1
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Li C, Li T, Tian X, An W, Wang Z, Han B, Tao H, Wang J, Wang X. Research progress on the PEGylation of therapeutic proteins and peptides (TPPs). Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1353626. [PMID: 38523641 PMCID: PMC10960368 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1353626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rapid advancement of genetic and protein engineering, proteins and peptides have emerged as promising drug molecules for therapeutic applications. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in the field of chemical modification technology to address challenges associated with their clinical use, including rapid clearance from circulation, immunogenicity, physical and chemical instabilities (such as aggregation, adsorption, deamination, clipping, oxidation, etc.), and enzymatic degradation. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification offers an effective solution to these issues due to its favorable properties. This review presents recent progress in the development and application of PEGylated therapeutic proteins and peptides (TPPs). For this purpose, firstly, the physical and chemical properties as well as classification of PEG and its derivatives are described. Subsequently, a detailed summary is provided on the main sites of PEGylated TPPs and the factors that influence their PEGylation. Furthermore, notable instances of PEG-modified TPPs (including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), interferon, asparaginase and antibodies) are highlighted. Finally, we propose the chemical modification of TPPs with PEG, followed by an analysis of the current development status and future prospects of PEGylated TPPs. This work provides a comprehensive literature review in this promising field while facilitating researchers in utilizing PEG polymers to modify TPPs for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Li
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Xinya Tian
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Wei An
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenlong Wang
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Han
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Tao
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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2
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Semenya J, Yang Y, Picazo E. Cross-Electrophile Coupling of Benzyl Halides and Disulfides Catalyzed by Iron. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4903-4912. [PMID: 38346333 PMCID: PMC10910570 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Cross-electrophile couplings are influential reactions that typically require a terminal reductant or photoredox conditions. We discovered an iron-catalyzed reaction that couples benzyl halides with disulfides to yield thioether products in the absence of a terminal reductant and under photoredox conditions. The disclosed platform proceeds without sulfur-induced catalyst poisoning or the use of an exogenous base, supporting a broad scope and circumventing undesired elimination pathways. We applied the developed chemistry in a new mode of disulfide bioconjugation, drug synthesis, gram-scale synthesis, and product derivatization. Lastly, we performed mechanistic experiments to better understand the stereoablative reaction between two electrophiles. Disulfides and benzylic thioethers are imperative for biological and pharmaceutical applications but remain severely understudied in comparison to their ethereal and amino counterparts. Hence, we expect this platform of iron catalysis and the downstream applications to be of interest to the greater scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Semenya
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of
Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Yuanjie Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of
Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
| | - Elias Picazo
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of
Southern California, 837 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661, United States
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3
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Chauhan P, V R, Kumar M, Molla R, Mishra SD, Basa S, Rai V. Chemical technology principles for selective bioconjugation of proteins and antibodies. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:380-449. [PMID: 38095227 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00715d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Proteins are multifunctional large organic compounds that constitute an essential component of a living system. Hence, control over their bioconjugation impacts science at the chemistry-biology-medicine interface. A chemical toolbox for their precision engineering can boost healthcare and open a gateway for directed or precision therapeutics. Such a chemical toolbox remained elusive for a long time due to the complexity presented by the large pool of functional groups. The precise single-site modification of a protein requires a method to address a combination of selectivity attributes. This review focuses on guiding principles that can segregate them to simplify the task for a chemical method. Such a disintegration systematically employs a multi-step chemical transformation to deconvolute the selectivity challenges. It constitutes a disintegrate (DIN) theory that offers additional control parameters for tuning precision in protein bioconjugation. This review outlines the selectivity hurdles faced by chemical methods. It elaborates on the developments in the perspective of DIN theory to demonstrate simultaneous regulation of reactivity, chemoselectivity, site-selectivity, modularity, residue specificity, and protein specificity. It discusses the progress of such methods to construct protein and antibody conjugates for biologics, including antibody-fluorophore and antibody-drug conjugates (AFCs and ADCs). It also briefs how this knowledge can assist in developing small molecule-based covalent inhibitors. In the process, it highlights an opportunity for hypothesis-driven routes to accelerate discoveries of selective methods and establish new targetome in the precision engineering of proteins and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Ragendu V
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Mohan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Rajib Molla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Surya Dev Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Sneha Basa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Vishal Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
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4
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Yu X, Li H, Dong C, Qi S, Yang K, Bai B, Peng K, Buljan M, Lin X, Liu Z, Yu G. Poly(ethyl ethylene phosphate): Overcoming the "Polyethylene Glycol Dilemma" for Cancer Immunotherapy and mRNA Vaccination. ACS NANO 2023; 17:23814-23828. [PMID: 38038679 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol conjugation (PEGylation) is the most successful strategy to promote the stability, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of therapeutics; however, anti-PEG antibodies induced by repeated treatments raise serious concerns about the future of PEGylated therapeutics. In order to solve the "PEG dilemma", polymers with excellent water solubility and biocompatibility are urgently desired to attenuate the generation of anti-PEG antibodies. Here, poly(ethyl ethylene phosphate) (PEEP) with excellent degradability and stealth effects is used as an alternative to PEG to overcome the "PEG dilemma". PEEPylated liposomes exhibit lower immunogenicity and generate negligible anti-PEEP antibodies (IgM and IgG) after repeated treatments. In vivo studies confirm that PEEPylated liposomes loaded with oxaliplatin (PEEPlipo@OxPt) show better pharmacokinetics compared to PEGlipo@OxPt, and they exhibit potent antitumor performances, which can be further promoted with checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. In addition, PEEPylated lipid nanoparticle is also used to develop an mRNA vaccine with the ability to evoke a potent antigen-specific T cell response and achieve excellent antitumor efficacy. PEEP shows promising potentials in the development of next-generation nanomedicines and vaccines with higher safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Li
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chunbo Dong
- Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030032, P. R. China
| | - Shaolong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Kai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Bing Bai
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Kun Peng
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Marija Buljan
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Xin Lin
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhida Liu
- Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030032, P. R. China
| | - Guocan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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5
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Nguyen TTK, Pham KY, Yook S. Engineered therapeutic proteins for sustained-release drug delivery systems. Acta Biomater 2023; 171:131-154. [PMID: 37717712 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Proteins play a vital role in diverse biological processes in the human body, and protein therapeutics have been applied to treat different diseases such as cancers, genetic disorders, autoimmunity, and inflammation. Protein therapeutics have demonstrated their advantages, such as specific pharmaceutical effects, low toxicity, and strong solubility. However, several disadvantages arise in clinical applications, including short half-life, immunogenicity, and low permeation, leading to reduced drug effectiveness. The structure of protein therapeutics can be modified to increase molecular size, leading to prolonged stability and increased plasma half-life. Notably, the controlled-release delivery systems for the sustained release of protein drugs and preserving the stability of cargo proteins are envisioned as a potential approach to overcome these challenges. In this review, we summarize recent research progress related to structural modifications (PEGylation, glycosylation, poly amino acid modification, and molecular biology-based strategies) and promising long-term delivery systems, such as polymer-based systems (injectable gel/implants, microparticles, nanoparticles, micro/nanogels, functional polymers), lipid-based systems (liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers), and inorganic nanoparticles exploited for protein therapeutics. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this review, we highlight recent advances concerning modifying proteins directly to enhance their stability and functionality and discuss state-of-the-art methods for the delivery and controlled long-term release of active protein therapeutics to their target site. In terms of drug modifications, four widely used strategies, including PEGylation, poly amino acid modification, glycosylation, and genetic, are discussed. As for drug delivery systems, we emphasize recent progress relating to polymer-based systems, lipid-based systems developed, and inorganic nanoparticles for protein sustained-release delivery. This review points out the areas requiring focused research attention before the full potential of protein therapeutics for human health and disease can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoa Thi Kim Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Khang-Yen Pham
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea.
| | - Simmyung Yook
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea; School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Zeng Z, Chen S, Chen Y. Zwitterionic Polymer: A New Paradigm for Protein Conjugation beyond PEG. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300245. [PMID: 37675618 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
To render protein drugs more suitable for clinical treatment, PEGylation has been widely used to ameliorate their inherent deficiencies, such as poor stability, rapid elimination in the bloodstream, and high immunogenicity. While increasingly PEGylated protein drugs have been approved by the FDA, the non-degradability of PEG and the emergence of anti-PEG antibodies after injection raise concerns about their cumulative chronic toxicity and long-term therapeutic efficacy. Zwitterionic polymer, with a unique structure containing equal amounts of positively charged and negatively charged groups, shows a different hydration behavior to PEG, which may be a superior PEG alternative for protein conjugation. In this concept review, a series of features beyond that of PEGylated protein exhibited by protein-zwitterionic polymer conjugate are discussed and some suggestions are presented for their future direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zeng
- Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yongming Chen
- Center for Nanomedicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
- Center of Functional Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Composite Materials and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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7
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Wang Z, Jing R, Li Y, Song D, Wan Y, Fukui N, Shinokubo H, Kuang Z, Xia A. Intrinsic Photostability in Dithiolonaphthalimide Achieved by Disulfide Bond-Induced Excited-State Quenching. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8485-8492. [PMID: 37721763 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide bridges common in proteins show excellent photostability achieved by ultrafast internal conversion and maintain the stability of the tertiary structure. When disulfide bonds exist in aromatic compounds, the rigid chemical structure may affect the cleavage and reforming dynamics of disulfide bonds. In this work, a model compound with a disulfide five-membered-ring structure, 4,5-dithiolo-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-1,8-naphthalimide (DTDPNI), is selected to elaborate the effect of disulfide modification on the excited-state deactivation mechanism. Quantum chemical calculations show that the S-S stretching leads to a dramatic decrease in the energy gap between the S1 and S0 states, similar to the situation in 1,2-dithiane. Due to the efficient nonradiative process, the excited-state lifetime of DTDPNI resolved by ultrafast spectroscopy is determined to be ∼20 ps. It is found that the excellent photostability is achieved by ultrafast excited-state quenching induced by the S-S stretching, rather than the cleavage of the disulfide bond; even the disulfide bridge is in a very rigid aromatic molecular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonic and Optical Communications, and School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, P. R. China
| | - Rui Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonic and Optical Communications, and School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonic and Optical Communications, and School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, P. R. China
| | - Di Song
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonic and Optical Communications, and School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Norihito Fukui
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-chi, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-chi, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Zhuoran Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonic and Optical Communications, and School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, P. R. China
| | - Andong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonic and Optical Communications, and School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, P. R. China
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8
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Zhao Y, Chudasama V, Baker JR. Trifunctional Dibromomaleimide Reagents Built Around A Lysine Scaffold Deliver Site-selective Dual-modality Antibody Conjugation. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300356. [PMID: 37548625 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and application of a selection of trifunctional reagents for the dual-modality modification of native, solvent accessible disulfide bonds in trastuzumab. The reagents were developed from the dibromomaleimide (DBM) platform with two orthogonal clickable functional groups built around a lysine core. We also describe the development of an aryl diselenide additive which enables antibody disulfide reduction in 4 minutes and a rapid overall reduction-bridging-double click sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - James R Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon St, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
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9
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Nisavic M, Wørmer GJ, Nielsen CS, Jeppesen SM, Palmfeldt J, Poulsen TB. oxSTEF Reagents Are Tunable and Versatile Electrophiles for Selective Disulfide-Rebridging of Native Proteins. Bioconjug Chem 2023. [PMID: 37201197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective disulfide rebridging has emerged as a powerful strategy to modulate the structural and functional properties of proteins. Here, we introduce a novel class of electrophilic reagents, designated oxSTEF, that demonstrate excellent efficiency in disulfide rebridging via double thiol exchange. The oxSTEF reagents are prepared using an efficient synthetic sequence which may be diverted to obtain a range of derivatives allowing for tuning of reactivity or steric bulk. We demonstrate highly selective rebridging of cyclic peptides and native proteins, such as human growth hormone, and the absence of cross-reactivity with other nucleophilic amino acid residues. The oxSTEF conjugates undergo glutathione-mediated disintegration under tumor-relevant glutathione concentrations, which highlights their potential for use in targeted drug delivery. Finally, the α-dicarbonyl motif of the oxSTEF reagents enables "second phase" oxime ligation, which furthermore increases the thiol stability of the conjugates significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Nisavic
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine─Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Gustav J Wørmer
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Cecilie S Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Sofie M Jeppesen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Johan Palmfeldt
- Department of Clinical Medicine─Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Thomas B Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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10
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Ochtrop P, Jahzerah J, Machui P, Mai I, Schumacher D, Helma J, Kasper MA, Hackenberger CPR. Compact hydrophilic electrophiles enable highly efficacious high DAR ADCs with excellent in vivo PK profile. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2259-2266. [PMID: 36873847 PMCID: PMC9977445 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05678j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent success of antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), exemplified by seven new FDA-approvals within three years, has led to increased attention for antibody based targeted therapeutics and fueled efforts to develop new drug-linker technologies for improved next generation ADCs. We present a highly efficient phosphonamidate-based conjugation handle that combines a discrete hydrophilic PEG-substituent, an established linker-payload and a cysteine-selective electrophile in one compact building block. This reactive entity provides homogeneous ADCs with a high drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of 8 in a one-pot reduction and alkylation protocol from non-engineered antibodies. The compact branched PEG-architecture introduces hydrophilicity without increasing the distance between antibody and payload, allowing the generation of the first homogeneous DAR 8 ADC from VC-PAB-MMAE without increased in vivo clearance rates. This high DAR ADC exhibits excellent in vivo stability and increased antitumor activity in tumour xenograft models relative to the established FDA approved VC-PAB-MMAE ADC Adcetris, clearly showing the benefit of the phosphonamidate based building-blocks as a general tool for the efficient and stable antibody-based delivery of highly hydrophobic linker-payload systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ochtrop
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Department of Chemical Biology Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10 13125 Berlin Germany .,Tubulis GmbH Am Klopferspitz 19 a 82152 Planegg-Martinsried Germany
| | - Jahaziel Jahzerah
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Department of Chemical Biology Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Paul Machui
- Tubulis GmbH Am Klopferspitz 19 a 82152 Planegg-Martinsried Germany
| | - Isabelle Mai
- Tubulis GmbH Am Klopferspitz 19 a 82152 Planegg-Martinsried Germany
| | | | - Jonas Helma
- Tubulis GmbH Am Klopferspitz 19 a 82152 Planegg-Martinsried Germany
| | - Marc-André Kasper
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Department of Chemical Biology Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10 13125 Berlin Germany .,Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry Brook-Taylor-Str.2 12489 Berlin Germany.,Tubulis GmbH Am Klopferspitz 19 a 82152 Planegg-Martinsried Germany
| | - Christian P R Hackenberger
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Department of Chemical Biology Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10 13125 Berlin Germany .,Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry Brook-Taylor-Str.2 12489 Berlin Germany
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11
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Hu T, Yamaura M, Pham DM, Kasai T, Katayama A. Wide distribution of extracellular electron transfer functionality in natural proteinaceous organic materials for microbial reductive dehalogenation. J Biosci Bioeng 2023; 135:238-249. [PMID: 36646568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular electron transfer materials (EETMs) in the environment, such as humic substances and biochar, are formed from the humification/heating of natural organic materials. However, the distribution of extracellular electron transfer (EET) functionality in fresh natural organic materials has not yet been explored. In the present study, we reveal the wide distribution of EET functionality in proteinaceous materials for the first time using an anaerobic pentachlorophenol dechlorinating consortium, whose activity depends on EETM. Out of 11 natural organic materials and 13 reference compounds, seven proteinaceous organic materials (albumin, beef, milk, pork, soybean, yolk, and bovine serum albumin) functioned as EETMs. Carbohydrates and lipids did not function as EETMs. Comparative spectroscopic analyses suggested that a β-sheet secondary structure was essential for proteins to function as EETMs, regardless of water solubility. A high content of reduced sulfur was potentially involved in EET functionality. Although proteinaceous materials have thus far been considered simply as nutrients, the wide distribution of EET functionality in these materials provides new insights into their impact on biogeochemical cycles. In addition, structural information on EET functionality can provide a scientific basis for the development of eco-friendly EETMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Hu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Mirai Yamaura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Duyen Minh Pham
- Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takuya Kasai
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Arata Katayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability, Nagoya University, Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
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12
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Chauhan P, V. R, Kumar M, Molla R, V. B. U, Rai V. Dis integrate (DIN) Theory Enabling Precision Engineering of Proteins. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:137-150. [PMID: 36844488 PMCID: PMC9951294 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The chemical toolbox for the selective modification of proteins has witnessed immense interest in the past few years. The rapid growth of biologics and the need for precision therapeutics have fuelled this growth further. However, the broad spectrum of selectivity parameters creates a roadblock to the field's growth. Additionally, bond formation and dissociation are significantly redefined during the translation from small molecules to proteins. Understanding these principles and developing theories to deconvolute the multidimensional attributes could accelerate the area. This outlook presents a disintegrate (DIN) theory for systematically disintegrating the selectivity challenges through reversible chemical reactions. An irreversible step concludes the reaction sequence to render an integrated solution for precise protein bioconjugation. In this perspective, we highlight the key advancements, unsolved challenges, and potential opportunities.
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13
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He YL, Zhong M, Song ZL, Shen YK, Zhao L, Fang J. Synthesis and discovery of Baylis-Hillman adducts as potent and selective thioredoxin reductase inhibitors for cancer treatment. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 79:117169. [PMID: 36657375 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is of paramount importance in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis, and aberrant upregulation of TrxR is frequently observed in various cancers due to their elevated oxidative stress in cells. Thus, it seems promising and feasible to target the ablation of intracellular TrxR for the treatment of cancers. We report herein the design and synthesis of a series of Baylis-Hillman adducts, and identified a typical adduct that possesses the superior cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells over other types of cancer cells. The biological investigation shows the selected typical adduct selectively targets TrxR in HepG2 cells, which thereafter results in the collapse of intracellular redox homeostasis. Further mechanistic studies reveal that the selected typical adduct arrests the cell cycle in G1/G0 phase. Importantly, the malignant metastasis of HepG2 cells is significantly restrained by the selected typical adduct. With well-defined molecular target and mechanism of action, the selected typical adduct, even other Baylis-Hillman skeleton-bearing compounds, merits further development as candidate or ancillary agent for the treatment of various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin He
- Natural Medicine Research & Development Center, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China; State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Miao Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Zi-Long Song
- Natural Medicine Research & Development Center, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China; State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Yu-Kai Shen
- Lizhi College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Lanning Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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14
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Pritzlaff A, Ferré G, Mulry E, Lin L, Pour NG, Savin DA, Harris M, Eddy MT. Atomic-Scale View of Protein-PEG Interactions that Redirect the Thermal Unfolding Pathway of PEGylated Human Galectin-3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203784. [PMID: 35922375 PMCID: PMC9529833 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
PEGylation is a promising approach to address the central challenge of applying biologics, i.e., lack of protein stability in the demanding environment of the human body. Wider application is hindered by lack of atomic level understanding of protein-PEG interactions, preventing design of conjugates with predicted properties. We deployed an integrative structural and biophysical approach to address this critical challenge with the PEGylated carbohydrate recognition domain of human galectin-3 (Gal3C), a lectin essential for cell adhesion and potential biologic. PEGylation dramatically increased Gal3C thermal stability, forming a stable intermediate and redirecting its unfolding pathway. Structural details revealed by NMR pointed to a potential role of PEG localization facilitated by charged residues. Replacing these residues subtly altered the protein-PEG interface and thermal unfolding behavior, providing insight into rationally designing conjugates while preserving PEGylation benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Pritzlaff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Guillaume Ferré
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Emma Mulry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Daniel A. Savin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Michael Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Matthew T. Eddy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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15
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Kaupbayeva B, Murata H, Rule GS, Matyjaszewski K, Russell AJ. Rational Control of Protein-Protein Interactions with Protein-ATRP-Generated Protease-Sensitive Polymer Cages. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3831-3846. [PMID: 35984406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protease-protease interactions lie at the heart of the biological cascades that provide rapid molecular responses to living systems. Blood clotting cascades, apoptosis signaling networks, bacterial infection, and virus trafficking have all evolved to be activated and sustained by protease-protease interactions. Biomimetic strategies designed to target drugs to specific locations have generated proprotein drugs that can be activated by proteolytic cleavage to release native protein. We have previously demonstrated that the modification of enzymes with a custom-designed comb-shaped polymer nanoarmor can shield the enzyme surface and eliminate almost all protein-protein interactions. We now describe the synthesis and characterization of protease-sensitive comb-shaped nanoarmor cages using poly(ethylene glycol) [Sundy, J. S. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58(9), 2882-2891]methacrylate macromonomers where the PEG tines of the comb are connected to the backbone of the growing polymer chain by peptide linkers. Protease-induced cleavage of the tines of the comb releases a polymer-modified protein that can once again participate in protein-protein interactions. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was used to copolymerize the macromonomer and carboxybetaine methacrylate from initiator-labeled chymotrypsin and trypsin enzymes, yielding proprotease conjugates that retained activity toward small peptide substrates but prevented activity against proteins. Native proteases triggered the release of the PEG side chains from the polymer backbone within 20 min, thereby increasing the activity of the conjugate toward larger protein substrates by 100%. Biomimetic cascade initiation of nanoarmored protease-sensitive protein-polymer conjugates may open the door to a new class of responsive targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibifatima Kaupbayeva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan City 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Gordon S Rule
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Alan J Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Amgen, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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16
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Pritzlaff A, Ferré G, Mulry E, Lin L, Pour NG, Eddy M, Savin DA, Harris M. Atomic‐Scale View of Protein–PEG Interactions that Redirect the Thermal Unfolding Pathway of PEGylated Human Galectin‐3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Mulry
- University of Florida Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Ling Lin
- University of Florida Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | - Matthew Eddy
- University of Florida Chemistry 126 Sisler Hall 32611 Gainesville UNITED STATES
| | | | - Michael Harris
- University of Florida Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
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17
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Willis R, McDonnell TCR, Pericleous C, Gonzalez EB, Schleh A, Romay-Penabad Z, Giles IP, Rahman A. PEGylated Domain I of Beta-2-Glycoprotein I Inhibits Thrombosis in a Chronic Mouse Model of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Front Immunol 2022; 13:842923. [PMID: 35479096 PMCID: PMC9035797 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder in which autoantibodies cause clinical effects of vascular thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity. The only evidence-based treatments are anticoagulant medications such as warfarin and heparin. These medications have a number of disadvantages, notably risk of haemorrhage. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop new, more focused treatments that target the actual pathogenic disease process in APS. The pathogenic antibodies exert their effects by interacting with phospholipid-binding proteins, of which the most important is beta-2-glycoprotein I. This protein has five domains, of which the N-terminal Domain I (DI) is the main site for binding of pathogenic autoantibodies. We previously demonstrated bacterial expression of human DI and showed that this product could inhibit the ability of IgG from patients with APS (APS-IgG) to promote thrombosis in a mouse model. Since DI is a small 7kDa protein, its serum half-life would be too short to be therapeutically useful. We therefore used site-specific chemical addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to produce a larger variant of DI (PEG-DI) and showed that PEG-DI was equally effective as the non-PEGylated DI in inhibiting thrombosis caused by passive transfer of APS-IgG in mice. In this paper, we have used a mouse model that reflects human APS much more closely than the passive transfer of APS-IgG. In this model, the mice are immunized with human beta-2-glycoprotein I and develop endogenous anti-beta-2-glycoprotein I antibodies. When submitted to a pinch stimulus at the femoral vein, these mice develop clots. Our results show that PEG-DI inhibits production of thromboses in this model and also reduces expression of tissue factor in the aortas of the mice. No toxicity was seen in mice that received PEG-DI. Therefore, these results provide further evidence supporting possible efficacy of PEG-DI as a potential treatment for APS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Willis
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Thomas C. R. McDonnell
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charis Pericleous
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emilio B. Gonzalez
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Alvaro Schleh
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Zurina Romay-Penabad
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Ian P. Giles
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anisur Rahman
- Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Habibi N, Mauser A, Ko Y, Lahann J. Protein Nanoparticles: Uniting the Power of Proteins with Engineering Design Approaches. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104012. [PMID: 35077010 PMCID: PMC8922121 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein nanoparticles, PNPs, have played a long-standing role in food and industrial applications. More recently, their potential in nanomedicine has been more widely pursued. This review summarizes recent trends related to the preparation, application, and chemical construction of nanoparticles that use proteins as major building blocks. A particular focus has been given to emerging trends related to applications in nanomedicine, an area of research where PNPs are poised for major breakthroughs as drug delivery carriers, particle-based therapeutics or for non-viral gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahal Habibi
- Biointerfaces InstituteDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Ava Mauser
- Biointerfaces InstituteDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Yeongun Ko
- Biointerfaces InstituteDepartment of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Biointerfaces InstituteDepartments of Chemical EngineeringMaterial Science and EngineeringBiomedical Engineeringand Macromolecular Science and EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
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19
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Hock N, Racaniello GF, Aspinall S, Denora N, Khutoryanskiy VV, Bernkop‐Schnürch A. Thiolated Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications: Mimicking the Workhorses of Our Body. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102451. [PMID: 34773391 PMCID: PMC8728822 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Advances in nanotechnology have generated a broad range of nanoparticles (NPs) for numerous biomedical applications. Among the various properties of NPs are functionalities being related to thiol substructures. Numerous biological processes that are mediated by cysteine or cystine subunits of proteins representing the workhorses of the bodies can be transferred to NPs. This review focuses on the interface between thiol chemistry and NPs. Pros and cons of different techniques for thiolation of NPs are discussed. Furthermore, the various functionalities gained by thiolation are highlighted. These include overall bio- and mucoadhesive, cellular uptake enhancing, and permeation enhancing properties. Drugs being either covalently attached to thiolated NPs via disulfide bonds or being entrapped in thiolated polymeric NPs that are stabilized via inter- and intrachain crosslinking can be released at the diseased tissue or in target cells under reducing conditions. Moreover, drugs, targeting ligands, biological analytes, and enzymes bearing thiol substructures can be immobilized on noble metal NPs and quantum dots for therapeutic, theranostic, diagnostic, biosensing, and analytical reasons. Within this review a concise summary and analysis of the current knowledge, future directions, and potential clinical use of thiolated NPs are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Hock
- Thiomatrix Forschungs und Beratungs GmbHTrientlgasse 65Innsbruck6020Austria
| | | | - Sam Aspinall
- Reading School of PharmacyUniversity of ReadingWhiteknights PO Box 224, Room 122 (Chemistry and Pharmacy Building)ReadingRG66DXUK
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy – Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Bari “Aldo Moro”Bari70125Italy
| | - Vitaliy V. Khutoryanskiy
- Reading School of PharmacyUniversity of ReadingWhiteknights PO Box 224, Room 122 (Chemistry and Pharmacy Building)ReadingRG66DXUK
| | - Andreas Bernkop‐Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of PharmacyUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/82Innsbruck6020Austria
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20
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Sornay C, Vaur V, Wagner A, Chaubet G. An overview of chemo- and site-selectivity aspects in the chemical conjugation of proteins. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211563. [PMID: 35116160 PMCID: PMC8790347 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The bioconjugation of proteins-that is, the creation of a covalent link between a protein and any other molecule-has been studied for decades, partly because of the numerous applications of protein conjugates, but also due to the technical challenge it represents. Indeed, proteins possess inner physico-chemical properties-they are sensitive and polynucleophilic macromolecules-that make them complex substrates in conjugation reactions. This complexity arises from the mild conditions imposed by their sensitivity but also from selectivity issues, viz the precise control of the conjugation site on the protein. After decades of research, strategies and reagents have been developed to address two aspects of this selectivity: chemoselectivity-harnessing the reacting chemical functionality-and site-selectivity-controlling the reacting amino acid residue-most notably thanks to the participation of synthetic chemistry in this effort. This review offers an overview of these chemical bioconjugation strategies, insisting on those employing native proteins as substrates, and shows that the field is active and exciting, especially for synthetic chemists seeking new challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Sornay
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France
| | - Valentine Vaur
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France
| | - Alain Wagner
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France
| | - Guilhem Chaubet
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France
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21
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Su Z, Xiao D, Xie F, Liu L, Wang Y, Fan S, Zhou X, Li S. Antibody-drug conjugates: Recent advances in linker chemistry. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3889-3907. [PMID: 35024314 PMCID: PMC8727783 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are gradually revolutionizing clinical cancer therapy. The antibody–drug conjugate linker molecule determines both the efficacy and the adverse effects, and so has a major influence on the fate of ADCs. An ideal linker should be stable in the circulatory system and release the cytotoxic payload specifically in the tumor. However, existing linkers often release payloads nonspecifically and inevitably lead to off-target toxicity. This defect is becoming an increasingly important factor that restricts the development of ADCs. The pursuit of ADCs with optimal therapeutic windows has resulted in remarkable progress in the discovery and development of novel linkers. The present review summarizes the advance of the chemical trigger, linker‒antibody attachment and linker‒payload attachment over the last 5 years, and describes the ADMET properties of ADCs. This work also helps clarify future developmental directions for the linkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Dian Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Fei Xie
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lianqi Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yanming Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shiyong Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
- Corresponding author. Tel: +86 10 66930603 (Shiyong Fan), +86 10 66930673 (Xinbo Zhou).
| | - Xinbo Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
- Corresponding author. Tel: +86 10 66930603 (Shiyong Fan), +86 10 66930673 (Xinbo Zhou).
| | - Song Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
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22
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Xu L, Silva MJSA, Gois PMP, Kuan SL, Weil T. Chemoselective cysteine or disulfide modification via single atom substitution in chloromethyl acryl reagents. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13321-13330. [PMID: 34777751 PMCID: PMC8528048 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03250j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of bioconjugation chemistry has enabled the combination of various synthetic functionalities to proteins, giving rise to new classes of protein conjugates with functions well beyond what Nature can provide. Despite the progress in bioconjugation chemistry, there are no reagents developed to date where the reactivity can be tuned in a user-defined fashion to address different amino acid residues in proteins. Here, we report that 2-chloromethyl acryl reagents can serve as a simple yet versatile platform for selective protein modification at cysteine or disulfide sites by tuning their inherent electronic properties through the amide or ester linkage. Specifically, the 2-chloromethyl derivatives (acrylamide or acrylate) can be obtained via a simple and easily implemented one-pot reaction based on the coupling reaction between commercially available starting materials with different end-group functionalities (amino group or hydroxyl group). 2-Chloromethyl acrylamide reagents with an amide linkage favor selective modification at the cysteine site with fast reaction kinetics and near quantitative conversations. In contrast, 2-chloromethyl acrylate reagents bearing an ester linkage can undergo two successive Michael reactions, allowing the selective modification of disulfides bonds with high labeling efficiency and good conjugate stability. 2-Chloromethyl acryl derivatives (acrylamides and acrylates) can serve as simple and versatile bioconjugation reagents to achieve site-selective cysteine and disulfide modification on demand and with high efficiency.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujuan Xu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany .,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Maria J S A Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa 1649-003 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Pedro M P Gois
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa 1649-003 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Seah Ling Kuan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany .,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany .,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
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23
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Saha-Shah A, Sun S, Kong J, Zhong W, Mann BF. Design and Study of PEG Linkers That Enable Robust Characterization of PEGylated Proteins. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1280-1286. [PMID: 34423265 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several PEGylated therapeutic proteins are approved drugs, and more are under development. However, the synthesis and characterization of these bioconjugates, especially heterogeneous mixtures of PEGylated proteins, are challenging. The present study focuses on the development of PEG linkers that can be installed through biocatalytic route and render much simpler and insightful analytical characterization of PEG-protein conjugates. This linker enables traditional peptide mapping assay to determine protein sequence coverage, natural PTMs, and PEG attachment sites. Novel PEG linkers are cleavable during traditional sample preparation, leaving behind reporter amino acids to allow the determination of PEG attachment sites by peptide mapping. Products of transglutaminase-catalyzed bioconjugation of 5K PEG to Interferon α-2b were analyzed, and K31, K134, and K164 were identified as the PEGylation sites; the former two being newly determined sites demonstrates the sensitivity of the approach. In another instance, conjugation sites on Interleukin-2-PEG conjugation were found to be K31, K47, K48, and K75.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anumita Saha-Shah
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Shuwen Sun
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John Kong
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Wendy Zhong
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Benjamin F Mann
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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24
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Herr K, Fleckenstein M, Brodrecht M, Höfler MV, Heise H, Aussenac F, Gutmann T, Reggelin M, Buntkowsky G. A novel strategy for site selective spin-labeling to investigate bioactive entities by DNP and EPR spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13714. [PMID: 34211027 PMCID: PMC8249612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92975-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel specific spin-labeling strategy for bioactive molecules is presented for eptifibatide (integrilin) an antiplatelet aggregation inhibitor, which derives from the venom of certain rattlesnakes. By specifically labeling the disulfide bridge this molecule becomes accessible for analytical techniques such as Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and solid state Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP). The necessary spin-label was synthesized and inserted into the disulfide bridge of eptifibatide via reductive followed by insertion by a double Michael addition under physiological conditions. This procedure is universally applicable for disulfide containing biomolecules and is expected to preserve their tertiary structure with minimal change due to the small size of the label and restoring of the previous disulfide connection. HPLC and MS analysis show the successful introduction of the spin label and EPR spectroscopy confirms its activity. DNP-enhanced solid state NMR experiments show signal enhancement factors of up to 19 in 13C CP MAS experiments which corresponds to time saving factors of up to 361. This clearly shows the high potential of our new spin labeling strategy for the introduction of site selective radical spin labels into biomolecules and biosolids without compromising its conformational integrity for structural investigations employing solid-state DNP or advanced EPR techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Herr
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Max Fleckenstein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Martin Brodrecht
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Mark V Höfler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Henrike Heise
- Structural Biochemistry (ICS-6), Institute of Complex Systems, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Fabien Aussenac
- Bruker France SAS, 34 rue de l'industrie, 67160, Wissembourg, France
| | - Torsten Gutmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Reggelin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Gerd Buntkowsky
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
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25
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Abstract
Systematically dissecting the molecular basis of the cell surface as well as its related biological activities is considered as one of the most cutting-edge fields in fundamental sciences. The advent of various advanced cell imaging techniques allows us to gain a glimpse of how the cell surface is structured and coordinated with other cellular components to respond to intracellular signals and environmental stimuli. Nowadays, cell surface-related studies have entered a new era featured by a redirected aim of not just understanding but artificially manipulating/remodeling the cell surface properties. To meet this goal, biologists and chemists are intensely engaged in developing more maneuverable cell surface labeling strategies by exploiting the cell's intrinsic biosynthetic machinery or direct chemical/physical binding methods for imaging, sensing, and biomedical applications. In this review, we summarize the recent advances that focus on the visualization of various cell surface structures/dynamics and accurate monitoring of the microenvironment of the cell surface. Future challenges and opportunities in these fields are discussed, and the importance of cell surface-based studies is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ran Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
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26
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Kuan SL, Raabe M. Solid-Phase Protein Modifications: Towards Precision Protein Hybrids for Biological Applications. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:94-104. [PMID: 32667697 PMCID: PMC7818443 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteins have attracted increasing attention as biopharmaceutics and diagnostics due to their high specificity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. The biopharmaceutical sector in particular is experiencing rapid growth, which has led to an increase in the production and sale of protein drugs and diagnostics over the last two decades. Since the first-generation biopharmaceutics dominated by native proteins, both recombinant and chemical technologies have evolved and transformed the outlook of this rapidly developing field. This review article presents updates on the fabrication of covalent and supramolecular fusion hybrids, as well as protein-polymer hybrids using solid-phase approaches that hold great promise for preparing protein hybrids with precise control at the macromolecular level to incorporate additional features. In addition, the applications of the resultant protein hybrids in medicine and diagnostics are highlighted where possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seah Ling Kuan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Marco Raabe
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
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27
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Wu LH, Zhou S, Luo QF, Tian JS, Loh TP. Dichloroacetophenone Derivatives: A Class of Bioconjugation Reagents for Disulfide Bridging. Org Lett 2020; 22:8193-8197. [PMID: 33052688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A mild and biocompatible method for the construction of disulfide bridging in peptides using dichloroacetophenone derivatives is developed. This method is highly selective (chemo, diastereo, regio, etc.) and atom economic and works under biocompatible reaction conditions (metal-free, water, pH 7, rt, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Hai Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Shuguang Zhou
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China.,Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of NPU, Taicang, Jiangsu 215400, China
| | - Qun-Feng Luo
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China.,Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of NPU, Taicang, Jiangsu 215400, China
| | - Jie-Sheng Tian
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China.,Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of NPU, Taicang, Jiangsu 215400, China.,Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China.,Yangtze River Delta Research Institute of NPU, Taicang, Jiangsu 215400, China.,Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.,Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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28
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Huang R, Sheng Y, Wei D, Lu W, Xu Z, Chen H, Jiang B. Divinylsulfonamides enable the construction of homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115793. [PMID: 33039798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Methods that site-specifically attach payloads to an antibody with controlled DAR (Drug-Antibody Ratio) are highly desirable for the generation of homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). We describe the use of N-phenyl-divinylsulfonamide scaffold as a linker platform to site-specifically construct homogeneous DAR four ADCs through a disulfide re-bridging approach. Several monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE)-linkers were synthesized and the drug-linkers that contain electron-donating groups on the phenyl of the linker showed high stability. Her2-targeted MMAE-linker-herceptin and EGFR targeted MMAE-linker-cetuximab conjugates were prepared. The conjugates demonstrated high efficacy and selectivity for killing target-positive cancer cells in vitro. The EGFR-targeted conjugates also showed significant antitumor activities in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yao Sheng
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ding Wei
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wenwen Lu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zili Xu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongli Chen
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Biao Jiang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China.
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29
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Recent advances of thiol-selective bioconjugation reactions. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 58:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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30
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Randárová E, Kudláčová J, Etrych T. HPMA copolymer-antibody constructs in neoplastic treatment: an overview of therapeutics, targeted diagnostics, and drug-free systems. J Control Release 2020; 325:304-322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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31
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32
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Xu L, Raabe M, Zegota MM, Nogueira JCF, Chudasama V, Kuan SL, Weil T. Site-selective protein modification via disulfide rebridging for fast tetrazine/trans-cyclooctene bioconjugation. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1140-1147. [PMID: 31971218 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02687h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction between tetrazine and trans-cyclooctene (TCO) holds great promise for protein modification and manipulation. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a tetrazine-based disulfide rebridging reagent, which allows the site-selective installation of a tetrazine group into disulfide-containing peptides and proteins such as the hormone somatostatin (SST) and the antigen binding fragment (Fab) of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). The fast and efficient conjugation of the tetrazine modified proteins with three different TCO-containing substrates to form a set of bioconjugates in a site-selective manner was successfully demonstrated for the first time. Homogeneous, well-defined bioconjugates were obtained underlining the great potential of our method for fast bioconjugation in emerging protein therapeutics. The formed bioconjugates were stable against glutathione and in serum, and they maintained their secondary structure. With this work, we broaden the scope of tetrazine chemistry for site-selective protein modification to prepare well-defined SST and Fab conjugates with preserved structures and good stability under biologically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujuan Xu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany. and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Marco Raabe
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany. and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Maksymilian M Zegota
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany. and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Seah Ling Kuan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany. and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany. and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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33
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Huang R, Sheng Y, Wei D, Yu J, Chen H, Jiang B. Bis(vinylsulfonyl)piperazines as efficient linkers for highly homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 190:112080. [PMID: 32018094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide re-bridging strategy has demonstrated significant advantages in the construction of homogeneous antibody drug conjugates (ADCs). However, a major issue that disulfide scrambling at the hinge region of antibody leads to the formation of "half-antibody" has appeared for many re-bridging linkers. We present bis(vinylsulfonyl)piperazines (BVP) as efficient linkers to selectively re-bridge disulfides at the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) regions and produce highly homogeneous conjugates with a loading of two drugs without disulfide scrambling. We also found that optically active (S)-configuration linkers led to more sufficient conjugation compared with (R)-configuration. The BVP-linked ADCs demonstrated superior efficacy and antigen-selectivity in vitro cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yao Sheng
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Ding Wei
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianghui Yu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongli Chen
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Biao Jiang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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34
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Zhao L, Bai F, Chen F, Guo M, Gan L, Zhang H, Fang J. A β-allyl carbamate fluorescent probe for vicinal dithiol proteins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:2857-2860. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09841k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented β-allyl carbamate fluorescent probe for vicinal dithiol proteins (VDPs) was developed. The favourable properties of the probe make it a useful tool for tracing the global changes of VDPs in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanning Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Feifei Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Fan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Menghuan Guo
- School of Pharmacy Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Lu Gan
- Department of Radiation Medicine
- Institute of Modern Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Radiation Medicine
- Institute of Modern Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou
- China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- China
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35
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Reddy NC, Kumar M, Molla R, Rai V. Chemical methods for modification of proteins. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:4669-4691. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00857e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The field of protein bioconjugation draws attention from stakeholders in chemistry, biology, and medicine. This review provides an overview of the present status, challenges, and opportunities for organic chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelesh C. Reddy
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- India
| | - Mohan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- India
| | - Rajib Molla
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- India
| | - Vishal Rai
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- India
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36
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Jivan F, Alge DL. Bio-orthogonal, Site-Selective Conjugation of Recombinant Proteins to Microporous Annealed Particle Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020; 3:1900148. [PMID: 38882245 PMCID: PMC11178337 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Protein conjugation to biomaterial scaffolds is a powerful approach for tissue engineering. However, typical chemical conjugation methods lack site-selectivity and can negatively impact protein bioactivity. To overcome this problem, a site-selective strategy is reported here for installing tetrazine groups on terminal poly-histidines (His-tags) of recombinant proteins. These tetrazine groups are then leveraged for bio-orthogonal conjugation to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel microparticles, which are subsequently assembled into microporous annealed particle (MAP) hydrogels. Efficacy of the strategy is demonstrated using recombinant, green fluorescent protein with a His tag (His-GFP), which enhanced fluorescence of the MAP hydrogels compared to control protein lacking tetrazine groups. Subsequently, to demonstrate efficacy with a therapeutic protein, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (His-BMP2) was conjugated. Human mesenchymal stem cells growing in the MAP hydrogels responded to the conjugated BMP2 and significantly increased mineralization after 21 days compared to controls. Thus, this site-selective protein modification strategy coupled with bio-orthogonal click chemistry is expected to be useful for bone defect repair and regeneration therapies. Broader application to the integration of protein therapeutics with biomaterials is also envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Jivan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Daniel L Alge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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37
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Mangini V, Maggi V, Trianni A, Melle F, De Luca E, Pennetta A, Del Sole R, Ventura G, Cataldi TRI, Fiammengo R. Directional Immobilization of Proteins on Gold Nanoparticles Is Essential for Their Biological Activity: Leptin as a Case Study. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 31:74-81. [PMID: 31851492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanomaterials hold great potential for biomedical applications. While this field is evolving rapidly, little attention has been paid to precise nanoparticle design and functionalization. Here, we show that when using proteins as targeting moieties, it is fundamental to immobilize them directionally to preserve their biological activity. Using full-length leptin as a case study, we have developed two alternative conjugation strategies for protein immobilization based on either a site-selective or a nonselective derivatization approach. We show that only nanoparticles with leptin immobilized site-selectively fully retain the ability to interact with the cognate leptin receptor. These results demonstrate the importance of a specified molecular design when preparing nanoparticles labeled with proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Mangini
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies@UniLe , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) , Via Barsanti , 73010 Arnesano, Lecce , Italy
| | - Vito Maggi
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies@UniLe , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) , Via Barsanti , 73010 Arnesano, Lecce , Italy.,Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Innovazione , Università del Salento , Via per Monteroni Km 1 , 73100 Lecce , Italy
| | - Alberta Trianni
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies@UniLe , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) , Via Barsanti , 73010 Arnesano, Lecce , Italy
| | - Francesca Melle
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies@UniLe , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) , Via Barsanti , 73010 Arnesano, Lecce , Italy
| | - Elisa De Luca
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies@UniLe , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) , Via Barsanti , 73010 Arnesano, Lecce , Italy
| | - Antonio Pennetta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Innovazione , Università del Salento , Via per Monteroni Km 1 , 73100 Lecce , Italy.,Dipartimento di Beni Culturali , Università del Salento , Via Dalmazio Birago 64 , 73100 Lecce , Italy
| | - Roberta Del Sole
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Innovazione , Università del Salento , Via per Monteroni Km 1 , 73100 Lecce , Italy
| | - Giovanni Ventura
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro , via Orabona 4 , 70126 Bari , Italy
| | - Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro , via Orabona 4 , 70126 Bari , Italy.,Centro Interdipartimentale SMART , Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro , via Orabona 4 , 70126 Bari , Italy
| | - Roberto Fiammengo
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies@UniLe , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) , Via Barsanti , 73010 Arnesano, Lecce , Italy
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38
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Zhang J, Xu Q, Wang F, Jiang J. pH and Redox Dual-Stimulated Wormlike Micelles Based on Cystamine and Conventional Anionic Surfactant. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:15242-15248. [PMID: 31663749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Redox-responsive soft materials have attracted considerable concerns throughout the last few decades. Herein, we report the preparation of dual-stimulated wormlike micelles (WLMs) based on N,N,N',N'-tetramethylcystamine dihydrochloride (TMCDD) and a conventional anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The WLMs can be reversibly switched on and off by adjusting pH, resulting from the reversible protonation of TMCDD. Moreover, the WLMs can be destroyed by a redox reaction after addition of dithiothreitol (DTT), originating from the cleavage of the disulfide bonds in TMCDD. The dual responsiveness of the WLMs allowed for the smart control of the "sol-gel" transition or thickening of viscoelastic solutions, and the micelles will have a wider range of applications in the development of functional materials for pharmaceutical or biomedical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road , Wuxi 214122 , Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road , Wuxi 214122 , Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road , Wuxi 214122 , Jiangsu , P. R. China
| | - Jianzhong Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road , Wuxi 214122 , Jiangsu , P. R. China
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39
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40
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Peciak K, Laurine E, Tommasi R, Choi JW, Brocchini S. Site-selective protein conjugation at histidine. Chem Sci 2019; 10:427-439. [PMID: 30809337 PMCID: PMC6354831 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03355b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Site-selective conjugation generally requires both (i) molecular engineering of the protein of interest to introduce a conjugation site at a defined location and (ii) a site-specific conjugation technology. Three N-terminal interferon α2-a (IFN) variants with truncated histidine tags were prepared and conjugation was examined using a bis-alkylation reagent, PEG(10kDa)-mono-sulfone 3. A histidine tag comprised of two histidines separated by a glycine (His2-tag) underwent PEGylation. Two more IFN variants were then prepared with the His2-tag engineered at different locations in IFN. Another IFN variant was prepared with the His-tag introduced in an α-helix, and required three contiguous histidines to ensure that two histidine residues in the correct conformation would be available for conjugation. Since histidine is a natural amino acid, routine methods of site-directed mutagenesis were used to generate the IFN variants from E. coli in soluble form at titres comparable to native IFN. PEGylation conversions ranged from 28-39%. A single step purification process gave essentially the pure PEG-IFN variant (>97% by RP-HPLC) in high recovery with isolated yields ranging from 21-33%. The level of retained bioactivity was strongly dependent on the site of PEG conjugation. The highest biological activity of 74% was retained for the PEG10-106(HGHG)-IFN variant which is unprecedented for a PEGylated IFN. The His2-tag at 106(HGHG)-IFN is engineered at the flexible loop most distant from IFN interaction with its dimeric receptor. The biological activity for the PEG10-5(HGH)-IFN variant was determined to be 17% which is comparable to other PEGylated IFN conjugates achieved at or near the N-terminus that have been previously described. The lowest retained activity (10%) was reported for PEG10-120(HHH)-IFN which was prepared as a negative control targeting a IFN site thought to be involved in receptor binding. The presence of two histidines as a His2-tag to generate a site-selective target for bis-alkylating PEGylation is a feasible approach for achieving site-selective PEGylation. The use of a His2-tag to strategically engineer a conjugation site in a protein location can result in maximising the retention of the biological activity following protein modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Peciak
- UCL School of Pharmacy , University College London , 29-39 Brunswick Square , London , WC1N 1AX , UK .
- Abzena , Babraham Research Campus, Babraham , Cambridge CB22 3AT , UK
| | | | - Rita Tommasi
- Abzena , Babraham Research Campus, Babraham , Cambridge CB22 3AT , UK
| | - Ji-Won Choi
- Abzena , Babraham Research Campus, Babraham , Cambridge CB22 3AT , UK
| | - Steve Brocchini
- UCL School of Pharmacy , University College London , 29-39 Brunswick Square , London , WC1N 1AX , UK .
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41
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Han Y, Yuan Z, Zhang P, Jiang S. Zwitterlation mitigates protein bioactivity loss in vitro over PEGylation. Chem Sci 2018; 9:8561-8566. [PMID: 30568780 PMCID: PMC6253718 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01777h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugation with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) or PEGylation is a widely used tool to overcome the shortcomings of native proteins, such as poor stability, inadequate pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles, and immunogenicity. However, PEGylation is often accompanied by an unwanted detrimental effect on bioactivity, particularly, resulting from the amphiphilic nature of PEG. This is especially true for PEGylated proteins with large binding targets. Pegasys, a PEGylated interferon alpha-2a (IFN-α2a) bearing a 40 kDa branched PEG, is a typical example that displays only 7% in vitro activity of the unmodified IFN-α2a. In this work, by employing IFN-α2a as a model protein, we demonstrated that a protein conjugated with zwitterionic polymers (or zwitterlation) could significantly mitigate the antiproliferative bioactivity loss in vitro after polymer conjugation. The retained antiproliferative activity of zwitterlated IFN-α2a is 4.4-fold higher than that of the PEGylated IFN-α2a with the same polymer molecular weight, or 3-fold higher than that of the PEGylated IFN-α2a with a similar hydrodynamic size. It is hypothesized that nonspecific interactions between zwitterionic polymers and IFN-α2a/IFN-α2a receptors can be mitigated due to the super-hydrophilic nature of zwitterionic polymers. This, in turn, reduces the 'nonspecific blocking' between IFN-α2a and IFN-α2a receptors. In addition, we demonstrated that zwitterlated IFN-α2a showed a prolonged circulation time and a mitigated accelerated blood clearance after repeated injections in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Han
- Molecular Engineering and Science Institute , University of Washington , Seattle , WA 98195 , USA .
| | - Zhefan Yuan
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , WA 98195 , USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , WA 98195 , USA
| | - Shaoyi Jiang
- Molecular Engineering and Science Institute , University of Washington , Seattle , WA 98195 , USA .
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Seattle , WA 98195 , USA
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42
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Forte N, Chudasama V, Baker JR. Homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates via site-selective disulfide bridging. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2018; 30:11-20. [PMID: 30553515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) constructed using site-selective labelling methodologies are likely to dominate the next generation of these targeted therapeutics. To this end, disulfide bridging has emerged as a leading strategy as it allows the production of highly homogeneous ADCs without the need for antibody engineering. It consists of targeting reduced interchain disulfide bonds with reagents which reconnect the resultant pairs of cysteine residues, whilst simultaneously attaching drugs. The 3 main reagent classes which have been exemplified for the construction of ADCs by disulfide bridging will be discussed in this review; bissulfones, next generation maleimides and pyridazinediones, along with others in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafsika Forte
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
| | - James R Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
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43
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Morais M, Ma MT. Site-specific chelator-antibody conjugation for PET and SPECT imaging with radiometals. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2018; 30:91-104. [PMID: 30553525 PMCID: PMC6291455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies and their derivatives radiolabelled with positron- and gamma-emitting radiometals enable sensitive and quantitative molecular Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) imaging of antibody distribution in vivo. Chelators that are covalently attached to antibodies allow radiolabelling with metallic PET and SPECT radioisotopes. Conventional strategies for chelator-protein conjugation generate heterogeneous mixtures of bioconjugates that can exhibit reduced affinity for their receptor targets, and undesirable biodistribution and pharmacokinetics. Recent advances in bioconjugation technology enable site-specific modification to generate well-defined constructs with superior properties. Herein we survey existing site-specific chelator-protein conjugation methods. These include chelator attachment to cysteines/disulfide bonds or the glycan region of the antibody, enzyme-mediated chelator conjugation, and incorporation of sequences of amino acids that chelate the radiometal. Such technology will allow better use of PET and SPECT imaging in the development of antibody-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Morais
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom.
| | - Michelle T Ma
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
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44
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McDonnell TCR, Willis R, Pericleous C, Ripoll VM, Giles IP, Isenberg DA, Brasier AR, Gonzalez EB, Papalardo E, Romay-Penabad Z, Jamaluddin M, Ioannou Y, Rahman A. PEGylated Domain I of Beta-2-Glycoprotein I Inhibits the Binding, Coagulopathic, and Thrombogenic Properties of IgG From Patients With the Antiphospholipid Syndrome. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2413. [PMID: 30405613 PMCID: PMC6204385 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
APS is an autoimmune disease in which antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) cause vascular thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity. In patients with APS, aPL exert pathogenic actions by binding serum beta-2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) via its N-terminal domain I (DI). We previously showed that bacterially-expressed recombinant DI inhibits biological actions of IgG derived from serum of patients with APS (APS-IgG). DI is too small (7 kDa) to be a viable therapeutic agent. Addition of polyethylene glycol (PEGylation) to small molecules enhances the serum half-life, reduces proteolytic targeting and can decrease immunogenicity. It is a common method of tailoring pharmacokinetic parameters and has been used in the production of many therapies in the clinic. However, PEGylation of molecules may reduce their biological activity, and the size of the PEG group can alter the balance between activity and half-life extension. Here we achieve production of site-specific PEGylation of recombinant DI (PEG-DI) and describe the activities in vitro and in vivo of three variants with different size PEG groups. All variants were able to inhibit APS-IgG from: binding to whole β2GPI in ELISA, altering the clotting properties of human plasma and promoting thrombosis and tissue factor expression in mice. These findings provide an important step on the path to developing DI into a first-in-class therapeutic in APS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. R. McDonnell
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rohan Willis
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Charis Pericleous
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vera M. Ripoll
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian P. Giles
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David. A. Isenberg
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology, UCL/UCLH/Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Allan R. Brasier
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Emilio B. Gonzalez
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Elizabeth Papalardo
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Zurina Romay-Penabad
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Mohammad Jamaluddin
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Yiannis Ioannou
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology, UCL/UCLH/Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anisur Rahman
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Rheumatology Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Liu X, Sun J, Gao W. Site-selective protein modification with polymers for advanced biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2018; 178:413-434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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46
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Kuan SL, Fischer S, Hafner S, Wang T, Syrovets T, Liu W, Tokura Y, Ng DYW, Riegger A, Förtsch C, Jäger D, Barth TFE, Simmet T, Barth H, Weil T. Boosting Antitumor Drug Efficacy with Chemically Engineered Multidomain Proteins. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1701036. [PMID: 30128225 PMCID: PMC6097141 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201701036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A facile chemical approach integrating supramolecular chemistry, site-selective protein chemistry, and molecular biology is described to engineer synthetic multidomain protein therapeutics that sensitize cancer cells selectively to significantly enhance antitumor efficacy of existing chemotherapeutics. The desired bioactive entities are assembled via supramolecular interactions at the nanoscale into structurally ordered multiprotein complexes comprising a) multiple copies of the chemically modified cyclic peptide hormone somatostatin for selective targeting and internalization into human A549 lung cancer cells expressing SST-2 receptors and b) a new cysteine mutant of the C3bot1 (C3) enzyme from Clostridium botulinum, a Rho protein inhibitor that affects and influences intracellular Rho-mediated processes like endothelial cell migration and blood vessel formation. The multidomain protein complex, SST3-Avi-C3, retargets C3 enzyme into non-small cell lung A549 cancer cells and exhibits exceptional tumor inhibition at a concentration ≈100-fold lower than the clinically approved antibody bevacizumab (Avastin) in vivo. Notably, SST3-Avi-C3 increases tumor sensitivity to a conventional chemotherapeutic (doxorubicin) in vivo. These findings show that the integrated approach holds vast promise to expand the current repertoire of multidomain protein complexes and can pave the way to important new developments in the area of targeted and combination cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seah Ling Kuan
- Max‐Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Stephan Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Ulm Medical CenterAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Susanne Hafner
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlm UniversityHelmholtzstraße 2089081UlmGermany
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong University610031ChengduP. R. China
| | - Tatiana Syrovets
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlm UniversityHelmholtzstraße 2089081UlmGermany
| | - Weina Liu
- Max‐Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Yu Tokura
- Max‐Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - David Yuen Wah Ng
- Max‐Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Andreas Riegger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Christina Förtsch
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Ulm Medical CenterAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Daniela Jäger
- Institute of PathologyUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 2389070UlmGermany
| | - Thomas F. E. Barth
- Institute of PathologyUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 2389070UlmGermany
| | - Thomas Simmet
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlm UniversityHelmholtzstraße 2089081UlmGermany
| | - Holger Barth
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Ulm Medical CenterAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max‐Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
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47
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Ramirez-Paz J, Saxena M, Delinois LJ, Joaquín-Ovalle FM, Lin S, Chen Z, Rojas-Nieves VA, Griebenow K. Thiol-maleimide poly(ethylene glycol) crosslinking of L-asparaginase subunits at recombinant cysteine residues introduced by mutagenesis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197643. [PMID: 30052638 PMCID: PMC6063399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Asparaginase is an enzyme successfully being used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. However, some disadvantages still limit its full application potential, e.g., allergic reactions, pancreatitis, and blood clotting impairment. Therefore, much effort has been directed at improving its performance. A popular strategy is to randomly conjugate L-asparaginase with mono-methoxy polyethylene glycol, which became a commercial FDA approved formulation widely used in recent years. To improve this formulation by PEGylation, herein we performed cysteine-directed conjugation of the L-asparaginase subunits to prevent dissociation-induced loss of activity. The recombinant cysteine conjugation sites were introduced by mutagenesis at surface-exposed positions on the protein to avoid affecting the catalytic activity. Three conjugates were obtained using different linear PEGs of 1000, 2000, and 5000 g/mol, with physical properties ranging from a semi-solid gel to a fully soluble state. The soluble-conjugate exhibited higher catalytic activity than the non-conjugated mutant, and the same activity than the native enzyme. The cysteine-directed crosslinking of the L-asparaginase subunits produced a higher molecular weight conjugate compared to the native tetrameric enzyme. This strategy might improve L-asparaginase efficiency for leukemia treatment by reducing glomerular filtration due to the increase in hydrodynamic size thus extending half-live, while at the same time retaining full catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josell Ramirez-Paz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Manoj Saxena
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Louis J. Delinois
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Freisa M. Joaquín-Ovalle
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Shiru Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Zhongfang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Virginia A. Rojas-Nieves
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Kai Griebenow
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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Chou CH, Lin PC. Glycan-Directed Grafting-from Polymerization of Immunoglobulin G: Site-Selectively Modified IgG-Polymer Conjugates with Preserved Biological Activity. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3086-3095. [PMID: 29890078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Antibody and related antibody drugs for the treatment of malignancies have led to progress in targeted cancer therapy. Preparation of diverse antibody conjugates is critical for preclinical and clinical applications. However, precise control in tagging molecules at specific locations on antibodies is essential to preserve their native function. In this study, a synthetic boronic acid (BA)-tosyl initiator was used to trigger a glycan-directed modification of IgGs, and the obtained IgG macroinitiators allowed a growth of the poly N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAAm) chains specifically at Fc-domains. Therefore, the PNIPAAm chains are located away from the critical antigen-binding domains (Fab), which could reasonably prevent the loss of biological activity after the attachment of polymer chains. According to the proposed strategy, a site-selectively modified anticoncanavalin A (Con A) antibody-PNIPAAm conjugate showed 6-times higher efficiency in the binding of targeted Con A antigen to a randomly conjugated anti-Con A antibody-PNIPAAm conjugate. In this study, we developed the first chemical strategy for the site-specific preparation of IgG-polymer conjugates with conserved biological activity as well as intact glycan structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hung Chou
- Department of Chemistry , National Sun Yat-sen University 70, Lienhai Road , Kaohsiung 80424 , Taiwan
| | - Po-Chiao Lin
- Department of Chemistry , National Sun Yat-sen University 70, Lienhai Road , Kaohsiung 80424 , Taiwan
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49
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Fang Y, Xue J, Gao S, Lu A, Yang D, Jiang H, He Y, Shi K. Cleavable PEGylation: a strategy for overcoming the "PEG dilemma" in efficient drug delivery. Drug Deliv 2018; 24:22-32. [PMID: 29069920 PMCID: PMC8812578 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1388451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To prolong the circulation time of drug, PEGylation has been widely used via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, thereby providing new hope for better treatment. However, PEGylation also brings the "PEG dilemma", which is difficult for the cellular absorption of drugs and subsequent endosomal escape. As a result, the activity of drugs is inevitably lost after PEG modification. To achieve successful drug delivery for effective treatment, the crucial issue associated with the use of PEG-lipids, that is, “PEG dilemma” must be addressed. In this paper, we introduced the development and application of nanocarriers with cleavable PEGylation, and discussed various strategies for overcoming the PEG dilemma. Compared to the traditional ones, the vehicle systems with different environmental-sensitive PEG-lipids were discussed, which cleavage can be achieved in response to the intracellular as well as the tumor microenvironment. This smart cleavable PEGylation provides us an efficient strategy to overcome “PEG dilemma”, thereby may be a good candidate for the cancer treatment in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fang
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Jianxiu Xue
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Shan Gao
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Anqi Lu
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Dongjuan Yang
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Hong Jiang
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Yang He
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Kai Shi
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , China
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50
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Aguiar S, Dias J, Manuel AM, Russo R, Gois PMP, da Silva FA, Goncalves J. Chimeric Small Antibody Fragments as Strategy to Deliver Therapeutic Payloads. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 112:143-182. [PMID: 29680236 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent an innovative class of biopharmaceuticals, which aim at achieving a site-specific delivery of cytotoxic agents to the target cell. The use of ADCs represents a promising strategy to overcome the disadvantages of conventional pharmacotherapy of cancer or neurological diseases, based on cytotoxic or immunomodulatory agents. ADCs consist of monoclonal antibodies attached to biologically active drugs by means of cleavable chemical linkers. Advances in technologies for the coupling of antibodies to cytotoxic drugs promise to deliver greater control of drug pharmacokinetic properties and to significantly improve pharmacodelivery applications, minimizing exposure of healthy tissue. The clinical success of brentuximab vedotin and trastuzumab emtansine has led to an extensive expansion of the clinical ADC pipeline. Although the concept of an ADC seems simple, designing a successful ADC is complex and requires careful selection of the receptor antigen, antibody, linker, and payload. In this review, we explore insights in the antibody and antigen requirements needed for optimal payload delivery and support the development of novel and improved ADCs for the treatment of cancer and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Aguiar
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Dias
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Manuel
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Roberto Russo
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro M P Gois
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Frederico A da Silva
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joao Goncalves
- iMed.ULisboa-Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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