classical Biot-Savart calculations. We use this method to quantify the ring currents in a variety of aromatic rings. This survey confirms that Hückel's rule reliably predicts the direction of the ring current, and it reveals that the ring current susceptibility is surprisingly insensitive to the size of the ring. The investigation of aromaticity in even larger molecular rings is interesting because ring currents are also observed when mesoscopic metal rings are placed in a magnetic field at low temperatures. The striking similarity between the ring currents in molecules and mesoscopic metal rings arises because the effects have a common origin: a field-dependent phase shift in the electronic wave function. The main difference is that the magnetic flux through mesoscopic rings is much greater because of their larger areas, so their persistent currents are nonlinear and oscillatory with the applied field, whereas the flux through aromatic molecules is so small that their response is approximately linear in the applied field. We discuss how nonlinearity is expected to emerge in large molecular nanorings at high magnetic fields. The insights from this work are fundamentally important for understanding aromaticity and for bridging the gap between chemistry and mesoscopic physics, potentially leading to new functions in molecular electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jirásek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Martin D Peeks
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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27
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Ultrafast spectroscopic investigation of discrete co-assemblies of a Zn-porphyrin–polymer conjugate with a hexapyridyl template. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Khan SB, Lee SL. Supramolecular Chemistry: Host-Guest Molecular Complexes. Molecules 2021; 26:3995. [PMID: 34208882 PMCID: PMC8271753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent times, researchers have emphasized practical approaches for capturing coordinated and selective guest entrap. The physisorbed nanoporous supramolecular complexes have been widely used to restrain various guest species on compact supporting surfaces. The host-guest (HG) interactions in two-dimensional (2D) permeable porous linkages are growing expeditiously due to their future applications in biocatalysis, separation technology, or nanoscale patterning. The different crystal-like nanoporous network has been acquired to enclose and trap guest molecules of various dimensions and contours. The host centers have been lumped together via noncovalent interactions (such as hydrogen bonds, van der Waals (vdW) interactions, or coordinate bonds). In this review article, we enlighten and elucidate recent progress in HG chemistry, explored via scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). We summarize the synthesis, design, and characterization of typical HG structural design examined on various substrates, under ambient surroundings at the liquid-solid (LS) interface, or during ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). We emphasize isoreticular complexes, vibrant HG coordination, or hosts functional cavities responsive to the applied stimulus. Finally, we critically discuss the significant challenges in advancing this developing electrochemical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Bashir Khan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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29
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Yin G, Kandapal S, Liu C, Wang H, Huang J, Jiang S, Ji T, Yan Y, Khalife S, Zhou R, Ye L, Xu B, Yang H, Nieh M, Li X. Metallo‐Helicoid with Double Rims: Polymerization Followed by Folding by Intramolecular Coordination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang‐Qiang Yin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Sneha Kandapal
- Single Molecule Study Laboratory College of Engineering and Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Chung‐Hao Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 USA
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Jianxiang Huang
- Institute of Quantitative Biology Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Shu‐Ting Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes Department of Chemistry East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Tan Ji
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes Department of Chemistry East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Chemistry University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - Sandra Khalife
- Department of Chemistry University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - Ruhong Zhou
- Institute of Quantitative Biology Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Libin Ye
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology University of South Florida Tampa FL 33620 USA
| | - Bingqian Xu
- Single Molecule Study Laboratory College of Engineering and Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Hai‐Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes Department of Chemistry East China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Mu‐Ping Nieh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 USA
- Polymer Program Institute of Material Science University of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 USA
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
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30
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Heideman GH, Berrocal JA, Stöhr M, Meijer EW, Feringa BL. Stepwise Adsorption of Alkoxy-Pyrene Derivatives onto a Lamellar, Non-Porous Naphthalenediimide-Template on HOPG. Chemistry 2021; 27:207-211. [PMID: 32893412 PMCID: PMC7821129 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of new strategies for the preparation of multicomponent supramolecular assemblies is a major challenge on the road to complex functional molecular systems. Here we present the use of a non-porous self-assembled monolayer from uC33 -NDI-uC33 , a naphthalenediimide symmetrically functionalized with unsaturated 33 carbon-atom-chains, to prepare bicomponent supramolecular surface systems with a series of alkoxy-pyrene (PyrOR) derivatives at the liquid/HOPG interface. While previous attempts at directly depositing many of these PyrOR units at the liquid/HOPG interface failed, the multicomponent approach through the uC33 -NDI-uC33 template enabled control over molecular interactions and facilitated adsorption. The PyrOR deposition restructured the initial uC33 -NDI-uC33 monolayer, causing an expansion in two dimensions to accommodate the guests. As far as we know, this represents the first example of a non-porous or non-metal complex-bearing monolayer that allows the stepwise formation of multicomponent supramolecular architectures on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Henrieke Heideman
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - José Augusto Berrocal
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E W Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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31
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Shi J, Li Y, Jiang X, Yu H, Li J, Zhang H, Trainer DJ, Hla SW, Wang H, Wang M, Li X. Self-Assembly of Metallo-Supramolecules with Dissymmetrical Ligands and Characterization by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1224-1234. [PMID: 33395279 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetrical and dissymmetrical structures are widespread and play a critical role in nature and life systems. In the field of metallo-supramolecular assemblies, it is still in its infancy for constructing artificial architectures using dissymmetrical building blocks. Herein, we report the self-assembly of supramolecular systems based on two dissymmetrical double-layered ligands. With the aid of ultra-high-vacuum, low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (UHV-LT-STM), we were able to investigate four isomeric structures corresponding to four types of binding modes of ligand LA with two major conformations complexes A. The distribution of isomers measured by STM and total binding energy of each isomer obtained by density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggested that the most abundant isomer could be the most stable one with highest total binding energy. Finally, through shortening the linker between inner and outer layers and the length of arms, the arrangement of dissymmetrical ligand LB could be controlled within one binding mode corresponding to the single conformation for complexes B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China.,College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yiming Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Houyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Daniel J Trainer
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Saw Wai Hla
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.,Shenzhen University General Hospital, Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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32
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Yin GQ, Kandapal S, Liu CH, Wang H, Huang J, Jiang ST, Ji T, Yan Y, Khalife S, Zhou R, Ye L, Xu B, Yang HB, Nieh MP, Li X. Metallo-Helicoid with Double Rims: Polymerization Followed by Folding by Intramolecular Coordination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:1281-1289. [PMID: 33009693 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we established a feasible strategy to construct a new type of metallo-polymer with helicoidal structure through the combination of covalent polymerization and intramolecular coordination-driven self-assembly. In the design, a tetratopic monomer (M) was prepared with two terminal alkynes in the outer rim for polymerization, and two terpyridines (TPYs) in the inner rim for subsequent folding by selective intramolecular coordination. Then, the linear covalent polymer (P) was synthesized by polymerization of M via Glaser-Hay homocoupling reaction. Finally, intramolecular coordination interactions between TPYs and Zn(II) folded the backbone of P into a right- or left-handed metallo-helicoid (H) with double rims. Owing to multiple positive charges on the inner rim of helicoid, double-stranded DNA molecules (dsDNA) could interact with H through electrostatic interactions. Remarkably, dsDNA allowed exclusive formation of H with right handedness by means of chiral induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Qiang Yin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Sneha Kandapal
- Single Molecule Study Laboratory, College of Engineering and Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Chung-Hao Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jianxiang Huang
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Shu-Ting Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Tan Ji
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Sandra Khalife
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Ruhong Zhou
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Libin Ye
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Bingqian Xu
- Single Molecule Study Laboratory, College of Engineering and Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Mu-Ping Nieh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.,Polymer Program, Institute of Material Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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33
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Judd CJ, Nizovtsev AS, Plougmann R, Kondratuk DV, Anderson HL, Besley E, Saywell A. Molecular Quantum Rings Formed from a π-Conjugated Macrocycle. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:206803. [PMID: 33258651 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.206803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The electronic structure of a molecular quantum ring (stacks of 40-unit cyclic porphyrin polymers) is characterized via scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy. Our measurements access the energetic and spatial distribution of the electronic states and, utilizing a combination of density functional theory and tight-binding calculations, we interpret the experimentally obtained electronic structure in terms of coherent quantum states confined around the circumference of the π-conjugated macrocycle. These findings demonstrate that large (53 nm circumference) cyclic porphyrin polymers have the potential to act as molecular quantum rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Judd
- School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Anton S Nizovtsev
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Lavrentiev Avenue 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Rikke Plougmann
- School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry V Kondratuk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Besley
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Saywell
- School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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34
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Lin D, Wei Y, Peng A, Zhang H, Zhong C, Lu D, Zhang H, Zheng X, Yang L, Feng Q, Xie L, Huang W. Stereoselective gridization and polygridization with centrosymmetric molecular packing. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1756. [PMID: 32273512 PMCID: PMC7145858 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gridarenes, with well-defined edges and vertices, represent versatile nanoscale building blocks for the installation of frameworks and architectures but suffer from difficulty in stereoselective control during their synthesis. Here we report a diastereoselective gridization of superelectrophilic diazafluorene-containing substrates (AmBn) with crescent shapes into Drawing Hands grids (DHGs). The meso-selectivity reaches 75.6% diastereomeric excess (de) during the gridization of A1B1-type substrates and maintains ~80% de during the polygridization of A2B2-type monomers. Such stereocontrol originates from the centrosymmetric molecular packing of two charge-delocalized superelectrophiles with synergistically π–π stacking attractions and coulombic repulsions. As meso-stereoregular structures show 20∼30 nm in length, the rigid ring/chain-alternating polygrids have a Mark–Houwink exponent of 1.651 and a molecular weight (M) dependence of the hydrodynamic radius Rh ∼ M1.13. Via the simulation of chain collapse, meso-configured polygridarenes still adopt rod-like conformations that facilitate the high rigidity of organic nanopolymers, distinguished from toroid backbones of rac-type polygrids. Gridarenes with well-defined edges and vertices represent versatile nanoscale building blocks for installating frameworks but suffer from lack of stereoselective control during their synthesis. Here, the authors report a diastereoselective gridization of superelectrophilic diazafluorene-containing substrates with crescent shapes into Drawing Hands grids (DHGs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Lin
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Aizhong Peng
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - He Zhang
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chunxiao Zhong
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Dan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Avenue, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Avenue, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xiangping Zheng
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Quanyou Feng
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Linghai Xie
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China. .,Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Centre for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China. .,Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China.
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35
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Yu J, Tang C, Gu X, Zheng X, Yu ZQ, He Z, Li XG, Tang BZ. Highly emissive phenylene-expanded [5]radialene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3911-3914. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00122h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Star: a pentagonal conjugated radialene macrocycle was one-pot synthesized for the first time. The fantastic pentagonal architecture is revealed by its single crystal structure, and affords the smallest ring strain and the best conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- School of Science and School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Chunlin Tang
- School of Science and School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Xinggui Gu
- Department of Chemistry
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
- Hong Kong
- China
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- 100081 Beijing
- China
| | - Zhen-Qiang Yu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Functional Polymers
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- China
| | - Zikai He
- School of Science and School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
| | - Xin-Gui Li
- School of Science and School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, and Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
- Hong Kong
- China
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36
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Miki K, Ohe K. π‐Conjugated Macrocycles Bearing Angle‐Strained Alkynes. Chemistry 2019; 26:2529-2575. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Miki
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto University Katsura Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615–8510 Japan
| | - Kouichi Ohe
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto University Katsura Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615–8510 Japan
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37
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McKeown GR, Ye S, Cheng S, Seferos DS. Homogenous Synthesis of Monodisperse High Oligomers of 3-Hexylthiophene by Temperature Cycling. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17053-17056. [PMID: 31638385 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Whereas monodisperse polymers are ubiquitous in Nature, they remain elusive to synthetic chemists. Absolute control over polymer length and structure is essential to imparting chemical functionality, reproducible properties, and specific solid-state behavior. Precise polymer length has proven to be extremely difficult to control. The most successful examples are generally similar to solid-phase oligo nucleotide or peptide synthesis, wherein the polymer is built up one unit at a time with each sequential monomer addition requiring purification and deprotection (or other functional group activation) step. We have discovered a stepwise homogeneous catalyst-transfer polymerization to prepare monodisperse oligo(3-hexylthiophene) using temperature to limit additions to one unit per chain per cycle. This is the first reported example of a one-pot synthesis of monodisperse oligomers that requires no additional purification or intermediate steps. It is our hope that the strategy of temperature cycling to "freeze" intermediates will be generalizable to other living polymerization techniques, such as other catalyst-transfer polymerization systems, and those where a resting state involves an association between the catalyst and growing chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R McKeown
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Shuyang Ye
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Susan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
| | - Dwight S Seferos
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry , University of Toronto , 200 College Street , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3E5 , Canada
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38
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Costa JIT, Farinha ASF, Paz FAA, Tomé AC. A Convenient Synthesis of Pentaporphyrins and Supramolecular Complexes with a Fulleropyrrolidine. Molecules 2019; 24:E3177. [PMID: 31480572 PMCID: PMC6749455 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and straightforward synthesis of diporphyrins and pentaporphyrins is reported here. The supramolecular interactions of the new porphyrin derivatives with C60 and PyC60 (a pyridyl [60]fulleropyrrolidine) were evaluated by absorption and fluorescence titrations in toluene. While no measurable modifications of the absorption and fluorescence spectra were observed upon addition of C60 to the porphyrin derivatives, the addition of PyC60 to the corresponding mono-Zn(II) porphyrins resulted in the formation of Zn(porphyrin)-PyC60 coordination complexes and the binding constants were calculated. Results show that the four free-base porphyrin units in pentaporphyrin 6 have a significant contribution in the stabilization of the 6-PyC60 complex. The crystal and molecular features of the pentaporphyrin Zn5 were unveiled using single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana I T Costa
- QOPNA and LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Andreia S F Farinha
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Water Desalination and Reuse Center (WDRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences (BESE), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Filipe A Almeida Paz
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Augusto C Tomé
- QOPNA and LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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39
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Wang H, Li Y, Yu H, Song B, Lu S, Hao XQ, Zhang Y, Wang M, Hla SW, Li X. Combining Synthesis and Self-Assembly in One Pot To Construct Complex 2D Metallo-Supramolecules Using Terpyridine and Pyrylium Salts. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13187-13195. [PMID: 31345024 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent self-assembly in one pot provides an efficient way for constructing complex architectures using multiple types of building blocks with different levels of interactions orthogonally. The preparation of multiple types of building blocks typically includes tedious synthesis. Here, we developed a multicomponent synthesis/self-assembly strategy, which combined covalent interaction (C-N bond, formed through condensation of pyrylium salt with primary amine) and metal-ligand interaction (N → Zn bond, formed through 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine-Zn coordination) in one pot. The high compatibility of this pair of interactions smoothly and efficiently converted three and four types of components into the desired complex structures, which are supramolecular Kandinsky Circles and spiderwebs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
| | - Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin 130012 , China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
| | - Shuai Lu
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , China
| | - Xin-Qi Hao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Nanoscience and Technology Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin 130012 , China
| | - Saw-Wai Hla
- Nanoscience and Technology Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
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40
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Ordering, flexibility and frustration in arrays of porphyrin nanorings. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2932. [PMID: 31270343 PMCID: PMC6610075 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11009-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The regular packing of atoms, molecules and nanoparticles provides the basis for the understanding of structural order within condensed phases of matter. Typically the constituent particles are considered to be rigid with a fixed shape. Here we show, through a combined experimental and numerical study of the adsorption of cyclic porphyrin polymers, nanorings, on a graphite surface, that flexible molecules can exhibit a rich and complex packing behaviour. Depending on the number of porphyrin sub-units within the nanoring we observe either a highly ordered hexagonal phase or frustrated packing driven by directional interactions which for some arrangements is combined with the internal deformation of the cyclic polymer. Frustration and deformation occur in arrays of polymers with ten sub-units since close packing and co-alignment of neighbouring groups cannot be simultaneously realised for nanorings with this internal symmetry. The packing of spheres, disks and other simple shapes into arrays on surfaces is relevant to many problems across the physical sciences. Here the authors study the influence of flexibility and reduced symmetry on the packing of porphyrin nanorings which are deposited from solution onto a graphite surface.
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41
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Fan Q, Gottfried JM. Topology‐Selective Ullmann Coupling on Metal Surfaces by Precursor Design and Adsorbate‐Substrate Interaction: Towards the Control over Polymer versus Macrocycle Formation. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2311-2316. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qitang Fan
- Department of ChemistryPhilipps University Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - J. Michael Gottfried
- Department of ChemistryPhilipps University Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35032 Marburg Germany
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42
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Abstract
On-surface synthesis provides a route for the production of 1D and 2D covalently bonded polymeric structures. Such reactions are confined to the surface of a substrate and the catalytic properties of the substrate are often utilised to initiate the reaction. Recent studies have focused on the properties of various crystallographic planes of metallic substrates, as well as native surface features such as step-edges, in an effort to provide control over the pathway of the reaction and the resultant products. An alternative approach is to template the catalytic surface with a porous molecular overlayer; giving rise to well-defined surface regions within which an on-surface reaction may be confined. Here we present a methodology where macromolecular templates are used to confine an on-surface reaction. Cyclic porphyrin polymers, nanorings - consisting of 40 porphyrin units with internal diameter 13 nm, are used to form a template on a Au(111) surface, and an on-surface Ullmann-type coupling reaction is initiated within the nanoring template. The surface confined template and covalently coupled reaction products are investigated and characterised with scanning tunnelling microscopy.
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43
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Peng J, Zuo C, Xiao Q, Deng K, Meng C, Liu Y, Zhang M, Ma L, Pun SH, Wei H. Synthesis of stimuli-responsive nanosized ring-like colloids and cyclic polymers via a dual-template approach. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3943-3948. [PMID: 31049188 PMCID: PMC6471857 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00450e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ring-like particles have received considerable attention due to their unique interior cavity and properties. However, the preparation of stimuli-responsive nanosized rings with internal size smaller than 100 nm remains unexplored likely due to the challenges encountered in their synthesis. The successful fulfillment of this target will not only significantly enrich the family of ring-like nanoparticles but also build a connection that bridges ring-like nanoparticles and cyclic polymers. For this purpose, we report in this study a controlled synthesis of stimuli-responsive ring-like colloids and cyclic polymers using both star-shaped polymers and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as the dual templates. The first template comprising star-shaped polymers generated a ring-like structure and adoption of β-CD as the second template further restricted the ring thickness to the height of a β-CD, leading to the generation of stimuli-responsive nanosized ring-like colloids with ring thickness less than 1 nm, which shifted the ring-like structure to cyclic polymers with reversible cross-linked disulfide bridges. The reported "dual-template" approach is thus a valuable alternative to the current synthetic strategies toward stimuli-responsive ring-like colloids and cyclic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry , Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730000 , China .
| | - Cai Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry , Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730000 , China .
| | - Qi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry , Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730000 , China .
| | - Kaicheng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry , Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730000 , China .
| | - Chao Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry , Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730000 , China .
| | - Yuping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry , Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730000 , China .
| | - Miao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry , Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730000 , China .
| | - Liwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry , Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730000 , China .
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Department of Bioengineering , Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , USA
| | - Hua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry , Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730000 , China .
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44
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Korolkov VV, Summerfield A, Murphy A, Amabilino DB, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Beton PH. Ultra-high resolution imaging of thin films and single strands of polythiophene using atomic force microscopy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1537. [PMID: 30948725 PMCID: PMC6449331 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-space images of polymers with sub-molecular resolution could provide valuable insights into the relationship between morphology and functionality of polymer optoelectronic devices, but their acquisition is problematic due to perceived limitations in atomic force microscopy (AFM). We show that individual thiophene units and the lattice of semicrystalline spin-coated films of polythiophenes (PTs) may be resolved using AFM under ambient conditions through the low-amplitude (≤ 1 nm) excitation of higher eigenmodes of a cantilever. PT strands are adsorbed on hexagonal boron nitride near-parallel to the surface in islands with lateral dimensions ~10 nm. On the surface of a spin-coated PT thin film, in which the thiophene groups are perpendicular to the interface, we resolve terminal CH3-groups in a square arrangement with a lattice constant 0.55 nm from which we can identify abrupt boundaries and also regions with more slowly varying disorder, which allow comparison with proposed models of PT domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Korolkov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Alex Summerfield
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Alanna Murphy
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - David B Amabilino
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Peter H Beton
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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45
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Xue S, Kuzuhara D, Aratani N, Yamada H. Synthesis of a Porphyrin(2.1.2.1) Nanobelt and Its Ability To Bind Fullerene. Org Lett 2019; 21:2069-2072. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Xue
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Daiki Kuzuhara
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8551, Japan
| | - Naoki Aratani
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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46
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Shokurov AV, Meshkov IN, Bulach V, Gorbunova YG, Hosseini MW, Tsivadze AY, Arslanov VV, Selektor SL. Restriction of the rotational relaxation of a butadiyne-bridged porphyrin dimer in ultrathin films. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01807g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A way to stabilize the less energetically viable orthogonal conformation of a porphyrin dimer by means of a forced orientation at an interface is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Shokurov
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Ivan N. Meshkov
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Véronique Bulach
- Molecular Tectonics Laboratory
- UMR UDS-CNRS
- 7140 & icFRC
- Université de Strasbourg
- Strasbourg
| | - Yulia G. Gorbunova
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - Mir Wais Hosseini
- Molecular Tectonics Laboratory
- UMR UDS-CNRS
- 7140 & icFRC
- Université de Strasbourg
- Strasbourg
| | - Aslan Yu. Tsivadze
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - Vladimir V. Arslanov
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Sofia L. Selektor
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
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47
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Wetzel KS, Meier MAR. Monodisperse, sequence-defined macromolecules as a tool to evaluate the limits of ring-closing metathesis. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00438f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sequence-defined macromolecules of uniform size unlock the door to many new applications in polymer chemistry, such as structure/property or structure/activity relationship investigations, which cannot be conducted accurately, if the investigated macromolecules exhibit dispersity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina S. Wetzel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC))
- Materialwissenschaftliches Zentrum für Energiesyteme (MZE)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Michael A. R. Meier
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC))
- Materialwissenschaftliches Zentrum für Energiesyteme (MZE)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
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48
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Wang J, Chen L, Wu J, Li W, Liu K, Masuda T, Zhang A. Supramolecular Assembly of C3
-Peptides into Helical Fibers Stabilized through Dynamic Covalent Chemistry. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3647-3652. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- School of Pharmacy; Jining Medical University; Rizhao 276800 China
| | - Luqing Chen
- Department of Polymer Materials; Shanghai University; Nanchen Street 333 Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Jindiao Wu
- Department of Polymer Materials; Shanghai University; Nanchen Street 333 Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Polymer Materials; Shanghai University; Nanchen Street 333 Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Polymer Materials; Shanghai University; Nanchen Street 333 Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Toshio Masuda
- Department of Polymer Materials; Shanghai University; Nanchen Street 333 Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Afang Zhang
- Department of Polymer Materials; Shanghai University; Nanchen Street 333 Shanghai 200444 China
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49
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Abstract
This Account is about templates as construction tools: molecules for making molecules. A template organizes the reactants and provides information to promote formation of a specific product, but it is not part of the final product. We have developed many different strategies for using oligopyridines as templates for the synthesis of alkyne-linked π-conjugated metalloporphyrin oligomers. These compounds include some of the largest macrocycles ever synthesized, such as a 50-porphyrin ring with a diameter of 21 nm containing a ring of 750 C-C bonds. Metalloporphyrins are excellent models for exploring template directed synthesis, as they can be functionalized in many different positions and the central metal (typically Zn or Mg) provides a handle for coordination to templates. Classical template-directed macrocyclization reactions have a 1:1 complementarity between the template and the product. This strategy works well for preparing nanorings of 5-7 porphyrin units, but larger templates are laborious to synthesize. Rings of 8 or more porphyrin units are most easily prepared using "nonclassical" strategies, in which several small templates work together to direct the formation of a large ring. In the Vernier approach, a mismatch between the number of binding sites on the template and the building block leads to a mathematical amplification of the length scale: the number of binding sites in the product is the lowest common multiple of those in the template and the building block. For example, a 40-porphyrin ring can be prepared by coupling a linear decamer in the presence of an octadentate template. Linear Vernier templating opens up intriguing possibilities for self-replication. When several small radial oligopyridine templates bind inside a large nanoring they can form complexes with some vacant coordination sites that display correlated motion like the caterpillar tracks of a bulldozer. These caterpillar track complexes can be used in template-directed synthesis and they provide the most convenient route to 8- and 10-porphyrin rings. Russian doll complexes provide another strategy for template-directed synthesis: a number of specifically designed ligands bind to a central nanoring to form a template for constructing a larger concentric nanoring. The same oligopyridine templates that are used to prepare nanorings can also be used to synthesize three-dimensional nanotubes and nanoballs. Again, nonclassical approaches, in which several small templates work together cooperatively, are much simpler than creating a single large template with sufficient binding sites to define the whole geometry of the product. Oligopyridine ligands can also be used as shadow mask templates to control the demetalation of magnesium porphyrin nanorings, because metal centers that are not coordinated by the template can be selectively demetalated with acid. Thus, the template forms a permanent shadow on the porphyrin nanostructure that remains after the template has been removed. Shadow mask templates provide a simple route to heterometalated molecular architectures. The insights emerging from these studies are widely applicable, and there are many opportunities for inventing new ways of using templates to control reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille S. Bols
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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50
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Uflyand IE, Dzhardimalieva GI. Molecular design of supramolecular polymers with chelated units and their application as functional materials. J COORD CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2018.1465567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor E. Uflyand
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Gulzhian I. Dzhardimalieva
- Laboratory of Metallopolymers, The Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, Chernogolovka, Russian Federation
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