1
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Zhai Y, Zhang X, Chen Z, Yan D, Zhu L, Zhang Z, Wang X, Tian K, Huang Y, Yang X, Sun W, Wang D, Tsai YH, Luo T, Li G. Global profiling of functional histidines in live cells using small-molecule photosensitizer and chemical probe relay labelling. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01545-6. [PMID: 38834725 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in chemical proteomics have focused on developing chemical probes that react with nucleophilic amino acid residues. Although histidine is an attractive candidate due to its importance in enzymatic catalysis, metal binding and protein-protein interaction, its moderate nucleophilicity poses challenges. Its modification is frequently influenced by cysteine and lysine, which results in poor selectivity and narrow proteome coverage. Here we report a singlet oxygen and chemical probe relay labelling method that achieves high selectivity towards histidine. Libraries of small-molecule photosensitizers and chemical probes were screened to optimize histidine labelling, enabling histidine profiling in live cells with around 7,200 unique sites. Using NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography, we characterized the reaction mechanism and the structures of the resulting products. We then applied this method to discover unannotated histidine sites key to enzymatic activity and metal binding in select metalloproteins. This method also revealed the accessibility change of histidine mediated by protein-protein interaction that influences select protein subcellular localization, underscoring its capability in discovering functional histidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansheng Zhai
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zijing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Lin Zhu
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xianghe Wang
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kailu Tian
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Hsuan Tsai
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tuoping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Ministry of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Li
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China.
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2
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Yan S, Santoro A, Niphakis MJ, Pinto AM, Jacobs CL, Ahmad R, Suciu RM, Fonslow BR, Herbst-Graham RA, Ngo N, Henry CL, Herbst DM, Saghatelian A, Kahn BB, Rosen ED. Inflammation causes insulin resistance in mice via interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)-mediated reduction in FAHFA levels. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4605. [PMID: 38816388 PMCID: PMC11139994 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity-induced inflammation causes metabolic dysfunction, but the mechanisms remain elusive. Here we show that the innate immune transcription factor interferon regulatory factor (IRF3) adversely affects glucose homeostasis through induction of the endogenous FAHFA hydrolase androgen induced gene 1 (AIG1) in adipocytes. Adipocyte-specific knockout of IRF3 protects male mice against high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance, whereas overexpression of IRF3 or AIG1 in adipocytes promotes insulin resistance on a high-fat diet. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of AIG1 reversed obesity-induced insulin resistance and restored glucose homeostasis in the setting of adipocyte IRF3 overexpression. We, therefore, identify the adipocyte IRF3/AIG1 axis as a crucial link between obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance and suggest an approach for limiting the metabolic dysfunction accompanying obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Anna Santoro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Micah J Niphakis
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center Inc., 10835 Road To The Cure Dr. #250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Antonio M Pinto
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037-1002, USA
| | - Christopher L Jacobs
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
| | - Rasheed Ahmad
- Immunology and Microbiology Department, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Jasim Mohamad Al Bahar St., Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Radu M Suciu
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center Inc., 10835 Road To The Cure Dr. #250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Bryan R Fonslow
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center Inc., 10835 Road To The Cure Dr. #250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Rachel A Herbst-Graham
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center Inc., 10835 Road To The Cure Dr. #250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Nhi Ngo
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center Inc., 10835 Road To The Cure Dr. #250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Cassandra L Henry
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center Inc., 10835 Road To The Cure Dr. #250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Dylan M Herbst
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center Inc., 10835 Road To The Cure Dr. #250, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037-1002, USA
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02130, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 320 Charles St., Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA
| | - Evan D Rosen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 320 Charles St., Cambridge, MA, 02141, USA.
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3
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Ong SM, Ng DZW, Chee TEZ, Sng AA, Heng CK, Lee YS, Chan ECY, Ooi DSQ. Plasma fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids and surrogate fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids hydrolysis activity in children with or without obesity and in adults with or without coronary artery disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024. [PMID: 38812281 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
AIM Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA) are a class of bioactive lipids with anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and cardioprotective properties. FAHFA hydrolysis into its fatty acid (FA) and hydroxy fatty acid (HFA) constituents can affect the bioavailability of FAHFA and its subsequent biological effects. We aimed to investigate FAHFA levels and FAHFA hydrolysis activity in children with or without obesity, and in adults with or without coronary artery disease (CAD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Our study cohort included 20 children without obesity, 40 children with obesity, 10 adults without CAD and 28 adults with CAD. We quantitated plasma levels of four families of FAHFA [palmitic acid hydroxy stearic acid (PAHSA), palmitoleic acid hydroxy stearic acid (POHSA), oleic acid hydroxy stearic acid (OAHSA), stearic acid hydroxy stearic acid] and their corresponding FA and HFA constituents using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Surrogate FAHFA hydrolysis activity was estimated as the FA/FAHFA or HFA/FAHFA ratio. RESULTS Children with obesity had lower plasma PAHSA (p = .001), OAHSA (p = .006) and total FAHFA (p = .011) levels, and higher surrogate FAHFA hydrolysis activity represented by PA/PAHSA (p = .040) and HSA/OAHSA (p = .025) compared with children without obesity. Adults with CAD and a history of myocardial infarction (MI) had lower POHSA levels (p = .026) and higher PA/PAHSA (p = .041), POA/POHSA (p = .003) and HSA/POHSA (p = .038) compared with those without MI. CONCLUSION Altered FAHFA metabolism is associated with obesity and MI, and inhibition of FAHFA hydrolysis should be studied further as a possible therapeutic strategy in obesity and MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Min Ong
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Zhi Wei Ng
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thaddeus En Zhe Chee
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrew Anjian Sng
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chew Kiat Heng
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Delicia Shu Qin Ooi
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
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4
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Nelson AB, Chow LS, Dengel DR, Pan M, Hughey CC, Han X, Puchalska P, Crawford PA. Gender-based heterogeneity of FAHFAs in trained runners. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300037. [PMID: 38709787 PMCID: PMC11073723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acid (FAHFA) are anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory lipokines. Recently FAHFAs were also found to predict cardiorespiratory fitness in a cross-sectional study of recreationally trained runners. Here we report the influences of body composition and gender on static FAHFA abundances in circulation. We compared the association between circulating FAHFA concentrations and body composition, determined by dual x-ray absorptiometry, in female recreational runners who were lean (BMI < 25 kg/m2, n = 6), to those who were overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, n = 7). To characterize the effect of gender we also compared circulating FAHFAs in lean male recreational runners (n = 8) to recreationally trained lean female (n = 6) runner group. Circulating FAHFAs were increased in females in a manner that was modulated by specific adipose depot sizes, blood glucose, and lean body mass. As expected, circulating FAHFAs were diminished in the overweight group, but strikingly, within the lean cohort, increases in circulating FAHFAs were promoted by increased fat mass, relative to lean mass, while the overweight group showed a significantly attenuated relationship. These studies suggest multimodal regulation of circulating FAHFAs and raise hypotheses to test endogenous FAHFA dynamic sources and sinks in health and disease, which will be essential for therapeutic target development. Baseline circulating FAHFA concentrations could signal sub-clinical metabolic dysfunction in metabolically healthy obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa B. Nelson
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Lisa S. Chow
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Dengel
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Meixia Pan
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
- Department of Medicine—Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Curtis C. Hughey
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
- Department of Medicine—Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Patrycja Puchalska
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Crawford
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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5
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Shen X, Chen M, Zhang J, Lin Y, Gao X, Tu J, Chen K, Zhu A, Xu S. Unveiling the Impact of ApoF Deficiency on Liver and Lipid Metabolism: Insights from Transcriptome-Wide m6A Methylome Analysis in Mice. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:347. [PMID: 38540406 PMCID: PMC10970566 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism participates in various physiological processes and has been shown to be connected to the development and progression of multiple diseases, especially metabolic hepatopathy. Apolipoproteins (Apos) act as vectors that combine with lipids, such as cholesterol and triglycerides (TGs). Despite being involved in lipid transportation and metabolism, the critical role of Apos in the maintenance of lipid metabolism has still not been fully revealed. This study sought to clarify variations related to m6A methylome in ApoF gene knockout mice with disordered lipid metabolism based on the bioinformatics method of transcriptome-wide m6A methylome epitranscriptomics. High-throughput methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) was conducted in both wild-type (WT) and ApoF knockout (KO) mice. As a result, the liver histopathology presented vacuolization and steatosis, and the serum biochemical assays reported abnormal lipid content in KO mice. The m6A-modified mRNAs were conformed consensus sequenced in eukaryotes, and the distribution was enriched within the coding sequences and 3' non-coding regions. In KO mice, the functional annotation terms of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) included cholesterol, steroid and lipid metabolism, and lipid storage. In the differentially m6A-methylated mRNAs, the functional annotation terms included cholesterol, TG, and long-chain fatty acid metabolic processes; lipid transport; and liver development. The overlapping DEGs and differential m6A-modified mRNAs were also enriched in terms of lipid metabolism disorder. In conclusion, transcriptome-wide MeRIP sequencing in ApoF KO mice demonstrated the role of this crucial apolipoprotein in liver health and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanping First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Nanping 353000, China; (X.S.); (Y.L.); (X.G.)
| | - Mengting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (M.C.); (J.T.); (K.C.)
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (M.C.); (J.T.); (K.C.)
| | - Yifan Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanping First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Nanping 353000, China; (X.S.); (Y.L.); (X.G.)
| | - Xinyue Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanping First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Nanping 353000, China; (X.S.); (Y.L.); (X.G.)
| | - Jionghong Tu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (M.C.); (J.T.); (K.C.)
| | - Kunqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (M.C.); (J.T.); (K.C.)
| | - An Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (M.C.); (J.T.); (K.C.)
| | - Shanghua Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Nanping First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Nanping 353000, China; (X.S.); (Y.L.); (X.G.)
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6
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Riecan M, Domanska V, Lupu C, Patel M, Vondrackova M, Rossmeisl M, Saghatelian A, Lupu F, Kuda O. Tissue-specific sex difference in the metabolism of fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.15.567158. [PMID: 38014093 PMCID: PMC10680750 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.15.567158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are endogenous bioactive lipids known for their anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties. Despite their therapeutic potential, little is known about the sex-specific variations in FAHFA metabolism. This study investigated the role of Androgen Dependent TFPI Regulating Protein (ADTRP), a FAHFA hydrolase. Additionally, tissue-specific differences in FAHFA levels, focusing on the perigonadal white adipose tissue (pgWAT), subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), plasma, and liver, were evaluated using metabolomics and lipidomics. We found that female mice exhibited higher FAHFA levels in pgWAT, scWAT, and BAT compared to males. FAHFA levels were inversely related to Adtrp mRNA, which showed significantly lower expression in females compared with males in pgWAT and scWAT. However, no significant differences between the sexes were observed in plasma and liver FAHFA levels. Adtrp deletion had minimal impact on both sexes' metabolome and lipidome of pgWAT. However, we discovered higher endogenous levels of triacylglycerol estolides containing FAHFAs, a FAHFA metabolic reservoir, in the pgWAT of female mice. These findings suggest that sex-dependent differences in FAHFA levels occur primarily in specific WAT depots and may modulate local insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. However, further investigations are warranted to fully comprehend the underlying mechanisms and implications of sex effects on FAHFA metabolism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Riecan
- Metabolism of Bioactive Lipids, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14200 Prague, Czechia
| | - Veronika Domanska
- Metabolism of Bioactive Lipids, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14200 Prague, Czechia
| | - Cristina Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Maulin Patel
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Michaela Vondrackova
- Metabolism of Bioactive Lipids, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14200 Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14200 Prague, Czechia
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Metabolism of Bioactive Lipids, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14200 Prague, Czechia
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7
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Konduri S, Schweer J, Siegel D. Short synthesis of a broadly Reactive, cell permeable serine hydrolase Fluorophosphonate-Alkyne probe. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 95:129434. [PMID: 37557924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
An abbreviated synthesis of the cell permeable fluorophosphonate-alkyne probe (FP-alkyne) for the broad assessment of serine hydrolase activity has been developed. While FP-alkyne has proven pivotal in numerous chemical biology studies access has relied on a lengthy preparation over nine steps. We have developed a four-step synthesis, starting from commercially available compounds, with three purification steps to provide a new expedited route allowing easy access to a useful tool compound for exploring serine hydrolases chemistry and biology. This route was used in our own studies to generate FP-alkyne which in turn was used to identify the enzyme responsible for Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids (FAHFA) biosynthesis. The use of this route can enable the syntheses of new tool compounds in addition to improving accessibility to FP-alkyne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srihari Konduri
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0934, United States
| | - Joshua Schweer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0934, United States
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0934, United States.
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8
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Wang N, Wang J, Wang P, Ji N, Yue S. Label-Free Raman Spectromicroscopy Unravels the Relationship between MGMT Methylation and Intracellular Lipid Accumulation in Glioblastoma. Anal Chem 2023; 95:11567-11571. [PMID: 37417930 PMCID: PMC10413324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is considered a first line chemotherapy drug for glioblastoma (GBM). Unfortunately, the GBM without methylation of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), accounting for about 70% of all GBM, shows an inherent resistance to TMZ treatment. Aberrant accumulation of neutral lipids, primarily triglycerides (TGs) and cholesteryl esters (CEs), in lipid droplets (LDs) has been recognized as metabolic vulnerability for GBM therapy. However, it is not known whether MGMT methylation affects lipid accumulation in GBM. Herein, we employed label-free Raman spectromicroscopy, which integrated stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy and confocal Raman spectroscopy, to quantitatively analyze both the amount and composition of intracellular LDs in intact GBM tissues obtained from patients who had undergone resection surgery. Our results showed significant reductions in both the LD amount and the CE percentage in MGMT unmethylated GBMs (MGMT methylation < 15%) compared to MGMT methylated ones (MGMT methylation ≥ 15%). Due to a big variation of lipid accumulation in the MGMT methylated GBMs, these patients were further divided into hypermethylated group (MGMT methylation ≥ 50%) and intermediate-methylated group (MGMT methylation 15∼50%), according to the significantly different median survival rates of these two groups. Remarkable differences in LD amount, CE percentage, and also lipid saturation degree were found between the hypermethylated group and the other two groups, but not between the unmethylated and intermediate-methylated groups. To elucidate the possible underlying mechanism, we analyzed the differential expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in GBM with different levels of MGMT methylation using The Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA) dataset. It was shown that the genes related to lipid oxidation and lipid efflux were upregulated, and the genes related to lipid synthesis were downregulated in unmethylated group. These findings unravel the relationship between MGMT methylation and lipid accumulation in GBM, which may offer new opportunities for the diagnosis and treatment of TMZ-resistant GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University),
Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced
Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological
Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang
University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jiejun Wang
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital,
Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University),
Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced
Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological
Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang
University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Nan Ji
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital,
Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Shuhua Yue
- Key
Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University),
Ministry of Education, Institute of Medical Photonics, Beijing Advanced
Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological
Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang
University, Beijing, 100191, China
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9
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Nelson AB, Chow LS, Dengel DR, Pan M, Hughey CC, Han X, Puchalska P, Crawford PA. Gender-based heterogeneity of FAHFAs in trained runners. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.07.543941. [PMID: 37333295 PMCID: PMC10274793 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.07.543941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acid (FAHFA) are anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory lipokines. Recently FAHFAs were also found to predict cardiorespiratory fitness in trained runners. Here we compared the association between circulating FAHFA baseline concentrations and body composition, determined by dual x-ray absorptiometry, in female runners who were lean (BMI < 25 kg/m2, n = 6), to those who were overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, n = 7). We also compared circulating FAHFAs in lean male runners (n = 8) to the same trained lean female (n = 6) runner group. Circulating FAHFAs were increased in females in a manner that was modulated by specific adipose depot sizes, blood glucose, and lean body mass. As expected, circulating FAHFAs were diminished in the overweight group, but, strikingly, in both lean and overweight cohorts, increases in circulating FAHFAs were promoted by increased fat mass, relative to lean mass. These studies suggest multimodal regulation of circulating FAHFAs and raise hypotheses to test endogenous FAHFA dynamic sources and sinks in health and disease, which will be essential for therapeutic target development. Baseline circulating FAHFA concentrations could signal sub-clinical metabolic dysfunction in metabolically healthy obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa B. Nelson
- Division of Molecular Medicine; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Lisa S. Chow
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Donald R. Dengel
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Meixia Pan
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Medicine - Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Curtis C. Hughey
- Division of Molecular Medicine; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Medicine - Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Patrycja Puchalska
- Division of Molecular Medicine; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Peter A. Crawford
- Division of Molecular Medicine; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Santoro
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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11
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Cravatt BF. Activity-based protein profiling - finding general solutions to specific problems. Isr J Chem 2023; 63:e202300029. [PMID: 37206575 PMCID: PMC10191372 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202300029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
In this retrospective/perspective, I will share thoughts on developing and applying the activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) technology, an endeavor that has consumed much of our lab's attention over our 25+ year existence. Before doing so, I first wish to thank the colleagues who so kindly contributed to this Special Issue. I am appreciative and humbled that they were willing to share their innovative and impactful science in this format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Cravatt
- The Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
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12
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Reed A, Ware T, Li H, Fernando Bazan J, Cravatt BF. TMEM164 is an acyltransferase that forms ferroptotic C20:4 ether phospholipids. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:378-388. [PMID: 36782012 PMCID: PMC10362496 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of cell death driven by oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) phospholipids. Large-scale genetic screens have uncovered a specialized role for PUFA ether phospholipids (ePLs) in promoting ferroptosis. Understanding of the enzymes involved in PUFA-ePL production, however, remains incomplete. Here we show, using a combination of pathway mining of genetic dependency maps, AlphaFold-guided structure predictions and targeted lipidomics, that the uncharacterized transmembrane protein TMEM164-the genetic ablation of which has been shown to protect cells from ferroptosis-is a cysteine active center enzyme that selectively transfers C20:4 acyl chains from phosphatidylcholine to lyso-ePLs to produce PUFA ePLs. Genetic deletion of TMEM164 across a set of ferroptosis-sensitive cancer cell lines caused selective reductions in C20:4 ePLs with minimal effects on C20:4 diacyl PLs, and this lipid profile produced a variable range of protection from ferroptosis, supportive of an important but contextualized role for C20:4 ePLs in this form of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Reed
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Ware
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Haoxin Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J Fernando Bazan
- ħ Bioconsulting, LLC, Stillwater, MN, USA.
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA.
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13
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Rhee KY, Jansen RS, Grundner C. Activity-based annotation: the emergence of systems biochemistry. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:785-794. [PMID: 35430135 PMCID: PMC9378515 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Current tools to annotate protein function have failed to keep pace with the speed of DNA sequencing and exponentially growing number of proteins of unknown function (PUFs). A major contributing factor to this mismatch is the historical lack of high-throughput methods to experimentally determine biochemical activity. Activity-based methods, such as activity-based metabolite and protein profiling, are emerging as new approaches for unbiased, global, biochemical annotation of protein function. In this review, we highlight recent experimental, activity-based approaches that offer new opportunities to determine protein function in a biologically agnostic and systems-level manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Y Rhee
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Robert S Jansen
- Department of Microbiology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Christoph Grundner
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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14
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Li P, Song R, Du Y, Liu H, Li X. Adtrp regulates thermogenic activity of adipose tissue via mediating the secretion of S100b. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:407. [PMID: 35804197 PMCID: PMC11072551 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Brown and beige adipose tissues dissipate chemical energy in the form of heat to maintain your body temperature in cold conditions. The impaired function of these tissues results in various metabolic diseases in humans and mice. By bioinformatical analyses, we identified a functional thermogenic regulator of adipose tissue, Androgen-dependent tissue factor pathway inhibitor [TFPI]-regulating protein (Adtrp), which was significantly overexpressed in and functionally activated the mature brown/beige adipocytes. Hereby, we knocked out Adtrp in mice which led to multiple abnormalities in thermogenesis, metabolism, and maturation of brown/beige adipocytes causing excess lipid accumulation in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and cold intolerance. The capability of thermogenesis in brown/beige adipose tissues could be recovered in Adtrp KO mice upon direct β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) stimulation by CL316,243 treatment. Our mechanistic studies revealed that Adtrp by binding to S100 calcium-binding protein b (S100b) indirectly mediated the secretion of S100b, which in turn promoted the β3-AR mediated thermogenesis via sympathetic innervation. These results may provide a novel insight into Adtrp in metabolism via regulating the differentiation and thermogenesis of adipose tissues in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Runjie Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yaqi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huijiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland.
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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15
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Patel R, Santoro A, Hofer P, Tan D, Oberer M, Nelson AT, Konduri S, Siegel D, Zechner R, Saghatelian A, Kahn BB. ATGL is a biosynthetic enzyme for fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids. Nature 2022; 606:968-975. [PMID: 35676490 PMCID: PMC9242854 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04787-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Branched fatty acid (FA) esters of hydroxy FAs (HFAs; FAHFAs) are recently discovered lipids that are conserved from yeast to mammals1,2. A subfamily, palmitic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSAs), are anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic1,3. Humans and mice with insulin resistance have lower PAHSA levels in subcutaneous adipose tissue and serum1. PAHSA administration improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and reduces inflammation in obesity, diabetes and immune-mediated diseases1,4-7. The enzyme(s) responsible for FAHFA biosynthesis in vivo remains unknown. Here we identified adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL, also known as patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2 (PNPLA2)) as a candidate biosynthetic enzyme for FAHFAs using chemical biology and proteomics. We discovered that recombinant ATGL uses a transacylation reaction that esterifies an HFA with a FA from triglyceride (TG) or diglyceride to produce FAHFAs. Overexpression of wild-type, but not catalytically dead, ATGL increases FAHFA biosynthesis. Chemical inhibition of ATGL or genetic deletion of Atgl inhibits FAHFA biosynthesis and reduces the levels of FAHFA and FAHFA-TG. Levels of endogenous and nascent FAHFAs and FAHFA-TGs are 80-90 per cent lower in adipose tissue of mice in which Atgl is knocked out specifically in the adipose tissue. Increasing TG levels by upregulating diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activity promotes FAHFA biosynthesis, and decreasing DGAT activity inhibits it, reinforcing TGs as FAHFA precursors. ATGL biosynthetic transacylase activity is present in human adipose tissue underscoring its potential clinical relevance. In summary, we discovered the first, to our knowledge, biosynthetic enzyme that catalyses the formation of the FAHFA ester bond in mammals. Whereas ATGL lipase activity is well known, our data establish a paradigm shift demonstrating that ATGL transacylase activity is biologically important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Patel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Santoro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dan Tan
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Monika Oberer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrew T Nelson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Srihari Konduri
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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16
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Brejchova K, Paluchova V, Brezinova M, Cajka T, Balas L, Durand T, Krizova M, Stranak Z, Kuda O. Triacylglycerols containing branched palmitic acid ester of hydroxystearic acid (PAHSA) are present in the breast milk and hydrolyzed by carboxyl ester lipase. Food Chem 2022; 388:132983. [PMID: 35486985 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Breast milk is a complex mixture containing underexplored bioactive lipids. We performed an observational case-control study to compare the impact of delivery mode: caesarean section (CS) and vaginal birth (VB); and term (preterm and term delivery) on the levels of lipokines in human milk at different stages of lactation. Metabolomic analysis of the milk identified triacylglycerol estolides as a metabolic reservoir of the anti-inflammatory lipid mediator 5-palmitic acid ester of hydroxystearic acid (5-PAHSA). We found that triacylglycerol estolides were substrates of carboxyl ester lipase and 5-PAHSA-containing lipids were the least preferred substrates among tested triacylglycerol estolide isomers. This explained exceptionally high colostrum levels of 5-PAHSA in the VB group. CS and preterm birth negatively affected colostrum lipidome, including 5-PAHSA levels, but the lipidomic profiles normalized in mature milk. Mothers delivering term babies vaginally produce colostrum rich in 5-PAHSA, which could contribute to the prevention of intestinal inflammation in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Brejchova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Paluchova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 1660/32, 12108 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Brezinova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 1660/32, 12108 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Cajka
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Balas
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Marcela Krizova
- Institute for the Care of Mother and Child, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Stranak
- Institute for the Care of Mother and Child, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic.
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17
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Polygenetic Variants Related to Osteoarthritis Risk and Their Interactions with Energy, Protein, Fat, and Alcohol Intake in Adults in a Large Cohort. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12020340. [PMID: 35204431 PMCID: PMC8871305 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is increasing globally, especially among elderly Asian women, and its increase may be due to the interaction between genetic factors and lifestyle. This study tested the hypothesis that polygenetic variants associated with OA risk interacted with lifestyle in adults over 40 years in the Ansan–Ansung cohort. Genetic variants were chosen through a genome-wide association study with OA participants (case; n = 580) and controls without arthritis (n = 4850). Genetic variants with interactions were selected by a generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction. The best model’s polygenic risk scores (PRS) were calculated by summing the number of risk alleles in the selected genetic variants. The best five single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) model included AIG1_rs6570550, COX10_rs62054459, DLG2_rs148643344, SOX5_rs73283615, and PLXNA4_rs1472529430, while IL12A_ rs1491318751 was added to the five-SNP model to produce a six-SNP model. Only COX10_rs62054459 in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue was associated with COX10 protein expression. The participants, having high-PRS from the five-SNP and six-SNP models, were at a higher OA risk than those with low-PRS by 3.88 and 4.42 times, respectively. The PRS was not associated with metabolic syndrome or with the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). Energy, protein, fat, alcohol, and a Western-style diet intake interacted with the PRS to influence OA risk (p = 0.005, 0.042, and 0.021, respectively). In the high energy and alcohol intake and low protein, fat, Western-style diet intake, the participants with a high-PRS had a higher incidence of OA than those with low-PRS. In conclusion, the adults with a high-PRS were at a higher OA risk. Particularly, adults with high PRS should have a lower energy intake, higher WSD containing higher protein and fat intake, and moderate alcohol intake to alleviate OA risk. These results can be applied to personalized nutrition plans to decrease OA risk.
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18
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Kee Z, Ong SM, Heng CK, Ooi DSQ. Androgen-dependent tissue factor pathway inhibitor regulating protein: a review of its peripheral actions and association with cardiometabolic diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 100:185-196. [PMID: 34797389 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The first genome-wide association study on coronary artery disease (CAD) in the Han Chinese population identified C6orf105 as a susceptibility gene. The C6orf105 gene was later found to encode for a protein that regulates tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) expression in endothelial cells in an androgen-dependent manner, and the novel protein was thus termed androgen-dependent TFPI-regulating protein (ADTRP). Since the identification of ADTRP, there have been several studies associating genetic variants on the ADTRP gene with CAD risk, as well as research providing mechanistic insights on this novel protein and its functional role. ADTRP is a membrane protein, whose expression is upregulated by androgen, GATA-binding protein 2, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and low-density lipoprotein receptors. ADTRP regulates multiple downstream targets involved in coagulation, inflammation, endothelial function, and vascular integrity. In addition, ADTRP functions as a fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acid (FAHFA)-specific hydrolase that is involved in energy metabolism. Current evidence suggests that ADTRP may play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, CAD, obesity, and metabolic disorders. This review summarizes the current literature on ADTRP, with a focus on the peripheral actions of ADTRP, including expression, genetic variations, signaling pathways, and function. The evidence linking ADTRP and cardiometabolic diseases will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizheng Kee
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, 119228, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Sze Min Ong
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, 119228, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Chew-Kiat Heng
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, 119228, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore
| | - Delicia Shu Qin Ooi
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, 119228, Singapore.
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Kent Ridge, Singapore.
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Gene Expression Profiling of Skeletal Muscles. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111718. [PMID: 34828324 PMCID: PMC8621074 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing provides an opportunity for an in-depth biocomputational analysis to identify gene expression patterns between soleus and tibialis anterior, two well-characterized skeletal muscles, and analyze their gene expression profiling. RNA read counts were analyzed for differential gene expression using the R package edgeR. Differentially expressed genes were filtered using a false discovery rate of less than 0.05 c, a fold-change value of more than twenty, and an association with overrepresented pathways based on the Reactome pathway over-representation analysis tool. Most of the differentially expressed genes associated with soleus are coded for components of lipid metabolism and unique contractile elements. Differentially expressed genes associated with tibialis anterior encoded mostly for glucose and glycogen metabolic pathway regulatory enzymes and calcium-sensitive contractile components. These gene expression distinctions partly explain the genetic basis for skeletal muscle specialization, and they may help to explain skeletal muscle susceptibility to disease and drugs and further refine tissue engineering approaches.
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20
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Investigating Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Alzheimer's Disease by Systems Biology Approaches for Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011280. [PMID: 34681938 PMCID: PMC8540696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, characterized by progressive cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorder. Abnormal aggregations of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and unusual accumulations of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides are two important pathological features in AD brains. However, in spite of large-scale clinical studies and computational simulations, the molecular mechanisms of AD development and progression are still unclear. In this study, we divided all of the samples into two groups: early stage (Braak score I-III) and later stage (Braak score IV-VI). By big database mining, the candidate genetic and epigenetic networks (GEN) have been constructed. In order to find out the real GENs for two stages of AD, we performed systems identification and system order detection scheme to prune false positives with the help of corresponding microarray data. Applying the principal network projection (PNP) method, core GENs were extracted from real GENs based on the projection values. By the annotation of KEGG pathway, we could obtain core pathways from core GENs and investigate pathogenetic mechanisms for the early and later stage of AD, respectively. Consequently, according to pathogenetic mechanisms, several potential biomarkers are identified as drug targets for multiple-molecule drug design in the treatment of AD.
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21
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Riecan M, Paluchova V, Lopes M, Brejchova K, Kuda O. Branched and linear fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA) relevant to human health. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 231:107972. [PMID: 34453998 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) represent a complex lipid class that contains both signaling mediators and structural components of lipid biofilms in humans. The majority of endogenous FAHFAs share a common chemical architecture, characterized by an estolide bond that links the hydroxy fatty acid (HFA) backbone and the fatty acid (FA). Two structurally and functionally distinct FAHFA superfamilies are recognized based on the position of the estolide bond: omega-FAHFAs and in-chain branched FAHFAs. The existing variety of possible HFAs and FAs combined with the position of the estolide bond generates a vast quantity of unique structures identified in FAHFA families. In this review, we discuss the anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects of branched FAHFAs and the role of omega-FAHFA-derived lipids as surfactants in the tear film lipid layer and dry eye disease. To emphasize potential pharmacological targets, we recapitulate the biosynthesis of the HFA backbone within the superfamilies together with the degradation pathways and the FAHFA regioisomer distribution in human and mouse adipose tissue. We propose a theoretical involvement of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the generation and degradation of saturated HFA backbones and present an overview of small-molecule inhibitors used in FAHFA research. The FAHFA lipid class is huge and largely unexplored. Besides the unknown biological effects of individual FAHFAs, also the enigmatic enzymatic machinery behind their synthesis could provide new therapeutic approaches for inflammatory metabolic or eye diseases. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of (FA)HFA synthesis at the molecular level should be the next step in FAHFA research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Riecan
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Paluchova
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Magno Lopes
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Brejchova
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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22
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Identification of fifty-seven novel loci for abdominal wall hernia development and their biological and clinical implications: results from the UK Biobank. Hernia 2021; 26:335-348. [PMID: 34382107 DOI: 10.1007/s10029-021-02450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Familial aggregation is known for both hernia development and recurrence. To date, only one genome-wide association study (GWAS) limited to inguinal hernia has been reported that identified four risk-associated loci. We aim to investigate polygenic architecture of abdominal wall hernia development and recurrence. METHODS A GWAS was performed in 367,394 subjects from the UK Biobank to investigate the polygenic architecture of abdominal wall hernia subtypes (inguinal, femoral, umbilical, ventral) and identify specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with their risk. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis was performed to identify genes whose expression levels are associated with these SNPs. A genetic risk score (GRS) was used to assess the cumulative effect of multiple independent risk-associated SNPs on hernia development and recurrence in independent subjects (n = 82,064). RESULTS Heritability (h2) was 0.12, 0.06, 0.16, and 0.07 for inguinal, femoral, umbilical, and ventral hernias, respectively. A high-level of genetic correlation (rg) was found among these subtypes of hernia. We confirmed the aforementioned four loci and identified 57 novel loci (P < 5 × 10-8), including 55, 3, 5, and 3 loci for inguinal, femoral, umbilical, and ventral hernias, respectively. Significantly different expression levels between risk/reference alleles of SNPs were found for 145 genes, including TGF-β2 and AIG1 for inguinal hernia risk and CALD1 for umbilical hernia risk. Finally, higher GRS deciles were significantly associated with increased risk for hernia development (Ptrend = 3.33 × 10-38) and recurrent hernia repair surgery (Ptrend = 3.64 × 10-14). CONCLUSION These novel results have potential biological and clinical implications for hernia management in high-risk patients.
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Huang Y, Sun M, Zhuang L, He J. Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of the AIG Family in Vertebrates. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081190. [PMID: 34440364 PMCID: PMC8394805 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen-inducible genes (AIGs), which can be regulated by androgen level, constitute a group of genes characterized by the presence of the AIG/FAR-17a domain in its protein sequence. Previous studies on AIGs demonstrated that one member of the gene family, AIG1, is involved in many biological processes in cancer cell lines and that ADTRP is associated with cardiovascular diseases. It has been shown that the numbers of AIG paralogs in humans, mice, and zebrafish are 2, 2, and 3, respectively, indicating possible gene duplication events during vertebrate evolution. Therefore, classifying subgroups of AIGs and identifying the homologs of each AIG member are important to characterize this novel gene family further. In this study, vertebrate AIGs were phylogenetically grouped into three major clades, ADTRP, AIG1, and AIG-L, with AIG-L also evident in an outgroup consisting of invertebrsate species. In this case, AIG-L, as the ancestral AIG, gave rise to ADTRP and AIG1 after two rounds of whole-genome duplications during vertebrate evolution. Then, the AIG family, which was exposed to purifying forces during evolution, lost or gained some of its members in some species. For example, in eutherians, Neognathae, and Percomorphaceae, AIG-L was lost; in contrast, Salmonidae and Cyprinidae acquired additional AIG copies. In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis of vertebrate AIGs, which can be employed for future functional characterization of AIGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Huang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Minghao Sun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Lenan Zhuang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (J.H.); Tel.: +86-15-8361-28207 (L.Z.); +86-17-6818-74822 (J.H.)
| | - Jin He
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (J.H.); Tel.: +86-15-8361-28207 (L.Z.); +86-17-6818-74822 (J.H.)
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Defour M, van Weeghel M, Hermans J, Kersten S. Hepatic ADTRP overexpression does not influence lipid and glucose metabolism. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C585-C595. [PMID: 34288722 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00185.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of transcription factors belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Since most target genes of either PPARs are implicated in lipid and glucose metabolism, regulation by PPARs could be used as a screening tool to identify novel genes involved in lipid or glucose metabolism. Here, we identify Adtrp, a serine hydrolase enzyme that was reported to catalyze the hydrolysis of fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), as a novel PPAR-regulated gene. Adtrp was significantly upregulated by PPARα activation in mouse primary hepatocytes, liver slices, and whole liver. In addition, Adtrp was upregulated by PPARγ activation in 3L3-L1 adipocytes and in white adipose tissue. ChIP-SEQ identified a strong PPAR binding site in the immediate upstream promoter of the Adtrp gene. Adenoviral-mediated hepatic overexpression of Adtrp in diet-induced obese mice caused a modest increase in plasma non-esterified fatty acids but did not influence diet-induced obesity, liver triglyceride levels, liver lipidomic profiles, liver transcriptomic profiles, and plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, glycerol, and glucose levels. Moreover, hepatic Adtrp overexpression did not lead to significant changes in FAHFA levels in plasma or liver and did not influence glucose and insulin tolerance. Finally, hepatic overexpression of Adtrp did not influence liver triglycerides and levels of plasma metabolites after a 24h fast. Taken together, our data suggest that despite being a PPAR-regulated gene, hepatic Adtrp does not seem to play a major role in lipid and glucose metabolism and does not regulate FAHFA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel Defour
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michel van Weeghel
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jill Hermans
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Kellerer T, Kleigrewe K, Brandl B, Hofmann T, Hauner H, Skurk T. Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids (FAHFAs) Are Associated With Diet, BMI, and Age. Front Nutr 2021; 8:691401. [PMID: 34322511 PMCID: PMC8310931 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.691401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a group of fatty acids with potential anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects. The blood levels of FAHFAs and their regulation in humans have hardly been studied. Objective: We aimed to investigate serum FAHFA levels in well-characterized human cohorts, to evaluate associations with age, sex, BMI, weight loss, diabetic status, and diet. Methods: We analyzed levels of stearic-acid-9-hydroxy-stearic-acid (9-SAHSA), oleic-acid-9-hydroxy-stearic-acid (9-OAHSA) and palmitic-acid-9-hydroxy-palmitic-acid (9-PAHPA) as well as different palmitic acid-hydroxy-stearic-acids (PAHSAs) by HPLC-MS/MS with the use of an internal standard in various cohorts: A cohort of different age groups (18–25y; 40–65y; 75–85y; Σn = 60); severely obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery and non-obese controls (Σn = 36); obese patients with and without diabetes (Σn = 20); vegetarians/vegans (n = 10) and omnivores (n = 9); and young men before and after acute overfeeding with saturated fatty acids (SFA) (n = 15). Results: Omnivores had substantially higher FAHFA levels than vegetarians/vegans [median (25th percentile; 75th percentile) tFAHFAs = 12.82 (7.57; 14.86) vs. 5.86 (5.10; 6.71) nmol/L; P < 0.05]. Dietary overfeeding by supplementation of SFAs caused a significant increase within 1 week [median tFAHFAs = 4.31 (3.31; 5.27) vs. 6.96 (6.50; 7.76) nmol/L; P < 0.001]. Moreover, obese patients had lower FAHFA levels than non-obese controls [median tFAHFAs = 3.24 (2.80; 4.30) vs. 5.22 (4.18; 7.46) nmol/L; P < 0.01] and surgery-induced weight loss increased 9-OAHSA level while other FAHFAs were not affected. Furthermore, significant differences in some FAHFA levels were found between adolescents and adults or elderly, while no differences between sexes and between diabetic and non-diabetic individuals were detected. Conclusions: FAHFA serum levels are strongly affected by high SFA intake and reduced in severe obesity. Age also may influence FAHFA levels, whereas there was no detectable relation with sex and diabetic status. The physiological role of FAHFAs in humans remains to be better elucidated. Trial Registration: All studies referring to these analyses were registered in the German Clinical Trial Register (https://www.drks.de/drks_web/) with the numbers DRKS00009008, DRKS00010133, DRKS00006211, and DRKS00009797.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Kellerer
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center of Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Karin Kleigrewe
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Beate Brandl
- Core Facility Human Studies, ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Hans Hauner
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center of Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Institute of Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Skurk
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center of Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Core Facility Human Studies, ZIEL Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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26
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Kumar K, Mhetre A, Ratnaparkhi GS, Kamat SS. A Superfamily-wide Activity Atlas of Serine Hydrolases in Drosophila melanogaster. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1312-1324. [PMID: 33827210 PMCID: PMC7610703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The serine hydrolase (SH) superfamily is, perhaps, one of the largest functional enzyme classes in all forms of life and consists of proteases, peptidases, lipases, and carboxylesterases as representative members. Consistent with the name of this superfamily, all members, without any exception to date, use a nucleophilic serine residue in the enzyme active site to perform hydrolytic-type reactions via a two-step ping-pong mechanism involving a covalent enzyme intermediate. Given the highly conserved catalytic mechanism, this superfamily has served as a classical prototype in the development of several platforms of chemical proteomics techniques, activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), to globally interrogate the functions of its different members in various native, yet complex, biological settings. While ABPP-based proteome-wide activity atlases for SH activities are available in numerous organisms, including humans, to the best of our knowledge, such an analysis for this superfamily is lacking in any insect model. To address this, we initially report a bioinformatics analysis toward the identification and categorization of nonredundant SHs in Drosophila melanogaster. Following up on this in silico analysis, leveraging discovery chemoproteomics, we identify and globally map the full complement of SH activities during various developmental stages and in different adult tissues of Drosophila. Finally, as a proof of concept of the utility of this activity atlas, we highlight sexual dimorphism in SH activities across different tissues in adult D. melanogaster, and we propose new research directions, resources, and tools that this study can provide to the fly community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Kumar
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, India 411008
| | - Amol Mhetre
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, India 411008
| | - Girish S. Ratnaparkhi
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, India 411008
| | - Siddhesh S. Kamat
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, India 411008
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Insights into the Functional Role of ADTRP (Androgen-Dependent TFPI-Regulating Protein) in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094451. [PMID: 33923232 PMCID: PMC8123165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel protein ADTRP, identified and described by us in 2011, is androgen-inducible and regulates the expression and activity of Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor, the major inhibitor of the Tissue Factor-dependent pathway of coagulation on endothelial cells. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in ADTRP associate with coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction, and deep vein thrombosis/venous thromboembolism. Some athero-protective effects of androgen could exert through up-regulation of ADTRP expression. We discovered a critical role of ADTRP in vascular development and vessel integrity and function, manifested through Wnt signaling-dependent regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9. ADTRP also hydrolyses fatty acid esters of hydroxy-fatty acids, which have anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects and can control metabolic disorders. Here we summarize and analyze the knowledge on ADTRP and try to decipher its functions in health and disease.
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28
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Luo C, Wang D, Huang W, Song Y, Ge L, Zhang X, Yang L, Lu J, Tu X, Chen Q, Yang J, Xu C, Wang Q. Feedback regulation of coronary artery disease susceptibility gene ADTRP and LDL receptors LDLR/CD36/LOX-1 in endothelia cell functions involved in atherosclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166130. [PMID: 33746034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A high level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) is one of the most important risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD), the leading cause of death worldwide. However, a low concentration of LDL may be protective. Genome-wide association studies revealed that variation in ADTRP gene increased the risk of CAD. In this study, we found that a low concentration of oxidized-LDL induced the expression of ADTRP. Further analyses showed that knockdown of the expression of LDL receptor genes LDLR, CD36, or LOX-1 significantly downregulated ADTRP expression, whereas overexpression of LDLR/CD36/LOX-1 markedly increased ADTRP expression through the NF-κB pathway. Like ADTRP, LDLR, CD36 and LOX-1 were all involved in endothelial cell (EC) functions relevant to the initiation of atherosclerosis. Downregulation of LDLR/CD36/LOX-1 promoted monocyte adhesion to ECs and transendothelial migration of monocytes by increasing expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin and P-selectin, decreased EC proliferation and migration, and increased EC apoptosis, thereby promoting the initiation of atherosclerosis. Opposite effects were observed with the overexpression of ADTRP and LDLR/CD36/LOX-1 in ECs. Interestingly, through the NF-κB and AKT pathways, overexpression of ADTRP significantly upregulated the expression of LDLR, CD36, and LOX-1, and knockdown of ADTRP expression significantly downregulated the expression of LDLR, CD36, and LOX-1. These data suggest that ADTRP and LDL receptors LDLR/CD36/LOX-1 positively regulate each other, and form a positive regulatory loop that regulates endothelial cell functions, thereby providing a potential protective mechanism against atherosclerosis. Our findings provide a new molecular mechanism by which deregulation of ADTRP and LDLR/CD36/LOX-1 promote the development of atherosclerosis and CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, PR China; The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, PR China
| | - Decheng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, PR China; The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, PR China
| | - Weifeng Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, PR China; The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yinhong Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, PR China; The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, PR China
| | - Lisha Ge
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, PR China
| | - Lixue Yang
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jiao Lu
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xiancong Tu
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qiuyun Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Cardiology, the People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Chengqi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, PR China.
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Brejchova K, Radner FPW, Balas L, Paluchova V, Cajka T, Chodounska H, Kudova E, Schratter M, Schreiber R, Durand T, Zechner R, Kuda O. Distinct roles of adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase in the catabolism of triacylglycerol estolides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2020999118. [PMID: 33372146 PMCID: PMC7812821 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020999118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched esters of palmitic acid and hydroxy stearic acid are antiinflammatory and antidiabetic lipokines that belong to a family of fatty acid (FA) esters of hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) called FAHFAs. FAHFAs themselves belong to oligomeric FA esters, known as estolides. Glycerol-bound FAHFAs in triacylglycerols (TAGs), named TAG estolides, serve as metabolite reservoir of FAHFAs mobilized by lipases upon demand. Here, we characterized the involvement of two major metabolic lipases, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), in TAG estolide and FAHFA degradation. We synthesized a library of 20 TAG estolide isomers with FAHFAs varying in branching position, chain length, saturation grade, and position on the glycerol backbone and developed an in silico mass spectra library of all predicted catabolic intermediates. We found that ATGL alone or coactivated by comparative gene identification-58 efficiently liberated FAHFAs from TAG estolides with a preference for more compact substrates where the estolide branching point is located near the glycerol ester bond. ATGL was further involved in transesterification and remodeling reactions leading to the formation of TAG estolides with alternative acyl compositions. HSL represented a much more potent estolide bond hydrolase for both TAG estolides and free FAHFAs. FAHFA and TAG estolide accumulation in white adipose tissue of mice lacking HSL argued for a functional role of HSL in estolide catabolism in vivo. Our data show that ATGL and HSL participate in the metabolism of estolides and TAG estolides in distinct manners and are likely to affect the lipokine function of FAHFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Brejchova
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | | | - Laurence Balas
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Veronika Paluchova
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Cajka
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Chodounska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kudova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | | | - Renate Schreiber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic;
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Potential physio-pathological effects of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids. Biochimie 2021; 182:13-22. [PMID: 33412159 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Branched Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids (FAHFAs) are a new endogenous lipid class with recently uncovered interesting biological effects and which have been detected in food of plant and animal origins. Some FAHFAs can improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, stimulate insulin secretion, and exert anti-inflammatory effects. Other beneficial health effects have also been suggested, in particular against some cancers. FAHFAs could therefore be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of numerous metabolic disorders such as type II diabetes, hepatic steatosis, cardiovascular diseases and various cancers. Their recent discovery has generated a great interest in the field of human health. This short review aims at bringing together the information available to date in the literature concerning their chemical synthesis, biosynthesis and degradation pathways as well as their potential physio-pathological beneficial effects.
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31
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Fatty Acyl Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acid (FAHFA) Lipid Families. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10120512. [PMID: 33348554 PMCID: PMC7766670 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty Acyl esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids (FAHFA) encompass three different lipid families which have incorrectly been classified as wax esters. These families include (i) Branched-chain FAHFAs, involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism and inflammation, with acylation of an internal branched-chain hydroxy-palmitic or -stearic acid; (ii) ω-FAHFAs, which function as biosurfactants in a number of biofluids, are formed via acylation of the ω-hydroxyl group of very-long-chain fatty acids (these lipids have also been designated as o-acyl hydroxy fatty acids; OAHFA); and (iii) Ornithine-FAHFAs are bacterial lipids formed by the acylation of short-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acids and the addition of ornithine to the free carboxy group of the hydroxy fatty acid. The differences in biosynthetic pathways and cellular functions of these lipid families will be reviewed and compared to wax esters, which are formed by the acylation of a fatty alcohol, not a hydroxy fatty acid. In summary, FAHFA lipid families are both unique and complex in their biosynthesis and their biological actions. We have only evaluated the tip of the iceberg and much more exciting research is required to understand these lipids in health and disease.
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Determination of Major Endogenous FAHFAs in Healthy Human Circulation: The Correlations with Several Circulating Cardiovascular-Related Biomarkers and Anti-Inflammatory Effects on RAW 264.7 Cells. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121689. [PMID: 33348748 PMCID: PMC7766943 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are newly discovered long-chain fatty acids. However, the major endogenous FAHFAs in healthy human circulation, their correlation with cardiovascular (CV) biomarkers, and their anti-inflammatory effects have not been investigated and remain unclear. In the present study, a total of 57 healthy subjects were recruited. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of seven FAHFAs, four long-chain fatty acids, and four non-traditional circulating CV-related biomarkers. We found two major types of FAHFAs in healthy human circulation, palmitoleic acid ester of 9-hydroxystearic acid (9-POHSA), and oleic acid ester of 9-hydroxystearic acid (9-OAHSA). Both 9-POHSA and 9-OAHSA had a strong positive correlation with each other and were negatively correlated with fasting blood glucose, S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH), and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), but not with l-homocysteine. 9-POHSA was also positively correlated with l-carnitine. Moreover, we confirmed that both 9-POHSA and 9-OAHSA exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing LPS stimulated cytokines, including IL-1β and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, palmitoleic acid also had a positive correlation with 9-POHSA and 9-OAHSA. As far as we know, this is the first report showing the major endogenous FAHFAs in healthy subjects and their CV protection potential which might be correlated with SAH and TMAO reduction, l-Carnitine elevation, and their anti-inflammatory effects.
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Li VL, Kim JT, Long JZ. Adipose Tissue Lipokines: Recent Progress and Future Directions. Diabetes 2020; 69:2541-2548. [PMID: 33219098 PMCID: PMC7679773 DOI: 10.2337/dbi20-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Beyond classical metabolic functions in energy storage and energy expenditure, adipose tissue is also a dynamic endocrine organ that secretes bioactive factors into blood plasma. Historically, studies of the adipose secretome have predominantly focused on polypeptide adipokines. Recently, adipose-derived blood-borne lipids ("lipokines") have emerged as a distinct class of endocrine factors. Lipokines are intimately connected to intracellular pathways of fatty acid metabolism and therefore uniquely poised to communicate the intracellular energy status of adipocytes to other nonadipose tissues including liver, muscle, and pancreas. Here, we discuss recent progress on our understanding of adipose-secreted lipokines as endocrine regulators of glucose and lipid metabolism. We also provide our perspective on future directions for adipose-secreted lipids, including limitations of the currently available experimental data as well as potential strategies for addressing the remaining open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica L Li
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Joon T Kim
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Jonathan Z Long
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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Ge Y, Ye F, Liu J, Yang J, Spannenberg A, Jiao H, Jackstell R, Beller M. Ligand-Controlled Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylation of Alkynols: Highly Selective Synthesis of α-Methylene-β-Lactones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21585-21590. [PMID: 32573055 PMCID: PMC7756850 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The first general and regioselective Pd-catalyzed cyclocarbonylation to give α-methylene-β-lactones is reported. Key to the success for this process is the use of a specific sterically demanding phosphine ligand based on N-arylated imidazole (L11) in the presence of Pd(MeCN)2 Cl2 as pre-catalyst. A variety of easily available alkynols provide under additive-free conditions the corresponding α-methylene-β-lactones in moderate to good yields with excellent regio- and diastereoselectivity. The applicability of this novel methodology is showcased by the direct carbonylation of biologically active molecules including natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ge
- Leibniz-Institute for CatalysisAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Fei Ye
- Leibniz-Institute for CatalysisAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou Normal UniversityNo. 2318, Yuhangtang Road311121HangzhouP. R. China
| | - Jiawang Liu
- Leibniz-Institute for CatalysisAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Ji Yang
- Leibniz-Institute for CatalysisAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Anke Spannenberg
- Leibniz-Institute for CatalysisAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Haijun Jiao
- Leibniz-Institute for CatalysisAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Ralf Jackstell
- Leibniz-Institute for CatalysisAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institute for CatalysisAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
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Ge Y, Ye F, Liu J, Yang J, Spannenberg A, Jiao H, Jackstell R, Beller M. Ligand‐Controlled Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylation of Alkynols: Highly Selective Synthesis of α‐Methylene‐β‐Lactones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ge
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Fei Ye
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou Normal University No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road 311121 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Jiawang Liu
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Ji Yang
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Anke Spannenberg
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Haijun Jiao
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Ralf Jackstell
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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36
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Zhang Y, Eser BE, Kristensen P, Guo Z. Fatty acid hydratase for value-added biotransformation: A review. Chin J Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Brejchova K, Balas L, Paluchova V, Brezinova M, Durand T, Kuda O. Understanding FAHFAs: From structure to metabolic regulation. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 79:101053. [PMID: 32735891 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) in humans draw attention of many researches to their biological effects. Although FAHFAs were originally discovered in insects and plants, their introduction into the mammalian realm opened new horizons in bioactive lipid research. Hundreds of isomers from different families have been identified so far and their role in (patho) physiological processes is currently being explored. The family of palmitic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSAs), especially 5-PAHSA and 9-PAHSA regioisomers, stands out in the crowd of other FAHFAs for their anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects. Beneficial effects of PAHSAs have been linked to metabolic disorders such as type 1 and type 2 diabetes, colitis, and chronic inflammation. Besides PAHSAs, a growing family of polyunsaturated FAHFAs exerts mainly immunomodulatory effects and biological roles of many other FAHFAs remain currently unknown. Therefore, FAHFAs represent unique lipid messengers capable of affecting many immunometabolic processes. The objective of this review is to summarize the knowledge concerning the diversity of FAHFAs, nomenclature, and their analysis and detection. Special attention is paid to the total syntheses of FAHFAs, optimal strategies, and to the formation of the stereocenter required for optically active molecules. Biosynthetic pathways of saturated and polyunsaturated FAHFAs in mammals and plants are reviewed together with their metabolism and degradation. Moreover, an overview of biological effects of branched FAHFAs is provided and many unanswered questions regarding FAHFAs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Brejchova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Balas
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
| | - Veronika Paluchova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Brezinova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
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38
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Kahn CR, Wang G, Lee KY. Altered adipose tissue and adipocyte function in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:3990-4000. [PMID: 31573548 DOI: 10.1172/jci129187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, great progress has been made in understanding the complexity of adipose tissue biology and its role in metabolism. This includes new insights into the multiple layers of adipose tissue heterogeneity, not only differences between white and brown adipocytes, but also differences in white adipose tissue at the depot level and even heterogeneity of white adipocytes within a single depot. These inter- and intra-depot differences in adipocytes are developmentally programmed and contribute to the wide range of effects observed in disorders with fat excess (overweight/obesity) or fat loss (lipodystrophy). Recent studies also highlight the underappreciated dynamic nature of adipose tissue, including potential to undergo rapid turnover and dedifferentiation and as a source of stem cells. Finally, we explore the rapidly expanding field of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ, and how adipose tissue communicates with other tissues to regulate systemic metabolism both centrally and peripherally through secretion of adipocyte-derived peptide hormones, inflammatory mediators, signaling lipids, and miRNAs packaged in exosomes. Together these attributes and complexities create a robust, multidimensional signaling network that is central to metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guoxiao Wang
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin Y Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, and.,The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Luo C, Pook E, Wang F, Archacki SR, Tang B, Zhang W, Hu JS, Yang J, Leineweber K, Bechem M, Huang W, Song Y, Cheung SH, Laux V, Ke T, Ren X, Tu X, Chen Q, Wang QK, Xu C. ADTRP regulates TFPI expression via transcription factor POU1F1 involved in coronary artery disease. Gene 2020; 753:144805. [PMID: 32445923 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genomic variants in both ADTRP and TFPI genes are associated with risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). ADTRP regulates TFPI expression and endothelial cell functions involved in the initiation of atherosclerotic CAD. ADTRP also specifies primitive myelopoiesis and definitive hematopoiesis by upregulating TFPI expression. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is unknown. Here we show that transcription factor POU1F1 is the key by which ADTRP regulates TFPI expression. Luciferase reporter assays, chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) in combination with analysis of large and small deletions of the TFPI promoter/regulatory region were used to identify the molecular mechanism by which ADTRP regulates TFPI expression. Genetic association was assessed using case-control association analysis and phenome-wide association analysis (PhenGWA). ADTRP regulates TFPI expression at the transcription level in a dose-dependent manner. The ADTRP-response element was localized to a 50 bp region between -806 bp and -756 bp upstream of TFPI transcription start site, which contains a binding site for POU1F1. Deletion of POU1F1-binding site or knockdown of POU1F1 expression abolished ADTRP-mediated transcription of TFPI. ChIP and EMSA demonstrated that POU1F1 binds to the ADTRP response element. Genetic analysis identified significant association between POU1F1 variants and risk of CAD. PhenGWA identified other phenotypic traits associated with the ADTRP-POU1F1-TFPI axis such as lymphocyte count (ADTRP), waist circumference (TFPI), and standing height (POU1F1). These data identify POU1F1 as a transcription factor that regulates TFPI transcription in response to ADTRP, and link POU1F1 variants to risk of CAD for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Luo
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Translational Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | | | - Fan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Stephen R Archacki
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Bo Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- Bayer Healthcare Co Ltd, Innovation Center China, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jing-Shan Hu
- Bayer Healthcare Co Ltd, Innovation Center China, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jian Yang
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Translational Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, PR China
| | | | | | - Weifeng Huang
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Translational Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, PR China
| | - Yinhong Song
- The Institute of Infection and Inflammation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Translational Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, PR China
| | - Shing-Hu Cheung
- Bayer Healthcare Co Ltd, Innovation Center China, Beijing, PR China
| | - Volker Laux
- BayerAG, Drug Discovery, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Tie Ke
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xin Tu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Qiuyun Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Qing Kenneth Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Chengqi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Center for Human Genome Research, Cardio-X Institute, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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Zhu QF, Yan JW, Ni J, Feng YQ. FAHFA footprint in the visceral fat of mice across their lifespan. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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41
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Paluchova V, Vik A, Cajka T, Brezinova M, Brejchova K, Bugajev V, Draberova L, Draber P, Buresova J, Kroupova P, Bardova K, Rossmeisl M, Kopecky J, Hansen TV, Kuda O. Triacylglycerol-Rich Oils of Marine Origin are Optimal Nutrients for Induction of Polyunsaturated Docosahexaenoic Acid Ester of Hydroxy Linoleic Acid (13-DHAHLA) with Anti-Inflammatory Properties in Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1901238. [PMID: 32277573 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201901238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The docosahexaenoic acid ester of hydroxy linoleic acid (13-DHAHLA) is a bioactive lipid with anti-inflammatory properties from the family of fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA). METHODS AND RESULTS To explore the biosynthesis of 13-DHAHLA from dietary oils, C57BL/6N mice are gavaged for 8 days with various corn oil/marine oil mixtures containing the same amount of DHA. Plasma levels of omega-3 FAHFAs are influenced by the lipid composition of the mixtures but do not reflect the changes in bioavailability of polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma. Triacylglycerol-bound DHA and linoleic acid serve as more effective precursors for 13-DHAHLA synthesis than DHA bound in phospholipids or wax esters. Both 13(S)- and 13(R)-DHAHLA inhibit antigen and PGE2 -induced chemotaxis and degranulation of mast cells to a comparable extent and 13(S)-DHAHLA is identified as the predominant isomer in mouse adipose tissue. CONCLUSION Here, the optimal nutritional source of DHA is identified, which supports production of anti-inflammatory FAHFAs, as triacylglycerol-based marine oil and also reveals a possible role of triacylglycerols in the synthesis of FAHFA lipokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Paluchova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Anders Vik
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068, Blindern, Oslo, N-0316, Norway
| | - Tomas Cajka
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Brezinova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Brejchova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Bugajev
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Draberova
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Draber
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Buresova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Kroupova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Bardova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Trond Vidar Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068, Blindern, Oslo, N-0316, Norway
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
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Erikci Ertunc M, Kok BP, Parsons WH, Wang JG, Tan D, Donaldson CJ, Pinto AFM, Vaughan JM, Ngo N, Lum KM, Henry CL, Coppola AR, Niphakis MJ, Cravatt BF, Saez E, Saghatelian A. AIG1 and ADTRP are endogenous hydrolases of fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) in mice. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5891-5905. [PMID: 32152231 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a newly discovered class of signaling lipids with anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties. However, the endogenous regulation of FAHFAs remains a pressing but unanswered question. Here, using MS-based FAHFA hydrolysis assays, LC-MS-based lipidomics analyses, and activity-based protein profiling, we found that androgen-induced gene 1 (AIG1) and androgen-dependent TFPI-regulating protein (ADTRP), two threonine hydrolases, control FAHFA levels in vivo in both genetic and pharmacologic mouse models. Tissues from mice lacking ADTRP (Adtrp-KO), or both AIG1 and ADTRP (DKO) had higher concentrations of FAHFAs particularly isomers with the ester bond at the 9th carbon due to decreased FAHFA hydrolysis activity. The levels of other lipid classes were unaltered indicating that AIG1 and ADTRP specifically hydrolyze FAHFAs. Complementing these genetic studies, we also identified a dual AIG1/ADTRP inhibitor, ABD-110207, which is active in vivo Acute treatment of WT mice with ABD-110207 resulted in elevated FAHFA levels, further supporting the notion that AIG1 and ADTRP activity control endogenous FAHFA levels. However, loss of AIG1/ADTRP did not mimic the changes associated with pharmacologically administered FAHFAs on extent of upregulation of FAHFA levels, glucose tolerance, or insulin sensitivity in mice, indicating that therapeutic strategies should weigh more on FAHFA administration. Together, these findings identify AIG1 and ADTRP as the first endogenous FAHFA hydrolases identified and provide critical genetic and chemical tools for further characterization of these enzymes and endogenous FAHFAs to unravel their physiological functions and roles in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meric Erikci Ertunc
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Bernard P Kok
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - William H Parsons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074
| | - Justin G Wang
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dan Tan
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Cynthia J Donaldson
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Antonio F M Pinto
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Joan M Vaughan
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Nhi Ngo
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center, Inc., San Diego, California 92121
| | - Kenneth M Lum
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center, Inc., San Diego, California 92121
| | - Cassandra L Henry
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center, Inc., San Diego, California 92121
| | - Aundrea R Coppola
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center, Inc., San Diego, California 92121
| | - Micah J Niphakis
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center, Inc., San Diego, California 92121
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Enrique Saez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037.
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Patel MM, Behar AR, Silasi R, Regmi G, Sansam CL, Keshari RS, Lupu F, Lupu C. Role of ADTRP (Androgen-Dependent Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor Regulating Protein) in Vascular Development and Function. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 7:e010690. [PMID: 30571485 PMCID: PMC6404433 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.010690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background The physiological function of ADTRP (androgen‐dependent tissue factor pathway inhibitor regulating protein) is unknown. We previously identified ADTRP as coregulating with and supporting the anticoagulant activity of tissue factor pathway inhibitor in endothelial cells in vitro. Here, we studied the role of ADTRP in vivo, specifically related to vascular development, stability, and function. Methods and Results Genetic inhibition of Adtrp produced vascular malformations in the low‐pressure vasculature of zebrafish embryos and newborn mice: dilation/tortuosity, perivascular inflammation, extravascular proteolysis, increased permeability, and microhemorrhages, which produced partially penetrant lethality. Vascular leakiness correlated with decreased endothelial cell junction components VE‐cadherin and claudin‐5. Changes in hemostasis in young adults comprised modest decrease of tissue factor pathway inhibitor antigen and activity and increased tail bleeding time and volume. Cell‐based reporter assays revealed that ADTRP negatively regulates canonical Wnt signaling, affecting membrane events downstream of low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 6 (LRP6) and upstream of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta. ADTRP deficiency increased aberrant/ectopic Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in vivo in newborn mice and zebrafish embryos, and upregulated matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)‐9 in endothelial cells and mast cells (MCs). Vascular lesions in newborn Adtrp−/− pups displayed accumulation of MCs, decreased extracellular matrix content, and deficient perivascular cell coverage. Wnt‐pathway inhibition reversed the increased mmp9 in zebrafish embryos, demonstrating that mmp9 expression induced by Adtrp deficiency was downstream of canonical Wnt signaling. Conclusions Our studies demonstrate that ADTRP plays a major role in vascular development and function, most likely through expression in endothelial cells and/or perivascular cells of Wnt‐regulated genes that control vascular stability and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maulin M Patel
- 1 Cardiovascular Biology Research Program Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City OK.,3 Department of Cell Biology University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City OK
| | - Amanda R Behar
- 1 Cardiovascular Biology Research Program Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City OK
| | - Robert Silasi
- 1 Cardiovascular Biology Research Program Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City OK
| | - Girija Regmi
- 1 Cardiovascular Biology Research Program Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City OK
| | - Christopher L Sansam
- 2 Cell Cycle & Cancer Biology Research Program Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City OK
| | - Ravi S Keshari
- 1 Cardiovascular Biology Research Program Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City OK
| | - Florea Lupu
- 1 Cardiovascular Biology Research Program Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City OK.,3 Department of Cell Biology University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City OK.,4 Department of Pathology University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City OK
| | - Cristina Lupu
- 1 Cardiovascular Biology Research Program Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Oklahoma City OK
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Abstract
The cause of insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is not limited to impaired insulin signalling but also involves the complex interplay of multiple metabolic pathways. The analysis of large data sets generated by metabolomics and lipidomics has shed new light on the roles of metabolites such as lipids, amino acids and bile acids in modulating insulin sensitivity. Metabolites can regulate insulin sensitivity directly by modulating components of the insulin signalling pathway, such as insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) and AKT, and indirectly by altering the flux of substrates through multiple metabolic pathways, including lipogenesis, lipid oxidation, protein synthesis and degradation and hepatic gluconeogenesis. Moreover, the post-translational modification of proteins by metabolites and lipids, including acetylation and palmitoylation, can alter protein function. Furthermore, the role of the microbiota in regulating substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity is unfolding. In this Review, we discuss the emerging roles of metabolites in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and T2DM. A comprehensive understanding of the metabolic adaptations involved in insulin resistance may enable the identification of novel targets for improving insulin sensitivity and preventing, and treating, T2DM.
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Syed I, Rubin de Celis MF, Mohan JF, Moraes-Vieira PM, Vijayakumar A, Nelson AT, Siegel D, Saghatelian A, Mathis D, Kahn BB. PAHSAs attenuate immune responses and promote β cell survival in autoimmune diabetic mice. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3717-3731. [PMID: 31380811 PMCID: PMC6715391 DOI: 10.1172/jci122445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSAs) are endogenous antidiabetic and antiinflammatory lipids. Here, we show that PAHSAs protect against type 1 diabetes (T1D) and promote β cell survival and function. Daily oral PAHSA administration to nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice delayed the onset of T1D and markedly reduced the incidence of T1D, whether PAHSAs were started before or after insulitis was established. PAHSAs reduced T and B cell infiltration and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation, while increasing Treg activation in pancreata of NOD mice. PAHSAs promoted β cell proliferation in both NOD mice and MIN6 cells and increased the number of β cells in NOD mice. PAHSAs attenuated cytokine-induced apoptotic and necrotic β cell death and increased β cell viability. The mechanism appears to involve a reduction of ER stress and MAPK signaling, since PAHSAs lowered ER stress in NOD mice, suppressed thapsigargin-induced PARP cleavage in human islets, and attenuated ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 activation in MIN6 cells. This appeared to be mediated in part by glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) and not the G protein-coupled receptor GPR40. PAHSAs also prevented impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and improved glucose tolerance in NOD mice. Thus, PAHSAs delayed the onset of T1D and reduced its incidence by attenuating immune responses and exerting direct protective effects on β cell survival and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Syed
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria F. Rubin de Celis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James F. Mohan
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pedro M. Moraes-Vieira
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Archana Vijayakumar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T. Nelson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Diane Mathis
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barbara B. Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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46
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Kolar MJ, Konduri S, Chang T, Wang H, McNerlin C, Ohlsson L, Härröd M, Siegel D, Saghatelian A. Linoleic acid esters of hydroxy linoleic acids are anti-inflammatory lipids found in plants and mammals. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10698-10707. [PMID: 31152059 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a recently discovered class of biologically active lipids. Here we identify the linoleic acid ester of 13-hydroxy linoleic acid (13-LAHLA) as an anti-inflammatory lipid. An oat oil fraction and FAHFA-enriched extract from this fraction showed anti-inflammatory activity in a lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine secretion assay. Structural studies identified three LAHLA isomers (15-, 13-, and 9-LAHLA) as being the most abundant FAHFAs in the oat oil fraction. Of these LAHLAs, 13-LAHLA is the most abundant LAHLA isomer in human serum after ingestion of liposomes made of fractionated oat oil, and it is also the most abundant endogenous LAHLA in mouse and human adipose tissue. As a result, we chemically synthesized 13-LAHLA for biological assays. 13-LAHLA suppresses lipopolysaccharide-stimulated secretion of cytokines and expression of pro-inflammatory genes. These studies identify LAHLAs as an evolutionarily conserved lipid with anti-inflammatory activity in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Kolar
- From the Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Srihari Konduri
- the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0934
| | - Tina Chang
- From the Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Huijing Wang
- the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0934
| | - Clare McNerlin
- the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0934
| | - Lena Ohlsson
- the Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00 Lund, Sweden, and
| | - Magnus Härröd
- Härröd Research, Frans Persons väg 6, 40229 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0934,
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- From the Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037,
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47
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Tan D, Ertunc ME, Konduri S, Zhang J, Pinto AM, Chu Q, Kahn BB, Siegel D, Saghatelian A. Discovery of FAHFA-Containing Triacylglycerols and Their Metabolic Regulation. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8798-8806. [PMID: 31056915 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
FAHFAs are a class of bioactive lipids, which show great promise for treating diabetes and inflammatory diseases. Deciphering the metabolic pathways that regulate endogenous FAHFA levels is critical for developing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. However, it remains unclear how FAHFAs are metabolized in cells or tissues. Here, we investigate whether FAHFAs can be incorporated into other lipid classes and identify a novel class of endogenous lipids, FAHFA-containing triacylglycerols (FAHFA-TGs), which contain a FAHFA group esterified to the glycerol backbone. Isotope-labeled FAHFAs are incorporated into FAHFA-TGs when added to differentiated adipocytes, which implies the existence of enzymes and metabolic pathways capable of synthesizing these lipids. Induction of lipolysis (i.e., triacylglycerol hydrolysis) in adipocytes is associated with marked increases in nonesterified FAHFA levels, demonstrating that FAHFA-TGs breakdown is a regulator of cellular FAHFA levels. To quantify FAHFA levels in FAHFA-TGs and determine their regioisomeric distributions, we developed a mild alkaline hydrolysis method that liberates FAHFAs from triacylglycerols for easier detection. FAHFA-TG concentrations are greater than 100-fold than that of nonesterified FAHFAs, indicating that FAHFA-TGs are a major reservoir of FAHFAs in cells and tissues. The discovery of FAHFA-TGs reveals a new branch of TG and FAHFA metabolism with potential roles in metabolic health and regulation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Tan
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology , Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037-1002 , United States
| | - Meric Erikci Ertunc
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology , Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037-1002 , United States
| | - Srihari Konduri
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California-San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0934 , United States
| | - Justin Zhang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California-San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0934 , United States
| | - Antonio M Pinto
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology , Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037-1002 , United States
| | - Qian Chu
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology , Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037-1002 , United States
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California-San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0934 , United States
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology , Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037-1002 , United States
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48
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Vasudevan A, Argiriadi MA, Baranczak A, Friedman MM, Gavrilyuk J, Hobson AD, Hulce JJ, Osman S, Wilson NS. Covalent binders in drug discovery. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2019; 58:1-62. [PMID: 30879472 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covalent modulation of protein function can have multiple utilities including therapeutics, and probes to interrogate biology. While this field is still viewed with scepticism due to the potential for (idiosyncratic) toxicities, significant strides have been made in terms of understanding how to tune electrophilicity to selectively target specific residues. Progress has also been made in harnessing the potential of covalent binders to uncover novel biology and to provide an enhanced utility as payloads for Antibody Drug Conjugates. This perspective covers the tenets and applications of covalent binders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Julia Gavrilyuk
- AbbVie Stemcentrx, LLC, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Sami Osman
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA, United States
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49
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Halo JV, Pendleton AL, Jarosz AS, Gifford RJ, Day ML, Kidd JM. Origin and recent expansion of an endogenous gammaretroviral lineage in domestic and wild canids. Retrovirology 2019; 16:6. [PMID: 30845962 PMCID: PMC6407205 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0468-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vertebrate genomes contain a record of retroviruses that invaded the germlines of ancestral hosts and are passed to offspring as endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). ERVs can impact host function since they contain the necessary sequences for expression within the host. Dogs are an important system for the study of disease and evolution, yet no substantiated reports of infectious retroviruses in dogs exist. Here, we utilized Illumina whole genome sequence data to assess the origin and evolution of a recently active gammaretroviral lineage in domestic and wild canids. Results We identified numerous recently integrated loci of a canid-specific ERV-Fc sublineage within Canis, including 58 insertions that were absent from the reference assembly. Insertions were found throughout the dog genome including within and near gene models. By comparison of orthologous occupied sites, we characterized element prevalence across 332 genomes including all nine extant canid species, revealing evolutionary patterns of ERV-Fc segregation among species as well as subpopulations. Conclusions Sequence analysis revealed common disruptive mutations, suggesting a predominant form of ERV-Fc spread by trans complementation of defective proviruses. ERV-Fc activity included multiple circulating variants that infected canid ancestors from the last 20 million to within 1.6 million years, with recent bursts of germline invasion in the sublineage leading to wolves and dogs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12977-019-0468-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia V Halo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA.
| | - Amanda L Pendleton
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Abigail S Jarosz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - Robert J Gifford
- Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Malika L Day
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, 43403, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Kidd
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, 100 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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50
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Kahn BB. Adipose Tissue, Inter-Organ Communication, and the Path to Type 2 Diabetes: The 2016 Banting Medal for Scientific Achievement Lecture. Diabetes 2019; 68:3-14. [PMID: 30573674 PMCID: PMC6302542 DOI: 10.2337/dbi18-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
My scientific career has focused on understanding the mechanisms underlying insulin resistance with the goal of developing new strategies to prevent and treat type 2 diabetes. My early studies focused on understanding how insulin promotes glucose transport into adipocytes, a classic model of highly insulin-responsive target cells. When we found changes in adipocyte glucose transport in altered metabolic states, we were highly motivated to understand the consequences of this on whole-body glucose homeostasis. In the late 1980s, when GLUT4, the major insulin-regulated glucose transporter, was identified, my lab observed that it was downregulated in adipocytes but not in skeletal muscle in insulin-resistant states, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, in humans and rodents. We investigated the role of GLUT4 in adipose tissue and muscle in whole-body insulin sensitivity, making tissue-specific GLUT4-overexpressing and GLUT4 knockout mice. These studies led to the discovery that adipocytes, and specifically glucose transport into adipocytes, regulate whole-body glucose homeostasis. As adipocytes take up relatively little glucose, we investigated the underlying mechanisms. In the 1990s, we performed DNA microarrays on adipose tissue from adipose-specific GLUT4-overexpressing and GLUT4 knockout mice to find reciprocally regulated genes, and we identified several molecules that were not previously known to regulate systemic insulin sensitivity and/or energy balance. More recently, with Alan Saghatelian's lab, we discovered a novel class of lipids with antidiabetes and anti-inflammatory effects. We also investigated the effects of the adipose-secreted hormone, leptin, on insulin sensitivity. We found that the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway mediates leptin's effects on fatty acid oxidation in muscle and also plays a role in leptin's anorexigenic effects in the hypothalamus. These studies transformed AMPK from a "fuel gauge" that regulates energy supply at the cellular level to a sensing and signaling pathway that regulates organismal energy balance. Overall, these studies have expanded our understanding of the multifaceted role of adipose tissue in metabolic health and how adipose dysfunction increases the risk for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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