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Yu X, Ren Z, Wang Y, Yuan G, Hu J, Song L, Pan C, Feng K, Liu Y, Shao L, Zhang L, Wang J, Zhao J, Bao N, Sun Z. Kaempferol attenuates particle-induced osteogenic impairment by regulating ER stress via the IRE1α-XBP1s pathway. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107394. [PMID: 38768813 PMCID: PMC11223082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Periprosthetic osteolysis and subsequent aseptic loosening are the primary causes of failure following total joint arthroplasty. Wear particle-induced osteogenic impairment is recognized as an important contributing factor in the development of osteolysis, with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress emerging as a pivotal underlying mechanism. Hence, searching for potential therapeutic targets and agents capable of modulating ER stress in osteoblasts is crucial for preventing aseptic loosening. Kaempferol (KAE), a natural flavonol compound, has shown promising osteoprotective effects and anti-ER stress properties in diverse diseases. However, the influence of KAE on ER stress-mediated osteogenic impairment induced by wear particles remains unclear. In this study, we observed that KAE effectively relieved TiAl6V4 particles-induced osteolysis by improving osteogenesis in a mouse calvarial model. Furthermore, we demonstrated that KAE could attenuate ER stress-mediated apoptosis in osteoblasts exposed to TiAl6V4 particles, both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, our results revealed that KAE mitigated ER stress-mediated apoptosis by upregulating the IRE1α-XBP1s pathway while concurrently partially inhibiting the IRE1α-regulated RIDD and JNK activation. Collectively, our findings suggest that KAE is a prospective therapeutic agent for treating wear particle-induced osteolysis and highlight the IRE1α-XBP1s pathway as a potential therapeutic target for preventing aseptic loosening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengrong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guodong Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianlun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Pan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kangkang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuqiao Liu
- Medical Information Data Bank, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Longgang Shao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinjuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jianning Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Nirong Bao
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhongyang Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Department of Orthopedics, Air Force Hospital of Eastern Theater, Anhui Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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2
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Borgelt L, Wu P. Targeting Ribonucleases with Small Molecules and Bifunctional Molecules. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:2101-2113. [PMID: 37382390 PMCID: PMC10594538 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Ribonucleases (RNases) cleave and process RNAs, thereby regulating the biogenesis, metabolism, and degradation of coding and noncoding RNAs. Thus, small molecules targeting RNases have the potential to perturb RNA biology, and RNases have been studied as therapeutic targets of antibiotics, antivirals, and agents for autoimmune diseases and cancers. Additionally, the recent advances in chemically induced proximity approaches have led to the discovery of bifunctional molecules that target RNases to achieve RNA degradation or inhibit RNA processing. Here, we summarize the efforts that have been made to discover small-molecule inhibitors and activators targeting bacterial, viral, and human RNases. We also highlight the emerging examples of RNase-targeting bifunctional molecules and discuss the trends in developing such molecules for both biological and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Borgelt
- Chemical Genomics Centre, Max
Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, Dortmund 44227, Germany
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3
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Bartoszewska S, Sławski J, Collawn JF, Bartoszewski R. Dual RNase activity of IRE1 as a target for anticancer therapies. J Cell Commun Signal 2023:10.1007/s12079-023-00784-5. [PMID: 37721642 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-023-00784-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular mechanism that protects cells during stress conditions in which there is an accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). UPR activates three signaling pathways that function to alleviate stress conditions and promote cellular homeostasis and cell survival. During unmitigated stress conditions, however, UPR activation signaling changes to promote cell death through apoptosis. Interestingly, cancer cells take advantage of this pathway to facilitate survival and avoid apoptosis even during prolonged cell stress conditions. Here, we discuss different signaling pathways associated with UPR and focus specifically on one of the ER signaling pathways activated during UPR, inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1). The rationale is that the IRE1 pathway is associated with cell fate decisions and recognized as a promising target for cancer therapeutics. Here we discuss IRE1 inhibitors and how they might prove to be an effective cancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Bartoszewska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jakub Sławski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14a Street, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - James F Collawn
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Rafał Bartoszewski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14a Street, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
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4
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Verjan Garcia N, Hong KU, Matoba N. The Unfolded Protein Response and Its Implications for Novel Therapeutic Strategies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2066. [PMID: 37509705 PMCID: PMC10377089 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional organelle playing a vital role in maintaining cell homeostasis, and disruptions to its functions can have detrimental effects on cells. Dysregulated ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) have been linked to various human diseases. For example, ER stress and the activation of the UPR signaling pathways in intestinal epithelial cells can either exacerbate or alleviate the severity of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), contingent on the degree and conditions of activation. Our recent studies have shown that EPICERTIN, a recombinant variant of the cholera toxin B subunit containing an ER retention motif, can induce a protective UPR in colon epithelial cells, subsequently promoting epithelial restitution and mucosal healing in IBD models. These findings support the idea that compounds modulating UPR may be promising pharmaceutical candidates for the treatment of the disease. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the ER stress and UPR in IBD, focusing on their roles in maintaining cell homeostasis, dysregulation, and disease pathogenesis. Additionally, we discuss therapeutic strategies that promote the cytoprotection of colon epithelial cells and reduce inflammation via pharmacological manipulation of the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Verjan Garcia
- UofL Health-Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Kyung U Hong
- UofL Health-Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Matoba
- UofL Health-Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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5
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Prasad V, Cerikan B, Stahl Y, Kopp K, Magg V, Acosta-Rivero N, Kim H, Klein K, Funaya C, Haselmann U, Cortese M, Heigwer F, Bageritz J, Bitto D, Jargalsaikhan S, Neufeldt C, Pahmeier F, Boutros M, Yamauchi Y, Ruggieri A, Bartenschlager R. Enhanced SARS-CoV-2 entry via UPR-dependent AMPK-related kinase NUAK2. Mol Cell 2023; 83:2559-2577.e8. [PMID: 37421942 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) remodels the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to form replication organelles, leading to ER stress and unfolded protein response (UPR). However, the role of specific UPR pathways in infection remains unclear. Here, we found that SARS-CoV-2 infection causes marginal activation of signaling sensor IRE1α leading to its phosphorylation, clustering in the form of dense ER-membrane rearrangements with embedded membrane openings, and XBP1 splicing. By investigating the factors regulated by IRE1α-XBP1 during SARS-CoV-2 infection, we identified stress-activated kinase NUAK2 as a novel host-dependency factor for SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-229E, and MERS-CoV entry. Reducing NUAK2 abundance or kinase activity impaired SARS-CoV-2 particle binding and internalization by decreasing cell surface levels of viral receptors and viral trafficking likely by modulating the actin cytoskeleton. IRE1α-dependent NUAK2 levels were elevated in SARS-CoV-2-infected and bystander non-infected cells, promoting viral spread by maintaining ACE2 cell surface levels and facilitating virion binding to bystander cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhu Prasad
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Berati Cerikan
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yannick Stahl
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Kopp
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vera Magg
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nelson Acosta-Rivero
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heeyoung Kim
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Klein
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Charlotta Funaya
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uta Haselmann
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mirko Cortese
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Heigwer
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Biotechnology, Life Science and Engineering, University of Applied Sciences, Bingen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Josephine Bageritz
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - David Bitto
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Saruul Jargalsaikhan
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Neufeldt
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Pahmeier
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center, and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yohei Yamauchi
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alessia Ruggieri
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research, Heidelberg, Germany; Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg Partner Site, Heidelberg, Germany.
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6
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Pelizzari-Raymundo D, Doultsinos D, Pineau R, Sauzay C, Koutsandreas T, Langlais T, Carlesso A, Gkotsi E, Negroni L, Avril T, Chatziioannou A, Chevet E, Eriksson LA, Guillory X. A novel IRE1 kinase inhibitor for adjuvant glioblastoma treatment. iScience 2023; 26:106687. [PMID: 37216120 PMCID: PMC10192531 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) is a major mediator of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is activated upon endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Tumor cells experience ER stress due to adverse microenvironmental cues, a stress overcome by relying on IRE1 signaling as an adaptive mechanism. Herein, we report the discovery of structurally new IRE1 inhibitors identified through the structural exploration of its kinase domain. Characterization in in vitro and in cellular models showed that they inhibit IRE1 signaling and sensitize glioblastoma (GB) cells to the standard chemotherapeutic, temozolomide (TMZ). Finally, we demonstrate that one of these inhibitors, Z4P, permeates the blood-brain barrier (BBB), inhibits GB growth, and prevents relapse in vivo when administered together with TMZ. The hit compound disclosed herein satisfies an unmet need for targeted, non-toxic IRE1 inhibitors and our results support the attractiveness of IRE1 as an adjuvant therapeutic target in GB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pelizzari-Raymundo
- INSERM U1242, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Dimitrios Doultsinos
- INSERM U1242, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Raphael Pineau
- INSERM U1242, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Chloé Sauzay
- INSERM U1242, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Thodoris Koutsandreas
- e-NIOS PC, Kallithea-Athens, Greece
- Center of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Antonio Carlesso
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Elena Gkotsi
- e-NIOS PC, Kallithea-Athens, Greece
- Center of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Luc Negroni
- Proteomics platform, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC)/INSERM U964/CNRS UMR 7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Tony Avril
- INSERM U1242, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Aristotelis Chatziioannou
- e-NIOS PC, Kallithea-Athens, Greece
- Center of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eric Chevet
- INSERM U1242, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Leif A. Eriksson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Xavier Guillory
- INSERM U1242, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR – UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France
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7
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Pu S, Pan Y, Zhang Q, You T, Yue T, Zhang Y, Wang M. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Mitochondrial Stress in Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073160. [PMID: 37049925 PMCID: PMC10095764 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a widespread and harmful disease closely linked to mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). Globally, severe drug-induced hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer are the primary causes of liver-related morbidity and mortality. A hallmark of DILI is ERS and changes in mitochondrial morphology and function, which increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a vicious cycle of mutually reinforcing stress responses. Several pathways are maladapted to maintain homeostasis during DILI. Here, we discuss the processes of liver injury caused by several types of drugs that induce hepatocyte stress, focusing primarily on DILI by ERS and mitochondrial stress. Importantly, both ERS and mitochondrial stress are mediated by the overproduction of ROS, destruction of Ca2+ homeostasis, and unfolded protein response (UPR). Additionally, we review new pathways and potential pharmacological targets for DILI to highlight new possibilities for DILI treatment and mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Pu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yangyang Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ting You
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Tao Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuxing Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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8
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Bashir S, Banday M, Qadri O, Pal D, Bashir A, Hilal N, Altaf M, Fazili KM. The Bcl-2 family protein bid interacts with the ER stress sensor IRE1 to differentially modulate its RNase activity. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:962-974. [PMID: 36723387 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
IRE1 is a transmembrane signalling protein that activates the unfolded protein response under endoplasmic reticulum stress. IRE1 is endowed with kinase and endoribonuclease activities. The ribonuclease activity of IRE1 can switch substrate specificities to carry out atypical splicing of Xbp1 mRNA or trigger the degradation of specific mRNAs. The mechanisms regulating the distinct ribonuclease activities of IRE1 have yet to be fully understood. Here, we report the Bcl-2 family protein Bid as a novel recruit of the IRE1 complex, which directly interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of IRE1. Bid binding to IRE1 leads to a decrease in IRE1 phosphorylation in a way that it can only perform Xbp1 splicing while mRNA degradation activity is repressed. The RNase outputs of IRE1 have been found to regulate the homeostatic-apoptotic switch. This study, thus, provides insight into IRE1-mediated cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samirul Bashir
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal J&K, India
| | - Mariam Banday
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal J&K, India
| | - Ozaira Qadri
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal J&K, India
| | - Debnath Pal
- Department of Computational and Data Science (CDS), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru, India
| | - Arif Bashir
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal J&K, India
| | - Nazia Hilal
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal J&K, India
| | - Mohammad Altaf
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal J&K, India
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9
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Enhanced IRE1α Phosphorylation/Oligomerization-Triggered XBP1 Splicing Contributes to Parkin-Mediated Prevention of SH-SY5Y Cell Death under Nitrosative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032017. [PMID: 36768338 PMCID: PMC9917145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in parkin, a neuroprotective protein, are the predominant cause of autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson's disease. Neuroinflammation-derived nitrosative stress has been implicated in the etiology of the chronic neurodegeneration. However, the interactions between genetic predisposition and nitrosative stress contributing to the degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons remain incompletely understood. Here, we used the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to investigate the function of parkin and its pathogenic mutants in relation to cell survival under nitric oxide (NO) exposure. The results showed that overexpression of wild-type parkin protected SH-SY5Y cells from NO-induced apoptosis in a reactive oxygen species-dependent manner. Under nitrosative stress conditions, parkin selectively upregulated the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α/X-box binding protein 1 (IRE1α/XBP1) signaling axis, an unfolded protein response signal through the sensor IRE1α, which controls the splicing of XBP1 mRNA. Inhibition of XBP1 mRNA splicing either by pharmacologically inhibiting IRE1α endoribonuclease activity or by genetically knocking down XBP1 interfered with the protective activity of parkin. Furthermore, pathogenic parkin mutants with a defective protective capacity showed a lower ability to activate the IRE1α/XBP1 signaling. Finally, we demonstrated that IRE1α activity augmented by parkin was possibly mediated through interacting with IRE1α to regulate its phosphorylation/oligomerization processes, whereas mutant parkin diminished its binding to and activation of IRE1α. Thus, these results support a direct link between the protective activity of parkin and the IRE1α/XBP1 pathway in response to nitrosative stress, and mutant parkin disrupts this function.
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10
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Jiang KL, Liu CM, Nie LT, Jiang HN, Xu L, Zhang KZ, Fan LX, Gao AH, Lin LL, Wang XY, Tan MJ, Zhang QQ, Zhou YB, Li J. Discovery of toxoflavin, a potent IRE1α inhibitor acting through structure-dependent oxidative inhibition. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:234-243. [PMID: 35840659 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00949-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) is the most conserved endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor with two catalytic domains, kinase and RNase, in its cytosolic portion. IRE1α inhibitors have been used to improve existing clinical treatments against various cancers. In this study we identified toxoflavin (TXF) as a new-type potent small molecule IRE1α inhibitor. We used luciferase reporter systems to screen compounds that inhibited the IRE1α-XBP1s signaling pathway. As a result, TXF was found to be the most potent IRE1α RNase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.226 μM. Its inhibitory potencies on IRE1α kinase and RNase were confirmed in a series of cellular and in vitro biochemical assays. Kinetic analysis showed that TXF caused time- and reducing reagent-dependent irreversible inhibition on IRE1α, implying that ROS might participate in the inhibition process. ROS scavengers decreased the inhibition of IRE1α by TXF, confirming that ROS mediated the inhibition process. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the thiol groups of four conserved cysteine residues (CYS-605, CYS-630, CYS-715 and CYS-951) in IRE1α were oxidized to sulfonic groups by ROS. In molecular docking experiments we affirmed the binding of TXF with IRE1α, and predicted its binding site, suggesting that the structure of TXF itself participates in the inhibition of IRE1α. Interestingly, CYS-951 was just near the docked site. In addition, the RNase IC50 and ROS production in vitro induced by TXF and its derivatives were negative correlated (r = -0.872). In conclusion, this study discovers a new type of IRE1α inhibitor that targets a predicted new alternative site located in the junction between RNase domain and kinase domain, and oxidizes conserved cysteine residues of IRE1α active sites to inhibit IRE1α. TXF could be used as a small molecule tool to study IRE1α's role in ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Long Jiang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, 528400, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chang-Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Li-Tong Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hai-Ni Jiang
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, 528400, China
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, 528400, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Kun-Zhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Zhejiang Center for Medical Device Evaluation, Zhejiang Medical Products Administration, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Li-Xia Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - An-Hui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lu-Lin Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Min-Jia Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qi-Qing Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, 518020, China.
| | - Yu-Bo Zhou
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, 528400, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jia Li
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, 528400, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China.
- Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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11
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Fan F, Liu F, Shen P, Tao L, Zhang H, Wu H. Salvianolic acid B, a new type I IRE1 kinase inhibitor, abrogates AngII-induced angiogenesis by interacting with IRE1 in its active conformation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2023; 50:82-95. [PMID: 36153795 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII)-mediated pathological angiogenesis is one of the important factors promoting the progression of atherosclerosis, tumour metastasis, and diabetic retinopathy. Here, we first demonstrate that salvianolic acid B (Sal B) attenuated AngII-induced angiogenesis by downregulating the IRE1/ASK1/JNK/p38MAPK signalling pathway and protected vascular endothelial cells from hypoxia-induced damage. These pharmacological consequences could be ascribed to the unique interactions between Sal B and the ATP-binding cavity of IREIα, leading to bi-directional roles of IRE1 kinase and endonuclease activity; this may possibly be one of the essential mechanisms of the bi-directional regulation of angiogenesis in different conditions. Moreover, our results indicated that IRE1 was a novel anti-angiogenesis target and type I IRE1 kinase inhibitor (e.g., Sal B, APY29) and might be a potentially eligible low-toxicity drug for treating AngII-mediated pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangtian Fan
- Anhui Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Anhui Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceuticals, School of Pharmacy Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Peiliang Shen
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Tao
- School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongjiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Hanlin College, Taizhou, China
| | - Hongyan Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine, Yancheng, China
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12
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Chen L, Bi M, Zhang Z, Du X, Chen X, Jiao Q, Jiang H. The functions of IRE1α in neurodegenerative diseases: Beyond ER stress. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 82:101774. [PMID: 36332756 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 α (IRE1α) is a type I transmembrane protein that resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). IRE1α, which is the primary sensor of ER stress, has been proven to maintain intracellular protein homeostasis by activating X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1). Further studies have revealed novel physiological functions of the IRE1α, such as its roles in mRNA and protein degradation, inflammation, immunity, cell proliferation and cell death. Therefore, the function of IRE1α is not limited to its role in ER stress; IRE1α is also important for regulating other processes related to cellular physiology. Furthermore, IRE1α plays a key role in neurodegenerative diseases that are caused by the phosphorylation of Tau protein, the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) and the toxic effects of mutant Huntingtin (mHtt). Therefore, targeting IRE1α is a valuable approach for treating neurodegenerative diseases and regulating cell functions. This review discusses the role of IRE1α in different cellular processes, and emphasizes the importance of IRE1α in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingxia Bi
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Jiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China.
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13
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Ma W, Zhu L, Song S, Liu B, Gu J. Identification and Validation of Glycosyltransferases Correlated with Cuproptosis as a Prognostic Model for Colon Adenocarcinoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233728. [PMID: 36496988 PMCID: PMC9737711 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuproptosis is a newly defined programmed cell death pattern and is believed to play an important role in tumorigenesis and progression. In addition, many studies have shown that glycosylation modification is of vital importance in tumor progression. However, it remains unclear whether glycosyltransferases, the most critical enzymes involved in glycosylation modification, are associated with cuproptosis. In this study, we used bioinformatic methods to construct a signature of cuproptosis-related glycosyltransferases to predict the prognosis of colon adenocarcinoma patients. We found that cuproptosis was highly correlated with four glycosyltransferases in COAD, and our model predicted the prognosis of COAD patients. Further analysis of related functions revealed the possibility that cuproptosis-related glycosyltransferase Exostosin-like 2 (EXTL2) participated in tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bo Liu
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (B.L.)
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14
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The natural product salicin alleviates osteoarthritis progression by binding to IRE1α and inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress through the IRE1α-IκBα-p65 signaling pathway. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1927-1939. [PMID: 36357568 PMCID: PMC9722708 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00879-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA) in older populations, disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs) are still lacking. This study was performed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of the small molecular drug salicin (SA) on OA progression. Primary rat chondrocytes were stimulated with TNF-α and treated with or without SA. Inflammatory factors, cartilage matrix degeneration markers, and cell proliferation and apoptosis markers were detected at the mRNA and protein levels. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated by EdU assays or flow cytometric analysis. RNA sequencing, molecular docking and drug affinity-responsive target stability analyses were used to clarify the mechanisms. The rat OA model was used to evaluate the effect of intra-articular injection of SA on OA progression. We found that SA rescued TNF-α-induced degeneration of the cartilage matrix, inhibition of chondrocyte proliferation, and promotion of chondrocyte apoptosis. Mechanistically, SA directly binds to IRE1α and occupies the IRE1α phosphorylation site, preventing IRE1α phosphorylation and regulating IRE1α-mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by IRE1α-IκBα-p65 signaling. Finally, intra-articular injection of SA-loaded lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) ameliorated OA progression by inhibiting IRE1α-mediated ER stress in the OA model. In conclusion, SA alleviates OA by directly binding to the ER stress regulator IRE1α and inhibits IRE1α-mediated ER stress via IRE1α-IκBα-p65 signaling. Topical use of the small molecular drug SA shows potential to modify OA progression.
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15
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Madhamanchi K, Madhamanchi P, Jayalakshmi S, Panigrahi M, Patil A, Phanithi PB. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein accumulation correlate to seizure recurrence in focal cortical dysplasia patients. Cell Stress Chaperones 2022; 27:633-643. [PMID: 36258150 PMCID: PMC9672265 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-022-01301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Epileptic seizures occur due to an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurosignals. The excitotoxic insults promote the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), unfolded proteins (UFP) aggregation, and sometimes even cell death. The epileptic brain samples in our study showed significant changes in the quantity of UFP accumulation. This part explored the efficiency of ER stress and autophagy responses at neutralizing the UFP using resected epileptic brain tissue samples. Meanwhile, we regularly observed these patients' post-surgical clinical data to find the recurrence of seizures. According to International League against Epilepsy (ILAE) suggestions, we classified the patients (n = 26) as class 1 (completely seizure-free), class 2 (less frequent seizures or auras), and class 3 (auras with < 3 seizures per year). The classification helped us understand the reason for variations in the UFP accumulation in patient samples. We have observed the protein levels of ER chaperone, glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa (GRP78/BiP), inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), X box-binding protein 1 s (XBP1s), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (peIF2α), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), NADPH oxidase (NOX2), and autophagy proteins like BECLIN1, ATG 7, 12, 5, 16, p62, and LC3. Our results suggested that ER stress response limitation may contribute to seizure recurrence in epilepsy patients, particularly in classes 2 and 3. In addition, we have observed significant upregulation of ER stress-dependent apoptosis initiation factor CHOP in these patients. These results indicate that understanding the ER stress response pattern infers the possibility of post-surgical outcomes in focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Madhamanchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Pradeep Madhamanchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
- Govt. Degree College for Men, Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh, 532001, India
| | - Sita Jayalakshmi
- Department of Neurology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Secunderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Manas Panigrahi
- Department of Neurology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Secunderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Anuja Patil
- Department of Neurology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Secunderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Prakash Babu Phanithi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India.
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16
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Ribeiro CMP, Hull-Ryde EA. Functional role of the ER stress transducer IRE1α in CF airway epithelial inflammation. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 65:102258. [PMID: 35749907 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Excessive and chronic airway inflammation associated with increased morbidity and mortality is a hallmark of cystic fibrosis (CF) airway disease. Previous studies underscored the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signaling in CF airway inflammatory responses. In this review we discuss 1) how airway inflammation induces ER stress-triggered activation of the unfolded protein response and 2) the functional importance of the ER stress transducer inositol requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) in CF airway epithelial inflammatory responses. We also briefly review the current understanding of IRE1α activation and the development of small molecules aimed at modulating IRE1α kinase and RNase activities. Inhibition of IRE1α kinase and RNase may be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy to ameliorate the robust inflammatory status of CF airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M P Ribeiro
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7248, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7248, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7248, USA.
| | - Emily A Hull-Ryde
- Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7248, USA
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17
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Li Y, Lu L, Zhang G, Ji G, Xu H. The role and therapeutic implication of endoplasmic reticulum stress in inflammatory cancer transformation. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:2277-2292. [PMID: 35693091 PMCID: PMC9185617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs when proteins are affected by various factors, fail to fold properly into higher structures and accumulate in the lumen of the ER, which activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore normal cellular function or induce apoptosis as a self-protective mechanism. However, a growing number of studies have shown that the three branches of ER stress and the UPR can mediate inflammation and cancer development by interacting with inflammatory transformation-related signaling pathways. Targeting the UPR, especially the use of small molecules that target the active sites of the enzymes IRE1α and PERK and BIP/GRP78 inhibitors are potential strategies for treating tumors and have shown promising results in some tumor models. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the progress of ER stress/UPR research and the signaling pathways associated with inflammatory cancer transformation, provide an in-depth description of the mechanisms of these pathways, and outline strategies in the field of UPR biology in tumor therapy to provide new ideas for the mechanisms of inflammatory cancer transformation and tumor-related treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guangtao Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hanchen Xu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai 200032, China
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18
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Qing T, Liu J, Liu F, Mitchell DC, Beresis RT, Gordan JD. Methods to assess small molecule allosteric modulators of the STRAD pseudokinase. Methods Enzymol 2022; 667:427-453. [PMID: 35525550 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
With the increased appreciation of the biological relevance of pseudokinase (PSK) allostery, the broadening of small molecule strategies to target PSK function is of particular importance. We and others have pursued the development of small molecule allosteric modulators of the STRAD pseudokinase by targeting its ATP binding pocket. The purpose of this effort is to modulate the function of the LKB1 tumor suppressor kinase, which exists in a trimer with the STRAD PSK and the adaptor protein MO25. Here we provide detailed guidance regarding the different methods we have used for medium throughput screening to identify STRAD ligands and measure their impact on LKB1 kinase activity. Our experience supports preferential use of direct measurements of LKB1 kinase activity, and demonstrates the limitations of indirect assessment methods in the development trans-acting allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Qing
- Chempartner Co, Ltd., Shanghai, China; Chempartner Co, Ltd., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jin Liu
- Chempartner Co, Ltd., Shanghai, China; Chempartner Co, Ltd., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Fen Liu
- Chempartner Co, Ltd., Shanghai, China; Chempartner Co, Ltd., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Dom C Mitchell
- Division of Hematology Oncology and Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Richard T Beresis
- Chempartner Co, Ltd., Shanghai, China; Chempartner Co, Ltd., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - John D Gordan
- Division of Hematology Oncology and Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, United States.
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19
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Liu M, Kang GJ, Dudley SC. Preventing unfolded protein response-induced ion channel dysregulation to treat arrhythmias. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:443-451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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20
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Mi B, Chen L, Xiong Y, Yang Y, Panayi AC, Xue H, Hu Y, Yan C, Hu L, Xie X, Lin Z, Zhou W, Cao F, Xiao X, Feng Q, Liu G. Osteoblast/Osteoclast and Immune Cocktail Therapy of an Exosome/Drug Delivery Multifunctional Hydrogel Accelerates Fracture Repair. ACS NANO 2022; 16:771-782. [PMID: 34979087 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The osteoblast/osteoclast and M1/M2 macrophage ratios play critical roles in delayed fracture healing. Robust osteoblast differentiation and M2 macrophage polarization can substantiality promote fracture repair; however, the combined effect of these strategies has not been previously studied. In this study, we constructed a cocktail therapy to simultaneously regulate the osteoblast/osteoclast and M1/M2 macrophage balance. The cocktail therapy composed of a natural polymer hyaluronic-acid-based hydrogel (HA hydrogel, which has a tissue-adhesive, injectable, self-healing, anti-inflammation profile), engineered endothelial cell-derived exosomes (EC-ExosmiR-26a-5p), and APY29, an IRE-1α inhibitor. This allowed for specific delivery of EC-ExosmiR-26a-5p and APY29 for osteoblast/osteoclast and macrophage regulation, respectively. The results suggested that the cocktail therapy exerted pro-fracture repair effects with each of its components established as indispensable. The assessed cocktail therapy provides insight into synergistic strategies and is useful for developing more suitable pro-fracture repair therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobin Mi
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yuan Xiong
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yayan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Adriana C Panayi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts 02152, United States
| | - Hang Xue
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yiqiang Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chenchen Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Liangcong Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xudong Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ze Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Faqi Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xiufeng Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Qian Feng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Guohui Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
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21
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Guo Y, Shen D, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Liang J, Zhou Y, Li N, Liu Y, Yang G, Li W. Deep Learning-Based Morphological Classification of Endoplasmic Reticulum Under Stress. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:767866. [PMID: 35223863 PMCID: PMC8865080 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.767866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) is a condition that is defined by abnormal accumulation of unfolded proteins. It plays an important role in maintaining cellular protein, lipid, and ion homeostasis. By triggering the unfolded protein response (UPR) under ER stress, cells restore homeostasis or undergo apoptosis. Chronic ER stress is implicated in many human diseases. Despite extensive studies on related signaling mechanisms, reliable image biomarkers for ER stress remain lacking. To address this deficiency, we have validated a morphological image biomarker for ER stress and have developed a deep learning-based assay to enable automated detection and analysis of this marker for screening studies. Specifically, ER under stress exhibits abnormal morphological patterns that feature ring-shaped structures called whorls (WHs). Using a highly specific chemical probe for unfolded and aggregated proteins, we find that formation of ER whorls is specifically associated with the accumulation of the unfolded and aggregated proteins. This confirms that ER whorls can be used as an image biomarker for ER stress. To this end, we have developed ER-WHs-Analyzer, a deep learning-based image analysis assay that automatically recognizes and localizes ER whorls similarly as human experts. It does not require laborious manual annotation of ER whorls for training of deep learning models. Importantly, it reliably classifies different patterns of ER whorls induced by different ER stress drugs. Overall, our study provides mechanistic insights into morphological patterns of ER under stress as well as an image biomarker assay for screening studies to dissect related disease mechanisms and to accelerate related drug discoveries. It demonstrates the effectiveness of deep learning in recognizing and understanding complex morphological phenotypes of ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Guo
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Di Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhou
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yutong Yang
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinzhao Liang
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yating Zhou
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ningning Li
- Tomas Lindahl Laboratory, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Ge Yang
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ge Yang, ; Wenjing Li,
| | - Wenjing Li
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Ge Yang, ; Wenjing Li,
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22
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Xue M, Feng L. The Role of Unfolded Protein Response in Coronavirus Infection and Its Implications for Drug Design. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:808593. [PMID: 35003039 PMCID: PMC8740020 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.808593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus is an important pathogen with a wide spectrum of infection and potential threats to humans and animals. Its replication occurs in the cytoplasm and is closely related to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Studies reported that coronavirus infection causes ER stress, and cells simultaneously initiate unfolded protein response (UPR) to alleviate the disturbance of ER homeostasis. Activation of the three branches of UPR (PERK, IRE1, and ATF6) modulates various signaling pathways, such as innate immune response, microRNA, autophagy, and apoptosis. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between coronavirus and ER stress is helpful to understand the replication and pathogenesis of coronavirus. This paper summarizes the current knowledge of the complex interplay between coronavirus and UPR branches, focuses on the effect of ER stress on coronavirus replication and coronavirus resistance to host innate immunity, and summarizes possible drug targets to regulate the impact of coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Harbin, China
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23
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Moraga P, Aravena R, Urra H, Hetz C. Assays to Study IRE1 Activation and Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2378:141-168. [PMID: 34985699 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1732-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor IRE1 is a a major player of the unfolded protein response (UPR), the main pathway driving adaptation processes to restore proteostasis. In addition, overactivation of IRE1 signaling contributes to a variety of pathologies including diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Under ER stress, IRE1 auto-transphosphorylates and oligomerizes, triggering the activation of its endoribonuclease domain located in the cytosolic region. Active IRE1 catalyzes the splicing of the mRNA encoding for the XBP1 transcription factor, in addition to degrade several RNAs through a process known as regulated IRE1-dependent decay of mRNA (RIDD). Besides its role as an UPR transducer, several posttranslational modifications and protein-protein interactions can regulate IRE1 activity and modulate its signaling in the absence of stress. Thus, investigating the function of IRE1 in physiology and disease requires the use of complementary approaches. Here, we provide detailed protocols to perform four different assays to study IRE1 activation and signaling: (i) Phos-tag gels to evaluate the phosphorylation status of IRE1, (ii) microscopy using TREX-IRE1-GFP cells to measure IRE1 oligomerization, (iii) conventional RT-PCR to assess XBP1 mRNA processing, and (iv) quantitative PCR to determine the levels of canonical UPR target genes and the degradation of several mRNAs that are target of RIDD. We propose to use these experimental strategies as "gold standards" to study IRE1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Moraga
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raul Aravena
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hery Urra
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile.
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile.
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- The Buck Institute for Research in Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
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24
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Pelizzari Raymundo D, Eriksson LA, Chevet E, Guillory X. Structure-Based Drug Discovery of IRE1 Modulators. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2378:293-315. [PMID: 34985708 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1732-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
IRE1α (inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha, referred to IRE1 hereafter) is an Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) resident transmembrane enzyme with cytosolic kinase/RNAse activities. Upon ER stress IRE1 is activated through trans-autophosphorylation and oligomerization, resulting in a conformational change of the RNase domain, thereby promoting two signaling pathways: i) the non-conventional splicing of XBP1 mRNA and ii) the regulated IRE1-dependent decay of RNA (RIDD). IRE1 RNase activity has been linked to diverse pathologies such as cancer or inflammatory, metabolic, and degenerative diseases and the modulation of IRE1 activity is emerging as an appealing therapeutic strategy against these diseases. Several modulators of IRE1 activity have been reported in the past, but none have successfully translated into the clinics as yet. Based on our expertise in the field, we describe in this chapter the approaches and protocols we used to discover novel IRE1 modulators and characterize their effect on IRE1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pelizzari Raymundo
- INSERM U1242, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France.
- Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.
| | - Leif A Eriksson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eric Chevet
- INSERM U1242, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
- Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Xavier Guillory
- INSERM U1242, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France.
- Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, Rennes, France.
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25
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ATP-competitive partial antagonists of the IRE1α RNase segregate outputs of the UPR. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:1148-1156. [PMID: 34556859 PMCID: PMC8551014 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00852-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) homeostatically matches endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein-folding capacity to cellular secretory needs. However, under high or chronic ER stress, the UPR triggers apoptosis. This cell fate dichotomy is promoted by differential activation of the ER transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease (RNase) IRE1α. We previously found that the RNase of IRE1α can be either fully activated or inactivated by ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors. Here we developed kinase inhibitors, partial antagonists of IRE1α RNase (PAIRs), that partially antagonize the IRE1α RNase at full occupancy. Biochemical and structural studies show that PAIRs promote partial RNase antagonism by intermediately displacing the helix αC in the IRE1α kinase domain. In insulin-producing β-cells, PAIRs permit adaptive splicing of Xbp1 mRNA while quelling destructive ER mRNA endonucleolytic decay and apoptosis. By preserving Xbp1 mRNA splicing, PAIRs allow B cells to differentiate into immunoglobulin-producing plasma cells. Thus, an intermediate RNase-inhibitory 'sweet spot', achieved by PAIR-bound IRE1α, captures a desirable conformation for drugging this master UPR sensor/effector.
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26
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Pharmacological targeting of endoplasmic reticulum stress in disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 21:115-140. [PMID: 34702991 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leads to ER stress, resulting in activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) that aims to restore protein homeostasis. However, the UPR also plays an important pathological role in many diseases, including metabolic disorders, cancer and neurological disorders. Over the last decade, significant effort has been invested in targeting signalling proteins involved in the UPR and an array of drug-like molecules is now available. However, these molecules have limitations, the understanding of which is crucial for their development into therapies. Here, we critically review the existing ER stress and UPR-directed drug-like molecules, highlighting both their value and their limitations.
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27
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Proteotoxic Stress as an Exploitable Vulnerability in Cells with Hyperactive AKT. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111376. [PMID: 34768807 PMCID: PMC8583472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperactivity of serine-threonine kinase AKT is one of the most common molecular abnormalities in cancer, where it contributes to poor outcomes by facilitating the growth and survival of malignant cells. Despite its well-documented anti-apoptotic effects, hyperactivity of AKT is also known to be stressful to a cell. In an attempt to better elucidate this phenomenon, we observed the signs of proteotoxic stress in cells that harbor hyperactive AKT or have lost its principal negative regulator, PTEN. The activity of HSF1 was predictably elevated under these circumstances. However, such cells proved more sensitive to various regimens of heat shock, including the conditions that were well-tolerated by syngeneic cells without AKT hyperactivity. The sensitizing effect of hyperactive AKT was also seen in HSF1-deficient cells, suggesting that the phenomenon does not require the regulation of HSF1 by this kinase. Notably, the elevated activity of AKT was accompanied by increased levels of XBP1, a key component of cell defense against proteotoxic stress. Interestingly, the cells harboring hyperactive AKT were also more dependent on XBP1 for their growth. Our observations suggest that proteotoxic stress conferred by hyperactive AKT represents a targetable vulnerability, which can be exploited by either elevating the stress above the level tolerated by such cells or by eliminating the factors that enable such tolerance.
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28
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Kubra KT, Barabutis N. Brefeldin A and kifunensine modulate LPS-induced lung endothelial hyperpermeability in human and bovine cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C214-C220. [PMID: 34161151 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00142.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial hyperpermeability is the hallmark of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Laborious efforts in the investigation of the molecular pathways involved in the regulation of the vascular barrier shall reveal novel therapeutic targets toward that respiratory disorder. Herein, we investigate in vitro the effects of the α-1,2-mannosidase 1 inhibitor kifunensine (KIF) and brefeldin A (BFA) in the lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced endothelial breakdown. Our results suggest that BFA opposes the deteriorating effects of KIF [unfolded protein response (UPR) suppressor] toward the lung microvasculature. Since KIF is a UPR suppressor, and brefeldin A is a UPR inducer, we suggest that a carefully devised UPR manipulation may deliver novel therapeutic avenues in diseases related to endothelial barrier dysfunction (e.g., ARDS and sepsis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadeja-Tul Kubra
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana
| | - Nektarios Barabutis
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana
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29
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Ricci D, Tutton S, Marrocco I, Ying M, Blumenthal D, Eletto D, Vargas J, Boyle S, Fazelinia H, Qian L, Suresh K, Taylor D, Paton JC, Paton AW, Tang CHA, Hu CCA, Radhakrishnan R, Gidalevitz T, Argon Y. An interdomain helix in IRE1α mediates the conformational change required for the sensor's activation. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100781. [PMID: 34000298 PMCID: PMC8203841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response plays an evolutionarily conserved role in homeostasis, and its dysregulation often leads to human disease, including diabetes and cancer. IRE1α is a major transducer that conveys endoplasmic reticulum stress via biochemical signals, yet major gaps persist in our understanding of how the detection of stress is converted to one of several molecular outcomes. It is known that, upon sensing unfolded proteins via its endoplasmic reticulum luminal domain, IRE1α dimerizes and then oligomerizes (often visualized as clustering). Once assembled, the kinase domain trans-autophosphorylates a neighboring IRE1α, inducing a conformational change that activates the RNase effector domain. However, the full details of how the signal is transmitted are not known. Here, we describe a previously unrecognized role for helix αK, located between the kinase and RNase domains of IRE1α, in conveying this critical conformational change. Using constructs containing mutations within this interdomain helix, we show that distinct substitutions affect oligomerization, kinase activity, and the RNase activity of IRE1α differentially. Furthermore, using both biochemical and computational methods, we found that different residues at position 827 specify distinct conformations at distal sites of the protein, such as in the RNase domain. Of importance, an RNase-inactive mutant, L827P, can still dimerize with wildtype monomers, but this mutation inactivates the wildtype molecule and renders leukemic cells more susceptible to stress. We surmise that helix αK is a conduit for the activation of IRE1α in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ricci
- Division of Cell Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen Tutton
- Division of Cell Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ilaria Marrocco
- Division of Cell Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mingjie Ying
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel Blumenthal
- Division of Cell Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniela Eletto
- Division of Cell Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jade Vargas
- Division of Cell Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah Boyle
- Division of Cell Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hossein Fazelinia
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lei Qian
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Krishna Suresh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deanne Taylor
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James C Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Adrienne W Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Ravi Radhakrishnan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tali Gidalevitz
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yair Argon
- Division of Cell Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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30
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Kholodenko BN, Rauch N, Kolch W, Rukhlenko OS. A systematic analysis of signaling reactivation and drug resistance. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109157. [PMID: 34038718 PMCID: PMC8202068 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the reactivation of initially inhibited signaling pathways causes drug resistance. Here, we analyze how network topologies affect signaling responses to drug treatment. Network-dependent drug resistance is commonly attributed to negative and positive feedback loops. However, feedback loops by themselves cannot completely reactivate steady-state signaling. Newly synthesized negative feedback regulators can induce a transient overshoot but cannot fully restore output signaling. Complete signaling reactivation can only occur when at least two routes, an activating and inhibitory, connect an inhibited upstream protein to a downstream output. Irrespective of the network topology, drug-induced overexpression or increase in target dimerization can restore or even paradoxically increase downstream pathway activity. Kinase dimerization cooperates with inhibitor-mediated alleviation of negative feedback. Our findings inform drug development by considering network context and optimizing the design drug combinations. As an example, we predict and experimentally confirm specific combinations of RAF inhibitors that block mutant NRAS signaling. Kholodenko et al. uncover signaling network circuitries and molecular mechanisms necessary and sufficient for complete reactivation or overshoot of steady-state signaling after kinase inhibitor treatment. The two means to revive signaling output fully are through network topology or reactivation of the kinase activity of the primary drug target. Blocking RAF dimer activity by a combination of type I½ and type II RAF inhibitors efficiently blocks mutant NRAS-driven ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris N Kholodenko
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Nora Rauch
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oleksii S Rukhlenko
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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31
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Hull-Ryde EA, Minges JT, Martino MEB, Kato T, Norris-Drouin JL, Ribeiro CMP. IRE1α Is a Therapeutic Target for Cystic Fibrosis Airway Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3063. [PMID: 33802742 PMCID: PMC8002512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
New anti-inflammatory treatments are needed for CF airway disease. Studies have implicated the endoplasmic reticulum stress transducer inositol requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) in CF airway inflammation. The activation of IRE1α promotes activation of its cytoplasmic kinase and RNase, resulting in mRNA splicing of X-box binding protein-1 (XBP-1s), a transcription factor required for cytokine production. We tested whether IRE1α kinase and RNase inhibition decreases cytokine production induced by the exposure of primary cultures of homozygous F508del CF human bronchial epithelia (HBE) to supernatant of mucopurulent material (SMM) from CF airways. We evaluated whether IRE1α expression is increased in freshly isolated and native CF HBE, and couples with increased XBP-1s levels. A FRET assay confirmed binding of the IRE1α kinase and RNase inhibitor, KIRA6, to the IRE1α kinase. F508del HBE cultures were exposed to SMM with or without KIRA6, and we evaluated the mRNA levels of XBP-1s, IL-6, and IL-8, and the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8. IRE1α mRNA levels were up-regulated in freshly isolated CF vs. normal HBE and coupled to increased XBP-1s mRNA levels. SMM increased XBP-1s, IL-6, and IL-8 mRNA levels and up-regulated IL-6 and IL-8 secretion, and KIRA6 blunted these responses in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, a triple combination of CFTR modulators currently used in the clinic had no effect on SMM-increased XBP-1s levels coupled with increased cytokine production in presence or absence of KIRA6. These findings indicate that IRE1α mediates cytokine production in CF airways. Small molecule IRE1α kinase inhibitors that allosterically reduce RNase-dependent XBP-1s may represent a new therapeutic strategy for CF airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Hull-Ryde
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.A.H.-R.); (J.T.M.); (M.E.B.M.); (T.K.)
| | - John T. Minges
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.A.H.-R.); (J.T.M.); (M.E.B.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Mary E. B. Martino
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.A.H.-R.); (J.T.M.); (M.E.B.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Takafumi Kato
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.A.H.-R.); (J.T.M.); (M.E.B.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Jacqueline L. Norris-Drouin
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Carla M. P. Ribeiro
- Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (E.A.H.-R.); (J.T.M.); (M.E.B.M.); (T.K.)
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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32
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The Structure, Activation and Signaling of IRE1 and Its Role in Determining Cell Fate. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020156. [PMID: 33562589 PMCID: PMC7914947 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inositol-requiring enzyme type 1 (IRE1) is a serine/threonine kinase acting as one of three branches of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) signaling pathway, which is activated upon endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions. It is known to be capable of inducing both pro-survival and pro-apoptotic cellular responses, which are strictly related to numerous human pathologies. Among others, IRE1 activity has been confirmed to be increased in cancer, neurodegeneration, inflammatory and metabolic disorders, which are associated with an accumulation of misfolded proteins within ER lumen and the resulting ER stress conditions. Emerging evidence suggests that genetic or pharmacological modulation of IRE1 may have a significant impact on cell viability, and thus may be a promising step forward towards development of novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, we extensively describe the structural analysis of IRE1 molecule, the molecular dynamics associated with IRE1 activation, and interconnection between it and the other branches of the UPR with regard to its potential use as a therapeutic target. Detailed knowledge of the molecular characteristics of the IRE1 protein and its activation may allow the design of specific kinase or RNase modulators that may act as drug candidates.
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33
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Sun HW, Wu WC, Chen HT, Xu YT, Yang YY, Chen J, Yu XJ, Wang Z, Shuang ZY, Zheng L. Glutamine Deprivation Promotes the Generation and Mobilization of MDSCs by Enhancing Expression of G-CSF and GM-CSF. Front Immunol 2021; 11:616367. [PMID: 33603745 PMCID: PMC7884351 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.616367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors are often challenged by hypoxic and nutrient-deprived tumor microenvironments (TME) as tumors progress, due to limited perfusion and rapid nutrient consumption. While cancer cells can demonstrate the ability to survive in nutrient-deprived conditions through multiple intrinsic alterations, it is poorly understood how nutrient-deprived cancer cells co-opt the TME to promote cancer cell survival and tumor progression. In the present study, we found that glutamine deprivation markedly potentiated the expression of G-CSF and GM-CSF in mouse mammary cancer cells. The IRE1α-JNK pathway, which is activated by glutamine starvation, was found to be important for the upregulation of these cytokines. G-CSF and GM-CSF are well-known facilitators of myelopoiesis and mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC). Consistently, as tumors progressed, we found that several myeloid HPC compartments were gradually decreased in the bone marrow but were significantly increased in the spleen. Mechanistically, the HPC-maintaining capacity of the bone marrow was significantly impaired in tumor-bearing mice, with lower expression of HPC maintaining genes (i.e., CXCL12, SCF, ANGPT1, and VCAM1), and reduced levels of mesenchymal stem cells and CXCL12-producing cells. Furthermore, the mobilized HPCs that displayed the capacity for myelopoiesis were also found to accumulate in tumor tissue. Tumor-infiltrating HPCs were highly proliferative and served as important sources of immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the TME. Our work has identified an important role for glutamine starvation in regulating the expression of G-CSF and GM-CSF, and in facilitating the generation of immunosuppressive MDSCs in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Sun
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Chao Wu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Tian Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Tuo Xu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yan Yang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing-Juan Yu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zilian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Yu Shuang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limin Zheng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Herlea-Pana O, Eeda V, Undi RB, Lim HY, Wang W. Pharmacological Inhibition of Inositol-Requiring Enzyme 1α RNase Activity Protects Pancreatic Beta Cell and Improves Diabetic Condition in Insulin Mutation-Induced Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:749879. [PMID: 34675883 PMCID: PMC8524045 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.749879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
β-cell ER stress plays an important role in β-cell dysfunction and death during the pathogenesis of diabetes. Proinsulin misfolding is regarded as one of the primary initiating factors of ER stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) activation in β-cells. Here, we found that the ER stress sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) was activated in the Akita mice, a mouse model of mutant insulin gene-induced diabetes of youth (MIDY), a monogenic diabetes. Normalization of IRE1α RNase hyperactivity by pharmacological inhibitors significantly ameliorated the hyperglycemic conditions and increased serum insulin levels in Akita mice. These benefits were accompanied by a concomitant protection of functional β-cell mass, as shown by the suppression of β-cell apoptosis, increase in mature insulin production and reduction of proinsulin level. At the molecular level, we observed that the expression of genes associated with β-cell identity and function was significantly up-regulated and ER stress and its associated inflammation and oxidative stress were suppressed in islets from Akita mice treated with IRE1α RNase inhibitors. This study provides the evidence of the in vivo efficacy of IRE1α RNase inhibitors in Akita mice, pointing to the possibility of targeting IRE1α RNase as a therapeutic direction for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Herlea-Pana
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Venkateswararao Eeda
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Ram Babu Undi
- Department of Physiology, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Hui-Ying Lim
- Department of Physiology, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- *Correspondence: Weidong Wang, , orcid.org/0000-0003-3619-0953
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Xu W, Wang C, Hua J. X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) function in diseases. Cell Biol Int 2020; 45:731-739. [PMID: 33325615 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causes endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), which is characteristic of cells with high levels of secretory activity and is involved in a variety of diseases. In response to ERS, cells initiate an adaptive process named the unfolding protein response (UPR) to maintain intracellular homeostasis and survival. However, long term and unresolved ERS can also induce apoptosis. As the most conserved signaling branch of UPR, the IRE1-XBP1 pathway plays an important role in both physiological and pathological states, and its activity has a profound impact on disease progression and prognosis. Here, the latest research progress of IRE1-XBP1 pathway in cancer, metabolic diseases, and other diseases was briefly introduced, and the relationship between several diseases and this pathway was analyzed. Besides, the new understanding and prospect of IRE1-XBP1 pathway regulating male reproduction were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xu
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Congrong Wang
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinlian Hua
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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36
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Bilekova S, Sachs S, Lickert H. Pharmacological Targeting of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Pancreatic Beta Cells. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 42:85-95. [PMID: 33353789 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a disease with pandemic dimensions and no pharmacological treatment prevents disease progression. Dedifferentiation has been proposed to be a driver of beta-cell dysfunction in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Regenerative therapies aim to re-establish function in dysfunctional or dedifferentiated beta cells and restore the defective insulin secretion. Unsustainable levels of insulin production, with increased demand at disease onset, strain the beta-cell secretory machinery, leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Unresolved chronic ER stress is a major contributor to beta-cell loss of function and identity. Restoring ER homeostasis, enhancing ER-associated degradation of misfolded protein, and boosting chaperoning activity, are emerging therapeutic approaches for diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bilekova
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Sachs
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich, Medical Faculty, Munich, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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37
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Korovesis D, Rufo N, Derua R, Agostinis P, Verhelst SHL. Kinase Photoaffinity Labeling Reveals Low Selectivity Profile of the IRE1 Targeting Imidazopyrazine-Based KIRA6 Inhibitor. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:3106-3111. [PMID: 33290055 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) is one of three endoplasmic reticulum stress sensors. Upon activation of its kinase domain, IRE1α splices the mRNA substrate XBP1, which activates the unfolded protein response. IRE1α has emerged as a therapeutic target as its hyperactivation is implicated in various diseases. Kinase inhibiting RNase attenuator 6 (KIRA6) is an allosteric IRE1α inhibitor targeting the ATP binding pocket, resulting in effective blockage of the IRE1α-XBP1 pathway in mouse models of diabetes and pain. However, recent studies indicate that KIRA6 is not as selective as initially thought. Here, we developed a photoaffinity-based KIRA6 probe to reveal its selectivity. Surprisingly, the majority of off-targets that we identified were not protein kinases but mostly nucleotide-binding proteins. Furthermore, we found that the promiscuous off-target profile of KIRA6 is not cell-line-dependent. Overall, this study calls for caution when KIRA6 is used in IRE1α-targeted studies and illustrates the power of kinase photoaffinity probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Korovesis
- KU Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Herestraat 49 Box
802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicole Rufo
- KU Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Herestraat 49 Box
802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rita Derua
- KU Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, Herestraat 49 box 802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, SyBioMa, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- KU Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy, Herestraat 49 Box
802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven H. L. Verhelst
- KU Leuven, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Herestraat 49 Box
802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences ISAS, e.V., Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6b, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Activation of the IRE1 RNase through remodeling of the kinase front pocket by ATP-competitive ligands. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6387. [PMID: 33318494 PMCID: PMC7736581 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol-Requiring Enzyme 1 (IRE1) is an essential component of the Unfolded Protein Response. IRE1 spans the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, comprising a sensory lumenal domain, and tandem kinase and endoribonuclease (RNase) cytoplasmic domains. Excess unfolded proteins in the ER lumen induce dimerization and oligomerization of IRE1, triggering kinase trans-autophosphorylation and RNase activation. Known ATP-competitive small-molecule IRE1 kinase inhibitors either allosterically disrupt or stabilize the active dimeric unit, accordingly inhibiting or stimulating RNase activity. Previous allosteric RNase activators display poor selectivity and/or weak cellular activity. In this study, we describe a class of ATP-competitive RNase activators possessing high selectivity and strong cellular activity. This class of activators binds IRE1 in the kinase front pocket, leading to a distinct conformation of the activation loop. Our findings reveal exquisitely precise interdomain regulation within IRE1, advancing the mechanistic understanding of this important enzyme and its investigation as a potential small-molecule therapeutic target. The RNase activity of Inositol-Requiring Enzyme 1 (IRE1) can be allosterically regulated by ATP-competitive inhibitors of the IRE1 kinase domain. Here, the authors identify ATP-competitive IRE1 RNase activators with improved selectivity and cellular activity, and elucidate their mechanism of action.
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Beveridge RE, Wallweber HA, Ashkenazi A, Beresini M, Clark KR, Gibbons P, Ghiro E, Kaufman S, Larivée A, Leblanc M, Leclerc JP, Lemire A, Ly C, Rudolph J, Schwarz JB, Srivastava S, Wang W, Zhao L, Braun MG. Identification of BRaf-Sparing Amino-Thienopyrimidines with Potent IRE1α Inhibitory Activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2389-2396. [PMID: 33335661 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino-quinazoline BRaf kinase inhibitor 2 was identified from a library screen as a modest inhibitor of the unfolded protein response (UPR) regulating potential anticancer target IRE1α. A combination of crystallographic and conformational considerations were used to guide structure-based attenuation of BRaf activity and optimization of IRE1α potency. Quinazoline 6-position modifications were found to provide up to 100-fold improvement in IRE1α cellular potency but were ineffective at reducing BRaf activity. A salt bridge contact with Glu651 in IRE1α was then targeted to build in selectivity over BRaf which instead possesses a histidine in this position (His539). Torsional angle analysis revealed that the quinazoline hinge binder core was ill-suited to accommodate the required conformation to effectively reach Glu651, prompting a change to the thienopyrimidine hinge binder. Resulting analogues such as 25 demonstrated good IRE1α cellular potency and imparted more than 1000-fold decrease in BRaf activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Avi Ashkenazi
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Maureen Beresini
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Kevin R. Clark
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Paul Gibbons
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Elise Ghiro
- Paraza Pharma Inc., 2525 Ave. Marie-Curie, Montreal, QC, Canada H4S 2E1
| | - Susan Kaufman
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Alexandre Larivée
- Paraza Pharma Inc., 2525 Ave. Marie-Curie, Montreal, QC, Canada H4S 2E1
| | - Melissa Leblanc
- Paraza Pharma Inc., 2525 Ave. Marie-Curie, Montreal, QC, Canada H4S 2E1
| | | | - Alexandre Lemire
- Paraza Pharma Inc., 2525 Ave. Marie-Curie, Montreal, QC, Canada H4S 2E1
| | - Cuong Ly
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Joachim Rudolph
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Jacob B. Schwarz
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Paraza Pharma Inc., 2525 Ave. Marie-Curie, Montreal, QC, Canada H4S 2E1
| | - Weiru Wang
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
| | - Liang Zhao
- Paraza Pharma Inc., 2525 Ave. Marie-Curie, Montreal, QC, Canada H4S 2E1
| | - Marie-Gabrielle Braun
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080-4990, United States
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40
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Grandjean JMD, Wiseman RL. Small molecule strategies to harness the unfolded protein response: where do we go from here? J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15692-15711. [PMID: 32887796 PMCID: PMC7667976 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) plays a central role in regulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and global cellular physiology in response to pathologic ER stress. The UPR is comprised of three signaling pathways activated downstream of the ER membrane proteins IRE1, ATF6, and PERK. Once activated, these proteins initiate transcriptional and translational signaling that functions to alleviate ER stress, adapt cellular physiology, and dictate cell fate. Imbalances in UPR signaling are implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous, etiologically-diverse diseases, including many neurodegenerative diseases, protein misfolding diseases, diabetes, ischemic disorders, and cancer. This has led to significant interest in establishing pharmacologic strategies to selectively modulate IRE1, ATF6, or PERK signaling to both ameliorate pathologic imbalances in UPR signaling implicated in these different diseases and define the importance of the UPR in diverse cellular and organismal contexts. Recently, there has been significant progress in the identification and characterization of UPR modulating compounds, providing new opportunities to probe the pathologic and potentially therapeutic implications of UPR signaling in human disease. Here, we describe currently available UPR modulating compounds, specifically highlighting the strategies used for their discovery and specific advantages and disadvantages in their application for probing UPR function. Furthermore, we discuss lessons learned from the application of these compounds in cellular and in vivo models to identify favorable compound properties that can help drive the further translational development of selective UPR modulators for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M D Grandjean
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
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41
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Bashir S, Banday M, Qadri O, Bashir A, Hilal N, Nida-I-Fatima, Rader S, Fazili KM. The molecular mechanism and functional diversity of UPR signaling sensor IRE1. Life Sci 2020; 265:118740. [PMID: 33188833 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum is primarily responsible for protein folding and maturation. However, the organelle is subject to varied stress conditions from time to time, which lead to the activation of a signaling program known as the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) pathway. This pathway, upon sensing any disturbance in the protein-folding milieu sends signals to the nucleus and cytoplasm in order to restore homeostasis. One of the prime UPR signaling sensors is Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1); an ER membrane embedded protein with dual enzyme activities, kinase and endoribonuclease. The ribonuclease activity of IRE1 results in Xbp1 splicing in mammals or Hac1 splicing in yeast. However, IRE1 can switch its substrate specificity to the mRNAs that are co-transnationally transported to the ER, a phenomenon known as Regulated IRE1 Dependent Decay (RIDD). IRE1 is also reported to act as a principal molecule that coordinates with other proteins and signaling pathways, which in turn might be responsible for its regulation. The current review highlights studies on IRE1 explaining the structural features and molecular mechanism behind its ribonuclease outputs. The emphasis is also laid on the molecular effectors, which directly or indirectly interact with IRE1 to either modulate its function or connect it to other pathways. This is important in understanding the functional pleiotropy of IRE1, by which it can switch its activity from pro-survival to pro-apoptotic, thus determining the fate of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samirul Bashir
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mariam Banday
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ozaira Qadri
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Arif Bashir
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Nazia Hilal
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Nida-I-Fatima
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Stephen Rader
- Department of Chemistry, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
| | - Khalid Majid Fazili
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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Grandjean JMD, Madhavan A, Cech L, Seguinot BO, Paxman RJ, Smith E, Scampavia L, Powers ET, Cooley CB, Plate L, Spicer TP, Kelly JW, Wiseman RL. Pharmacologic IRE1/XBP1s activation confers targeted ER proteostasis reprogramming. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:1052-1061. [PMID: 32690944 PMCID: PMC7502540 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the IRE1/XBP1s signaling arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR) is a promising strategy to correct defects in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis implicated in diverse diseases. However, no pharmacologic activators of this pathway identified to date are suitable for ER proteostasis remodeling through selective activation of IRE1/XBP1s signaling. Here, we use high-throughput screening to identify non-toxic compounds that induce ER proteostasis remodeling through IRE1/XBP1s activation. We employ transcriptional profiling to stringently confirm that our prioritized compounds selectively activate IRE1/XBP1s signaling without activating other cellular stress-responsive signaling pathways. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our compounds improve ER proteostasis of destabilized variants of amyloid precursor protein (APP) through an IRE1-dependent mechanism and reduce APP-associated mitochondrial toxicity in cellular models. These results establish highly selective IRE1/XBP1s activating compounds that can be widely employed to define the functional importance of IRE1/XBP1s activity for ER proteostasis regulation in the context of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M D Grandjean
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aparajita Madhavan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lauren Cech
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bryan O Seguinot
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ryan J Paxman
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Emery Smith
- Scripps Research Molecular Screening Center, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Louis Scampavia
- Scripps Research Molecular Screening Center, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Evan T Powers
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Lars Plate
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy P Spicer
- Scripps Research Molecular Screening Center, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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43
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A phenolic small molecule inhibitor of RNase L prevents cell death from ADAR1 deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24802-24812. [PMID: 32958664 PMCID: PMC7547215 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006883117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The OAS–RNase L system is an innate immunity pathway activated by viral infection. Viral dsRNA stimulates OAS enzymes to produce short 2′,5′-oligoadenylates (2-5A) that activate RNase L, resulting in cleavage of single-stranded (ss) RNA. We discovered a small-molecule inhibitor of RNase L that rescues the toxic phenotype of cells deficient in the dsRNA-editing enzyme ADAR1. ADAR1 destabilizes dsRNA to prevent OAS activity. ADAR1 mutations are responsible for a subset of cases of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), a severe neurodevelopmental and inflammatory genetic disease of children with no effective medical therapy. We posit that an RNase L inhibitor may have utility against cases of AGS in which RNase L is activated and other indications where overactivation of RNase L is harmful. The oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)–RNase L system is an IFN-inducible antiviral pathway activated by viral infection. Viral double-stranded (ds) RNA activates OAS isoforms that synthesize the second messenger 2-5A, which binds and activates the pseudokinase-endoribonuclease RNase L. In cells, OAS activation is tamped down by ADAR1, an adenosine deaminase that destabilizes dsRNA. Mutation of ADAR1 is one cause of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), an interferonopathy in children. ADAR1 deficiency in human cells can lead to RNase L activation and subsequent cell death. To evaluate RNase L as a possible therapeutic target for AGS, we sought to identify small-molecule inhibitors of RNase L. A 500-compound library of protein kinase inhibitors was screened for modulators of RNase L activity in vitro. We identified ellagic acid (EA) as a hit with 10-fold higher selectivity against RNase L compared with its nearest paralog, IRE1. SAR analysis identified valoneic acid dilactone (VAL) as a superior inhibitor of RNase L, with 100-fold selectivity over IRE1. Mechanism-of-action analysis indicated that EA and VAL do not bind to the pseudokinase domain of RNase L despite acting as ATP competitive inhibitors of the protein kinase CK2. VAL is nontoxic and functional in cells, although with a 1,000-fold decrease in potency, as measured by RNA cleavage activity in response to treatment with dsRNA activator or by rescue of cell lethality resulting from self dsRNA induced by ADAR1 deficiency. These studies lay the foundation for understanding novel modes of regulating RNase L function using small-molecule inhibitors and avenues of therapeutic potential.
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44
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Wang S, Ma X, Wang H, He H. Induction of the Unfolded Protein Response during Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 1 Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090974. [PMID: 32887282 PMCID: PMC7552016 DOI: 10.3390/v12090974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes great economic losses in the cattle industry. Herpesvirus infection generally induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and the unfolded protein response (UPR) in infected cells. However, it is not clear whether ER stress and UPR can be induced by BoHV-1 infection. Here, we found that ER stress induced by BoHV-1 infection could activate all three UPR sensors (the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), and the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK)) in MDBK cells. During BoHV-1 infection, the ATF6 pathway of UPR did not affect viral replication. However, both knockdown and specific chemical inhibition of PERK attenuated the BoHV-1 proliferation, and chemical inhibition of PERK significantly reduced the viral replication at the post-entry step of the BoHV-1 life cycle. Furthermore, knockdown of IRE1 inhibits BoHV-1 replication, indicating that the IRE1 pathway may promote viral replication. Further study revealed that BoHV-1 replication was enhanced by IRE1 RNase activity inhibition at the stage of virus post-entry in MDBK cells. Furthermore, IRE1 kinase activity inhibition and RNase activity enhancement decrease BoHV1 replication via affecting the virus post-entry step. Our study revealed that BoHV-1 infection activated all three UPR signaling pathways in MDBK cells, and BoHV-1-induced PERK and IRE1 pathways may promote viral replication. This study provides a new perspective for the interactions of BoHV-1 and UPR, which is helpful to further elucidate the mechanism of BoHV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (S.W.); (X.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiaomei Ma
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (S.W.); (X.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (S.W.); (X.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (H.H.)
| | - Hongbin He
- Ruminant Diseases Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China; (S.W.); (X.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (H.H.)
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Raymundo DP, Doultsinos D, Guillory X, Carlesso A, Eriksson LA, Chevet E. Pharmacological Targeting of IRE1 in Cancer. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:1018-1030. [PMID: 32861679 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IRE1α (inositol requiring enzyme 1 alpha) is one of the main transducers of the unfolded protein response (UPR). IRE1α plays instrumental protumoral roles in several cancers, and high IRE1α activity has been associated with poorer prognoses. In this context, IRE1α has been identified as a potentially relevant therapeutic target. Pharmacological inhibition of IRE1α activity can be achieved by targeting either the kinase domain or the RNase domain. Herein, the recent advances in IRE1α pharmacological targeting is summarized. We describe the identification and optimization of IRE1α inhibitors as well as their mode of action and limitations as anticancer drugs. The potential pitfalls and challenges that could be faced in the clinic, and the opportunities that IRE1α modulating strategies may present are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pelizzari Raymundo
- Proteostasis and Cancer Team, INSERM U1242, COSS Laboratory, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France; Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Dimitrios Doultsinos
- Proteostasis and Cancer Team, INSERM U1242, COSS Laboratory, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France; Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Xavier Guillory
- Institut des Science Chimiques de Rennes, CNRS UMR6226, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Antonio Carlesso
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Leif A Eriksson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Eric Chevet
- Proteostasis and Cancer Team, INSERM U1242, COSS Laboratory, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France; Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.
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Urra H, Pihán P, Hetz C. The UPRosome - decoding novel biological outputs of IRE1α function. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/15/jcs218107. [PMID: 32788208 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.218107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Different perturbations alter the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), resulting in the accumulation of misfolded proteins in its lumen, a condition termed ER stress. To restore ER proteostasis, a highly conserved pathway is engaged, known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), triggering adaptive programs or apoptosis of terminally damaged cells. IRE1α (also known as ERN1), the most conserved UPR sensor, mediates the activation of responses to determine cell fate under ER stress. The complexity of IRE1α regulation and its signaling outputs is mediated in part by the assembly of a dynamic multi-protein complex, named the UPRosome, that regulates IRE1α activity and the crosstalk with other pathways. We discuss several studies identifying components of the UPRosome that have illuminated novel functions in cell death, autophagy, DNA damage, energy metabolism and cytoskeleton dynamics. Here, we provide a theoretical analysis to assess the biological significance of the UPRosome and present the results of a systematic bioinformatics analysis of the available IRE1α interactome data sets followed by functional enrichment clustering. This in silico approach decoded that IRE1α also interacts with proteins involved in the cell cycle, transport, differentiation, response to viral infection and immune response. Thus, defining the spectrum of IRE1α-binding partners will reveal novel signaling outputs and the relevance of the pathway to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hery Urra
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile .,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago 7800003, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Philippe Pihán
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago 7800003, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile .,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago 7800003, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile.,The Buck Institute for Research in Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
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Cummins N, Taylor RC. A stress-free stress response. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:1038-1039. [PMID: 32704180 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Cummins
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca C Taylor
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
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Morita S, Takeshima K, Ariyasu H, Furukawa Y, Kishimoto S, Tsuji T, Uraki S, Mishima H, Kinoshita A, Takahashi Y, Inaba H, Iwakura H, Furuta H, Nishi M, Doi A, Murata SI, Yoshiura KI, Akamizu T. Expression of unfolded protein response markers in the pheochromocytoma with Waardenburg syndrome: a case report. BMC Endocr Disord 2020; 20:90. [PMID: 32571297 PMCID: PMC7309974 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-020-00574-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is clinically emergent to further understand the pathological mechanism to advance therapeutic strategy for endocrine tumors. A high amount of secretory protein with tumorigenic triggers are thought to induce unfolded protein response in endoplasmic reticulum in endocrine tumors, but its evidence is limited. CASE PRESENTATION A 40-year-old woman had an approximately 10-year history of intermittent headaches. After the incidental detection of a mass in her right adrenal gland by CT scan, she was admitted to our hospital. She had been diagnosed as type 1 Waardenburg syndrome with the symptoms of dystopia canthorum, blue iris, and left sensorineural hearing loss. Urinary catecholamine levels were markedly elevated. 123I-MIBG scintigraphy showed uptake in the mass in her adrenal gland. After the adrenalectomy, her headaches disappeared and urinary catecholamine levels decreased to normal range within 2 weeks. Genome sequencing revealed germline mutation of c.A175T (p.Ile59Phe) in transcription factor PAX3 gene and somatic novel mutation of c.1893_1898del (p. Asp631_Leu633delinsGlu) in proto-oncogene RET in her pheochromocytoma. RNA expression levels of RET were increased 139 times in her pheochromocytoma compared with her normal adrenal gland. Those of unfolded protein response markers, Bip/GRP78, CHOP, ATF4, and ATF6, were also increased in the pheochromocytoma. CONCLUSION We report a rare case of pheochromocytoma with type 1 Waardenburg syndrome. This is the first case to show the activation of unfolded protein response in the pheochromocytoma with the novel somatic mutation in RET gene. Our findings may support that unfolded protein response is activated in endocrine tumors, which potentially could be a candidate of therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Morita
- The First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimi-idera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan.
| | - Ken Takeshima
- The First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimi-idera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ariyasu
- The First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimi-idera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Yasushi Furukawa
- The First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimi-idera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Shohei Kishimoto
- The First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimi-idera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Tomoya Tsuji
- The First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimi-idera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Uraki
- The First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimi-idera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mishima
- Department of Human Genetics, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akira Kinoshita
- Department of Human Genetics, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuichi Takahashi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Inaba
- The First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimi-idera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwakura
- The First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimi-idera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroto Furuta
- The First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimi-idera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishi
- The First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimi-idera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Asako Doi
- The First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimi-idera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Murata
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichiro Yoshiura
- Department of Human Genetics, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Akamizu
- The First Department of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimi-idera, Wakayama, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress, degeneration of pancreatic islet β-cells, and therapeutic modulation of the unfolded protein response in diabetes. Mol Metab 2020; 27S:S60-S68. [PMID: 31500832 PMCID: PMC6768499 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myriad challenges to the proper folding and structural maturation of secretory pathway client proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) — a condition referred to as “ER stress” — activate intracellular signaling pathways termed the unfolded protein response (UPR). Scope of review Through executing transcriptional and translational programs the UPR restores homeostasis in those cells experiencing manageable levels of ER stress. But the UPR also actively triggers cell degeneration and apoptosis in those cells that are encountering ER stress levels that exceed irremediable thresholds. Thus, UPR outputs are “double-edged”. In pancreatic islet β-cells, numerous genetic mutations affecting the balance between these opposing UPR functions cause diabetes mellitus in both rodents and humans, amply demonstrating the principle that the UPR is critical for the proper functioning and survival of the cell. Major conclusions Specifically, we have found that the UPR master regulator IRE1α kinase/endoribonuclease (RNase) triggers apoptosis, β-cell degeneration, and diabetes, when ER stress reaches critical levels. Based on these mechanistic findings, we find that novel small molecule compounds that inhibit IRE1α during such “terminal” UPR signaling can spare ER stressed β-cells from death, perhaps affording future opportunities to test new drug candidates for disease modification in patients suffering from diabetes.
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Khateb A, Ronai ZA. Unfolded Protein Response in Leukemia: From Basic Understanding to Therapeutic Opportunities. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:960-973. [PMID: 32540455 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding genetic and epigenetic changes that underlie abnormal proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells is critical for development of new approaches to monitor and treat leukemia. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a conserved adaptive signaling pathway that governs protein folding, secretion, and energy production and serves to maintain protein homeostasis in various cellular compartments. Deregulated UPR signaling, which often occurs in hematopoietic stem cells and leukemia, defines the degree of cellular toxicity and perturbs protein homeostasis, and at the same time, offers a novel therapeutic target. Here, we review current knowledge related to altered UPR signaling in leukemia and highlight possible strategies for exploiting the UPR as treatment for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khateb
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI) Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI) Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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