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Bao M, Bohórquez ARR, Arman H, Doyle MP. Photoinduced [4 + 2]-cycloaddition reactions of vinyldiazo compounds for the construction of heterocyclic and bicyclic rings. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12042-12046. [PMID: 39092125 PMCID: PMC11290432 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03558e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly selective formal [4 + 2]-cycloaddition of vinyldiazoacetates with azoalkenes from α-halohydrazones, as well as with cyclopentadiene and furan, occurs with light irradiation at room temperature, producing highly functionalized heterocyclic and bicyclic compounds in good yields and excellent diastereoseletivity. Under blue light these vinyldiazoacetate reagents selectively form unstable cyclopropenes that undergo intermolecular cycloaddition reactions at a faster rate than their competitive ene dimerization. [4 + 2]-cycloaddition of vinyldiazoacetates with in situ formed azoalkenes produces bicyclo[4.1.0]tetrahydropyridazine derivatives and, together with their cycloaddition using cyclopentadiene and furan that form tricyclic compounds, they occur with high chemoselectivity and diastereocontrol, good functional group tolerance, and excellent scalability. Subsequent transformations portray the synthetic versatility of these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Bao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio Texas 78249 USA
| | - Arnold R Romero Bohórquez
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio Texas 78249 USA
- Grupo de Investigación en Compuestos Orgánicos de Interés Medicinal (CODEIM), Parque Tecnológico Guatiguará, Universidad Industrial de Santander A. A. 678 Piedecuesta Colombia
| | - Hadi Arman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio Texas 78249 USA
| | - Michael P Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio Texas 78249 USA
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2
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Iseki S, Yamaguchi S, Ozaki Y, Uemura Y. Mushroom poisoning with cardiogenic shock caused by Russula subnigricans successfully treated with mechanical circulatory support devices: a case report. Eur Heart J Case Rep 2024; 8:ytae337. [PMID: 39045520 PMCID: PMC11263874 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytae337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Background Mushroom poisoning caused by the ingestion of Russula subnigricans has been reported to cause rhabdomyolysis and cardiac dysfunction, leading to death. There have been few reports of cardiogenic shock induced by mushroom poisoning that was successfully treated using mechanical circulatory support devices. Case Summary A 38-year-old man presented with gastrointestinal symptoms a day after consuming a curry made with forest-collected mushrooms and was admitted with a diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis. Despite appropriate fluid management for severe rhabdomyolysis, the patient experienced anuria and cardiogenic shock with a remarkably reduced left ventricular ejection function, followed by the development of ventricular fibrillation. Mechanical support using Impella CP, veno-arterial extracorporeal membranous oxygenation (VA-ECMO), and continuous haemodiafiltration were administered for cardiogenic shock and severe rhabdomyolysis. His cardiac and renal function gradually improved, and the patient was successfully weaned off VA-ECMO on day 4, Impella CP on day 5, and renal replacement therapy on day 23. The left ventricular ejection fraction returned to normal without any neurological, respiratory, or renal sequelae. The remaining mushroom samples were identified as R. subnigricans by polymerase chain reaction testing. Discussion This is the first reported case of cardiogenic shock caused by R. subnigricans poisoning, successfully treated with Impella CP and VA-ECMO. The optimal use of mechanical circulatory support devices plays an important role in the treatment of cardiogenic shock caused by mushroom toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Iseki
- Cardiovascular Center, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Anjo, Aichi, 446-8602, Japan
| | - Shogo Yamaguchi
- Cardiovascular Center, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Anjo, Aichi, 446-8602, Japan
| | - Yuta Ozaki
- Cardiovascular Center, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Anjo, Aichi, 446-8602, Japan
| | - Yusuke Uemura
- Cardiovascular Center, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Anjo, Aichi, 446-8602, Japan
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3
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Balice G, Boksebeld M, Barrier Q, Boccalini S, Kassai-Koupai B, Paret N, Grenet G. Mushroom Poisoning-Related Cardiac Toxicity: A Case Report and Systematic Review. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:265. [PMID: 38922159 PMCID: PMC11209194 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
We encountered a case of mushroom intoxication complicated by "toxic-like" myocarditis. Because of the lack of systematized knowledge on this subject, we performed a systematic review of the literature on cardiac toxicity in mushroom poisoning (MP). The aim of this study was to identify and describe the severity, the causal relationship, and the mushroom species involved in other reported cardiac events associated with MP. We included 39 studies in our review. We found 106 cases of cardiac events associated with MP, including 18 deaths. A wide variety of cardiac manifestations were reported, ranging from the simple elevation of cardiac enzymes (n = 61) to ventricular tachycardia (n = 14), acute heart failure (n = 18), and myocarditis (n = 7). Causal relationship between cardiac manifestations and mushroom poisoning was assessed for 42 patients, applying the algorithm validated by the French Toxicovigilance Coordination Committee. Twenty-three cases (54.8%) had a "possible" causal relationship, eight cases (19%) a "probable" relationship, and ten cases (23.8%) a "very probable" relationship. Several fungal genera were involved in reported cases, including Amanita but also rarer ones like Russula and Tricholoma. In conclusion, we showed that cases of cardiac toxicity following MP have been documented in the existing literature, and for some of them, we assessed a strong causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Balice
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Pharmacotoxicologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; (M.B.); (B.K.-K.); (N.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Maxime Boksebeld
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Pharmacotoxicologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; (M.B.); (B.K.-K.); (N.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Quentin Barrier
- Fédération de Cardiologie Médicale, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Sara Boccalini
- Service de Radiologie Cardiovasculaire et Thoracique, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Behrouz Kassai-Koupai
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Pharmacotoxicologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; (M.B.); (B.K.-K.); (N.P.); (G.G.)
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Lyon (CIC1407 INSERM), Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500 Bron, France
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nathalie Paret
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Pharmacotoxicologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; (M.B.); (B.K.-K.); (N.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Guillaume Grenet
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Pharmacotoxicologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; (M.B.); (B.K.-K.); (N.P.); (G.G.)
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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Benvenuti M, Zotti M, La Maestra S. A guide to mycetisms: A toxicological and preventive overview. Med Mycol 2024; 62:myae033. [PMID: 38569657 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myae033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungi are often considered a delicacy and are primarily cultivated and harvested, although numerous species are responsible for intoxication due to toxin content. Foodborne diseases are a significant public health concern, causing approximately 420 000 deaths and 600 million morbidities yearly, of which mushroom poisoning is one of the leading causes. Epidemiological data on non-cultivated mushroom poisoning in individual countries are often unrepresentative, as intoxication rarely requires emergency intervention. On the other hand, the lack of specialist knowledge among medical personnel about the toxicological manifestations of mushroom consumption may result in ineffective therapeutic interventions. This work aims to provide an easy-to-consult and wide-ranging tool useful for better understanding the variability of mushroom intoxications, the associated symptoms, and the main treatments for the most severe cases, given the absence of a complete species mapping tool toxic. Moreover, we establish an effective collection network that describes the incidence of mushroom poisonings by reporting the species and associated toxicological manifestations for each case. In conclusion, we highlight the need to establish appropriate primary prevention interventions, such as training the affected population and increasing consultancy relationships between mycological experts and specialised healthcare personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Benvenuti
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Mirca Zotti
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, C.so Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Sebastiano La Maestra
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genova, Italy
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5
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Koyama T, Takahashi I, Asami T. Cycloprop-2-ene-1-carboxylates: Potential chemical biology tools in the early growth stage of Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2023; 48:61-64. [PMID: 37361485 PMCID: PMC10288001 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d22-034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopropene derivatives have been used as extremely reactive units in organic chemistry owing to their high ring-strain energy. They have become popular reagents both for bioorthogonal chemistry and for chemical biology because of their small size and ability to be genetically encoded. In this context, we conducted an exploratory study to identify the biologically active cyclopropenes that affect normal plant growth. We synthesized several cycloprop-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid derivatives and evaluated their effects on the early growth stage of Arabidopsis thaliana. Eventually, we identified the chemicals that affect apical hook development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Their mode of action is different from those of ethylene receptor inhibition and gibberellin biosynthesis inhibition. We expect that some of the chemicals reported here can be new tools in chemical biology to determine useful molecular targets for herbicides or plant growth regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Koyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Ikuo Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Tadao Asami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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6
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Min MK, Lee D, Shon SW, Ryu JH, Wang I, Lee MJ, Chun M, Hyun T. Russula subnigricans Poisoning Causes Severe Rhabdomyolysis That Could be Misdiagnosed as Non-ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Wilderness Environ Med 2022; 33:324-328. [PMID: 35589501 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mushroom poisoning and subsequently the number of patients visiting emergency rooms are increasing, as well as the proportion of fatal mushroom poisonings. Myocytic mushroom poisoning is one of the new clinical classifications. This report documents the course of a family with Russula subnigricans poisoning complicated by severe rhabdomyolysis, including a case that was misdiagnosed as myocardial infarction. A 64-y-old man visited our hospital with symptoms including substernal chest discomfort, nausea, vomiting, and myalgia, lasting for 12 h. His laboratory tests showed elevated serum high-sensitive troponin I. He was diagnosed with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. After that, 2 family members who ate mushrooms together were transferred from a local emergency room with the diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis. Consequently, rhabdomyolysis due to mushroom poisoning was diagnosed. They were hospitalized in the intensive care unit. After admission, conservative management, including primary fluid resuscitation, was performed, and the patients were discharged without complications. R subnigricans poisoning was revealed after investigation and should be considered in mushroom poisoning with rhabdomyolysis. Early recognition and intensive supportive care are important for mushroom poisoning patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun Ki Min
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Daesup Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea.
| | - Seung Woo Shon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Ji Ho Ryu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Iljae Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Min Jee Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Mose Chun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Taegyu Hyun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
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7
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Long P, Jiang Z, He Z, Chen Z. Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the rapid detection of Russula subnigricans and Russula japonica. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:918651. [PMID: 36081806 PMCID: PMC9445624 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.918651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Russula subnigricans is the only deadly species in the genus Russula with a mortality rate of more than 50%, and Russula japonica is the most common poisonous species, making rapid species identification in mushroom poisoning incidents extremely important. The main objective of this study was to develop a rapid, specific, sensitive, and simple loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of R. subnigricans and R. japonica. Two sets of species-specific LAMP primers targeting internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were designed to identify R. subnigricans and R. japonica. The results demonstrated that while LAMP could specifically detect R. subnigricans and R. japonica, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) could not distinguish R. subnigricans from Russula nigricans. In addition, the results demonstrated that, compared to electrophoresis-LAMP and real-time quantitative LAMP (RT-qLAMP), the detection sensitivity of HNB-LAMP (a mixture of LAMP with hydroxy naphthol blue (HNB) dye) for R. subnigricans could reach 0.5 pg/μl and was 100-fold higher than that of PCR. The LAMP reaction could be completed in 45 min, which is much faster than the conventional PCR. In the future, LAMP can be used a quick, specific, and sensitive detection tool in various fields.
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8
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Parnmen S, Nooron N, Sikaphan S, Uttawichai C, Polputpisatkul D, Phatsarapongkul S, Chankunasuka R, Nitma U, Thunkhamrak C, Palakul N, Naksuwankul K, Pringsulaka O, Rangsiruji A. Draft Genomes of Six Wild Poisonous Mushrooms. J Genomics 2022; 10:57-60. [PMID: 35979510 PMCID: PMC9379371 DOI: 10.7150/jgen.75652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne illnesses caused by wild mushroom poisoning occur globally and have led to food safety concerns. Here, we reported de novo genome assemblies of the six most commonly encountered toxic mushrooms in Thailand. These comprised Amanita brunneitoxicaria, Cantharocybe virosa, Chlorophyllum molybdites, Entoloma mastoideum, Pseudosperma sp. and Russula subnigricans. The nuclear genome sizes of these species ranged from 40 to 77 Mb, with the number of predicted genes ranging from 5,375 to 14,099. The mitogenome sizes varied from 41,555 to 78,907 bp. The resulting draft genomes of these poisonous mushrooms provide insights into toxin-related genes that may be used to establish genetic markers for monitoring mushroom poisoning outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sittiporn Parnmen
- Toxicology Center, National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000 Thailand
| | - Nattakarn Nooron
- Toxicology Center, National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000 Thailand
| | - Sujitra Sikaphan
- Toxicology Center, National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000 Thailand
| | - Chutimon Uttawichai
- Toxicology Center, National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000 Thailand
| | - Dutsadee Polputpisatkul
- Toxicology Center, National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000 Thailand
| | - Sriprapa Phatsarapongkul
- Toxicology Center, National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000 Thailand
| | - Rungsaeng Chankunasuka
- Toxicology Center, National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000 Thailand
| | - Unchalee Nitma
- Toxicology Center, National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000 Thailand
| | - Chidkamon Thunkhamrak
- Toxicology Center, National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000 Thailand
| | - Nisakorn Palakul
- Toxicology Center, National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000 Thailand
| | - Khwanruan Naksuwankul
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Onanong Pringsulaka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Achariya Rangsiruji
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
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He MQ, Wang MQ, Chen ZH, Deng WQ, Li TH, Vizzini A, Jeewon R, Hyde KD, Zhao RL. Potential benefits and harms: a review of poisonous mushrooms in the world. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Lee S, Yu JS, Lee SR, Kim KH. Non-peptide secondary metabolites from poisonous mushrooms: overview of chemistry, bioactivity, and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:512-559. [PMID: 34608478 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to June 2021A wide variety of mushrooms have traditionally been recognized as edible fungi with high nutritional value and low calories, and abundantly produce structurally diverse and bioactive secondary metabolites. However, accidental ingestion of poisonous mushrooms can result in serious illnesses and even death. Chemically, mushroom poisoning is associated with secondary metabolites produced in poisonous mushrooms, causing specific toxicity. However, many poisonous mushrooms have not been fully investigated for their secondary metabolites, and the secondary metabolites of poisonous mushrooms have not been systematically summarized for details such as chemical composition and biosynthetic mechanisms. The isolation and identification of secondary metabolites from poisonous mushrooms have great research value since these compounds could be lethal toxins that contribute to the toxicity of mushrooms or could provide lead compounds with remarkable biological activities that can promote advances in other related disciplines, such as biochemistry and pharmacology. In this review, we summarize the structures and biological activities of secondary metabolites identified from poisonous mushrooms and provide an overview of the current information on these metabolites, focusing on their chemistry, bioactivity, and biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulah Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, KIOST, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sik Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seoung Rak Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, New Jersey, 08544, USA
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Wennig R, Eyer F, Schaper A, Zilker T, Andresen-Streichert H. Mushroom Poisoning. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 117:701-708. [PMID: 33559585 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2020.0701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poisonous mushrooms are eaten by mushroom hunters out of ignorance, after misidentification as edible mushrooms, or as a psychoactive drug. Mushroom poisoning commonly leads to consultation with a poison information center and to hospitalization. METHODS This review is based on pertinent publications about the syndromes, toxins, and diagnostic modalities that are presented here, which were retrieved by a selective search in PubMed. It is additionally based on the authors' longstanding experience in the diagnosis and treatment of mushroom intoxication, expert consultation in suspected cases, macroscopic identification of wild mushrooms, and analytic techniques. RESULTS A distinction is usually drawn between mushroom poisoning with a short latency of less than six hours, presenting with a gastrointestinal syndrome whose course is usually relatively harmless, and cases with a longer latency of six to 24 hours or more, whose course can be life-threatening (e.g., phalloides, gyromitra, orellanus, and rhabdomyolysis syndrome). The DRG diagnosis data for Germany over the period 2000-2018 include a total of 4412 hospitalizations and 22 deaths due to the toxic effects of mushroom consumption. 90% of the fatalities were due to the death cap mushroom (amatoxins). Gastrointestinal syndromes due to mushroom consumption can be caused not only by poisonous mushrooms, but also by the eating of microbially spoiled, raw, or inadequately cooked mushrooms, or by excessively copious or frequent mushroom consumption. CONCLUSION There are few analytic techniques available other than the qualitative demonstration of amatoxins. Thus, the diagnosis is generally made on the basis of the clinical manifestations and their latency, along with meticulous history-taking, assisted by a mushroom expert, about the type(s) of mushroom that were consumed and the manner of their preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wennig
- Luxembourg: Prof. Dr. Robert Wennig (formerly Laboratoire National de Santé- Toxicologie, Université du Luxembourg-Campus Limpertsberg); Department of Clinical Toxicology & Poison Control Center Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich; GIZ-Nord Poisons Centre,Göttingen University Hospital Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne and Department of Forensic Toxicology,University Hospital Cologne
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12
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Genomics-directed activation of cryptic natural product pathways deciphers codes for biosynthesis and molecular function. J Nat Med 2020; 75:261-274. [PMID: 33274411 PMCID: PMC7902601 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-020-01466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural products, which can be isolated from living organisms worldwide, have played a pivotal role in drug discovery since ancient times. However, it has become more challenging to identify a structurally novel molecule with promising biological activity for pharmaceutical development, mainly due to the limited methodologies for their acquisition. In this review, we summarize our recent studies that activate the biosynthetic potential of filamentous fungi by genetic engineering to harness the metabolic flow for the efficient production of unprecedented natural products. The recent revolution in genome sequencing technology enables the accumulation of vast amounts of information on biosynthetic genes, the blueprint of the molecular construction. Utilizing the established heterologous expression system, activation of the pathway-specific transcription factor coupled with a knockout strategy, and manipulating the global regulatory gene, the biosynthetic genes were exploited to activate biosynthetic pathways and decipher the encoded enzyme functions. We show that this methodology was beneficial for acquiring fungal treasures for drug discovery. These studies also enabled the investigation of the molecular function of natural products in fungal development.
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13
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Trakulsrichai S, Jeeratheepatanont P, Sriapha C, Tongpoo A, Wananukul W. Myotoxic Mushroom Poisoning in Thailand: Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes. Int J Gen Med 2020; 13:1139-1146. [PMID: 33235487 PMCID: PMC7680089 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s271914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of myotoxic mushroom poisoning in Thailand. Patients and Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of cases of myotoxic mushroom poisoning from the Ramathibodi Poison Center Toxic Exposure Surveillance System during a 5-year period (2012-2016). Results Forty-one cases were included. Most (53.7%) were male with the average age of 49 years. In three cases, the mushrooms were identified as Russula species by an experienced mycologist. Common presenting symptoms were gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and myalgia. The median onset of GI symptoms and symptoms suggesting rhabdomyolysis after consuming mushrooms was 2 hours (0.17-24 hours) and 24-48 hours (2-120 hours), respectively. Eight patients who ate the mushrooms together with other patients with rhabdomyolysis had GI symptoms but did not develop rhabdomyolysis. For patients with rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury (AKI) and hyperkalaemia occurred in 51.5% and 33.3% of cases, respectively. Median initial and maximum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels in patients with rhabdomyolysis were 31,145 and 47,861 U/L, respectively. Fifteen of 17 patients who were investigated for troponin levels had elevated troponin. Three patients had a low ejection fraction. Most patients (95.1%) were admitted to hospital, with a median stay of 5 days. The mortality rate was 26.8%. Treatments included intravenous fluid, urine alkalinization, haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Among patients with rhabdomyolysis, AKI, hyperkalaemia during hospitalisation, maximum CPK level, maximum creatinine level and initial and maximum potassium levels were the factors found to be significantly different between patients who died and those who survived. Conclusion Myotoxic mushroom poisoning had a high mortality rate. Most patients had early or delayed onset of clinical symptoms after mushroom ingestion. Some patients developed severe cardiovascular effects. Early detection, close monitoring (especially serum potassium, creatinine, CPK and cardiac effect) and good supportive care were the main treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satariya Trakulsrichai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.,Ramathibodi Poison Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Peerawich Jeeratheepatanont
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Charuwan Sriapha
- Ramathibodi Poison Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Achara Tongpoo
- Ramathibodi Poison Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Winai Wananukul
- Ramathibodi Poison Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Nieminen P, Mustonen AM. Toxic Potential of Traditionally Consumed Mushroom Species-A Controversial Continuum with Many Unanswered Questions. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E639. [PMID: 33023182 PMCID: PMC7599650 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mushroom poisonings remain a significant cause of emergency medicine. While there are well-known species, such as Amanita phalloides, causing life-threatening poisonings, there is also accumulating evidence of poisonings related to species that have been considered edible and are traditionally consumed. In particular, the Tricholoma equestre group was reported to cause myotoxicity. In addition, particular wild mushrooms that are traditionally consumed especially in Asia and Eastern Europe have been subject to suspicion due to possible mutagenicity. Hitherto, the causative agents of these effects often remain to be determined, and toxicity studies have yielded contradictory results. Due to this, there is no consensus about the safety of these species. The issue is further complicated by difficulties in species identification and other possible sources of toxicity, such as microbiological contamination during storage, leading to sometimes opposite conclusions about the edibility of a species. This review focuses on existing data about these types of mushroom poisonings, including the still sparse knowledge about the causative chemical agents. In addition, the aim is to initiate a meta-discussion about the issue and to give some suggestions about how to approach the situation from the viewpoint of the collector, the researcher, and the practicing physician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petteri Nieminen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Anne-Mari Mustonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
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Abstract
Bioorthogonal chemistry has offered an invaluable reactivity-based tool to chemical biology owing to its exquisite specificity in tagging a diverse set of biomolecules in their native environment. Despite tremendous progress in the field over the past decade, designing a suitable bioorthogonal chemical probe to investigate a given biological system remains a challenge. In this Perspective, we put forward a series of fitness factors that can be used to assess the performance of bioorthogonal chemical probes. The consideration of these criteria should encourage continuous innovation in bioorthogonal probe development as well as enhance the quality of biological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Tian
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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Yu F, Zhang Y, Liang J. The mitochondrial genome of a wild toxic mushroom, Russula subnigricans. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2019; 4:4126-4127. [PMID: 33366349 PMCID: PMC7707660 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1692719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Russula subnigricans is a wild toxic mushroom in the world. In this study, we present the 60,949 bp mitochondrial genome of R. subnigricans with a GC content of 21%. The mtDNA assembly consists of 60 genes, which including 14 standard protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 25 tRNA genes and 19 free-standing open reading frames (ORFs). Phylogenetic analysis was performed using 14 protein-coding genes, the results showed that the R. subnigricans had high homology with other Russula species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forestry Research, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Junfeng Liang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forestry Research, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
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Wørmer GJ, Hansen BK, Palmfeldt J, Poulsen TB. A Cyclopropene Electrophile that Targets Glutathione S‐Transferase Omega‐1 in Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustav J. Wørmer
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Bente K. Hansen
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Johan Palmfeldt
- Department of Clinical Medicine—Research Unit for Molecular Medicine Aarhus University hospital Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82 8200 Aarhus N Denmark
| | - Thomas B. Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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Wørmer GJ, Hansen BK, Palmfeldt J, Poulsen TB. A Cyclopropene Electrophile that Targets Glutathione S‐Transferase Omega‐1 in Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11918-11922. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustav J. Wørmer
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Bente K. Hansen
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Johan Palmfeldt
- Department of Clinical Medicine—Research Unit for Molecular Medicine Aarhus University hospital Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82 8200 Aarhus N Denmark
| | - Thomas B. Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry Aarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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Schrey H, Backenköhler J, Kogler H, Plaumann M, Spiteller P. Aminotenuazonic Acid: Isolation, Structure Elucidation, Total Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity of a New Tetramic Acid from Fruiting Bodies ofLaccariaSpecies. Chemistry 2019; 25:10333-10341. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hedda Schrey
- Institut für Organische und Analytische ChemieUniversität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Jana Backenköhler
- Institut für Organische und Analytische ChemieUniversität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Herbert Kogler
- KITInstitut für Biologische Grenzflächen 4, Magnetische Resonanz Postfach 3640 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Markus Plaumann
- Institut für Biometrie und Medizinische InformatikOtto von Guericke Universität Magdeburg Leipziger Straße 44 (Haus 2) 39120 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Peter Spiteller
- Institut für Organische und Analytische ChemieUniversität Bremen Leobener Straße 7 28359 Bremen Germany
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Govorushko S, Rezaee R, Dumanov J, Tsatsakis A. Poisoning associated with the use of mushrooms: A review of the global pattern and main characteristics. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 128:267-279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Yin X, Yang AA, Gao JM. Mushroom Toxins: Chemistry and Toxicology. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5053-5071. [PMID: 30986058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mushroom consumption is a global tradition that is still gaining popularity. However, foraging for wild mushrooms and accidental ingestion of toxic mushrooms can result in serious illness and even death. The early diagnosis and treatment of mushroom poisoning are quite difficult, as the symptoms are similar to those caused by common diseases. Chemically, mushroom poisoning is related to very powerful toxins, suggesting that the isolation and identification of toxins have great research value, especially in determining the lethal components of toxic mushrooms. In contrast, most of these toxins have remarkable physiological properties that could promote advances in chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, and pharmacology. Although more than 100 toxins have been elucidated, there are a number of lethal mushrooms that have not been fully investigated. This review provides information on the chemistry (including chemical structures, total synthesis, and biosynthesis) and the toxicology of these toxins, hoping to inspire further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemistry Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy , Northwest A & F University , Yangling 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - An-An Yang
- Department of Pathology , The 969th Hospital of PLA , Hohhot , Inner Mongolia 010000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemistry Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy , Northwest A & F University , Yangling 712100 , People's Republic of China
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White J, Weinstein SA, De Haro L, Bédry R, Schaper A, Rumack BH, Zilker T. Mushroom poisoning: A proposed new clinical classification. Toxicon 2019; 157:53-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Klimaszyk P, Rzymski P. The Yellow Knight Fights Back: Toxicological, Epidemiological, and Survey Studies Defend Edibility of Tricholoma equestre. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E468. [PMID: 30428584 PMCID: PMC6267205 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis, a condition associated with the consumption of Yellow Knight mushrooms (Tricholoma equestre), was first reported in 2001. In response, some countries began to consider the mushroom as poisonous, whereas in others it is still consumed. In the present study, a nationwide survey of Polish mushroom foragers (n = 1545) was conducted to estimate the frequency of T. equestre consumption. The epidemiological database on mushroom poisonings in Poland was analyzed from the year 2008. Hematological and biochemical parameters were followed for a week in 10 volunteers consuming 300 g of molecularly identified T. equestre. More than half the foragers had consumed T. equestre at least once in their lifetime and a quarter had consumed it consecutively. The frequency of adverse events was low and no rhabdomyolysis was reported. The toxicological database indicated that mushrooms from the Tricholoma genus caused poisonings less frequently than mushrooms with well-established edibility and not a single case of rhabdomyolysis has been reported within the last decade. The volunteers consuming T. equestre revealed no hematological or biochemical alterations and no adverse effects were observed. The findings of this study support the view that T. equestre is edible if consumed in rational amounts by healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Klimaszyk
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznan, Poland.
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24
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Rzymski P, Klimaszyk P. Is the Yellow Knight Mushroom Edible or Not? A Systematic Review and Critical Viewpoints on the Toxicity of Tricholoma equestre. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1309-1324. [PMID: 33350153 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is no scientific consensus regarding the safety of the Yellow Knight mushroom Tricholoma equestre (L.) P.Kumm. Following reports of cases of intoxication involving effects such as rhabdomyolysis, and supportive observations from in vivo experimental models, T. equestre is considered as a poisonous mushroom in some countries while in others it is still widely collected from the wild and consumed every year. In this paper, we review all the available information on T. equestre including its morphological and molecular characterization, nutritional value, levels of contaminants observed in fruiting bodies, the possibility of mistake with species that are morphologically similar, and the in vivo data on safety and cases of human intoxication. Based on available data, it is suggested that T. equestre cannot be considered as a toxic species and does not appear to exhibit any greater health threat than other mushroom species currently considered as edible. More care should be taken when reporting cases of human poisoning to fully identify T. equestre as the causative agent and to exclude a number of interfering factors. Specific guidelines for reporting future cases of poisoning with T. equestre are outlined in this paper. Any future research involving T. equestre should present the results of molecular phylogenetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rzymski
- Dept. of Environmental Medicine, Poznan Univ. of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Klimaszyk
- Dept. of Water Protection, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz Univ., Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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25
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Abstract
Chemical tools are transforming our understanding of biomolecules and living systems. Included in this group are bioorthogonal reagents-functional groups that are inert to most biological species, but can be selectively ligated with complementary probes, even in live cells and whole organisms. Applications of these tools have revealed fundamental new insights into biomolecule structure and function-information often beyond the reach of genetic approaches. In many cases, the knowledge gained from bioorthogonal probes has enabled new questions to be asked and innovative research to be pursued. Thus, the continued development and application of these tools promises to both refine our view of biological systems and facilitate new discoveries. Despite decades of achievements in bioorthogonal chemistry, limitations remain. Several reagents are too large or insufficiently stable for use in cellular environments. Many bioorthogonal groups also cross-react with one another, restricting them to singular tasks. In this Account, we describe our work to address some of the voids in the bioorthogonal toolbox. Our efforts to date have focused on small reagents with a high degree of tunability: cyclopropenes, triazines, and cyclopropenones. These motifs react selectively with complementary reagents, and their unique features are enabling new pursuits in biology. The Account is organized by common themes that emerged in our development of novel bioorthogonal reagents and reactions. First, natural product structures can serve as valuable starting points for probe design. Cyclopropene, triazine, and cyclopropenone motifs are all found in natural products, suggesting that they would be metabolically stable and compatible with a variety of living systems. Second, fine-tuning bioorthogonal reagents is essential for their successful translation to biological systems. Different applications demand different types of probes; thus, generating a collection of tools that span a continuum of reactivities and stabilities remains an important goal. We have used both computational analyses and mechanistic studies to guide the optimization of various cyclopropene and triazine probes. Along the way, we identified reagents that are chemoselective but best suited for in vitro work. Others are selective and robust enough for use in living organisms. The last section of this Account highlights the need for the continued pursuit of new reagents and reactions. Challenges exist when bioorthogonal chemistries must be used in concert, given that many exploit similar mechanisms and cannot be used simultaneously. Such limitations have precluded certain multicomponent labeling studies and other biological applications. We have relied on mechanistic and computational insights to identify mutually orthogonal sets of reactions, in addition to exploring unique genres of reactivity. The continued development of mechanistically distinct, biocompatible reactions will further diversify the bioorthogonal reaction portfolio for examining biomolecules.
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Wu H. Advances in Tetrazine Bioorthogonal Chemistry Driven by the Synthesis of Novel Tetrazines and Dienophiles. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1249-1259. [PMID: 29638113 PMCID: PMC6225996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal chemistry has found increased application in living systems over the past decade. In particular, tetrazine bioorthogonal chemistry has become a powerful tool for imaging, detection, and diagnostic purposes, as reflected in the increased number of examples reported in the literature. The popularity of tetrazine ligations are likely due to rapid and tunable kinetics, the existence of high quality fluorogenic probes, and the selectivity of reaction. In this Account, we summarize our recent efforts to advance tetrazine bioorthogonal chemistry through improvements in synthetic methodology, with an emphasis on developing new routes to tetrazines and expanding the range of useful dienophiles. These efforts have removed specific barriers that previously limited tetrazine ligations and have broadened their potential applications. Among other advances, this Account describes how our group discovered new methodology for tetrazine synthesis by developing a Lewis acid-promoted, one-pot method for generating diverse symmetric and asymmetric alkyl tetrazines with functional substituents in satisfactory yields. We attached these tetrazines to microelectrodes and succeeded in controlling tetrazine ligation by changing the redox state of the reactants. Using this electrochemical control process, we were able to modify an electrode surface with redox probes and enzymes in a site-selective fashion. This Account also describes how our group improved the ability of tetrazines to act as fluorogenic probes by developing a novel elimination-Heck cascade reaction to synthesize alkenyl tetrazine derivatives. In this approach, tetrazine was conjugated to fluorophores to produce strongly quenched probes that, after bioorthogonal reaction, are "turned on" to enhance fluorescence, in many cases by >100-fold. These probes have allowed no-wash fluorescence imaging in living cells and intact animals. Finally, this Account reviews our efforts to expand the range of dienophile substrates to make tetrazine bioorthogonal chemistry compatible with specific biochemical and biomedical applications. We found that methylcyclopropene is sufficiently stable and reactive in the biological milieu to act as an efficient dienophile. The small size of the reactive tag minimizes steric hindrance, allowing cyclopropene to serve as a metabolic reporter group to reveal biological dynamics and function. We also used norbornadiene derivatives as strained dienophiles to undergo tetrazine-mediated transfer (TMT) reactions involving tetrazine ligation followed by a retro-Diels-Alder process. This TMT reaction generates a pair of nonligating products. Using nucleic acid-templated chemistry, we have combined the TMT reaction with our fluorogenic tetrazine probes to detect endogenous oncogenic microRNA at picomolar concentrations. In a further display of dienophile versatility, we used a novel vinyl ether to cage a near-infrared fluorophore in a nonfluorescent form. Then we opened the cage in a "click to release" tetrazine bioorthogonal reaction, restoring the fluorescent form of the fluorophore. Combining this label with a corresponding nucleic acid probe allowed fluorogenic detection of target mRNA. In summary, this Account describes improvements in tetrazine and dienophile synthesis and application to advance tetrazine bioorthogonal chemistry. These advances have further enabled application of tetrazine ligation chemistry, not only in fundamental research but also in diagnostic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxing Wu
- Huaxi MR Research Center, Department of Radiology, West China Hospital and West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 0000-0002-8033-9973
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Mustonen AM, Määttänen M, Kärjä V, Puukka K, Aho J, Saarela S, Nieminen P. Myo- and cardiotoxic effects of the wild winter mushroom ( Flammulina velutipes) on mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 243:639-644. [PMID: 29495884 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218762340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyolysis (destruction of striated muscle) is a novel form of mushroom poisoning in Europe and Asia indicated by increased circulating creatine kinase levels. Particular wild fungi have also been reported to induce elevated creatine kinase activities in mice. Flammulina velutipes (enokitake or winter mushroom) is one of the most actively cultivated mushroom species globally. As it is marketed as a medicinal mushroom and functional food, it is important to examine whether it could induce potentially harmful health effects similar to some previously studied edible fungi. The present study examined the effects of F. velutipes consumption on the plasma clinical chemistry, hematology, and organ histology of laboratory mice. Wild F. velutipes were dried, pulverized, mixed with a regular laboratory rodent diet, and fed to the animals at 0, 3, 6, or 9 g/kg body mass/day for five days ( n = 6/group). F. velutipes consumption caused increased activities of plasma creatine kinase and the MB-fraction of creatine kinase at 6-9 g/kg/d, indicating potentially deleterious effects on both skeletal and cardiac muscle. The plasma total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations (at 9 g/kg/d) and white blood cell and lymphocyte counts (at 6-9 g/kg/d) decreased. Although the cholesterol-lowering properties of F. velutipes can be beneficial, the previously unexamined, potentially hazardous side effects of mushroom consumption (myo- and cardiotoxicity) should be thoroughly investigated before recommending this mushroom species as a health-promoting food item. Impact statement This work is important to the field of functional foods, as it provides novel information about the potential myo- and cardiotoxic properties of an edible mushroom, Flammulina velutipes. The results are useful and of importance because F. velutipes is an actively cultivated mushroom and marketed as a health-promoting food item. The findings contribute to the understanding of the complexity of the balance between the beneficial and potentially harmful effects of mushroom consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Mari Mustonen
- 1 Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland.,2 Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu FI-80101, Finland
| | - Maija Määttänen
- 3 Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Vesa Kärjä
- 4 Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Katri Puukka
- 5 NordLab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu FI-90029, Finland.,6 Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Jari Aho
- 7 Municipal Veterinary Clinic of Joensuu, Joensuu FI-80110, Finland
| | - Seppo Saarela
- 8 Department of Ecology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Petteri Nieminen
- 1 Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland.,2 Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu FI-80101, Finland
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Ravasco JMJM, Monteiro CM, Trindade AF. Cyclopropenes: a new tool for the study of biological systems. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00054e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclopropenes have become an important mini-tag tool in chemical biology, participating in fast inverse electron demand Diels–Alder and photoclick reactions in biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- João M. J. M. Ravasco
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1649-003 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Carlos M. Monteiro
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1649-003 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - Alexandre F. Trindade
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa)
- Faculdade de Farmácia
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1649-003 Lisboa
- Portugal
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30
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Secondary Metabolites from Higher Fungi. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 106 2017; 106:1-201. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59542-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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31
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Sminia TJ, Zuilhof H, Wennekes T. Getting a grip on glycans: A current overview of the metabolic oligosaccharide engineering toolbox. Carbohydr Res 2016; 435:121-141. [PMID: 27750120 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the advances in metabolic oligosaccharide engineering (MOE) from 2010 to 2016 with a focus on the structure, preparation, and reactivity of its chemical probes. A brief historical overview of MOE is followed by a comprehensive overview of the chemical probes currently available in the MOE molecular toolbox and the bioconjugation techniques they enable. The final part of the review focusses on the synthesis of a selection of probes and finishes with an outlook on recent and potential upcoming advances in the field of MOE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjerk J Sminia
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Wennekes
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Cho JT, Han JH. A Case of Mushroom Poisoning with Russula subnigricans: Development of Rhabdomyolysis, Acute Kidney Injury, Cardiogenic Shock, and Death. J Korean Med Sci 2016; 31:1164-7. [PMID: 27366018 PMCID: PMC4901012 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2016.31.7.1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mushroom exposures are increasing worldwide. The incidence and fatality of mushroom poisoning are reported to be increasing. Several new syndromes in mushroom poisoning have been described. Rhabdomyolytic mushroom poisoning is one of new syndromes. Russula subnigricans mushroom can cause delayed-onset rhabdomyolysis with acute kidney injury in the severely poisoned patient. There are few reports on the toxicity of R. subnigricans. This report represents the first record of R. subnigricans poisoning with rhabdomyolysis in Korea, describing a 51-year-old man who suffered from rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, severe hypocalcemia, respiratory failure, ventricular tachycardia, cardiogenic shock, and death. Mushroom poisoning should be considered in the evaluation of rhabdomyolysis of unknown cause. Furthermore, R. subnigricans should be considered in the mushroom poisoning with rhabdomyolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Tae Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jin Hyung Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
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Matsuura M, Kato S, Saikawa Y, Nakata M, Hashimoto K. Identification of Cyclopropylacetyl-( R)-carnitine, a Unique Chemical Marker of the Fatally Toxic Mushroom Russula subnigricans. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:602-8. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Matsuura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
| | - Suguru Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
| | - Yoko Saikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
| | - Masaya Nakata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
| | - Kimiko Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
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Lin S, Mu M, Yang F, Yang C. Russula subnigricans Poisoning: From Gastrointestinal Symptoms to Rhabdomyolysis. Wilderness Environ Med 2015; 26:380-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Stadler M, Hoffmeister D. Fungal natural products-the mushroom perspective. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:127. [PMID: 25741334 PMCID: PMC4332364 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Stadler
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Hans Knöll Institute Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Germany
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Abstract
Approximately 100 of the known species of mushrooms are poisonous to humans. New toxic mushroom species continue to be identified. Some species initially classified as edible are later reclassified as toxic. This results in a continually expanding list of toxic mushrooms. As new toxic species are identified, some classic teachings about mycetism no longer hold true. As more toxic mushrooms are identified and more toxic syndromes are reported, older classification systems fail to effectively accommodate mycetism. This review provides an update of myscetism and classifies mushroom poisonings by the primary organ system affected, permitting expansion, as new, toxic mushroom species are discovered.
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Shih HW, Kamber DN, Prescher JA. Building better bioorthogonal reactions. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 21:103-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Yin X, Feng T, Shang JH, Zhao YL, Wang F, Li ZH, Dong ZJ, Luo XD, Liu JK. Chemical and toxicological investigations of a previously unknown poisonous European mushroom Tricholoma terreum. Chemistry 2014; 20:7001-9. [PMID: 24753190 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The established tradition of consuming and marketing wild mushrooms has focused attention on mycotoxicity, which has become a global issue. In the present study, we describe the toxins found in a previously unknown poisonous European mushroom Tricholoma terreum. Fifteen new triterpenoids terreolides A-F (1-6) and saponaceolides H-P (8-16) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of the toxic mushroom T. terreum. Terreolides A-C (1-3) possessed a unique 5/6/7 trioxaspiroketal system, whereas terreolides D-F (4-6) possessed an unprecedented carbon skeleton. Two abundant compounds in the mushroom, saponaceolide B (7) and saponaceolide M (13), displayed acute toxicity, with LD50 values of 88.3 and 63.7 mg kg(-1) when administered orally in mice. Both compounds were found to increase serum creatine kinase levels in mice, indicating that T. terreum may be the cause of mushroom poisoning ultimately leading to rhabdomyolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201 (P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 871-65219934; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 (P.R. China)
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Chen Z, Zhang P, Zhang Z. Investigation and analysis of 102 mushroom poisoning cases in Southern China from 1994 to 2012. FUNGAL DIVERS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-013-0260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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A new omics data resource of Pleurocybella porrigens for gene discovery. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69681. [PMID: 23936076 PMCID: PMC3720577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pleurocybellaporrigens is a mushroom-forming fungus, which has been consumed as a traditional food in Japan. In 2004, 55 people were poisoned by eating the mushroom and 17 people among them died of acute encephalopathy. Since then, the Japanese government has been alerting Japanese people to take precautions against eating the P. porrigens mushroom. Unfortunately, despite efforts, the molecular mechanism of the encephalopathy remains elusive. The genome and transcriptome sequence data of P. porrigens and the related species, however, are not stored in the public database. To gain the omics data in P. porrigens, we sequenced genome and transcriptome of its fruiting bodies and mycelia by next generation sequencing. Methodology/Principal Findings Short read sequences of genomic DNAs and mRNAs in P. porrigens were generated by Illumina Genome Analyzer. Genome short reads were de novo assembled into scaffolds using Velvet. Comparisons of genome signatures among Agaricales showed that P. porrigens has a unique genome signature. Transcriptome sequences were assembled into contigs (unigenes). Biological functions of unigenes were predicted by Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analyses. The majority of unigenes would be novel genes without significant counterparts in the public omics databases. Conclusions Functional analyses of unigenes present the existence of numerous novel genes in the basidiomycetes division. The results mean that the omics information such as genome, transcriptome and metabolome in basidiomycetes is short in the current databases. The large-scale omics information on P. porrigens, provided from this research, will give a new data resource for gene discovery in basidiomycetes.
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Moukha S, Férandon C, Beroard E, Guinberteau J, Castandet B, Callac P, Creppy E, Barroso G. A molecular contribution to the assessment of the Tricholoma equestre species complex. Fungal Biol 2013; 117:145-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Patterson DM, Nazarova LA, Xie B, Kamber DN, Prescher JA. Functionalized Cyclopropenes As Bioorthogonal Chemical Reporters. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:18638-43. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3060436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Patterson
- Departments
of Chemistry, ‡Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, and §Pharmaceutical Science, University of California - Irvine, Irvine,
California 92697, United States
| | - Lidia A. Nazarova
- Departments
of Chemistry, ‡Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, and §Pharmaceutical Science, University of California - Irvine, Irvine,
California 92697, United States
| | - Bryan Xie
- Departments
of Chemistry, ‡Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, and §Pharmaceutical Science, University of California - Irvine, Irvine,
California 92697, United States
| | - David N. Kamber
- Departments
of Chemistry, ‡Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, and §Pharmaceutical Science, University of California - Irvine, Irvine,
California 92697, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Prescher
- Departments
of Chemistry, ‡Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, and §Pharmaceutical Science, University of California - Irvine, Irvine,
California 92697, United States
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Yang J, Šečkutė J, Cole CM, Devaraj NK. Live-cell imaging of cyclopropene tags with fluorogenic tetrazine cycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:7476-9. [PMID: 22696426 PMCID: PMC3431913 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA), Homepage: http://devarajgroup.ucsd.edu/
| | - Jolita Šečkutė
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA), Homepage: http://devarajgroup.ucsd.edu/
| | - Christian M. Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA), Homepage: http://devarajgroup.ucsd.edu/
| | - Neal K. Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA), Homepage: http://devarajgroup.ucsd.edu/
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Yang J, Šečkutė J, Cole CM, Devaraj NK. Live-Cell Imaging of Cyclopropene Tags with Fluorogenic Tetrazine Cycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Shi GQ, Huang WL, Zhang J, Zhao H, Shen T, Fontaine RE, Yang L, Zhao S, Lu BL, Wang YB, Ma L, Li ZX, Gao Y, Yang ZL, Zeng G. Clusters of sudden unexplained death associated with the mushroom, Trogia venenata, in rural Yunnan Province, China. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35894. [PMID: 22615743 PMCID: PMC3355161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Since the late 1970's, time-space clusters of sudden unexplained death (SUD) in northwest Yunnan, China have alarmed the public and health authorities. From 2006–2009, we initiated enhanced surveillance for SUD to identify a cause, and we warned villagers to avoid eating unfamiliar mushrooms. Methods We established surveillance for SUD, defined as follows: sudden onset of serious, unexplained physical impairment followed by death in <24 hours. A mild case was onset of any illness in a member of the family or close socially related group of a SUD victim within 1 week of a SUD. We interviewed witnesses of SUD and mild case-persons to identify exposures to potentially toxic substances. We tested blood from mild cases, villagers, and for standard biochemical, enzyme, and electrolyte markers of disease. Results We identified 33 SUD, a 73% decline from 2002–2005, distributed among 21 villages of 11 counties. We found a previously undescribed mushroom, Trogia venenata, was eaten by 5 of 7 families with SUD clusters compared to 0 of 31 other control-families from the same villages. In T. venenata–exposed persons SUD was characterized by sudden loss of consciousness during normal activities. This mushroom grew nearby 75% of 61 villages that had time-space SUD clusters from 1975 to 2009 compared to 17% of 18 villages with only single SUD (p<0.001, Fisher's exact test). Discussion Epidemiologic data has implicated T. venenata as a probable cause of clusters of SUD in northwestern Yunnan Province. Warnings to villagers about eating this mushroom should continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qing Shi
- Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Li Huang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Cardiovascular Institute and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijng, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Cardiovascular Institute and Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijng, China
| | - Tao Shen
- Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Robert E. Fontaine
- Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lin Yang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Su Zhao
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Bu-Lai Lu
- Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Bing Wang
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhao-Xiang Li
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhu-Liang Yang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Guang Zeng
- Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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