1
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Sun K, Ishikawa A, Itaya R, Toichi Y, Yamakado T, Osuka A, Tanaka T, Sakamoto K, Kawai S. On-Surface Synthesis of Polyene-Linked Porphyrin Cooligomer. ACS NANO 2024; 18:13551-13559. [PMID: 38757371 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
π-Conjugated molecules are viewed as fundamental components in forthcoming molecular nanoelectronics in which semiconducting functional units are linked to each other via metallic molecular wires. However, it is still challenging to construct such block cooligomers on the surface. Here, we present a synthesis of [18]-polyene-linked Zn-porphyrin cooligomers via a two-step reaction of the alkyl groups on Cu(111) and Cu(110). Nonyl groups (-C9H19) substituted at the 5,15-meso positions of Zn-porphyrin were first transformed to alkenyl groups (-C9H10) by dehydrogenation. Subsequently, homocoupling of the terminal -CH2 groups resulted in the formation of extended [18]-polyene-linked porphyrin cooligomers. The structures of the products at each reaction step were investigated by bond-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy at low temperatures. A combination of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations revealed the metallic property of the all trans [18]-polyene linker on Cu(110). This finding may provide an approach to fabricate complex nanocarbon structures on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- International Center for Young Scientists, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishikawa
- Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Ryota Itaya
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Toichi
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamakado
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sakamoto
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Spintronics Research Network Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
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2
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Duan JJ, Yang XQ, Li R, Li X, Chen T, Wang D. N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Derived 1,3,5-Trimethylenebenzene: On-Surface Synthesis and Electronic Structure. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13025-13033. [PMID: 38693826 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
1,3,5-Trimethylenebenzene (1,3,5-TMB), a 3-fold-symmetric triradical with a high-spin ground state, is an attractive platform for investigating the unique spin properties of π-conjugated triangular triradicals. Here, we report the on-surface synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-derived 1,3,5-TMB (N-TMB) via surface-assisted C-C and C-N coupling reactions on Au(111). The chemical and electronic structures of N-TMB on the Au(111) surface are revealed with atomic precision using scanning tunneling microscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy, combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It is demonstrated that there is substantial charge transfer between N-TMB and the substrate, resulting in a positively charged N-TMB on Au(111). DFT calculations at the UB3LYP/def2-TZVP level of theory and multireference method, e.g., CASSCF/NEVPT2, indicate that N-TMB possesses a doublet ground state with reduced Cs symmetry in the gas phase, contrasting the quartet ground state of 1,3,5-TMB with D3h symmetry, and exhibits a doublet-quartet energy gap of -0.80 eV. The incorporation of NHC structures and the extended π-conjugation promote the spin-orbital overlaps in N-TMB, leading to Jahn-Teller distortion and the formation of a robust doublet state. Our results not only demonstrate the fabrication of polyradicals based on NHC but also shed light on the effect of NHC and π-conjugation on the electronic structure and spin coupling, which opens up new possibilities for precisely regulating the spin-spin exchange coupling of organic polyradicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jie Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xue-Qing Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ruoning Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xin Li
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Grossmann L, Hocke M, Galeotti G, Contini G, Floreano L, Cossaro A, Ghosh A, Schmittel M, Rosen J, Heckl WM, Björk J, Lackinger M. Mechanistic insights into on-surface reactions from isothermal temperature-programmed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:7612-7625. [PMID: 38512302 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00468j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis often proceeds under kinetic control due to the irreversibility of key reaction steps, rendering kinetic studies pivotal. The accurate quantification of reaction rates also bears potential for unveiling reaction mechanisms. Temperature-Programmed X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (TP-XPS) has emerged as an analytical tool for kinetic studies with splendid chemical and sufficient temporal resolution. Here, we demonstrate that the common linear temperature ramps lead to fitting ambiguities. Moreover, pinpointing the reaction order remains intricate, although this key parameter entails information on atomistic mechanisms. Yet, TP-XPS experiments with a stepped temperature profile comprised of isothermal segments facilitate the direct quantification of rate constants from fitting time courses. Thereby, rate constants are obtained for a series of temperatures, which allows independent extraction of both activation energies and pre-exponentials from Arrhenius plots. By using two analogous doubly versus triply brominated aromatic model compounds, we found that their debromination on Ag(111) is best modeled by second-order kinetics and thus proceeds via the involvement of a second, non-obvious reactant. Accordingly, we propose that debromination is activated by surface supplied Ag adatoms. This hypothesis is supported by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. We foresee auspicious prospects for this TP-XPS variant for further exploring the kinetics and mechanisms of on-surface reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Grossmann
- Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany
| | - Manuela Hocke
- Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | | | - Giorgio Contini
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia-CNR (ISM-CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Luca Floreano
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, S.S. 14, km 163.5, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Albano Cossaro
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, S.S. 14, km 163.5, Trieste, 34149, Italy
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, 34100, Trieste, Italy
| | - Amit Ghosh
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology, Organische Chemie I, Universität Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Wolfgang M Heckl
- Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany
| | - Jonas Björk
- Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany
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4
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Manikandan M, Nicolini P, Hapala P. Computational Design of Photosensitive Polymer Templates To Drive Molecular Nanofabrication. ACS NANO 2024; 18:9969-9979. [PMID: 38545921 PMCID: PMC11008366 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Molecular electronics promises the ultimate level of miniaturization of computers and other machines as organic molecules are the smallest known physical objects with nontrivial structure and function. But despite the plethora of molecular switches, memories, and motors developed during the almost 50-years long history of molecular electronics, mass production of molecular computers is still an elusive goal. This is mostly due to the lack of scalable nanofabrication methods capable of rapidly producing complex structures (similar to silicon chips or living cells) with atomic precision and a small number of defects. Living nature solves this problem by using linear polymer templates encoding large volumes of structural information into sequence of hydrogen bonded end groups which can be efficiently replicated and which can drive assembly of other molecular components into complex supramolecular structures. In this paper, we propose a nanofabrication method based on a class of photosensitive polymers inspired by these natural principles, which can operate in concert with UV photolithography used for fabrication of current microelectronic processors. We believe that such a method will enable a smooth transition from silicon toward molecular nanoelectronics and photonics. To demonstrate its feasibility, we performed a computational screening of candidate molecules that can selectively bind and therefore allow the deterministic assembly of molecular components. In the process, we unearthed trends and design principles applicable beyond the immediate scope of our proposed nanofabrication method, e.g., to biologically relevant DNA analogues and molecular recognition within hydrogen-bonded systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Manikandan
- Institute of Physics (FZU), Czech
Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Paolo Nicolini
- Institute of Physics (FZU), Czech
Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Prokop Hapala
- Institute of Physics (FZU), Czech
Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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5
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Xu X, Kinikar A, Di Giovannantonio M, Pignedoli CA, Ruffieux P, Müllen K, Fasel R, Narita A. On-Surface Synthesis of Anthracene-Fused Zigzag Graphene Nanoribbons from 2,7-Dibromo-9,9'-bianthryl Reveals Unexpected Ring Rearrangements. PRECISION CHEMISTRY 2024; 2:81-87. [PMID: 38425747 PMCID: PMC10900509 DOI: 10.1021/prechem.3c00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has emerged as a powerful strategy to fabricate unprecedented forms of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). However, the on-surface synthesis of zigzag GNRs (ZGNR) has met with only limited success. Herein, we report the synthesis and on-surface reactions of 2,7-dibromo-9,9'-bianthryl as the precursor toward π-extended ZGNRs. Characterization by scanning tunneling microscopy and high-resolution noncontact atomic force microscopy clearly demonstrated the formation of anthracene-fused ZGNRs. Unique skeletal rearrangements were also observed, which could be explained by intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition. Theoretical calculations of the electronic properties of the anthracene-fused ZGNRs revealed spin-polarized edge-states and a narrow bandgap of 0.20 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiushang Xu
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Organic
and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute
of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Amogh Kinikar
- Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces
Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces
Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Structure of Matter − CNR (ISM-CNR), via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | | | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces
Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg
University Mainz, Duesbergweg
10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces
Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Organic
and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute
of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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6
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Zhao C, Bhagwandin DD, Xu W, Ruffieux P, Khan SI, Pignedoli CA, Fasel R, Rubin Y. Dramatic Acceleration of the Hopf Cyclization on Gold(111): From Enediynes to Peri-Fused Diindenochrysene Graphene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2474-2483. [PMID: 38227949 PMCID: PMC10835731 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Hopf et al. reported the high-temperature 6π-electrocyclization of cis-hexa-1,3-diene-5-yne to benzene in 1969. Subsequent studies using this cyclization have been limited by its very high reaction barrier. Here, we show that the reaction barrier for two model systems, (E)-1,3,4,6-tetraphenyl-3-hexene-1,5-diyne (1a) and (E)-3,4-bis(4-iodophenyl)-1,6-diphenyl-3-hexene-1,5-diyne (1b), is decreased by nearly half on a Au(111) surface. We have used scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) to monitor the Hopf cyclization of enediynes 1a,b on Au(111). Enediyne 1a undergoes two sequential, quantitative Hopf cyclizations, first to naphthalene derivative 2, and finally to chrysene 3. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that a gold atom from the Au(111) surface is involved in all steps of this reaction and that it is crucial to lowering the reaction barrier. Our findings have important implications for the synthesis of novel graphene nanoribbons. Ullmann-like coupling of enediyne 1b at 20 °C on Au(111), followed by a series of Hopf cyclizations and aromatization reactions at higher temperatures, produces nanoribbons 12 and 13. These results show for the first time that graphene nanoribbons can be synthesized on a Au(111) surface using the Hopf cyclization mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxiao Zhao
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Dayanni D Bhagwandin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Wangwei Xu
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Saeed I Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Carlo A Pignedoli
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yves Rubin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
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7
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Zhong Q, Jung J, Kohrs D, Kaczmarek LA, Ebeling D, Mollenhauer D, Wegner HA, Schirmeisen A. Deciphering the Mechanism of On-Surface Dehydrogenative C-C Coupling Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1849-1859. [PMID: 38226612 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has proven to be a powerful approach for fabricating various low-dimensional covalent nanostructures with atomic precision that could be challenging for conventional solution chemistry. Dehydrogenative Caryl-Caryl coupling is one of the most popular on-surface reactions, of which the mechanisms, however, have not been well understood due to the lack of microscopic insights into the intermediates that are fleetingly existing under harsh reaction conditions. Here, we bypass the most energy-demanding initiation step to generate and capture some of the intermediates at room temperature (RT) via the cyclodehydrobromination of 1-bromo-8-phenylnaphthalene on a Cu(111) surface. Bond-level scanning probe imaging and manipulation in combination with DFT calculations allow for the identification of chemisorbed radicals, cyclized intermediates, and dehydrogenated products. These intermediates correspond to three main reaction steps, namely, debromination, cyclization (radical addition), and H elimination. H elimination is the rate-determining step as evidenced by the predominant cyclized intermediates. Furthermore, we reveal a long-overlooked pathway of dehydrogenation, namely, atomic hydrogen-catalyzed H shift and elimination, based on the observation of intermediates for H shift and superhydrogenation and the proof of a self-amplifying effect of the reaction. This pathway is further corroborated by comprehensive theoretical analysis on the reaction thermodynamics and kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigang Zhong
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jannis Jung
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Daniel Kohrs
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - L Alix Kaczmarek
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Daniel Ebeling
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Doreen Mollenhauer
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
| | - André Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen 35392, Germany
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8
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Jiang H, He Y, Lu J, Zheng F, Zhu Z, Yan Y, Sun Q. Unraveling the Mechanisms of On-Surface Photoinduced Reaction with Polarized Light Excitations. ACS NANO 2024; 18:1118-1125. [PMID: 38117979 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
On-surface reaction has been shown as a powerful strategy to achieve atomically precise nanostructures. Numerous reactions have been realized on surfaces with thermal annealing as the primary excitation. In contrast, far fewer reactions have been triggered by light on surfaces despite its advantages due to the nonthermal process. This is possibly ascribed to our limited understanding on the excitation mechanisms of on-surface photoinduced reactions. In this work, we have studied the photoinduced debrominated coupling by using a linearly polarized light. We successfully achieved the reaction with no annealing process and obtained oligomers as the primary reaction products, which is in contrast with the formation of polymers with traditional thermal treatments. By exploring the dependence of reaction yield on the angle of incidence, we demonstrate an experimental method that can provide fundamental insights. The comparison with the theoretical approximation suggests indirect hot carrier excitation as the leading excitation mechanism. Our results not only provide fundamental insight into the surface photochemical reactions but also set the basis for harnessing light to construct unconventional nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Yu He
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayi Lu
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Fengru Zheng
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhu
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyi Yan
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
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9
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Zuzak R, Quiroga S, Engelund M, Pérez D, Peña D, Godlewski S, Melle-Franco M. Sequential On-Surface Cyclodehydrogenation in a Nonplanar Nanographene. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10442-10449. [PMID: 37962022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has emerged as an attractive method for the atomically precise synthesis of new molecular nanostructures, being complementary to the widespread approach based on solution chemistry. It has been particularly successful in the synthesis of graphene nanoribbons and nanographenes. In both cases, the target compound is often generated through cyclodehydrogenation reactions, leading to planarization and the formation of hexagonal rings. To improve the flexibility and tunability of molecular units, however, the incorporation of other, nonbenzenoid, subunits is highly desirable. In this letter, we thoroughly analyze sequential cyclodehydrogenation reactions with a custom-designed molecular precursor. We demonstrate the step-by-step formation of hexagonal and pentagonal rings from the nonplanar precursor within fjord and cove regions, respectively. Computer models comprehensively support the experimental observations, revealing that both reactions imply an initial hydrogen abstraction and a final [1,2] hydrogen shift, but the formation of a pentagonal ring proceeds through a radical mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Zuzak
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, PL 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sabela Quiroga
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mads Engelund
- Espeem S.A.R.L., L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Dolores Pérez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Szymon Godlewski
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, PL 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Manuel Melle-Franco
- CICECO─Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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10
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Sun K, Li D, Kaihara T, Minakata S, Takeda Y, Kawai S. On-surface synthesis of nitrogen-doped nanographene with an [18]annulene pore on Ag(111). Commun Chem 2023; 6:228. [PMID: 37863965 PMCID: PMC10589310 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
On-surface synthesis is of importance to fabricate low dimensional carbon-based nanomaterials with atomic precision. Here, we synthesize nitrogen-doped nanographene with an [18]annulene pore and its dimer through sequential reactions of debromination, aryl-aryl coupling, cyclodehydrogenation and C-N coupling on Ag(111) from 3,12-dibromo-7,8-diaza[5]helicene. The inner structures of the products were characterized with scanning tunneling microscopy with a CO terminated tip at low temperature. Furthermore, the first four unoccupied electronic states of the nanographene were investigated with a combination of scanning tunneling spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. Except for the LUMO + 2 state observed at +1.3 V, the electronic states at 500 mV, 750 mV and 1.9 V were attributed to the superatom molecular orbitals at the [18]annulene pore, which were significantly shifted towards the Fermi level due to the hybridization with the confined surface state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- International Center for Young Scientists, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Donglin Li
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Segen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Takahito Kaihara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Minakata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Youhei Takeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Segen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan.
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8571, Japan.
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11
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Jin YX, Chen ZQ, Zhang K, Yang CZ, Pan ZH, Ding L, Sun YQ, Wang CK, Fung MK, Fan J. Highly Efficient Luminescence from a Red Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter with Flexible Conformation of Ancillary Groups. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301921. [PMID: 37470684 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Robust scaffolds were typically applied in thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules to suppress the non-radiative decay, trigger the fast spin-flipping, and enhance the light out-coupling efficiency. Herein, we disclosed for the first time the positive effect of flexible conformation of ancillary groups on the photophysical properties of TADF emitter. The red TADF emitter Ph-TPA with flexible conformation demonstrated small excited-state structural distortion and low reorganization energy compared to the counterpart Mc-TPA with a rigid macrocycle. Consequently, Ph-TPA showed an excellent photoluminescent quantum yield (PLQY) of 92 % and a state-of-the-art external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 30.6 % at 630 nm. This work could deepen our understanding of structure-property relationships of organic luminophores and help us to rationalize the design of efficient TADF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Jin
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zi-Qi Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, 250014, Jinan, China
| | - Chen-Zong Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Ze-Hui Pan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Lei Ding
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215009, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Sun
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215009, China
| | - Chuan-Kui Wang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, 250014, Jinan, China
| | - Man-Keung Fung
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jian Fan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry Fujian Institute of Research on Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 35002, China
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12
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Xing GY, Zhu YC, Li DY, Liu PN. On-Surface Cross-Coupling Reactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:4462-4470. [PMID: 37154541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis, as a bottom-up synthetic method, has been proven to be a powerful tool for atomically precise fabrication of low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials over the past 15 years. This method relies on covalent coupling reactions that occur on solid substrates such as metal or metal oxide surfaces under ultra-high-vacuum conditions, and the achievements with this method have greatly enriched fundamental science and technology. However, due to the complicated reactivity of organic groups, distinct diffusion of reactants and intermediates, and irreversibility of covalent bonds, achieving the high selectivity of covalent coupling reactions on surfaces remains a great challenge. As a result, only a few on-surface covalent coupling reactions, mainly involving dehalogenation and dehydrogenation homocoupling, are frequently used in the synthesis of low-dimensional carbon nanosystems. In this Perspective, we focus on the development and synthetic applications of on-surface cross-coupling reactions, mainly Ullmann, Sonogashira, Heck, and divergent cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yan Xing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ya-Cheng Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Deng-Yuan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Pei-Nian Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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13
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Cahlík A, Liu D, Zengin B, Taskin M, Schwenk J, Natterer FD. A versatile platform for graphene nanoribbon synthesis, electronic decoupling, and spin polarized measurements. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:1722-1728. [PMID: 36926566 PMCID: PMC10012868 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00668e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The on-surface synthesis of nano-graphenes has led the charge in prototyping structures with perspectives beyond silicon-based technology. Following reports of open-shell systems in graphene-nanoribbons (GNRs), a flurry of research activity was directed at investigating their magnetic properties with a keen eye for spintronic applications. Although the synthesis of nano-graphenes is usually carried out on Au(111), the substrate is difficult to use for electronic decoupling and spin-polarized measurements. Using a binary alloy Cu3Au(111), we show possibilities for gold-like on-surface synthesis compatible with spin polarization and electronic decoupling known from copper. We prepare copper oxide layers, demonstrate the synthesis of GNRs, and grow thermally stable magnetic Co islands. We functionalize the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope with carbon-monoxide, nickelocene, or attach Co clusters for high-resolution imaging, magnetic sensing, or spin-polarized measurements. This versatile platform will be a valuable tool in the advanced study of magnetic nano-graphenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Cahlík
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Danyang Liu
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Berk Zengin
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Mert Taskin
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Johannes Schwenk
- Institute of Physics, EPFL Station 3 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Fabian Donat Natterer
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
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14
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Ma Y, Sugawara K, Ishigaki Y, Sun K, Suzuki T, Kawai S. Strain-Sensitive On-Surface Ladderization by Non-Dehydrogenative Heterocyclization. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203622. [PMID: 36539358 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
On-surface cyclodehydrogenation recently became an important reaction to planarize π-conjugated molecules and oligomers. However, the high-activation barrier to cleave the C-H bond often requires high-temperature annealing, consequently restricting structures of precursor molecules and/or leading to random fusion at their edges. Here, we present a synthesis of pyrrolopyrrole-bridged ladder oligomers from 11,11,12,12-tetrabromo-1,4,5,8-tetraaza-9,10-anthraquinodimethane molecules on Ag(111) with bond-resolved scanning tunnelling microscopy. This non-dehydrogenative cyclization between pyrazine and ethynylene/cumulene groups has a low-activation barrier for forming intermediary dimeric oligomer containing dipyrazinopyrrolopyrrolopyrazine units, thus giving new insight into the strain-sensitive in ladder-oligomer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Ma
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Kazuma Sugawara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ishigaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kewei Sun
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8571, Japan
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15
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Niu K, Fan Q, Chi L, Rosen J, Gottfried JM, Björk J. Unveiling the formation mechanism of the biphenylene network. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 8:368-376. [PMID: 36629866 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00528j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We have computationally studied the formation mechanism of the biphenylene network via the intermolecular HF zipping, as well as identified key intermediates experimentally, on the Au(111) surface. We elucidate that the zipping process consists of a series of defluorinations, dehydrogenations, and C-C coupling reactions. The Au substrate not only serves as the active site for defluorination and dehydrogenation, but also forms C-Au bonds that stabilize the defluorinated and dehydrogenated phenylene radicals, leading to "standing" benzyne groups. Despite that the C-C coupling between the "standing" benzyne groups is identified as the rate-limiting step, the limiting barrier can be reduced by the adjacent chemisorbed benzyne groups. The theoretically proposed mechanism is further supported by scanning tunneling microscopy experiments, in which the key intermediate state containing chemisorbed benzyne groups can be observed. This study provides a comprehensive understanding towards the on-surface intermolecular HF zipping, anticipated to be instructive for its future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Niu
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Qitang Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - J Michael Gottfried
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
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16
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Huang C, Xie L, Wang H, Liang Z, Jiang Z, Song F. Manipulation of C-C coupling pathways using different annealing procedures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13507-13510. [PMID: 36385194 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04745d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
From scanning tunnelling microscopy and density functional theory calculations, we demonstrate that different annealing mechanisms could modulate distinct reaction pathways, where in a stepwise annealing procedure the detached Br atoms may reduce the activation barrier of CH activation resulting in hierarchical cross dehydrogenative coupling, while in a one-step annealing procedure only Ullmann coupling products are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqin Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201000, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101000, China
| | - Lei Xie
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China.
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201000, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101000, China
| | - Zhaofeng Liang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China.
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201000, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101000, China.,Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China.
| | - Fei Song
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201000, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101000, China.,Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China.
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17
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Wang J, Niu K, Xu C, Zhu H, Ding H, Han D, Zheng Y, Xi J, You S, Deng C, Lin H, Rosen J, Zhu J, Björk J, Li Q, Chi L. Influence of Molecular Configurations on the Desulfonylation Reactions on Metal Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21596-21605. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Kaifeng Niu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Chaojie Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huaming Zhu
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Honghe Ding
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Yuanjing Zheng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiahao Xi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Sifan You
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chuan Deng
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Haiping Lin
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Qing Li
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
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18
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Cuccu F, De Luca L, Delogu F, Colacino E, Solin N, Mocci R, Porcheddu A. Mechanochemistry: New Tools to Navigate the Uncharted Territory of "Impossible" Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200362. [PMID: 35867602 PMCID: PMC9542358 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemical transformations have made chemists enter unknown territories, forcing a different chemistry perspective. While questioning or revisiting familiar concepts belonging to solution chemistry, mechanochemistry has broken new ground, especially in the panorama of organic synthesis. Not only does it foster new "thinking outside the box", but it also has opened new reaction paths, allowing to overcome the weaknesses of traditional chemistry exactly where the use of well-established solution-based methodologies rules out progress. In this Review, the reader is introduced to an intriguing research subject not yet fully explored and waiting for improved understanding. Indeed, the study is mainly focused on organic transformations that, although impossible in solution, become possible under mechanochemical processing conditions, simultaneously entailing innovation and expanding the chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cuccu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lidia De Luca
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Delogu
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Chimica e dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, 09123, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Niclas Solin
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Electronic and Photonic Materials (EFM), Building Fysikhuset, Room M319, Campus, Valla, Sweden
| | - Rita Mocci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Andrea Porcheddu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
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19
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Sun K, Silveira OJ, Saito S, Sagisaka K, Yamaguchi S, Foster AS, Kawai S. Manipulation of Spin Polarization in Boron-Substituted Graphene Nanoribbons. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11244-11250. [PMID: 35730993 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The design of magnetic topological states due to spin polarization in an extended π carbon system has great potential in spintronics application. Although magnetic zigzag edges in graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have been investigated earlier, real-space observation and manipulation of spin polarization in a heteroatom substituted system remains challenging. Here, we investigate a zero-bias peak at a boron site embedded at the center of an armchair-type GNR on a AuSiX/Au(111) surface with a combination of low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. After the tip-induced removal of a Si atom connected to two adjacent boron atoms, a clear Kondo resonance peak appeared and was further split by an applied magnetic field of 12 T. This magnetic state can be relayed along the longitudinal axis of the GNR by sequential removal of Si atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Orlando J Silveira
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, PO Box 11100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Shohei Saito
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sagisaka
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Adam S Foster
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, PO Box 11100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
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20
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Sun Q, Mateo LM, Robles R, Ruffieux P, Bottari G, Torres T, Fasel R, Lorente N. Magnetic Interplay between π-Electrons of Open-Shell Porphyrins and d-Electrons of Their Central Transition Metal Ions. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105906. [PMID: 35302718 PMCID: PMC9259720 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnetism is typically associated with d- or f-block elements, but can also appear in organic molecules with unpaired π-electrons. This has considerably boosted the interest in such organic materials with large potential for spintronics and quantum applications. While several materials showing either d/f or π-electron magnetism have been synthesized, the combination of both features within the same structure has only scarcely been reported. Open-shell porphyrins (Pors) incorporating d-block transition metal ions represent an ideal platform for the realization of such architectures. Herein, the preparation of a series of open-shell, π-extended Pors that contain magnetically active metal ions (i.e., CuII , CoII , and FeII ) through a combination of in-solution and on-surface synthesis is reported. A detailed study of the magnetic interplay between π- and d-electrons in these metalloPors has been performed by scanning probe methods and density functional theory calculations. For the Cu and FePors, ferromagnetically coupled π-electrons are determined to be delocalized over the Por edges. For the CoPor, the authors find a Kondo resonance resulting from the singly occupied CoII dz 2 orbital to dominate the magnetic fingerprint. The Fe derivative exhibits the highest magnetization of 3.67 μB (S≈2) and an exchange coupling of 16 meV between the π-electrons and the Fe d-states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- nanotech@surfaces LaboratoryEmpa ‐ Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyDübendorf8600Switzerland
- Materials Genome InstituteShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Luis M. Mateo
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid28049Spain
- IMDEA‐NanocienciaCampus de CantoblancoMadrid28049Spain
| | - Roberto Robles
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC‐UPV/EHU)Paseo de Manuel de Lardizabal 5Donostia‐San Sebastián20018Spain
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- nanotech@surfaces LaboratoryEmpa ‐ Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyDübendorf8600Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Bottari
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid28049Spain
- IMDEA‐NanocienciaCampus de CantoblancoMadrid28049Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid28049Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid28049Spain
- IMDEA‐NanocienciaCampus de CantoblancoMadrid28049Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid28049Spain
| | - Roman Fasel
- nanotech@surfaces LaboratoryEmpa ‐ Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyDübendorf8600Switzerland
- Department of ChemistryBiochemistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of BernBern3012Switzerland
| | - Nicolás Lorente
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC‐UPV/EHU)Paseo de Manuel de Lardizabal 5Donostia‐San Sebastián20018Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)Donostia‐San Sebastián20018Spain
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21
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Xuan M, Schumacher C, Bolm C, Göstl R, Herrmann A. The Mechanochemical Synthesis and Activation of Carbon-Rich π-Conjugated Materials. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105497. [PMID: 35048569 PMCID: PMC9259731 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry uses mechanical force to break, form, and manipulate chemical bonds to achieve functional transformations and syntheses. Over the last years, many innovative applications of mechanochemistry have been developed. Specifically for the synthesis and activation of carbon-rich π-conjugated materials, mechanochemistry offers reaction pathways that either are inaccessible with other stimuli, such as light and heat, or improve reaction yields, energy consumption, and substrate scope. Therefore, this review summarizes the recent advances in this research field combining the viewpoints of polymer and trituration mechanochemistry. The highlighted mechanochemical transformations include π-conjugated materials as optical force probes, the force-induced release of small dye molecules, and the mechanochemical synthesis of polyacetylene, carbon allotropes, and other π-conjugated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Xuan
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 50Aachen52056Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 1Aachen52074Germany
| | - Christian Schumacher
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1Aachen52074Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 1Aachen52074Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 50Aachen52056Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 50Aachen52056Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 1Aachen52074Germany
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22
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Wang D, Lu X, Cai L, Zhang L, Feng S, Zhang W, Yang M, Wu J, Wang Z, Wee ATS. Low-Dimensional Porous Carbon Networks Using Single-/Triple-Coupling Polycyclic Hydrocarbon Precursors. ACS NANO 2022; 16:9843-9851. [PMID: 35657207 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic hydrocarbons (PHs) share the same hexagonal structure of sp2 carbons as graphene but possess an energy gap due to quantum confinement effect. PHs can be synthesized by a bottom-up strategy starting from small building blocks covalently bonded into large 2D organic sheets. Further investigation of the role of the covalent bonding/coupling ways on their electronic properties is needed. Here, we demonstrate a surface-mediated synthesis of hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC) and its extended HBC oligomers (dimers, trimers, and tetramers) via single- and triple-coupling ways and reveal the implication of different covalent bonding on their electronic properties. High-resolution low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy are employed to in situ determine the atomic structures of as-synthesized HBC oligomers. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements show that the length extension of HBC oligomers narrows the energy gap between highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). Furthermore, the energy gaps of triple-coupling HBC oligomers are smaller and decrease more significantly than that of the single-coupling ones. We hypothesize that the triple coupling promotes a more effective delocalization of π-electrons than the single coupling, according to density functional theory calculations. We also demonstrate that the HBC oligomers can further extend across the substrate steps to achieve conjugated polymers and large-area porous carbon networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingguan Wang
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117551, Singapore
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Liangliang Cai
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117551, Singapore
| | - Lei Zhang
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117551, Singapore
| | - Shuo Feng
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhuo Wang
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Andrew T S Wee
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117551, Singapore
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23
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Zhou Z, Egger DT, Hu C, Pennachio M, Wei Z, Kawade RK, Üngör Ö, Gershoni-Poranne R, Petrukhina MA, Alabugin IV. Localized Antiaromaticity Hotspot Drives Reductive Dehydrogenative Cyclizations in Bis- and Mono-Helicenes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12321-12338. [PMID: 35652918 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe reductive dehydrogenative cyclizations that form hepta-, nona-, and decacyclic anionic graphene subunits from mono- and bis-helicenes with an embedded five-membered ring. The reaction of bis-helicenes can either proceed to the full double annulation or be interrupted by addition of molecular oxygen at an intermediate stage. The regioselectivity of the interrupted cyclization cascade for bis-helicenes confirms that relief of antiaromaticity is a dominant force for these facile ring closures. Computational analysis reveals the unique role of the preexisting negatively charged cyclopentadienyl moiety in directing the second negative charge at a specific remote location and, thus, creating a localized antiaromatic region. This region is the hotspot that promotes the initial cyclization. Computational studies, including MO analysis, molecular electrostatic potential maps, and NICS(1.7)ZZ calculations, evaluate the interplay of the various effects including charge delocalization, helicene strain release, and antiaromaticity. The role of antiaromaticity relief is further supported by efficient reductive closure of the less strained monohelicenes where the relief of antiaromaticity promotes the cyclization even when the strain is substantially reduced. The latter finding significantly expands the scope of this reductive alternative to the Scholl ring closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Dominic T Egger
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8903, Switzerland
| | - Chaowei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Matthew Pennachio
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Rahul K Kawade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Ökten Üngör
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Renana Gershoni-Poranne
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8903, Switzerland.,Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion ─ Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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24
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Hao Z, Peng G, Wang L, Li X, Liu Y, Xu C, Niu K, Ding H, Hu J, Zhang L, Dong B, Zhang H, Zhu J, Chi L. Converting n-Alkanol to Conjugated Polyenal on Cu(110) Surface at Mild Temperature. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3276-3282. [PMID: 35389642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Achieving C(sp3)-H activation at a mild temperature is of great importance from both scientific and technologic points of view. Herein, on the basis of the on-surface synthesis strategy, we report the significant reduction of the C(sp3)-H activation barrier, which results in the full C(sp3)-H to C(sp2)-H transformation of n-alkanol (octacosan-1-ol) at a mild temperature as low as 350 K on the Cu(110) surface, yielding the conjugated polyenal (octacosa-tridecaenal) as the final product. The reaction mechanism is revealed by the combined scanning tunneling microscope, density functional theory, and synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengming Hao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Guyue Peng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lina Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xuechao Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ye Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chaojie Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Kaifeng Niu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Honghe Ding
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Jun Hu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Bin Dong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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25
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Hou ICY, Hinaut A, Scherb S, Meyer E, Narita A, Müllen K. Synthesis of Giant Dendritic Polyphenylenes with 366 and 546 Carbon Atoms and their High-vacuum Electrospray Deposition. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200220. [PMID: 35381624 PMCID: PMC9321752 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic polyphenylenes (PPs) can serve as precursors of nanographenes (NGs) if their structures represent 2D projections without overlapping benzene rings. Here, we report the synthesis of two giant dendritic PPs fulfilling this criteria with 366 and 546 carbon atoms by applying a “layer‐by‐layer” extension strategy. Although our initial attempts on their cyclodehydrogenation toward the corresponding NGs in solution were unsuccessful, we achieved their deposition on metal substrates under ultrahigh vacuum through the electrospray technique. Scanning probe microscopy imaging provides valuable information on the possible thermally induced partial planarization of such giant dendritic PPs on a metal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Cheng-Yi Hou
- Max-Planck-Institut fur Polymerforschung, synthetic chemitry, GERMANY
| | - Antoine Hinaut
- University of Basel: Universitat Basel, physics, GERMANY
| | | | - Ernst Meyer
- University of Basel: Universitat Basel, physics, GERMANY
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung: Max-Planck-Institut fur Polymerforschung, synthetic chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, GERMANY
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26
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On-Surface Synthesis of Polypyridine: Strain Enforces Extended Linear Chains. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain-induced on-surface transformations provide an appealing route to steer the selectivity towards desired products. Here, we demonstrate the selective on-surface synthesis of extended all-trans poly(2,6-pyridine) chains on Au(111). By combining high-resolution scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy, we revealed the detailed chemical structure of the reaction products. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the synthesis of extended covalent structures is energetically favored over the formation of macrocycles, due to the minimization of internal strain. Our results consolidate the exploitation of internal strain relief as a driving force to promote selective on-surface reactions.
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27
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Yang B, Niu K, Haag F, Cao N, Zhang J, Zhang H, Li Q, Allegretti F, Björk J, Barth JV, Chi L. Abiotic Formation of an Amide Bond via Surface‐Supported Direct Carboxyl–Amine Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Kaifeng Niu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM Linköping University 58183 Linköping Sweden
| | - Felix Haag
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Nan Cao
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
| | | | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM Linköping University 58183 Linköping Sweden
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physics Department E20 Technical University of Munich 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices Soochow University 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS) Technical University of Munich 85748 Garching Germany
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28
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Wang S, Nishiuchi T, Pignedoli CA, Yao X, Di Giovannantonio M, Zhao Y, Narita A, Feng X, Müllen K, Ruffieux P, Fasel R. Steering on-surface reactions through molecular steric hindrance and molecule-substrate van der Waals interactions. QUANTUM FRONTIERS 2022; 1:23. [PMID: 36619715 PMCID: PMC9809985 DOI: 10.1007/s44214-022-00023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis is a rapidly developing field involving chemical reactions on well-defined solid surfaces to access synthesis of low-dimensional organic nanostructures which cannot be achieved via traditional solution chemistry. On-surface reactions critically depend on a high degree of chemoselectivity in order to achieve an optimum balance between target structure and possible side products. Here, we demonstrate synthesis of graphene nanoribbons with a large unit cell based on steric hindrance-induced complete chemoselectivity as revealed by scanning probe microscopy measurements and density functional theory calculations. Our results disclose that combined molecule-substrate van der Waals interactions and intermolecular steric hindrance promote a selective aryl-aryl coupling, giving rise to high-quality uniform graphene nanostructures. The established coupling strategy has been used to synthesize two types of graphene nanoribbons with different edge topologies inducing a pronounced variation of the electronic energy gaps. The demonstrated chemoselectivity is representative for n-anthryl precursor molecules and may be further exploited to synthesize graphene nanoribbons with novel electronic, topological and magnetic properties with implications for electronic and spintronic applications. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s44214-022-00023-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Wang
- grid.7354.50000 0001 2331 3059Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- grid.419547.a0000 0001 1010 1663Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Suita, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Carlo A. Pignedoli
- grid.7354.50000 0001 2331 3059Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Xuelin Yao
- grid.419547.a0000 0001 1010 1663Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- grid.7354.50000 0001 2331 3059Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland ,grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Present Address: Istituto di Struttura della Materia—CNR (ISM-CNR), via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma, 00133 Italy
| | - Yan Zhao
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- grid.419547.a0000 0001 1010 1663Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- grid.419547.a0000 0001 1010 1663Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- grid.7354.50000 0001 2331 3059Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- grid.7354.50000 0001 2331 3059Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland ,grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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29
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Ma C, Xiao Z, Bonnesen PV, Liang L, Puretzky AA, Huang J, Kolmer M, Sumpter BG, Lu W, Hong K, Bernholc J, Li AP. On-surface cyclodehydrogenation reaction pathway determined by selective molecular deuterations. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15637-15644. [PMID: 35003594 PMCID: PMC8653995 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04908a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the reaction mechanisms of dehydrogenative Caryl–Caryl coupling is the key to directed formation of π-extended polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Here we utilize isotopic labeling to identify the exact pathway of cyclodehydrogenation reaction in the on-surface synthesis of model atomically precise graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). Using selectively deuterated molecular precursors, we grow seven-atom-wide armchair GNRs on a Au(111) surface that display a specific hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) pattern with characteristic Raman modes. A distinct hydrogen shift across the fjord of Caryl–Caryl coupling is revealed by monitoring the ratios of gas-phase by-products of H2, HD, and D2 with in situ mass spectrometry. The identified reaction pathway consists of a conrotatory electrocyclization and a distinct [1,9]-sigmatropic D shift followed by H/D eliminations, which is further substantiated by nudged elastic band simulations. Our results not only clarify the cyclodehydrogenation process in GNR synthesis but also present a rational strategy for designing on-surface reactions towards nanographene structures with precise hydrogen/deuterium isotope labeling patterns. Selective deuterations were exploited to synthesize graphene nanoribbons on Au(111) surface with a specific H/D pattern on edges, allowing the determination of cyclodehydrogenation reaction pathway within the framework of pericyclic reactions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxu Ma
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA .,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Zhongcan Xiao
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Peter V Bonnesen
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Liangbo Liang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Alexander A Puretzky
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Jingsong Huang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Marek Kolmer
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA .,Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Bobby G Sumpter
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Wenchang Lu
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA.,Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Jerzy Bernholc
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA.,Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - An-Ping Li
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
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30
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Kawai S, Ishikawa A, Ishida S, Yamakado T, Ma Y, Sun K, Tateyama Y, Pawlak R, Meyer E, Saito S, Osuka A. On‐Surface Synthesis of Porphyrin‐Complex Multi‐Block Co‐Oligomers by Defluorinative Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Kawai
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Sengen 1-2-1 Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishikawa
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials (GREEN) National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Namiki 1–1 Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 333-0012 Japan
| | - Shin‐ichiro Ishida
- Kyoto University Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Takuya Yamakado
- Kyoto University Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Yujing Ma
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Sengen 1-2-1 Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan
| | - Kewei Sun
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Sengen 1-2-1 Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tateyama
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials (GREEN) National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Namiki 1–1 Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB) Kyoto University 1-30 Goryo-Ohara Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8245 Japan
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Shohei Saito
- Kyoto University Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Kyoto University Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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31
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Gao Y, Chen J, Chen G, Fan C, Liu X. Recent Progress in the Transfer of Graphene Films and Nanostructures. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100771. [PMID: 34928026 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The one-atom-thick graphene has excellent electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Currently, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene has received a great deal of attention because it provides access to large-area and uniform films with high-quality. This allows the fabrication of graphene based-electronics, sensors, photonics, and optoelectronics for practical applications. Zero bandgap, however, limits the application of a graphene film as electronic transistor. The most commonly used bottom-up approaches have achieved efficient tuning of the electronic bandgap by customizing well-defined graphene nanostructures. The postgrowth transfer of graphene films/nanostructures to a certain substrate is crucial in utilizing graphene in applicable devices. In this review, the basic growth mechanism of CVD graphene is first introduced. Then, recent advances in various transfer methods of as-grown graphene to target substrates are presented. The fabrication and transfer methods of graphene nanostructures are also provided, and then the transfer-related applications are summarized. At last, the challenging issues and the potential transfer-free approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jielin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guorui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaoguo Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Centre for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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32
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Evans AM, Strauss MJ, Corcos AR, Hirani Z, Ji W, Hamachi LS, Aguilar-Enriquez X, Chavez AD, Smith BJ, Dichtel WR. Two-Dimensional Polymers and Polymerizations. Chem Rev 2021; 122:442-564. [PMID: 34852192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chemists have developed robust methods to synthesize discrete molecules, linear and branched polymers, and disordered cross-linked networks. However, two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) prepared from designed monomers have been long missing from these capabilities, both as objects of chemical synthesis and in nature. Recently, new polymerization strategies and characterization methods have enabled the unambiguous realization of covalently linked macromolecular sheets. Here we review 2DPs and 2D polymerization methods. Three predominant 2D polymerization strategies have emerged to date, which produce 2DPs either as monolayers or multilayer assemblies. We discuss the fundamental understanding and scope of each of these approaches, including: the bond-forming reactions used, the synthetic diversity of 2DPs prepared, their multilayer stacking behaviors, nanoscale and mesoscale structures, and macroscale morphologies. Additionally, we describe the analytical tools currently available to characterize 2DPs in their various isolated forms. Finally, we review emergent 2DP properties and the potential applications of planar macromolecules. Throughout, we highlight achievements in 2D polymerization and identify opportunities for continued study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amanda R Corcos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoheb Hirani
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Xavier Aguilar-Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anton D Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brian J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University,1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Kawai S, Ishikawa A, Ishida SI, Yamakado T, Ma Y, Sun K, Tateyama Y, Pawlak R, Meyer E, Saito S, Osuka A. On-Surface Synthesis of Porphyrin-Complex Multi-Block Co-Oligomers by Defluorinative Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114697. [PMID: 34826204 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
On-surface chemical reaction has become a very powerful technique to synthesize nanostructures by linking small molecules in the bottom-up approach. Given the fact that most reactants are simultaneously activated at certain temperatures, a sequential reaction in a controlled way has remained challenging. Here, we present an on-surface synthesis of multi-block co-oligomers from trifluoromethyl (CF3 ) substituted porphyrin metal complexes. The oligomerization on Au(111) is demonstrated with a combination of bond-resolved scanning probe microscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Even after the first oligomerization of single monomer unit, the termini of the oligomer keep the CF3 group, which can be used as a reactant for further coupling in a sequential order. Consequently, copper, cobalt, and palladium complexes of bisanthracene-fused porphyrin oligomers were linked with each other in a designed order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Kawai
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishikawa
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials (GREEN), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 333-0012, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Ishida
- Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamakado
- Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yujing Ma
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Kewei Sun
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Tateyama
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials (GREEN), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, 1-30 Goryo-Ohara, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8245, Japan
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shohei Saito
- Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Langlais V, Schneider K, Tang H. Light assisted synthesis of poly-para-phenylene on Ag(001). JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 34:055001. [PMID: 34700309 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac334e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A detailed study of poly-para-phenylene (PPP) obtained by light-assisted on-surface-synthesis (OSS) on Ag(100) was carried out by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy together with density functional theory calculations. The use of light in combination with heat allows to lower by 50 K annealing temperature the each stage of the Ullmann coupling. Debromination of the 4,4″ dibromo-p-terphenyl precursors was thus realized at 300 K, the formation of the first oligomers from the organometallic intermediate by silver bridging atom release at 423 K and PPP by complete elimination of the silver at 473 K. This approach to lower the reaction temperature permits to enhance the Ag(100) surface reactivity to become comparable to that of Cu(111). The underlying mechanism of light effect was proposed to occur via surface mediated excitation, with the creation of photoexcited electrons known as hot electrons correlated with surface plasmon excitation. This original pathway combining both light and heat provides an additional parameter to control OSS by separating the precursor activation stage from the diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Langlais
- CEMES-CNRS, Center for Materials Elaboration and Structural Studies, 29, rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, 31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - K Schneider
- CEMES-CNRS, Center for Materials Elaboration and Structural Studies, 29, rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, 31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - H Tang
- CEMES-CNRS, Center for Materials Elaboration and Structural Studies, 29, rue Jeanne Marvig, BP 94347, 31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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35
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Wei T, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Evolution of Graphene Patterning: From Dimension Regulation to Molecular Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104060. [PMID: 34569112 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The realization that nanostructured graphene featuring nanoscale width can confine electrons to open its bandgap has aroused scientists' attention to the regulation of graphene structures, where the concept of graphene patterns emerged. Exploring various effective methods for creating graphene patterns has led to the birth of a new field termed graphene patterning, which has evolved into the most vigorous and intriguing branch of graphene research during the past decade. The efforts in this field have resulted in the development of numerous strategies to structure graphene, affording a variety of graphene patterns with tailored shapes and sizes. The established patterning approaches combined with graphene chemistry yields a novel chemical patterning route via molecular engineering, which opens up a new era in graphene research. In this review, the currently developed graphene patterning strategies is systematically outlined, with emphasis on the chemical patterning. In addition to introducing the basic concepts and the important progress of traditional methods, which are generally categorized into top-down, bottom-up technologies, an exhaustive review of established protocols for emerging chemical patterning is presented. At the end, an outlook for future development and challenges is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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36
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Yang B, Niu K, Haag F, Cao N, Zhang J, Zhang H, Li Q, Allegretti F, Björk J, Barth JV, Chi L. Abiotic Formation of Amide Bond via Surface-Supported Direct Carboxyl-Amine Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113590. [PMID: 34708485 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Amide bond formation is one of the most important reactions in biochemistry, notably being of crucial importance for the origin of life. Herein, we combine scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies to provide evidence for thermally activated abiotic formation of amide bonds between adsorbed precursors through direct carboxyl-amine coupling under ultrahigh vacuum conditions by means of on-surface synthesis. Complementary insights from temperature-programmed desorption measurements and density functional theory calculations reveal the competition between cross-coupling amide formation and decarboxylation reactions on the Au(111) surface. Furthermore, we demonstrate the critical influence of the employed metal support: whereas on Au(111) the coupling readily occurs, different reaction scenarios prevail on Ag(111) and Cu(111). The systematic experiments signal that archetypical bio-related molecules can be abiotically synthesized in clean environments without water or oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yang
- Soochow University, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, Suzhou, CHINA
| | - Kaifeng Niu
- Soochow University, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, Suzhou, CHINA
| | - Felix Haag
- Technical University of Munich: Technische Universitat Munchen, Physics department, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, GARCHING, GERMANY
| | - Nan Cao
- Soochow University, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, Suzhou, CHINA
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Soochow University, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, Suzhou, CHINA
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Soochow University, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, Suzhou, CHINA
| | - Qing Li
- Soochow University, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, 215123, Suzhou, CHINA
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Technical University Munich: Technische Universitat Munchen, Physics department, James-Franck-Str.1, 85748, Garching, GERMANY
| | - Jonas Björk
- Linköping University, Department of Phesics, Chemistry and Biology, 58183, Linköping, SWEDEN
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Technical University of Munich: Technische Universitat Munchen, Physics department, James-Franck-Str.1, 85748, Garching, GERMANY
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Soochow University, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Box 33, 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, also: Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, 215123, Suzhou, CHINA
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37
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Sun Q, Yan Y, Yao X, Müllen K, Narita A, Fasel R, Ruffieux P. Evolution of the Topological Energy Band in Graphene Nanoribbons. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:8679-8684. [PMID: 34472868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Topological theory has been recently applied in graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) and predicts the existence of topological quantum states in junctions connecting GNRs of different topological classes. Through the periodic alignment of the topological states along a GNR backbone, frontier GNR electronic bands with tunable band gaps and band widths could be generated. In this work, we demonstrate the evolution of the topological band by fabricating GNR structures hosting a single topological junction, dimerized junctions, and multiple coupled junctions with on-surface synthesis, which guarantees the atomic precision of these nanostructures. Their structural and electronic properties are investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy supported by tight-binding theory. The 1D superlattice of the topological junction states can be described by an effective two-band tight-binding Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) type model considering two alternating coupling motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Yuyi Yan
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, 200444 Shanghai, China
| | - Xuelin Yao
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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38
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Danielsen DR, Lyksborg-Andersen A, Nielsen KES, Jessen BS, Booth TJ, Doan MH, Zhou Y, Bøggild P, Gammelgaard L. Super-Resolution Nanolithography of Two-Dimensional Materials by Anisotropic Etching. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:41886-41894. [PMID: 34431654 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructuring allows altering of the electronic and photonic properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials. The efficiency, flexibility, and convenience of top-down lithography processes are, however, compromised by nanometer-scale edge roughness and resolution variability issues, which especially affect the performance of 2D materials. Here, we study how dry anisotropic etching of multilayer 2D materials with sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) may overcome some of these issues, showing results for hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), tungsten disulfide (WS2), tungsten diselenide (WSe2), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), and molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2). Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy reveal that etching leads to anisotropic hexagonal features in the studied transition metal dichalcogenides, with the relative degree of anisotropy ranked as: WS2 > WSe2 > MoTe2 ∼ MoS2. Etched holes are terminated by zigzag edges while etched dots (protrusions) are terminated by armchair edges. This can be explained by Wulff constructions, taking the relative stabilities of the edges and the AA' stacking order into account. Patterns in WS2 are transferred to an underlying graphite layer, demonstrating a possible use for creating sub-10 nm features. In contrast, multilayer hBN exhibits no lateral anisotropy but shows consistent vertical etch angles, independent of crystal orientation. Using an hBN crystal as the base, ultrasharp corners can be created in lithographic patterns, which are then transferred to a graphite crystal underneath. We find that the anisotropic SF6 reactive ion etching process makes it possible to downsize nanostructures and obtain smooth edges, sharp corners, and feature sizes significantly below the resolution limit of electron beam lithography. The nanostructured 2D materials can be used themselves or as etch masks to pattern other nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorte R Danielsen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Centre for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Anton Lyksborg-Andersen
- Centre for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
- DTU Nanolab - National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Kirstine E S Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Centre for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Bjarke S Jessen
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Timothy J Booth
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Centre for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Manh-Ha Doan
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Centre for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Yingqiu Zhou
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Centre for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Peter Bøggild
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Centre for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Lene Gammelgaard
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Centre for Nanostructured Graphene (CNG), Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345C, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
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Sun K, Sagisaka K, Peng L, Watanabe H, Xu F, Pawlak R, Meyer E, Okuda Y, Orita A, Kawai S. Head-to-Tail Oligomerization by Silylene-Tethered Sonogashira Coupling on Ag(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19598-19603. [PMID: 33955126 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis is a powerful method for the fabrication of π-conjugated nanomaterials. Herein, we demonstrate chemoselective Sonogashira coupling between (trimethylsilyl)ethynyl and chlorophenyl groups in silylethynyl- and chloro-substituted partially fluorinated phenylene ethynylenes (SiCPFPEs) on Ag(111). The desilylative Sonogashira coupling occurred with high chemoselectivity up to 75 %, while the competing Ullmann and desilylative Glaser homocoupling reactions were suppressed. A combination of bond-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy/atomic force microscopy (STM/AFM) and DFT calculations revealed that the oligomers were obtained by the formation of intermolecular silylene tethers (-Me2 Si-) through CH3 -Si bond activation at 130 °C and subsequent elimination of the tethers at an elevated temperature of 200 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sagisaka
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Lifen Peng
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan.,Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, China
| | - Hikaru Watanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yasuhiro Okuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Akihiro Orita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8571, Japan
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40
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On-Surface Synthesis of Ligands to Elaborate Coordination Polymers on an Au(111) Surface. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11082102. [PMID: 34443932 PMCID: PMC8401198 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
On-surface metal-organic polymers have emerged as a class of promising 2D materials. Here, we propose a new strategy to obtain coordination polymers by transforming supramolecular networks into coordination polymers by surface-assisted cyclo-dehydrogenation of organic building blocks. All nanostructures are fully characterized by using scanning tunneling microscopy under ultra-high vacuum on a gold surface. We demonstrated that the balance between molecule-molecule interaction and molecule-substrate interaction can be drastically modified by a strong modification of the geometry of the molecules thanks to a thermal annealing. This new way is an efficient method to elaborate on-surface coordination polymers.
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41
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Han D, Zhu J. Surface-assisted fabrication of low-dimensional carbon-based nanoarchitectures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:343001. [PMID: 34111858 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac0a1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis, as an alternative to traditional in-solution synthesis, has become an emerging research field and attracted extensive attention over the past decade due to its ability to fabricate nanoarchitectures with exotic properties. Compared to wet chemistry, the on-surface synthesis conducted on atomically flat solid surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum exhibits unprecedented characteristics and advantages, opening novel reaction pathways for chemical synthesis. Various low-dimensional nanostructures have been fabricated on solid surfaces (mostly metal surfaces) based on this newly developed approach. This paper reviews the classic and latest works regarding carbon-based low-dimensional nanostructures since the arrival of on-surface synthesis era. These nanostructures are categorized into zero-, one- and two-dimensional classes and each class is composed of numerous sub-nanostructures. For certain specific nanostructures, comprehensive reports are given, including precursor design, substrate choice, synthetic strategies and so forth. We hope that our review will shed light on the fabrication of some significant nanostructures in this young and promising scientific area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
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42
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Krzeszewski M, Dobrzycki Ł, Sobolewski AL, Cyrański MK, Gryko DT. Bowl-Shaped Pentagon- and Heptagon-Embedded Nanographene Containing a Central Pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole Core. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14998-15005. [PMID: 33831270 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A bowl-shaped nitrogen-doped nanographene composed of a pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole core substituted with six arene rings circularly bonded with one another has been prepared via a concise synthetic strategy encompassing the multicomponent tetraarylpyrrolopyrrole (TAPP) synthesis, the Scholl reaction, and intramolecular direct arylation. This synthesis represents the first case of programmed sequential intramolecular direct arylation reactions utilizing the different reactivity of C-Br and C-Cl bonds. The target compound contains two central pentagons confined between two adjacent heptagons-the inverse Stone-Thrower-Wales topology. The presence of both five- and seven-membered rings in the final structure is responsible for interesting properties such as a perpendicularly aligned dipole moment, absorption and fluorescence in the orange-red region, weak emission originating from the charge-transfer character of a low-energy absorption band, and a high lying HOMO. In the solid state slipped convex-to-convex π-π stacking dominates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Krzeszewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Dobrzycki
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej L Sobolewski
- Institute of Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał K Cyrański
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
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43
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Xie XY, Yang JJ, Liu XY, Fang Q, Fang WH, Cui G. Interfacial photoinduced carrier dynamics tuned by polymerization of coronene molecules encapsulated in carbon nanotubes: bridging type-I and type-II heterojunctions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:13503-13511. [PMID: 34120157 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01008e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials play important roles in modern scientific research. Integrating different carbon-based building blocks into nano-hybrid architectures not only takes full advantage of each component, but also brings in novel interfacial properties. Herein, we have employed density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the effects of polymerization degree of coronene molecules encapsulated in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) (19,0) on their interfacial properties. The present results reveal that the interfacial properties of the formed heterojunctions are remarkably regulated by the polymerization degree. For example, monomer- and dimer-encapsulated SWNTs are type-I heterojunctions in which interfacial excitation energy transfer is preferred, whereas interfacial charge carrier transfer is favorable in trimer- and polymer-encapsulated SWNTs because they are type-II heterojunctions. On the other hand, we have employed the time-domain nonadiabatic dynamics simulation approach to explore the interfacial carrier dynamics in type-II polymer-encapsulated SWNT heterojunctions. It is found that the electron and hole transfer processes are asymmetric and occur in opposite directions and at different rates. The former takes place from polymers to SWNTs in an ultrafast way (ca. 370 fs), whereas the latter occurs slowly from SWNTs to polymers (ca. 24 ps). A closer analysis uncovers the fact that the different carrier transfer rates mainly originate from the different densities of the acceptor states, energy differences and inter-state couplings between the donor and acceptor states. Finally, the present work demonstrates that the polymerization degree could act as a new regulating strategy to tune the interfacial properties of molecule-encapsulated SWNT heterojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Xie
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Jia-Jia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiang-Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Qiu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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44
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Houtsma RSK, de la Rie J, Stöhr M. Atomically precise graphene nanoribbons: interplay of structural and electronic properties. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:6541-6568. [PMID: 34100034 PMCID: PMC8185524 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01541e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons hold great promise for future applications in nanoelectronic devices, as they may combine the excellent electronic properties of graphene with the opening of an electronic band gap - not present in graphene but required for transistor applications. With a two-step on-surface synthesis process, graphene nanoribbons can be fabricated with atomic precision, allowing precise control over width and edge structure. Meanwhile, a decade of research has resulted in a plethora of graphene nanoribbons having various structural and electronic properties. This article reviews not only the on-surface synthesis of atomically precise graphene nanoribbons but also how their electronic properties are ultimately linked to their structure. Current knowledge and considerations with respect to precursor design, which eventually determines the final (electronic) structure, are summarized. Special attention is dedicated to the electronic properties of graphene nanoribbons, also in dependence on their width and edge structure. It is exactly this possibility of precisely changing their properties by fine-tuning the precursor design - offering tunability over a wide range - which has generated this vast research interest, also in view of future applications. Thus, selected device prototypes are presented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Koen Houtsma
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Joris de la Rie
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Meike Stöhr
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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45
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Sun K, Sagisaka K, Peng L, Watanabe H, Xu F, Pawlak R, Meyer E, Okuda Y, Orita A, Kawai S. Head‐to‐Tail Oligomerization by Silylene‐Tethered Sonogashira Coupling on Ag(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization National Institute for Materials Science Sengen 1-2-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan
| | - Keisuke Sagisaka
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization National Institute for Materials Science Sengen 1-2-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan
| | - Lifen Peng
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Okayama University of Science 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku Okayama 700-0005 Japan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan Hunan 411201 China
| | - Hikaru Watanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Okayama University of Science 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku Okayama 700-0005 Japan
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Okayama University of Science 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku Okayama 700-0005 Japan
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Yasuhiro Okuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Okayama University of Science 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku Okayama 700-0005 Japan
| | - Akihiro Orita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Okayama University of Science 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku Okayama 700-0005 Japan
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization National Institute for Materials Science Sengen 1-2-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences University of Tsukuba Tsukuba 305-8571 Japan
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46
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Yang X, Zhao X, Liu T, Yang F. Precise Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes and
One‐Dimensional
Hybrids from Templates
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Tianhui Liu
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
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47
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Wang T, Lawrence J, Sumi N, Robles R, Castro-Esteban J, Rey D, Mohammed MSG, Berdonces-Layunta A, Lorente N, Pérez D, Peña D, Corso M, de Oteyza DG. Challenges in the synthesis of corannulene-based non-planar nanographenes on Au(111) surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:10845-10851. [PMID: 33908516 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01212f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The on-surface synthesis of non-planar nanographenes is a challenging task. Herein, with the aid of bond-resolving scanning tunneling microscopy (BRSTM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we present a systematic study aiming at the fabrication of corannulene-based nanographenes via intramolecular cyclodehydrogenation on a Au(111) surface. The formation of non-planar targeted products is confirmed to be energetically unfavorable compared to the formation of planar/quasi-planar undesired competing monomer products. In addition, the activation of intermolecular coupling further inhibits the formation of the final targeted product. Although it was not possible to access the corannulene moiety by means of on-surface synthesis, partial cyclodehydrogenation of the molecular precursors was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain. and Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - James Lawrence
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain. and Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Naoya Sumi
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain. and Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Roberto Robles
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Jesus Castro-Esteban
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
| | - Dulce Rey
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
| | - Mohammed S G Mohammed
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain. and Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Alejandro Berdonces-Layunta
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain. and Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Nicolas Lorente
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain. and Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
| | - Martina Corso
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain. and Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Dimas G de Oteyza
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain. and Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián, 20018, Spain and Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
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48
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Krzeszewski M, Dobrzycki Ł, Sobolewski AL, Cyrański MK, Gryko DT. Bowl‐Shaped Pentagon‐ and Heptagon‐Embedded Nanographene Containing a Central Pyrrolo[3,2‐
b
]pyrrole Core. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Krzeszewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44–52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Łukasz Dobrzycki
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Andrzej L. Sobolewski
- Institute of Physics Polish Academy of Sciences Al. Lotników 32/46 02-668 Warsaw Poland
| | - Michał K. Cyrański
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44–52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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49
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Jordan JW, Fung KLY, Skowron ST, Allen CS, Biskupek J, Newton GN, Kaiser U, Khlobystov AN. Single-molecule imaging and kinetic analysis of intermolecular polyoxometalate reactions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7377-7387. [PMID: 34163827 PMCID: PMC8171355 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01874d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We induce and study reactions of polyoxometalate (POM) molecules, [PW12O40]3- (Keggin) and [P2W18O62]6- (Wells-Dawson), at the single-molecule level. Several identical carbon nanotubes aligned side by side within a bundle provided a platform for spatiotemporally resolved imaging of ca. 100 molecules encapsulated within the nanotubes by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Due to the entrapment of POM molecules their proximity to one another is effectively controlled, limiting molecular motion in two dimensions but leaving the third dimension available for intermolecular reactions between pairs of neighbouring molecules. By coupling the information gained from high resolution structural and kinetics experiments via the variation of key imaging parameters in the TEM, we shed light on the reaction mechanism. The dissociation of W-O bonds, a key initial step of POM reactions, is revealed to be reversible by the kinetic analysis, followed by an irreversible bonding of POM molecules to their nearest neighbours, leading to a continuous tungsten oxide nanowire, which subsequently transforms into amorphous tungsten-rich clusters due to progressive loss of oxygen atoms. The overall intermolecular reaction can therefore be described as a step-wise reductive polycondensation of POM molecules, via an intermediate state of an oxide nanowire. Kinetic analysis enabled by controlled variation of the electron flux in TEM revealed the reaction to be highly flux-dependent, which leads to reaction rates too fast to follow under the standard TEM imaging conditions. Although this presents a challenge for traditional structural characterisation of POM molecules, we harness this effect by controlling the conditions around the molecules and tuning the imaging parameters in TEM, which combined with theoretical modelling and image simulation, can shed light on the atomistic mechanisms of the reactions of POMs. This approach, based on the direct space and real time chemical reaction analysis by TEM, adds a new method to the arsenal of single-molecule kinetics techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack W Jordan
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Kayleigh L Y Fung
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Stephen T Skowron
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Christopher S Allen
- Electron Physical Science Imaging Center, Diamond Light Source Ltd. Didcot OX11 0DE UK
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3HP UK
| | - Johannes Biskupek
- Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Ulm University 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Graham N Newton
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham Nottingham NG7 2TU UK
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Ulm University 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Andrei N Khlobystov
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
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50
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Sun K, Sugawara K, Lyalin A, Ishigaki Y, Uosaki K, Taketsugu T, Suzuki T, Kawai S. Heterocyclic Ring‐Opening of Nanographene on Au(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202017137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization National Institute for Materials Science 1-2-1 Sengen Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan
| | - Kazuma Sugawara
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-0810 Japan
| | - Andrey Lyalin
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials National Institute for Materials Science 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Yusuke Ishigaki
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-0810 Japan
| | - Kohei Uosaki
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials National Institute for Materials Science 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Taketsugu
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-0810 Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 060-0810 Japan
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization National Institute for Materials Science 1-2-1 Sengen Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences University of Tsukuba Tsukuba 305-8571 Japan
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