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Mitra S, Hamada N, Mitra SK. Experimental observation and characterization of amorphous carbon generated in graphene on gold nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2024; 14:25307-25315. [PMID: 39139246 PMCID: PMC11318520 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04893h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The interaction of graphene with gold nanoparticles is investigated using transmission electron microscopy. We observe gold-nanoparticle-mediated etching of graphene flakes, often leading to hole formation. Further, using a combination of high-angle annular dark field imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy, we highlight that the catalytic effects of gold nanoparticles on graphene lead to the formation of amorphous carbon layers. From the extracted diffractograms, we observe regions with diffraction halos as well as some regions with a weak tetrahedral motif. Using independently performed Raman measurements, we confirm the presence of tetrahedral amorphous carbon as well as mixed graphitic-amorphous regions. For the amorphous carbon regions with mixed sp2-sp3 states, the Raman G peak is red-shifted to 1564 cm-1 and an I D/I G ratio of 0.63 indicates less than 20% sp3 content. For the tetrahedral amorphous carbon regions, we observe that the Raman G peak is at 1580 cm-1, close to that of monolayer graphene. However, there is no Raman D peak, i.e., I D/I G = 0, which indicates close to 100% sp3 content. The translation of the Raman G peak location and the I D/I G ratios is on par with the amorphization trajectory analysis of Ferrari and Robertson (Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys., 2000, 61, 14095) and validates the conversion route of graphite to amorphous carbon to tetrahedral amorphous carbon. The presented method provides a promising pathway for creating defect-induced amorphous carbon at room temperature, which has a broader impact on the electronics and semiconductor industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surjyasish Mitra
- Department of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Natalie Hamada
- Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, McMaster University 1280 Main St W Hamilton ON L8S 4L8 Canada
| | - Sushanta K Mitra
- Department of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
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Liu Z, Nakamura H, Akai T. In Situ TEM/STEM Investigation of Crystallization in Y 3Al 5O 12:Ce at High Temperatures Inside a Transmission Electron Microscope. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308001. [PMID: 38100205 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Y3Al5O12:Ce (YAG:Ce) phosphors are extensively used in the field of white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) due to their efficient luminescent properties. To optimize the performance of YAG:Ce phosphors, a comprehensive understanding of their synthesis and structural evolution is essential. This paper presents a direct in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) /scanning TEM (STEM) investigation on the transformation process of a precursor comprising nanocrystalline CeO2 dispersed in an amorphous Y-Al oxide matrix into crystalline YAG:Ce particles. The study reveals that nanocrystalline CeO2 particles dissolve completely in the Y-Al oxide matrix at a temperature above 900 °C, while YAlO3 (YAP)-type crystalline particles with Al2O3 phase in grain boundaries are observed above 1000 °C. Finally, YAG:Ce-type crystalline particles are formed above 1180 °C. Atomic-resolution energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental mapping demonstrates that the doped cerium (Ce) atoms occupy the same atomic sites as yttrium (Y). Photoluminescence measurements validate the efficient luminescent properties of the obtained YAG:Ce phosphor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- Innovative Functional Materials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 4-205 Sakurazaka, Moriyamaku, Nagoya, Aichi, 463-8560, Japan
| | - Hitomi Nakamura
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
| | - Tomoko Akai
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
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3
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Yang J, Liu Q, Chen S, Ding X, Chen Y, Cai D, Wang X. Single-Atom and Dual-Atom Electrocatalysts: Synthesis and Applications. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300407. [PMID: 37666797 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Distinguishing themselves from nanostructured catalysts, single-atom catalysts (SACs) typically consist of positively charged single metal and coordination atoms without any metal-metal bonds. Dual-atom catalysts (DACs) have emerged as extended family members of SACs in recent years. Both SACs and DACs possess characteristics that combine both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, offering advantages such as uniform active sites and adjustable interactions with ligands, while also inheriting the high stability and recyclability associated with heterogeneous catalyst systems. They offer numerous advantages and are extensively utilized in the field of electrocatalysis, so they have emerged as one of the most prominent material research platforms in the direction of electrocatalysis. This review provides a comprehensive review of SACs and DACs in the field of electrocatalysis: encompassing economic production, elucidating electrocatalytic reaction pathways and associated mechanisms, uncovering structure-performance relationships, and addressing major challenges and opportunities within this domain. Our objective is to present novel ideas for developing advanced synthesis strategies, precisely controlling the microstructure of catalytic active sites, establishing accurate structure-activity relationships, unraveling potential mechanisms underlying electrocatalytic reactions, identifying more efficient reaction paths, and enhancing overall performance in electrocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Yang
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, 515031, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Shian Chen
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, 515031, P. R. China
| | - Xiangnong Ding
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, 515031, P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Chen
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, 515031, P. R. China
| | - Dongsong Cai
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, 515031, P. R. China
| | - Xi Wang
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou, 515031, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, P. R. China
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Ohsuna T, Oh-Ishi K. Model-based deconvolution for particle analysis applied to a through-focus series of HAADF-STEM images. Microscopy (Oxf) 2023; 72:368-380. [PMID: 36537122 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfac070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an approach for determining the sizes and three-dimensional (3D) positions of nanoparticles from a through-focus series of high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy images. By assuming spherical particles with uniform density, the sizes and 3D positions can be derived via Wiener deconvolution using a series of kernels prepared by the convolution of the 3D point spread function of the electron beam and the 3D density distribution of spheres with different radii. This process is referred to as a model-based deconvolution. Four 3D datasets with a volume size of 148 × 148 × 560 nm3 were obtained from the four sets of 256 high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy images of 256 × 256 pixels taken from the same field of view under the through-focus condition. The 3D positions and radii of 14 particles in each 3D dataset were derived using the model-based deconvolution for ∼8 min. The observation errors of the 3D position were estimated as σx ≅ σy ≅ 0.3 nm and σz < 1.6 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Ohsuna
- Materials Analysis & Evaluation Research-Domain, Toyota Central R&D Labs., Co. Ltd, 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Oh-Ishi
- Materials Analysis & Evaluation Research-Domain, Toyota Central R&D Labs., Co. Ltd, 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
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5
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Theoretical study on sixth-order geometrical aberration correction. Ultramicroscopy 2022; 239:113569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wu R, Meng Q, Yan J, Liu H, Zhu Q, Zheng L, Zhang J, Han B. Electrochemical Strategy for the Simultaneous Production of Cyclohexanone and Benzoquinone by the Reaction of Phenol and Water. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1556-1571. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinglei Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiang Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huizhen Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinggong Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Buxing Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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8
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Liu JJ. Advances and Applications of Atomic-Resolution Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 27:1-53. [PMID: 34414878 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621012125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images of individual heavy atoms were reported 50 years ago, the applications of atomic-resolution STEM imaging became wide spread only after the practical realization of aberration correctors on field-emission STEM/TEM instruments to form sub-Ångstrom electron probes. The innovative designs and advances of electron optical systems, the fundamental understanding of electron–specimen interaction processes, and the advances in detector technology all played a major role in achieving the goal of atomic-resolution STEM imaging of practical materials. It is clear that tremendous advances in computer technology and electronics, image acquisition and processing algorithms, image simulations, and precision machining synergistically made atomic-resolution STEM imaging routinely accessible. It is anticipated that further hardware/software development is needed to achieve three-dimensional atomic-resolution STEM imaging with single-atom chemical sensitivity, even for electron-beam-sensitive materials. Artificial intelligence, machine learning, and big-data science are expected to significantly enhance the impact of STEM and associated techniques on many research fields such as materials science and engineering, quantum and nanoscale science, physics and chemistry, and biology and medicine. This review focuses on advances of STEM imaging from the invention of the field-emission electron gun to the realization of aberration-corrected and monochromated atomic-resolution STEM and its broad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Jimmy Liu
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ85287, USA
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Watanabe M, Egerton RF. Evolution in X-ray Analysis from Micro to Atomic Scales in Aberration- Corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopes. Microscopy (Oxf) 2021; 71:i132-i147. [PMID: 34265060 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray analysis is one of the most robust approaches to extract quantitative information from various materials, and is widely used in various fields ever since Raimond Castaing established procedures to analyze electron-induced X-ray signals for materials characterization 70 years ago. The recent development of aberration-correction technology in a (scanning) transmission electron microscopes (S/TEM) offers refined electron probes below the Å level, making atomic-resolution X-ray analysis possible. In addition, the latest silicon drift detectors (SDDs) allow complex detector arrangements and new configurational designs to maximize the collection efficiency of X-ray signals, which make it feasible to acquire X-ray signals from single atoms. In this review paper, recent progress and advantages related to S/TEM-based X-ray analysis will be discussed: (1) progress in quantification for materials characterization including the recent applications to light element analysis, (2) progress in analytical spatial resolution for atomic-resolution analysis and (3) progress in analytical sensitivity toward single atom detection and analysis in materials. Both atomic resolution analysis and single atom analysis are evaluated theoretically through multislice-based calculation for electron propagation in oriented crystalline specimen in combination with X-ray spectrum simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Watanabe
- Dept. of Mater. Sci. & Eng., Lehigh University, Bethlehem PA 18015-3195, USA
| | - R F Egerton
- Physics Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada
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10
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Qin R, Liu K, Wu Q, Zheng N. Surface Coordination Chemistry of Atomically Dispersed Metal Catalysts. Chem Rev 2020; 120:11810-11899. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Kunlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qingyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Nanfeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Preparation Technology of Nanomaterials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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11
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The performance evaluation of direct detection electron energy-loss spectroscopy at 200 kV and 80 kV accelerating voltages. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 212:112942. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.112942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Samantaray MK, D'Elia V, Pump E, Falivene L, Harb M, Ould Chikh S, Cavallo L, Basset JM. The Comparison between Single Atom Catalysis and Surface Organometallic Catalysis. Chem Rev 2019; 120:734-813. [PMID: 31613601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Single atom catalysis (SAC) is a recent discipline of heterogeneous catalysis for which a single atom on a surface is able to carry out various catalytic reactions. A kind of revolution in heterogeneous catalysis by metals for which it was assumed that specific sites or defects of a nanoparticle were necessary to activate substrates in catalytic reactions. In another extreme of the spectrum, surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC), and, by extension, surface organometallic catalysis (SOMCat), have demonstrated that single atoms on a surface, but this time with specific ligands, could lead to a more predictive approach in heterogeneous catalysis. The predictive character of SOMCat was just the result of intuitive mechanisms derived from the elementary steps of molecular chemistry. This review article will compare the aspects of single atom catalysis and surface organometallic catalysis by considering several specific catalytic reactions, some of which exist for both fields, whereas others might see mutual overlap in the future. After a definition of both domains, a detailed approach of the methods, mostly modeling and spectroscopy, will be followed by a detailed analysis of catalytic reactions: hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, oxidative dehydrogenation, alkane and cycloalkane metathesis, methane activation, metathetic oxidation, CO2 activation to cyclic carbonates, imine metathesis, and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reactions. A prospective resulting from present knowledge is showing the emergence of a new discipline from the overlap between the two areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoja K Samantaray
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Valerio D'Elia
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering (MSE) , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) , Wang Chan, Payupnai , 21210 Rayong , Thailand
| | - Eva Pump
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Laura Falivene
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Moussab Harb
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy Ould Chikh
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Marie Basset
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
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Wu H, Zhao X, Guan C, Zhao LD, Wu J, Song D, Li C, Wang J, Loh KP, Venkatesan TV, Pennycook SJ. The Atomic Circus: Small Electron Beams Spotlight Advanced Materials Down to the Atomic Scale. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802402. [PMID: 30306651 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Defects in crystalline materials have a tremendous impact on their functional behavior. Controlling and tuning of these imperfections can lead to marked improvements in their physical, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. Thanks to the development of aberration-corrected (scanning) transmission electron microscopy (STEM/TEM), direct visualization of defects at multiple length scales has now become possible, including those critically important defects at the atomic scale. Thorough understanding of the nature and dynamics of these defects is the key to unraveling the fundamental origins of structure-property relationships. Such insight can therefore allow the creation of new materials with desired properties through appropriate defect engineering. Herein, several examples of new insights obtained from representative functional materials are shown, including piezoelectrics/ferroelectrics, oxide interfaces, thermoelectrics, electrocatalysts, and 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Xiaoxu Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117574, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 13 Centre for Life Sciences, #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Cao Guan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Li-Dong Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jiagang Wu
- Department of Materials Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Dongsheng Song
- NUSNNI-NanoCore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Changjian Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - John Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Kian Ping Loh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM), National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
| | - Thirumalai V Venkatesan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117574, Singapore
- NUSNNI-NanoCore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Stephen J Pennycook
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117574, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 13 Centre for Life Sciences, #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM), National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117546, Singapore
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14
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Shen Z, Song J, Zhou Z, Yung BC, Aronova MA, Li Y, Dai Y, Fan W, Liu Y, Li Z, Ruan H, Leapman RD, Lin L, Niu G, Chen X, Wu A. Dotted Core-Shell Nanoparticles for T 1 -Weighted MRI of Tumors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1803163. [PMID: 29972604 PMCID: PMC6320323 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Gd-based T 1 -weighted contrast agents have dominated the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent market for decades. Nevertheless, they are reported to be nephrotoxic and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has issued a general warning concerning their use. In order to reduce the risk of nephrotoxicity, the MRI performance of the Gd-based T 1 -weighted contrast agents needs to be improved to allow a much lower dosage. In this study, novel dotted core-shell nanoparticles (FeGd-HN3-RGD2) with superhigh r 1 value (70.0 mM-1 s-1 ) and very low r 2 /r 1 ratio (1.98) are developed for high-contrast T 1 -weighted MRI of tumors. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and histological analyses show good biocompatibility of FeGd-HN3-RGD2. Laser scanning confocal microscopy images and flow cytometry demonstrate active targeting to integrin αv β3 positive tumors. MRI of tumors shows high tumor ΔSNR for FeGd-HN3-RGD2 (477 ± 44%), which is about 6-7-fold higher than that of Magnevist (75 ± 11%). MRI and inductively coupled plasma results further confirm that the accumulation of FeGd-HN3-RGD2 in tumors is higher than liver and spleen due to the RGD2 targeting and small hydrodynamic particle size (8.5 nm), and FeGd-HN3-RGD2 is readily cleared from the body by renal excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyu Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhong-guan West Road, Ning-bo, Zhe-jiang, 315201, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jibin Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zijian Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bryant C Yung
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Maria A Aronova
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yunlu Dai
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Wenpei Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yijing Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zihou Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhong-guan West Road, Ning-bo, Zhe-jiang, 315201, China
| | - Huimin Ruan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhong-guan West Road, Ning-bo, Zhe-jiang, 315201, China
| | - Richard D Leapman
- Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lisen Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gang Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Aiguo Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhong-guan West Road, Ning-bo, Zhe-jiang, 315201, China
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15
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Sun C, Müller E, Meffert M, Gerthsen D. On the Progress of Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) Imaging in a Scanning Electron Microscope. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2018; 24:99-106. [PMID: 29589573 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with low-energy electrons has been recognized as an important addition to the family of electron microscopies as it may avoid knock-on damage and increase the contrast of weakly scattering objects. Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) are well suited for low-energy electron microscopy with maximum electron energies of 30 keV, but they are mainly used for topography imaging of bulk samples. Implementation of a scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) detector and a charge-coupled-device camera for the acquisition of on-axis transmission electron diffraction (TED) patterns, in combination with recent resolution improvements, make SEMs highly interesting for structure analysis of some electron-transparent specimens which are traditionally investigated by TEM. A new aspect is correlative SEM, STEM, and TED imaging from the same specimen region in a SEM which leads to a wealth of information. Simultaneous image acquisition gives information on surface topography, inner structure including crystal defects and qualitative material contrast. Lattice-fringe resolution is obtained in bright-field STEM imaging. The benefits of correlative SEM/STEM/TED imaging in a SEM are exemplified by structure analyses from representative sample classes such as nanoparticulates and bulk materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Sun
- Laboratorium für Elektronenmikroskopie,Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT),Engesserstr. 7,76131 Karlsruhe,Germany
| | - Erich Müller
- Laboratorium für Elektronenmikroskopie,Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT),Engesserstr. 7,76131 Karlsruhe,Germany
| | - Matthias Meffert
- Laboratorium für Elektronenmikroskopie,Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT),Engesserstr. 7,76131 Karlsruhe,Germany
| | - Dagmar Gerthsen
- Laboratorium für Elektronenmikroskopie,Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT),Engesserstr. 7,76131 Karlsruhe,Germany
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16
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Morishita S, Kohno Y, Hosokawa F, Suenaga K, Sawada H. Evaluation of residual aberration in fifth-order geometrical aberration correctors. Microscopy (Oxf) 2018; 67:156-163. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfy009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuji Kohno
- JEOL Ltd., 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - Fumio Hosokawa
- BioNet Laboratory Inc., 2-3-28 Nishiki-chou, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-0022, Japan
| | - Kazu Suenaga
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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17
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Single-atom detection of light elements: Imaging or spectroscopy? Ultramicroscopy 2017; 180:150-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Ramasse QM. Twenty years after: How “Aberration correction in the STEM” truly placed a “A synchrotron in a Microscope”. Ultramicroscopy 2017; 180:41-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Susi T, Meyer JC, Kotakoski J. Manipulating low-dimensional materials down to the level of single atoms with electron irradiation. Ultramicroscopy 2017; 180:163-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Lehnert T, Kinyanjui MK, Ladenburger A, Rommel D, Wörle K, Börrnert F, Leopold K, Kaiser U. In Situ Crystallization of the Insoluble Anhydrite AII Phase in Graphene Pockets. ACS NANO 2017; 11:7967-7973. [PMID: 28738676 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b02513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Single-distilled water encapsulated in graphene pockets has been studied by aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy at an acceleration voltage of 80 kV. Inside the graphene pockets, crystallization and in situ crystal growth are reported and identified as the insoluble AII phase of CaSO4 (anhydrite) in a quasi-two-dimensional system. Its formation condition is discussed with respect to the possible temperature and van der Waals pressure between the graphene sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Lehnert
- Materialwissenschaftliche Elektronenmikroskopie and ‡Institut für Analytische und Bioanalytische Chemie, Universität Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael K Kinyanjui
- Materialwissenschaftliche Elektronenmikroskopie and ‡Institut für Analytische und Bioanalytische Chemie, Universität Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Anita Ladenburger
- Materialwissenschaftliche Elektronenmikroskopie and ‡Institut für Analytische und Bioanalytische Chemie, Universität Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Dimitri Rommel
- Materialwissenschaftliche Elektronenmikroskopie and ‡Institut für Analytische und Bioanalytische Chemie, Universität Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Katharina Wörle
- Materialwissenschaftliche Elektronenmikroskopie and ‡Institut für Analytische und Bioanalytische Chemie, Universität Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Felix Börrnert
- Materialwissenschaftliche Elektronenmikroskopie and ‡Institut für Analytische und Bioanalytische Chemie, Universität Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Kerstin Leopold
- Materialwissenschaftliche Elektronenmikroskopie and ‡Institut für Analytische und Bioanalytische Chemie, Universität Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Materialwissenschaftliche Elektronenmikroskopie and ‡Institut für Analytische und Bioanalytische Chemie, Universität Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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21
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Medeiros PVC, Marks S, Wynn JM, Vasylenko A, Ramasse QM, Quigley D, Sloan J, Morris AJ. Single-Atom Scale Structural Selectivity in Te Nanowires Encapsulated Inside Ultranarrow, Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2017; 11:6178-6185. [PMID: 28467832 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b02225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Extreme nanowires (ENs) represent the ultimate class of crystals: They are the smallest possible periodic materials. With atom-wide motifs repeated in one dimension (1D), they offer a privileged perspective into the physics and chemistry of low-dimensional systems. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) provide ideal environments for the creation of such materials. Here we present a comprehensive study of Te ENs encapsulated inside ultranarrow SWCNTs with diameters between 0.7 nm and 1.1 nm. We combine state-of-the-art imaging techniques and 1D-adapted ab initio structure prediction to treat both confinement and periodicity effects. The studied Te ENs adopt a variety of structures, exhibiting a true 1D realization of a Peierls structural distortion and transition from metallic to insulating behavior as a function of encapsulating diameter. We analyze the mechanical stability of the encapsulated ENs and show that nanoconfinement is not only a useful means to produce ENs but also may actually be necessary, in some cases, to prevent them from disintegrating. The ability to control functional properties of these ENs with confinement has numerous applications in future device technologies, and we anticipate that our study will set the basic paradigm to be adopted in the characterization and understanding of such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo V C Medeiros
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jamie M Wynn
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Andrij Vasylenko
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine (NAS Ukraine) , 1 Sventsitskii street, 79011 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Quentin M Ramasse
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus , Keckwick Lane, Daresbury WA44AD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Andrew J Morris
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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22
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Lin YC, Morishita S, Koshino M, Yeh CH, Teng PY, Chiu PW, Sawada H, Suenaga K. Unexpected Huge Dimerization Ratio in One-Dimensional Carbon Atomic Chains. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:494-500. [PMID: 28005382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Peierls theory predicted atomic distortion in one-dimensional (1D) crystal due to its intrinsic instability in 1930. Free-standing carbon atomic chains created in situ in transmission electron microscope (TEM)1-3 are an ideal example to experimentally observe the dimerization behavior of carbon atomic chain within a finite length. We report here a surprisingly huge distortion found in the free-standing carbon atomic chains at 773 K, which is 10 times larger than the value expected in the system. Such an abnormally distorted phase only dominates at the elevated temperatures, while two distinct phases, distorted and undistorted, coexist at lower or ambient temperatures. Atom-by-atom spectroscopy indeed shows considerable variations in the carbon 1s spectra at each atomic site but commonly observes a slightly downshifted π* peak, which proves its sp1 bonding feature. These results suggest that the simple model, relaxed and straight, is not fully adequate to describe the realistic 1D structure, which is extremely sensitive to perturbations such as external force or boundary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chang Lin
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | | | - Masanori Koshino
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Chao-Hui Yeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yuan Teng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wen Chiu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hidetaka Sawada
- JEOL Ltd. , 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - Kazutomo Suenaga
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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23
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Baeza A, Castillo RR, Torres-Pardo A, González-Calbet JM, Vallet-Regí M. Electron microscopy for inorganic-type drug delivery nanocarriers for antitumoral applications: what does it reveal? J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:2714-2725. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb03062a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electron microscopy applied to the development of inorganic nanoparticles for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Baeza
- Dpto. Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica
- Facultad de Farmacia
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- Plaza Ramon y Cajal s/n
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i + 12
| | - R. R. Castillo
- Dpto. Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica
- Facultad de Farmacia
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- Plaza Ramon y Cajal s/n
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i + 12
| | - A. Torres-Pardo
- Dpto. de Química Inorgánica Facultad de Químicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- Madrid
- Spain
| | - J. M. González-Calbet
- Dpto. de Química Inorgánica Facultad de Químicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- Madrid
- Spain
| | - M. Vallet-Regí
- Dpto. Química Inorgánica y Bioinorgánica
- Facultad de Farmacia
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- Plaza Ramon y Cajal s/n
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i + 12
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24
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Kisielowski C, Frei H, Specht P, Sharp ID, Haber JA, Helveg S. Detecting structural variances of Co 3O 4 catalysts by controlling beam-induced sample alterations in the vacuum of a transmission electron microscope. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:13. [PMID: 27867836 PMCID: PMC5093192 DOI: 10.1186/s40679-016-0027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes core aspects of beam-sample interactions in research that aims at exploiting the ability to detect single atoms at atomic resolution by mid-voltage transmission electron microscopy. Investigating the atomic structure of catalytic Co3O4 nanocrystals underscores how indispensable it is to rigorously control electron dose rates and total doses to understand native material properties on this scale. We apply in-line holography with variable dose rates to achieve this goal. Genuine object structures can be maintained if dose rates below ~100 e/Å2s are used and the contrast required for detection of single atoms is generated by capturing large image series. Threshold doses for the detection of single atoms are estimated. An increase of electron dose rates and total doses to common values for high resolution imaging of solids stimulates object excitations that restructure surfaces, interfaces, and defects and cause grain reorientation or growth. We observe a variety of previously unknown atom configurations in surface proximity of the Co3O4 spinel structure. These are hidden behind broadened diffraction patterns in reciprocal space but become visible in real space by solving the phase problem. An exposure of the Co3O4 spinel structure to water vapor or other gases induces drastic structure alterations that can be captured in this manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kisielowski
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - H Frei
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - P Specht
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - I D Sharp
- Chemical Sciences Division and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - J A Haber
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
| | - S Helveg
- Haldor Topsoe A/S, Haldor Topsøes Allé 1, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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25
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Yang H, Rutte RN, Jones L, Simson M, Sagawa R, Ryll H, Huth M, Pennycook TJ, Green MLH, Soltau H, Kondo Y, Davis BG, Nellist PD. Simultaneous atomic-resolution electron ptychography and Z-contrast imaging of light and heavy elements in complex nanostructures. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12532. [PMID: 27561914 PMCID: PMC5007440 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) has emerged as a key tool for atomic resolution characterization of materials, allowing the use of imaging modes such as Z-contrast and spectroscopic mapping. The STEM has not been regarded as optimal for the phase-contrast imaging necessary for efficient imaging of light materials. Here, recent developments in fast electron detectors and data processing capability is shown to enable electron ptychography, to extend the capability of the STEM by allowing quantitative phase images to be formed simultaneously with incoherent signals. We demonstrate this capability as a practical tool for imaging complex structures containing light and heavy elements, and use it to solve the structure of a beam-sensitive carbon nanostructure. The contrast of the phase image contrast is maximized through the post-acquisition correction of lens aberrations. The compensation of defocus aberrations is also used for the measurement of three-dimensional sample information through post-acquisition optical sectioning. The use of ptychography with electrons has been limited. Here, Yang et al. demonstrate that the combination of Z-contrast and phase imaging reveals the structure of complex nanomaterials. This practical tool can be used to solve the structure of a beam-sensitive carbon nanostructure at atomic-resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yang
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH Oxford, UK
| | - R N Rutte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK
| | - L Jones
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH Oxford, UK
| | - M Simson
- PNDetector GmbH, Sckellstrasse 3, 81667 München, Germany
| | - R Sagawa
- JEOL Ltd 3-1-2 Musashino Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - H Ryll
- PNSensor GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 München, Germany
| | - M Huth
- PNDetector GmbH, Sckellstrasse 3, 81667 München, Germany
| | - T J Pennycook
- Department of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - M L H Green
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK
| | - H Soltau
- PNDetector GmbH, Sckellstrasse 3, 81667 München, Germany
| | - Y Kondo
- JEOL Ltd 3-1-2 Musashino Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - B G Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, UK
| | - P D Nellist
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PH Oxford, UK
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26
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Sun Z, Zhao Y, He M, Gu L, Ma C, Jin K, Zhao D, Luo N, Zhang Q, Wang N, Duan W, Nan CW. Deterministic Role of Concentration Surplus of Cation Vacancy over Anion Vacancy in Bipolar Memristive NiO. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:11583-11591. [PMID: 27096884 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Migration of oxygen vacancies has been proposed to play an important role in the bipolar memristive behaviors because oxygen vacancies can directly determine the local conductivity in many systems. However, a recent theoretical work demonstrated that both migration of oxygen vacancies and coexistence of cation and anion vacancies are crucial to the occurrence of bipolar memristive switching, normally observed in the small-sized NiO. So far, experimental work addressing this issue is still lacking. In this work, with conductive atomic force microscopy and combined scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy, we reveal that concentration surplus of Ni vacancy over O vacancy determines the bipolar memristive switching of NiO films. Our work supports the dual-defects-based model, which is of fundamental importance for understanding the memristor mechanisms beyond the well-established oxygen-vacancy-based model. Moreover, this work provides a methodology to investigate the effect of dual defects on memristive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Sun
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yonggang Zhao
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Min He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Kuijuan Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Diyang Zhao
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nannan Luo
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenhui Duan
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ce-Wen Nan
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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27
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Kubo Y, Mizoguchi A, Fujita JI. High-Resolution Identification of Chemical States in Individual Metal Clusters in an Insulating Amorphous Polymer. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5225-33. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Kubo
- Analysis
Technology Research Center, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd., 1-1-3,
Shimaya, Konohana-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 554-0024, Japan
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Analysis
Technology Research Center, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd., 1-1-3,
Shimaya, Konohana-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 554-0024, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Fujita
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Tsukuba
Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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28
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In-line three-dimensional holography of nanocrystalline objects at atomic resolution. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10603. [PMID: 26887849 PMCID: PMC4759637 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Resolution and sensitivity of the latest generation aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopes allow the vast majority of single atoms to be imaged with sub-Ångstrom resolution and their locations determined in an image plane with a precision that exceeds the 1.9-pm wavelength of 300 kV electrons. Such unprecedented performance allows expansion of electron microscopic investigations with atomic resolution into the third dimension. Here we report a general tomographic method to recover the three-dimensional shape of a crystalline particle from high-resolution images of a single projection without the need for sample rotation. The method is compatible with low dose rate electron microscopy, which improves on signal quality, while minimizing electron beam-induced structure modifications even for small particles or surfaces. We apply it to germanium, gold and magnesium oxide particles, and achieve a depth resolution of 1–2 Å, which is smaller than inter-atomic distances. The resolution of transmission electron microscopes allows the imaging of single atoms and determination of their locations in a plane. Here, the authors present a tomographic method to recover the three-dimensional shape of a crystalline particle without the need for sample rotation.
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29
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Tizei LH, Iizumi Y, Okazaki T, Nakanishi R, Kitaura R, Shinohara H, Suenaga K. Single atom spectroscopy: Decreased scattering delocalization at high energy losses, effects of atomic movement and X-ray fluorescence yield. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 160:239-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Lin YC, Teng PY, Chiu PW, Suenaga K. Exploring the Single Atom Spin State by Electron Spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:206803. [PMID: 26613462 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.206803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To control the spin state of an individual atom is an ultimate goal for spintronics. A single atom magnet, which may lead to a supercapacity memory device if realized, requires the high-spin state of an isolated individual atom. Here, we demonstrate the realization of well isolated transition metal (TM) atoms fixed at atomic defects sparsely dispersed in graphene. Core-level electron spectroscopy clearly reveals the high-spin state of the individual TM atoms at the divacancy or edge of the graphene layer. We also show for the first time that the spin state of single TM atoms systematically varies with the coordination of neighboring nitrogen or oxygen atoms. These structures can be thus regarded as the smallest components of spintronic devices with controlled magnetic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chang Lin
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Po-Yuan Teng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wen Chiu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kazu Suenaga
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
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31
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Lin YC, Teng PY, Yeh CH, Koshino M, Chiu PW, Suenaga K. Structural and Chemical Dynamics of Pyridinic-Nitrogen Defects in Graphene. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:7408-13. [PMID: 26488153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
High density and controllable nitrogen doping in graphene is a critical issue to realize high performance graphene-based devices. In this paper, we demonstrate an efficient method to selectively produce graphitic-N and pyridinic-N defects in graphene by using the mixture plasma of ozone and nitrogen. The atomic structure, electronic structure, and dynamic behavior of these nitrogen defects are systematically studied at the atomic level by using a scanning transmission electron microscopy. The pyridinic-N exhibits higher chemical activity and tends to trap a series of transition metal atoms (Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, and Fe) as individual atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chang Lin
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Po-Yuan Teng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hui Yeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Masanori Koshino
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Po-Wen Chiu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kazu Suenaga
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
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Molecular interactions on single-walled carbon nanotubes revealed by high-resolution transmission microscopy. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7732. [PMID: 26173983 PMCID: PMC4518305 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The close solid-state structure–property relationships of organic π−aromatic molecules have attracted interest due to their implications for the design of organic functional materials. In particular, a dimeric structure, that is, a unit consisting of two molecules, is required for precisely evaluating intermolecular interactions. Here, we show that the sidewall of a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) represents a unique molecular dimer platform that can be directly visualized using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Pyrene is chosen as the π−aromatic molecule; its dimer is covalently linked to the SWNT sidewalls by aryl addition. Reflecting the orientation and separation of the two molecules, the pyrene dimer on the SWNT exhibits characteristic optical and photophysical properties. The methodology discussed here—form and probe molecular dimers—is highly promising for the creation of unique models and provides indispensable and fundamental information regarding molecular interactions. Probing local molecular properties is crucial for the rational designs of functional organic materials. Here, Umeyama et al. prepare a dimeric structure of a model π-aromatic compound on the sidewall of a carbon nanotube to be visualized by transmission electron microscopy at a single-molecule level.
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33
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Tizei LHG, Nakanishi R, Kitaura R, Shinohara H, Suenaga K. Core-level spectroscopy to probe the oxidation state of single europium atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:197602. [PMID: 26024198 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.197602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The valence of individual europium atoms confined in carbon nanotubes is successfully measured by using core-level electron energy loss spectroscopy. Changes in the oxidation state at the atomic scale have been observed in Eu atomic chains exposed to oxygen. A transitory behavior has been identified where multiple atoms show a signal consistent with a sum of Eu^{2+} and Eu^{3+}. This indicates that single atoms change their valence state multiple times during the reaction, suggesting that oxidation in confined spaces and with extra energy input (from the electron beam) might not be a simple one step electron transfer event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz H G Tizei
- Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakanishi
- Department of Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 468-8602, Japan
| | - Ryo Kitaura
- Department of Chemistry, Nagoya University, Nagoya 468-8602, Japan
| | | | - Kazu Suenaga
- Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
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Ilari GM, Hage FS, Zhang Y, Rossell MD, Ramasse QM, Niederberger M, Erni R. Carbon–metal interfaces analyzed by aberration-corrected TEM: How copper and nickel nanoparticles interact with MWCNTs. Micron 2015; 72:52-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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The correction of electron lens aberrations. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 156:A1-64. [PMID: 26025209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The progress of electron lens aberration correction from about 1990 onwards is chronicled. Reasonably complete lists of publications on this and related topics are appended. A present for Max Haider and Ondrej Krivanek in the year of their 65th birthdays. By a happy coincidence, this review was completed in the year that both Max Haider and Ondrej Krivanek reached the age of 65. It is a pleasure to dedicate it to the two leading actors in the saga of aberration corrector design and construction. They would both wish to associate their colleagues with such a tribute but it is the names of Haider and Krivanek (not forgetting Joachim Zach) that will remain in the annals of electron optics, next to that of Harald Rose. I am proud to know that both regard me as a friend as well as a colleague.
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36
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Su DS, Zhang B, Schlögl R. Electron microscopy of solid catalysts--transforming from a challenge to a toolbox. Chem Rev 2015; 115:2818-82. [PMID: 25826447 DOI: 10.1021/cr500084c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dang Sheng Su
- †Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.,‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bingsen Zhang
- †Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Robert Schlögl
- ‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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37
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Guttmann P, Bittencourt C. Overview of nanoscale NEXAFS performed with soft X-ray microscopes. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:595-604. [PMID: 25821700 PMCID: PMC4362056 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Today, in material science nanoscale structures are becoming more and more important. Not only for the further miniaturization of semiconductor devices like carbon nanotube based transistors, but also for newly developed efficient energy storage devices, gas sensors or catalytic systems nanoscale and functionalized materials have to be analysed. Therefore, analytical tools like near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy has to be applied on single nanostructures. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopes (STXM) as well as full-field transmission X-ray microscopes (TXM) allow the required spatial resolution to study individual nanostructures. In the soft X-ray energy range only STXM was used so far for NEXAFS studies. Due to its unique setup, the TXM operated by the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB) at the electron storage ring BESSY II is the first one in the soft X-ray range which can be used for NEXAFS spectroscopy studies which will be shown in this review. Here we will give an overview of the different microscopes used for NEXAFS studies and describe their advantages and disadvantages for different samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Guttmann
- Institute for Soft Matter and Functional Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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38
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3D reconstruction of nanocrystalline particles from a single projection. Micron 2015; 68:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Tizei LHG, Liu Z, Koshino M, Iizumi Y, Okazaki T, Suenaga K. Single molecular spectroscopy: identification of individual fullerene molecules. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:185502. [PMID: 25396379 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.185502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the molecule-by-molecule spectroscopy of individual fullerenes by means of electron spectroscopy based on scanning transmission electron microscopy. Electron energy-loss fine structure analysis of carbon 1s absorption spectra is used to discriminate carbon allotropes with known symmetries. C(60) and C(70) molecules randomly stored inside carbon nanotubes are successfully identified at a single-molecular basis. We show that a single molecule impurity is detectable, allowing the recognition of an unexpected contaminant molecule with a different symmetry. Molecules inside carbon nanotubes thus preserve their intact molecular symmetry. In contrast, molecules anchored at or sandwiched between atomic BN layers show spectral modifications possibly due to a largely degraded structural symmetry. Moreover, by comparing the spectrum from a single C(60) molecule and its molecular crystal, we find hints of the influence of solid-state effects on its electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz H G Tizei
- Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Zheng Liu
- Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Masanori Koshino
- Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yoko Iizumi
- Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Toshiya Okazaki
- Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kazu Suenaga
- Nanotube Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
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40
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Arenal R, March K, Ewels CP, Rocquefelte X, Kociak M, Loiseau A, Stéphan O. Atomic configuration of nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:5509-16. [PMID: 25157857 DOI: 10.1021/nl501645g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Having access to the chemical environment at the atomic level of a dopant in a nanostructure is crucial for the understanding of its properties. We have performed atomically resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy to detect individual nitrogen dopants in single-walled carbon nanotubes and compared with first-principles calculations. We demonstrate that nitrogen doping occurs as single atoms in different bonding configurations: graphitic-like and pyrrolic-like substitutional nitrogen neighboring local lattice distortion such as Stone-Thrower-Wales defects. We also show that the largest fraction of nitrogen amount is found in poly aromatic species that are adsorbed on the surface of the nanotube walls. The stability under the electron beam of these nanotubes has been studied in two different cases of nitrogen incorporation content and configuration. These findings provide key information for the applications of these nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Arenal
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza , Calle Mariano Esquillor, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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41
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Sasaki T, Sawada H, Hosokawa F, Sato Y, Suenaga K. Aberration-corrected STEM/TEM imaging at 15 kV. Ultramicroscopy 2014; 145:50-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Egerton R. Choice of operating voltage for a transmission electron microscope. Ultramicroscopy 2014; 145:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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43
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Zhang Y, Utke I, Michler J, Ilari G, Rossell MD, Erni R. Growth and characterization of CNT-TiO2 heterostructures. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 5:946-55. [PMID: 25161830 PMCID: PMC4142836 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A thriving field in nanotechnology is to develop synergetic functions of nanomaterials by taking full advantages of unique properties of each component. In this context, combining TiO2 nanocrystals and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) offers enhanced photosensitivity and improved photocatalytic efficiency, which is key to achieving sustainable energy and preventing environmental pollution. Hence, it has aroused a tremendous research interest. This report surveys recent research on the topic of synthesis and characterization of the CNT-TiO2 interface. In particular, atomic layer deposition (ALD) offers a good control of the size, crystallinity and morphology of TiO2 on CNTs. Analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques such as electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in scanning transmission mode provides structural, chemical and electronic information with an unprecedented spatial resolution and increasingly superior energy resolution, and hence is a necessary tool to characterize the CNT-TiO2 interface, as well as other technologically relevant CNT-metal/metal oxide material systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Zhang
- Electron Microscopy Center, EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Utke
- Laboratory of Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructure, EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Johann Michler
- Laboratory of Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructure, EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Ilari
- Electron Microscopy Center, EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marta D Rossell
- Electron Microscopy Center, EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Erni
- Electron Microscopy Center, EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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44
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Ramachandra R, Bouwer JC, Mackey MR, Bushong E, Peltier ST, Xuong NH, Ellisman MH. Improving signal to noise in labeled biological specimens using energy-filtered TEM of sections with a drift correction strategy and a direct detection device. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:706-14. [PMID: 24641915 PMCID: PMC4178974 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy techniques are regularly used to build elemental maps of spatially distributed nanoparticles in materials and biological specimens. When working with thick biological sections, electron energy loss spectroscopy techniques involving core-loss electrons often require exposures exceeding several minutes to provide sufficient signal to noise. Image quality with these long exposures is often compromised by specimen drift, which results in blurring and reduced resolution. To mitigate drift artifacts, a series of short exposure images can be acquired, aligned, and merged to form a single image. For samples where the target elements have extremely low signal yields, the use of charge coupled device (CCD)-based detectors for this purpose can be problematic. At short acquisition times, the images produced by CCDs can be noisy and may contain fixed pattern artifacts that impact subsequent correlative alignment. Here we report on the use of direct electron detection devices (DDD's) to increase the signal to noise as compared with CCD's. A 3× improvement in signal is reported with a DDD versus a comparably formatted CCD, with equivalent dose on each detector. With the fast rolling-readout design of the DDD, the duty cycle provides a major benefit, as there is no dead time between successive frames.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Ramachandra
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - James C. Bouwer
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mason R. Mackey
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eric Bushong
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Steven T. Peltier
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nguyen-Huu Xuong
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mark H. Ellisman
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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45
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Sawada H, Sasaki T, Hosokawa F, Suenaga K. Resolution enhancement at a large convergence angle by a delta corrector with a CFEG in a low-accelerating-voltage STEM. Micron 2014; 63:35-9. [PMID: 24618015 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Resolution reduction by a diffraction limit becomes severe with an increase in the wavelength of an electron at a relatively low accelerating voltage. For maintaining atomic resolution at a low accelerating voltage, a larger convergence angle with aberration correction is required. The developed aberration corrector, which compensates for higher-order aberration, can expand the uniform phase angle. Sub-angstrom imaging of a Ge [112] specimen with a narrow energy spread obtained by a cold field emission gun at 60 kV was performed using the aberration corrector. We achieved a resolution of 82 pm for a Ge-Ge dumbbell structure image by high angle annular dark-field imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Sawada
- JEOL Ltd., 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan.
| | - Takeo Sasaki
- JEOL Ltd., 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - Fumio Hosokawa
- JEOL Ltd., 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - Kazutomo Suenaga
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
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46
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Lin Y, Wu Z, Wen J, Poeppelmeier KR, Marks LD. Imaging the atomic surface structures of CeO2 nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:191-6. [PMID: 24295383 DOI: 10.1021/nl403713b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Atomic surface structures of CeO2 nanoparticles are under debate owing to the lack of clear experimental determination of the oxygen atom positions. In this study, with oxygen atoms clearly observed using aberration-corrected high-resolution electron microscopy, we determined the atomic structures of the (100), (110), and (111) surfaces of CeO2 nanocubes. The predominantly exposed (100) surface has a mixture of Ce, O, and reduced CeO terminations, underscoring the complex structures of this polar surface that previously was often oversimplified. The (110) surface shows "sawtooth-like" (111) nanofacets and flat CeO2-x terminations with oxygen vacancies. The (111) surface has an O termination. These findings can be extended to the surfaces of differently shaped CeO2 nanoparticles and provide insight about face-selective catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyuan Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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47
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Meyer JC, Kotakoski J, Mangler C. Atomic structure from large-area, low-dose exposures of materials: a new route to circumvent radiation damage. Ultramicroscopy 2013; 145:13-21. [PMID: 24315660 PMCID: PMC4153813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Beam-induced structural modifications are a major nuisance in the study of materials by high-resolution electron microscopy. Here, we introduce a new approach to circumvent the radiation damage problem by a statistical treatment of large, noisy, low-dose data sets of non-periodic configurations (e.g. defects) in the material. We distribute the dose over a mixture of different defect structures at random positions and with random orientations, and recover representative model images via a maximum likelihood search. We demonstrate reconstructions from simulated images at such low doses that the location of individual entities is not possible. The approach may open a route to study currently inaccessible beam-sensitive configurations. A new approach to circumvent radiation damage. Statistical treatment of large noisy data sets. Analysis of radiation sensitive material defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Meyer
- University of Vienna, Department of Physics, Vienna, Austria.
| | - J Kotakoski
- University of Vienna, Department of Physics, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Mangler
- University of Vienna, Department of Physics, Vienna, Austria
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48
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Aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy analyses of GaAs/Si interfaces in wafer-bonded multi-junction solar cells. Ultramicroscopy 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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49
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Ramasse QM, Seabourne CR, Kepaptsoglou DM, Zan R, Bangert U, Scott AJ. Probing the bonding and electronic structure of single atom dopants in graphene with electron energy loss spectroscopy. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:4989-95. [PMID: 23259533 DOI: 10.1021/nl304187e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A combination of scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and ab initio calculations reveal striking electronic structure differences between two distinct single substitutional Si defect geometries in graphene. Optimised acquisition conditions allow for exceptional signal-to-noise levels in the spectroscopic data. The near-edge fine structure can be compared with great accuracy to simulations and reveal either an sp(3)-like configuration for a trivalent Si or a more complicated hybridized structure for a tetravalent Si impurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin M Ramasse
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, STFC Daresbury Campus , Daresbury WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
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50
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Bigelow NW, Vaschillo A, Camden JP, Masiello DJ. Signatures of Fano interferences in the electron energy loss spectroscopy and cathodoluminescence of symmetry-broken nanorod dimers. ACS NANO 2013; 7:4511-4519. [PMID: 23594310 DOI: 10.1021/nn401161n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Through numerical simulation, we predict the existence of the Fano interference effect in the electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and cathodoluminescence (CL) of symmetry-broken nanorod dimers that are heterogeneous in material composition and asymmetric in length. The differing selection rules of the electron probe in comparison to the photon of a plane wave allow for the simultaneous excitation of both optically bright and dark plasmons of each monomer unit, suggesting that Fano resonances will not arise in EELS and CL. Yet, interferences are manifested in the dimer's scattered near- and far-fields and are evident in EELS and CL due to the rapid π-phase offset in the polarizations between super-radiant and subradiant hybridized plasmon modes of the dimer as a function of the energy loss suffered by the impinging electron. Depending upon the location of the electron beam, we demonstrate the conditions under which Fano interferences will be present in both optical and electron spectroscopies (EELS and CL) as well as a new class of Fano interferences that are uniquely electron-driven and are absent in the optical response. Among other things, the knowledge gained from this work bears impact upon the design of some of the world's most sensitive sensors, which are currently based upon Fano resonances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Bigelow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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