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Shah JJ, Jimenez-Jaramillo CA, Lybrand ZR, Yuan TT, Erbele ID. Modern In Vitro Techniques for Modeling Hearing Loss. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:425. [PMID: 38790292 PMCID: PMC11118046 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11050425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a prevalent and growing global health concern, especially within operational medicine, with limited therapeutic options available. This review article explores the emerging field of in vitro otic organoids as a promising platform for modeling hearing loss and developing novel therapeutic strategies. SNHL primarily results from the irreversible loss or dysfunction of cochlear mechanosensory hair cells (HCs) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), emphasizing the need for innovative solutions. Current interventions offer symptomatic relief but do not address the root causes. Otic organoids, three-dimensional multicellular constructs that mimic the inner ear's architecture, have shown immense potential in several critical areas. They enable the testing of gene therapies, drug discovery for sensory cell regeneration, and the study of inner ear development and pathology. Unlike traditional animal models, otic organoids closely replicate human inner ear pathophysiology, making them invaluable for translational research. This review discusses methodological advances in otic organoid generation, emphasizing the use of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to replicate inner ear development. Cellular and molecular characterization efforts have identified key markers and pathways essential for otic organoid development, shedding light on their potential in modeling inner ear disorders. Technological innovations, such as 3D bioprinting and microfluidics, have further enhanced the fidelity of these models. Despite challenges and limitations, including the need for standardized protocols and ethical considerations, otic organoids offer a transformative approach to understanding and treating auditory dysfunctions. As this field matures, it holds the potential to revolutionize the treatment landscape for hearing and balance disorders, moving us closer to personalized medicine for inner ear conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J. Shah
- Department of Pathology, San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, JBSA, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA;
| | - Couger A. Jimenez-Jaramillo
- Department of Pathology, San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, JBSA, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA;
| | - Zane R. Lybrand
- Division of Biology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX 76204, USA;
| | - Tony T. Yuan
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (T.T.Y.); (I.D.E.)
| | - Isaac D. Erbele
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (T.T.Y.); (I.D.E.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium, JBSA, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
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2
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Chen B, Du C, Wang M, Guo J, Liu X. Organoids as preclinical models of human disease: progress and applications. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2024; 4:129-153. [PMID: 38680680 PMCID: PMC11046574 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2023-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
In the field of biomedical research, organoids represent a remarkable advancement that has the potential to revolutionize our approach to studying human diseases even before clinical trials. Organoids are essentially miniature 3D models of specific organs or tissues, enabling scientists to investigate the causes of diseases, test new drugs, and explore personalized medicine within a controlled laboratory setting. Over the past decade, organoid technology has made substantial progress, allowing researchers to create highly detailed environments that closely mimic the human body. These organoids can be generated from various sources, including pluripotent stem cells, specialized tissue cells, and tumor tissue cells. This versatility enables scientists to replicate a wide range of diseases affecting different organ systems, effectively creating disease replicas in a laboratory dish. This exciting capability has provided us with unprecedented insights into the progression of diseases and how we can develop improved treatments. In this paper, we will provide an overview of the progress made in utilizing organoids as preclinical models, aiding our understanding and providing a more effective approach to addressing various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baodan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, CUHK-GIBH Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cijie Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, CUHK-GIBH Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengfei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, CUHK-GIBH Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Guo
- Innovation Centre for Advanced Interdisciplinary Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingguo Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, CUHK-GIBH Joint Research Laboratory on Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China
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3
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Waldhaus J, Jiang L, Liu L, Liu J, Duncan RK. Mapping the developmental potential of mouse inner ear organoids at single-cell resolution. iScience 2024; 27:109069. [PMID: 38375227 PMCID: PMC10875570 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Inner ear organoids recapitulate development and are intended to generate cell types of the otic lineage for applications such as basic science research and cell replacement strategies. Here, we use single-cell sequencing to study the cellular heterogeneity of late-stage mouse inner ear organoid sensory epithelia, which we validated by comparison with datasets of the mouse cochlea and vestibular epithelia. We resolved supporting cell sub-types, cochlear-like hair cells, and vestibular type I and type II-like hair cells. While cochlear-like hair cells aligned best with an outer hair cell trajectory, vestibular-like hair cells followed developmental trajectories similar to in vivo programs branching into type II and then type I extrastriolar hair cells. These results highlight the transcriptional accuracy of the organoid developmental program but will also inform future strategies to improve synaptic connectivity and regional specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Waldhaus
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Linghua Jiang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Liqian Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert Keith Duncan
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Ann Arbor Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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4
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Pianigiani G, Roccio M. Inner Ear Organoids: Strengths and Limitations. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2024; 25:5-11. [PMID: 38334886 PMCID: PMC10907556 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-024-00929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Inner ear organoids derived from differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells have recently gained momentum as tools to study inner ear development and developmental defects. An additional exciting aspect about this technology is represented by its translational potential, specifically, the use of organoids to validate therapeutics for hearing and balance restoration on human/patient-specific cells. This latter aspect will be briefly discussed here including opportunities and current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pianigiani
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - I.R.C.C.S. "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Marta Roccio
- Inner Ear Stem Cell Lab, Department Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, USZ Campus WAGI18, Wagistrasse 18, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.
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5
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Qi J, Huang W, Lu Y, Yang X, Zhou Y, Chen T, Wang X, Yu Y, Sun JQ, Chai R. Stem Cell-Based Hair Cell Regeneration and Therapy in the Inner Ear. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:113-126. [PMID: 37787875 PMCID: PMC10774470 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01130-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss has become increasingly prevalent and causes considerable disability, thus gravely burdening the global economy. Irreversible loss of hair cells is a main cause of sensorineural hearing loss, and currently, the only relatively effective clinical treatments are limited to digital hearing equipment like cochlear implants and hearing aids, but these are of limited benefit in patients. It is therefore urgent to understand the mechanisms of damage repair in order to develop new neuroprotective strategies. At present, how to promote the regeneration of functional hair cells is a key scientific question in the field of hearing research. Multiple signaling pathways and transcriptional factors trigger the activation of hair cell progenitors and ensure the maturation of newborn hair cells, and in this article, we first review the principal mechanisms underlying hair cell reproduction. We then further discuss therapeutic strategies involving the co-regulation of multiple signaling pathways in order to induce effective functional hair cell regeneration after degeneration, and we summarize current achievements in hair cell regeneration. Lastly, we discuss potential future approaches, such as small molecule drugs and gene therapy, which might be applied for regenerating functional hair cells in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Wenjuan Huang
- Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yicheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xuehan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yinyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Tian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yafeng Yu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
| | - Jia-Qiang Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China.
| | - Renjie Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
- Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100101, China.
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6
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Diensthuber M, Stöver T. [Organoids-the key to novel therapies for the inner ear? German version]. HNO 2023; 71:702-707. [PMID: 37845538 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-023-01366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity and the complexity of the human inner ear in conjunction with the lack of regenerative capacity are the main reasons for hearing loss and tinnitus. Progress in the development of protective and regenerative therapies for the inner ear often failed in the past not least due to the fact that no suitable model systems for cell biological and pharmacological in vitro studies were available. A novel technology for creating "mini-organs", so-called organoids, could solve this problem and has now also reached inner ear research. It makes it possible to produce inner ear organoids from cochlear stem/progenitor cells, embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells that mimic the structural characteristics and functional properties of the natural inner ear. This review focuses on the biological basis of these inner ear organoids, the current state of research and the promising prospects that are now opening up for basic and translational inner ear research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Diensthuber
- Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt/M., Deutschland.
| | - Timo Stöver
- Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt/M., Deutschland
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7
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Forrester-Gauntlett B, Peters L, Oback B. Grainyhead-like 2 is required for morphological integrity of mouse embryonic stem cells and orderly formation of inner ear-like organoids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1112069. [PMID: 37745294 PMCID: PMC10513505 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1112069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the transcription factor gene grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) are associated with progressive non-syndromic sensorineural deafness autosomal dominant type 28 (DFNA28) in humans. Since complete loss of Grhl2 is lethal in mouse embryos, we studied its role during inner ear pathology and hearing loss in vitro. To this end, we generated different homozygous deletions to knockout Grhl2 in mouse embryonic stem cells (Grhl2-KO ESCs), including some mimicking naturally occurring truncations in the dimerisation domain related to human DFNA28. Under naïve culture conditions, Grhl2-KO cells in suspension were more heterogenous in size and larger than wild-type controls. Adherent Grhl2-KO cells were also larger, with a less uniform shape, flattened, less circular morphology, forming loose monolayer colonies with poorly defined edges. These changes correlated with lower expression of epithelial cadherin Cdh1 but no changes in tight junction markers (Ocln, Tjp2) or other Grhl isoforms (Grhl1, Grhl3). Clonogenicity from single cells, proliferation rates of cell populations and proliferation markers were reduced in Grhl2-KO ESCs. We next induced stepwise directed differentiation of Grhl2-KO ESCs along an otic pathway, giving rise to three-dimensional inner ear-like organoids (IELOs). Quantitative morphometry revealed that Grhl2-KO cells initially formed larger IELOs with a less compacted structure, more eccentric shape and increased surface area. These morphological changes persisted for up to one week. They were partially rescued by forced cell aggregation and fully restored by stably overexpressing exogenous Grhl2 in Grhl2-KO ESCs, indicating that Grhl2 alters cell-cell interactions. On day 8, aggregates were transferred into minimal maturation medium to allow self-guided organogenesis for another two weeks. During this period, Grhl2-KO cells and wild-type controls developed similarly, expressing neural, neuronal and sensory hair cell markers, while maintaining their initial differences in size and shape. In summary, Grhl2 is required for morphological maintenance of ESCs and orderly formation of IELOs, consistent with an essential role in organising epithelial integrity during inner ear development. Our findings validate quantitative morphometry as a useful, non-invasive screening method for molecular phenotyping of candidate mutations during organoid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Forrester-Gauntlett
- Animal Biotech, AgResearch, Hamilton, New Zealand
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Linda Peters
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Björn Oback
- Animal Biotech, AgResearch, Hamilton, New Zealand
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Moore ST, Nakamura T, Nie J, Solivais AJ, Aristizábal-Ramírez I, Ueda Y, Manikandan M, Reddy VS, Romano DR, Hoffman JR, Perrin BJ, Nelson RF, Frolenkov GI, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, Hashino E. Generating high-fidelity cochlear organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:950-961.e7. [PMID: 37419105 PMCID: PMC10695300 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Mechanosensitive hair cells in the cochlea are responsible for hearing but are vulnerable to damage by genetic mutations and environmental insults. The paucity of human cochlear tissues makes it difficult to study cochlear hair cells. Organoids offer a compelling platform to study scarce tissues in vitro; however, derivation of cochlear cell types has proven non-trivial. Here, using 3D cultures of human pluripotent stem cells, we sought to replicate key differentiation cues of cochlear specification. We found that timed modulations of Sonic Hedgehog and WNT signaling promote ventral gene expression in otic progenitors. Ventralized otic progenitors subsequently give rise to elaborately patterned epithelia containing hair cells with morphology, marker expression, and functional properties consistent with both outer and inner hair cells in the cochlea. These results suggest that early morphogenic cues are sufficient to drive cochlear induction and establish an unprecedented system to model the human auditory organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Moore
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Alexander J Solivais
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | - Yoshitomo Ueda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mayakannan Manikandan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - V Shweta Reddy
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Daniel R Romano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - John R Hoffman
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Benjamin J Perrin
- Department of Biology, Purdue School of Science, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Rick F Nelson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | | | - Eri Hashino
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Park S, Kim YJ, Sharma H, Kim D, Gwon Y, Kim W, Park S, Ha CW, Choung YH, Kim J. Graphene Hybrid Inner Ear Organoid with Enhanced Maturity. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37311113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inner ear organoids (IEOs) are 3D structures grown in vitro, which can mimic the complex cellular structure and function of the inner ear. IEOs are potential solutions to problems related to inner ear development, disease modeling, and drug delivery. However, current approaches in generating IEOs using chemical factors have a few limitations, resulting in unpredictable outcomes. In this study, we propose the use of nanomaterial-based approaches, specifically by using graphene oxide (GO). GO's unique properties promote cell-extracellular matrix interactions and cell-cell gap junctions, thereby enhancing hair cell formation, which is an essential part of IEO development. We also investigated the potential applications for drug testing. Our findings suggest that GO is a promising candidate for enhancing the functionality of IEOs and advancing our understanding of the problems underlying inner ear development. The use of nanomaterial-based approaches may provide a more reliable and effective method for building better IEOs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunho Park
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ju Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Harshita Sharma
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Dream Kim
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghyun Gwon
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Woochan Kim
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangbae Park
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Woo Ha
- Advanced Joining and Additive Manufacturing R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 113-58, Seohaean-ro, Siheung 15014, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hoon Choung
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangho Kim
- Department of Convergence Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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10
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Zine A, Fritzsch B. Early Steps towards Hearing: Placodes and Sensory Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6994. [PMID: 37108158 PMCID: PMC10139157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss is the most prevalent sensory deficit in humans. Most cases of hearing loss are due to the degeneration of key structures of the sensory pathway in the cochlea, such as the sensory hair cells, the primary auditory neurons, and their synaptic connection to the hair cells. Different cell-based strategies to replace damaged inner ear neurosensory tissue aiming at the restoration of regeneration or functional recovery are currently the subject of intensive research. Most of these cell-based treatment approaches require experimental in vitro models that rely on a fine understanding of the earliest morphogenetic steps that underlie the in vivo development of the inner ear since its initial induction from a common otic-epibranchial territory. This knowledge will be applied to various proposed experimental cell replacement strategies to either address the feasibility or identify novel therapeutic options for sensorineural hearing loss. In this review, we describe how ear and epibranchial placode development can be recapitulated by focusing on the cellular transformations that occur as the inner ear is converted from a thickening of the surface ectoderm next to the hindbrain known as the otic placode to an otocyst embedded in the head mesenchyme. Finally, we will highlight otic and epibranchial placode development and morphogenetic events towards progenitors of the inner ear and their neurosensory cell derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azel Zine
- LBN, Laboratory of Bioengineering and Nanoscience, University of Montpellier, 34193 Montpellier, France
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, CLAS, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Kumar A, Cai S, Allam M, Henderson S, Ozbeyler M, Saiontz L, Coskun AF. Single-Cell and Spatial Analysis of Emergent Organoid Platforms. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2660:311-344. [PMID: 37191807 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3163-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Organoids have emerged as a promising advancement of the two-dimensional (2D) culture systems to improve studies in organogenesis, drug discovery, precision medicine, and regenerative medicine applications. Organoids can self-organize as three-dimensional (3D) tissues derived from stem cells and patient tissues to resemble organs. This chapter presents growth strategies, molecular screening methods, and emerging issues of the organoid platforms. Single-cell and spatial analysis resolve organoid heterogeneity to obtain information about the structural and molecular cellular states. Culture media diversity and varying lab-to-lab practices have resulted in organoid-to-organoid variability in morphology and cell compositions. An essential resource is an organoid atlas that can catalog protocols and standardize data analysis for different organoid types. Molecular profiling of individual cells in organoids and data organization of the organoid landscape will impact biomedical applications from basic science to translational use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Kumar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuangyi Cai
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mayar Allam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Samuel Henderson
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melissa Ozbeyler
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lilly Saiontz
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ahmet F Coskun
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Bioengineering Graduate Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, , Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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12
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Generation of innervated cochlear organoid recapitulates early development of auditory unit. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 18:319-336. [PMID: 36584686 PMCID: PMC9860115 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional cochlear hair cells (HCs) innervated by spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) are essential for hearing, whereas robust models that recapitulate the peripheral auditory circuity are still lacking. Here, we developed cochlear organoids with functional peripheral auditory circuity in a staging three-dimensional (3D) co-culture system by initially reprogramming cochlear progenitor cells (CPCs) with increased proliferative potency that could be long-term expanded, then stepwise inducing the differentiation of cochlear HCs, as well as the outgrowth of neurites from SGNs. The function of HCs and synapses within organoids was confirmed by a series of morphological and electrophysiological evaluations. Single-cell mRNA sequencing revealed the differentiation trajectories of CPCs toward the major cochlear cell types and the dynamic gene expression during organoid HC development, which resembled the pattern of native HCs. We established the cochlear organoids with functional synapses for the first time, which provides a platform for deciphering the mechanisms of sensorineural hearing loss.
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Connolly K, Gonzalez-Cordero A. Modelling inner ear development and disease using pluripotent stem cells - a pathway to new therapeutic strategies. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049593. [PMID: 36331565 PMCID: PMC10621662 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The sensory epithelia of the mammalian inner ear enable sound and movement to be perceived. Damage to these epithelia can cause irreversible sensorineural hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction because they lack regenerative capacity. The human inner ear cannot be biopsied without causing permanent damage, significantly limiting the tissue samples available for research. Investigating disease pathology and therapeutic developments have therefore traditionally relied on animal models, which often cannot completely recapitulate the human otic systems. These challenges are now being partly addressed using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cultures, which generate the sensory epithelial-like tissues of the inner ear. Here, we review how pluripotent stem cells have been used to produce two-dimensional and three-dimensional otic cultures, the strengths and limitations of these new approaches, and how they have been employed to investigate genetic and acquired forms of audiovestibular dysfunction. This Review provides an overview of the progress in pluripotent stem cell-derived otic cultures thus far, focusing on their applications in disease modelling and therapeutic trials. We survey their current limitations and future directions, highlighting their prospective utility for high-throughput drug screening and developing personalised medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keeva Connolly
- Stem Cell Medicine Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, 2145 NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, 2145 NSW, Australia
| | - Anai Gonzalez-Cordero
- Stem Cell Medicine Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, 2145 NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, 2145 NSW, Australia
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14
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Zhang Z, Gao S, Hu Y, Chen X, Cheng C, Fu X, Zhang S, Wang X, Che Y, Zhang C, Chai R. Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene Composite 3D Hydrogel Potentiates mTOR Signaling to Promote the Generation of Functional Hair Cells in Cochlea Organoids. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203557. [PMID: 36117048 PMCID: PMC9661825 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organoids have certain cellular composition and physiological features in common with real organs, making them promising models of organ formation, function, and diseases. However, Matrigel, the commonly used animal-derived matrices in which they are developed, has limitations in mechanical adjustability and providing complex physicochemical signals. Here, the incorporation of Ti3 C2 Tx MXene nanomaterial into Matrigel regulates the properties of Matrigel and exhibits satisfactory biocompatibility. The Ti3 C2 Tx MXene Matrigel composites (MXene-Matrigel) regulate the development of Cochlear Organoids (Cochlea-Orgs), particularly in promoting the formation and maturation of organoid hair cells. Additionally, regenerated hair cells in MXene-Matrigel are functional and exhibit better electrophysiological properties compared to hair cells in Matrigel. MXene-Matrigel potentiates the amycin (mTOR) signaling pathway to promote hair cell differentiation, and mTOR signaling inhibition restrains hair cell differentiation. Moreover, MXene-Matrigel facilitates innervation establishment between regenerated hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) growing from the Cochlea modiolus in a co-culture system, as well as promotes synapse formation efficiency. The approach overcomes some limitations of the Matrigel-dependent culture system and greatly accelerates the application of nanomaterials in organoid development and research on therapies for hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsDepartment of Otolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryZhongda HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyAdvanced Institute for Life and HealthJiangsu Province High‐Tech Key Laboratory for Bio‐Medical ResearchSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyBiomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsDepartment of Otolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryZhongda HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyAdvanced Institute for Life and HealthJiangsu Province High‐Tech Key Laboratory for Bio‐Medical ResearchSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096P. R. China
| | - Yang‐Nan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsDepartment of Otolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryZhongda HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyAdvanced Institute for Life and HealthJiangsu Province High‐Tech Key Laboratory for Bio‐Medical ResearchSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096P. R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsDepartment of Otolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryZhongda HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyAdvanced Institute for Life and HealthJiangsu Province High‐Tech Key Laboratory for Bio‐Medical ResearchSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096P. R. China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsDepartment of Otolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryZhongda HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyAdvanced Institute for Life and HealthJiangsu Province High‐Tech Key Laboratory for Bio‐Medical ResearchSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Long Fu
- State Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsDepartment of Otolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryZhongda HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyAdvanced Institute for Life and HealthJiangsu Province High‐Tech Key Laboratory for Bio‐Medical ResearchSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial HospitalShandong First Medical UniversityJinan250021P. R. China
| | - Sha‐Sha Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsDepartment of Otolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryZhongda HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyAdvanced Institute for Life and HealthJiangsu Province High‐Tech Key Laboratory for Bio‐Medical ResearchSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096P. R. China
| | - Xin‐Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsDepartment of Otolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryZhongda HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyAdvanced Institute for Life and HealthJiangsu Province High‐Tech Key Laboratory for Bio‐Medical ResearchSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096P. R. China
| | - Yu‐Wei Che
- State Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsDepartment of Otolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryZhongda HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyAdvanced Institute for Life and HealthJiangsu Province High‐Tech Key Laboratory for Bio‐Medical ResearchSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of NeurobiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesBeijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and RepairAdvanced Innovation Center for Human Brain ProtectionCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100069P. R. China
| | - Ren‐Jie Chai
- State Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsDepartment of Otolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryZhongda HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyAdvanced Institute for Life and HealthJiangsu Province High‐Tech Key Laboratory for Bio‐Medical ResearchSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096P. R. China
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15
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, a Stepping Stone to In Vitro Human Models of Hearing Loss. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203331. [PMID: 36291196 PMCID: PMC9600035 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is the most prevalent sensorineural impairment in humans. Yet despite very active research, no effective therapy other than the cochlear implant has reached the clinic. Main reasons for this failure are the multifactorial nature of the disorder, its heterogeneity, and a late onset that hinders the identification of etiological factors. Another problem is the lack of human samples such that practically all the work has been conducted on animals. Although highly valuable data have been obtained from such models, there is the risk that inter-species differences exist that may compromise the relevance of the gathered data. Human-based models are therefore direly needed. The irruption of human induced pluripotent stem cell technologies in the field of hearing research offers the possibility to generate an array of otic cell models of human origin; these may enable the identification of guiding signalling cues during inner ear development and of the mechanisms that lead from genetic alterations to pathology. These models will also be extremely valuable when conducting ototoxicity analyses and when exploring new avenues towards regeneration in the inner ear. This review summarises some of the work that has already been conducted with these cells and contemplates future possibilities.
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16
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Yu H, Zhu Y, Zhu L, Lin X, Wan Q. Recent Advances in Transistor-Based Bionic Perceptual Devices for Artificial Sensory Systems. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.954165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensory nervous system serves as the window for human beings to perceive the outside world by converting external stimuli into distinctive spiking trains. The sensory neurons in this system can process multimodal sensory signals with extremely low power consumption. Therefore, new-concept devices inspired by the sensory neuron are promising candidates to address energy issues in nowadays’ robotics, prosthetics and even computing systems. Recent years have witnessed rapid development in transistor-based bionic perceptual devices, and it is urgent to summarize the research and development of these devices. In this review, the latest progress of transistor-based bionic perceptual devices for artificial sense is reviewed and summarized in five aspects, i.e., vision, touch, hearing, smell, and pain. Finally, the opportunities and challenges related to these areas are also discussed. It would have bright prospects in the fields of artificial intelligence, prosthetics, brain-computer interface, robotics, and medical testing.
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17
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Zaw K, Carvalho LS, Aung-Htut MT, Fletcher S, Wilton SD, Chen FK, McLenachan S. Pathogenesis and Treatment of Usher Syndrome Type IIA. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2022; 11:369-379. [PMID: 36041150 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Usher syndrome (USH) is the most common form of deaf-blindness, with an estimated prevalence of 4.4 to 16.6 per 100,000 people worldwide. The most common form of USH is type IIA (USH2A), which is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the USH2A gene and accounts for around half of all USH cases. USH2A patients show moderate to severe hearing loss from birth, with diagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa in the second decade of life and variable vestibular involvement. Although hearing aids or cochlear implants can provide some mitigation of hearing deficits, there are currently no treatments aimed at preventing or restoring vision loss in USH2A patients. In this review, we first provide an overview of the molecular biology of the USH2A gene and its protein isoforms, which include a transmembrane protein (TM usherin) and an extracellular protein (EC usherin). The role of these proteins in the inner ear and retina and their impact on the pathogenesis of USH2A is discussed. We review animal cell-derived and patient cell-derived models currently used in USH2A research and conclude with an overview of potential treatment strategies currently in preclinical development and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khine Zaw
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Livia S Carvalho
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - May T Aung-Htut
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sue Fletcher
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Steve D Wilton
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fred K Chen
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samuel McLenachan
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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18
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Parihar A, Pandita V, Khan R. 3D printed human organoids: High throughput system for drug screening and testing in current COVID-19 pandemic. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2669-2688. [PMID: 35765706 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the current pandemic, scenario the world is facing a huge shortage of effective drugs and other prophylactic medicine to treat patients which created havoc in several countries with poor resources. With limited demand and supply of effective drugs, researchers rushed to repurpose the existing approved drugs for the treatment of COVID-19. The process of drug screening and testing is very costly and requires several steps for validation and treatment efficacy evaluation ranging from in-vitro to in-vivo setups. After these steps, a clinical trial is mandatory for the evaluation of treatment efficacy and side effects in humans. These processes enhance the overall cost and sometimes the lead molecule show adverse effects in humans and the trial ends up in the final stages. Recently with the advent of 3D organoid culture which mimics the human tissue exactly the process of drug screening and testing can be done in a faster and cost-effective manner. Further 3D organoids prepared from stems cells taken from individuals can be beneficial for personalized drug therapy which could save millions of lives. This review discussed approaches and techniques for the synthesis of 3D-printed human organoids for drug screening. The key findings of the usage of organoids for personalized medicine for the treatment of COVID-19 have been discussed. In the end, the key challenges for the wide applicability of human organoids for drug screening with prospects of future orientation have been included. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Parihar
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, 462026, MP, India
| | - Vasundhara Pandita
- Department of Biosciences, Barkatullah University, Habib Ganj, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462026, India
| | - Raju Khan
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal, 462026, MP, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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19
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Langlie J, Finberg A, Bencie NB, Mittal J, Omidian H, Omidi Y, Mittal R, Eshraghi AA. Recent advancements in cell-based models for auditory disorders. BIOIMPACTS 2022; 12:155-169. [PMID: 35411298 PMCID: PMC8905588 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2022.23900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
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Introduction: Cell-based models play an important role in understanding the pathophysiology and etiology of auditory disorders. For the auditory system, models have primarily focused on restoring inner and outer hair cells. However, they have largely underrepresented the surrounding structures and cells that support the function of the hair cells.
Methods: In this article, we will review recent advancements in the evolution of cell-based models of auditory disorders in their progression towards three dimensional (3D) models and organoids that more closely mimic the pathophysiology in vivo.
Results: With the elucidation of the molecular targets and transcription factors required to generate diverse cell lines of the components of inner ear, research is starting to progress from two dimensional (2D) models to a greater 3D approach. Of note, the 3D models of the inner ear, including organoids, are relatively new and emerging in the field. As 3D models of the inner ear continue to evolve in complexity, their role in modeling disease will grow as they bridge the gap between cell culture and in vivo models.
Conclusion: Using 3D cell models to understand the etiology and molecular mechanisms underlying auditory disorders holds great potential for developing more targeted and effective novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Langlie
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ariel Finberg
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Nathalie B. Bencie
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jeenu Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Hossein Omidian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Adrien A. Eshraghi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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20
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Ueda Y, Moore ST, Hashino E. Directed Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Inner Ear Organoids. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2520:135-150. [PMID: 34724191 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The sensory epithelia of the inner ear contain mechanosensitive hair cells that detect sound and head acceleration. This protocol details a 3D differentiation method to generate inner ear organoids containing sensory epithelia with hair cells. Human pluripotent stem cells are aggregated in low-binding 96-well plates and treated in chemically defined media with extracellular matrix to promote epithelialization. Small molecules and recombinant proteins are applied in a stepwise manner to recapitulate the morphogenic cues (BMP, TGF-β, FGF, and WNT) present during inner ear development in vivo. These treatments induce the sequential formation of nonneural ectoderm, otic-epibranchial progenitor domain, and otic placodes. The derived otic placodes then undergo self-guided morphogenesis to form otic vesicles, which eventually give rise to sensory epithelia containing hair cells and supporting cells, as well as neurons with synaptic formations to hair cells. This human stem cell-derived inner ear organoid system provides an ideal platform to study human inner ear development and disease in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitomo Ueda
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, and Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Stephen T Moore
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, and Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eri Hashino
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, and Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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21
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Transcriptome-Wide Analysis Reveals a Role for Extracellular Matrix and Integrin Receptor Genes in Otic Neurosensory Differentiation from Human iPSCs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910849. [PMID: 34639189 PMCID: PMC8509699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed transcriptomic data from otic sensory cells differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) by a previously described method to gain new insights into the early human otic neurosensory lineage. We identified genes and biological networks not previously described to occur in the human otic sensory developmental cell lineage. These analyses identified and ranked genes known to be part of the otic sensory lineage program (SIX1, EYA1, GATA3, etc.), in addition to a number of novel genes encoding extracellular matrix (ECM) (COL3A1, COL5A2, DCN, etc.) and integrin (ITG) receptors (ITGAV, ITGA4, ITGA) for ECM molecules. The results were confirmed by quantitative PCR analysis of a comprehensive panel of genes differentially expressed during the time course of hiPSC differentiation in vitro. Immunocytochemistry validated results for select otic and ECM/ITG gene markers in the in vivo human fetal inner ear. Our screen shows ECM and ITG gene expression changes coincident with hiPSC differentiation towards human otic neurosensory cells. Our findings suggest a critical role of ECM-ITG interactions with otic neurosensory lineage genes in early neurosensory development and cell fate determination in the human fetal inner ear.
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22
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Liu Q, Zhang L, Zhu MS, Wan G. High-throughput screening on cochlear organoids identifies VEGFR-MEK-TGFB1 signaling promoting hair cell reprogramming. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:2257-2273. [PMID: 34525385 PMCID: PMC8452601 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair cell degeneration is a major cause of sensorineural hearing loss. Hair cells in mammalian cochlea do not spontaneously regenerate, posing a great challenge for restoration of hearing. Here, we establish a robust, high-throughput cochlear organoid platform that facilitates 3D expansion of cochlear progenitor cells and differentiation of hair cells in a temporally regulated manner. High-throughput screening of the FDA-approved drug library identified regorafenib, a VEGFR inhibitor, as a potent small molecule for hair cell differentiation. Regorafenib also promotes reprogramming and maturation of hair cells in both normal and neomycin-damaged cochlear explants. Mechanistically, inhibition of VEGFR suppresses TGFB1 expression via the MEK pathway and TGFB1 downregulation directly mediates the effect of regorafenib on hair cell reprogramming. Our study not only demonstrates the power of a cochlear organoid platform in high-throughput analyses of hair cell physiology but also highlights VEGFR-MEK-TGFB1 signaling crosstalk as a potential target for hair cell regeneration and hearing restoration. Cochlear organoids can be derived from both LGR5+ and LGR5– supporting cells HTS using cochlear organoids identifies regorafenib for hair cell differentiation Regorafenib promotes hair cell reprogramming and maturation in cochlear explants Regorafenib acts via a NOTCH-independent and VEGFR-MEK-TGFB1-dependent mechanism
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210032, China
| | - Linqing Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210032, China
| | - Min-Sheng Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210032, China
| | - Guoqiang Wan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210032, China; Research Institute of Otolaryngology, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, 210008 Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210032, China; Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210032, China.
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23
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Wang D, Zhou J. The Kinocilia of Cochlear Hair Cells: Structures, Functions, and Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:715037. [PMID: 34422834 PMCID: PMC8374625 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.715037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are evolutionarily conserved and highly specialized organelles that protrude from cell membranes. Mutations in genes encoding ciliary proteins can cause structural and functional ciliary defects and consequently multiple diseases, collectively termed ciliopathies. The mammalian auditory system is responsible for perceiving external sound stimuli that are ultimately processed in the brain through a series of physical and biochemical reactions. Here we review the structure and function of the specialized primary cilia of hair cells, termed kinocilia, found in the mammalian auditory system. We also discuss areas that might prove amenable for therapeutic management of auditory ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Difei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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24
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Deafness-in-a-dish: modeling hereditary deafness with inner ear organoids. Hum Genet 2021; 141:347-362. [PMID: 34342719 PMCID: PMC9035009 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-021-02325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a major cause of functional disability in both the developed and developing world. While hearing aids and cochlear implants provide significant benefit to many with SNHL, neither targets the cellular and molecular dysfunction that ultimately underlies SNHL. The successful development of more targeted approaches, such as growth factor, stem cell, and gene therapies, will require a yet deeper understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of human hearing and deafness. Unfortunately, the human inner ear cannot be biopsied without causing significant, irreversible damage to the hearing or balance organ. Thus, much of our current understanding of the cellular and molecular biology of human deafness, and of the human auditory system more broadly, has been inferred from observational and experimental studies in animal models, each of which has its own advantages and limitations. In 2013, researchers described a protocol for the generation of inner ear organoids from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), which could serve as scalable, high-fidelity alternatives to animal models. Here, we discuss the advantages and limitations of conventional models of the human auditory system, describe the generation and characteristics of PSC-derived inner ear organoids, and discuss several strategies and recent attempts to model hereditary deafness in vitro. Finally, we suggest and discuss several focus areas for the further, intensive characterization of inner ear organoids and discuss the translational applications of these novel models of the human inner ear.
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Differentiation of embryonic stem cells into a putative hair cell-progenitor cells via co-culture with HEI-OC1 cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13893. [PMID: 34230535 PMCID: PMC8260610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown how different cell lines can influence the differentiation of stem cells through co-culture systems. The House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1 (HEI-OC1) is considered an important cell line for in vitro auditory research. However, it is unknown if HEI-OC1 cells can promote the differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). In this study, we investigated whether co-culture of ESCs with HEI-OC1 cells promotes differentiation. To this end, we developed a co-culture system of mouse ESCs with HEI-OC1 cells. Dissociated or embryonic bodies (EBs) of ESCs were introduced to a conditioned and inactivated confluent layer of HEI-OC1 cells for 14 days. The dissociated ESCs coalesced into an EB-like form that was smaller than the co-cultured EBs. Contact co-culture generated cells expressing several otic progenitor markers as well as hair cell specific markers. ESCs and EBs were also cultured in non-contact setup but using conditioned medium from HEI-OC1 cells, indicating that soluble factors alone could have a similar effect. The ESCs did not form into aggregates but were still Myo7a-positive, while the EBs degenerated. However, in the fully differentiated EBs, evidence to prove mature differentiation of inner ear hair cell was still rudimentary. Nevertheless, these results suggest that cellular interactions between ESCs and HEI-OC1 cells may both stimulate ESC differentiation.
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26
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Yang Q, Shi H, Quan Y, Chen Q, Li W, Wang L, Wang Y, Ji Z, Yin SK, Shi HB, Xu H, Gao WQ. Stepwise Induction of Inner Ear Hair Cells From Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts via Mesenchymal- to-Epithelial Transition and Formation of Otic Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:672406. [PMID: 34222247 PMCID: PMC8248816 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.672406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells are able to differentiate into inner ear hair cells (HCs), they have drawbacks limiting their clinical application, including a potential risk of tumourigenicity. Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts to inner ear HCs could offer an alternative solution to this problem. Here, we present a stepwise guidance protocol to induce mouse embryonic fibroblasts to differentiate into inner ear HC-like cells (HCLs) via mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and then acquisition of otic sensory epithelial cell traits by overexpression of three key transcription factors. These induced HCLs express multiple HC-specific proteins, display protrusions reminiscent of ciliary bundle structures, respond to voltage stimulation, form functional mechanotransduction channels, and exhibit a transcriptional profile of HC signature. Together, our work provides a new method to produce functional HCLs in vitro, which may have important implications for studies of HC development, drug discovery, and cell replacement therapy for hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haosong Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Sixth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yizhou Quan
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongzhong Ji
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan-Kai Yin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Sixth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Bo Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Sixth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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27
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Bergman JE, Davies C, Denton AJ, Ashman PE, Mittal R, Eshraghi AA. Advancements in Stem Cell Technology and Organoids for the Restoration of Sensorineural Hearing Loss. J Am Acad Audiol 2021; 32:636-645. [PMID: 34034344 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1728677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a significant cause of morbidity worldwide and currently has no curative treatment. Technological advancements in stem cell therapy have led to numerous studies that examine the generation of otic sensory cells from progenitors to restore inner ear function. Recently, organoids have emerged as a promising technique to further advance the process of creating functional replacement cells after irreversible hearing loss. Organoids are the three-dimensional generation of stem cells in culture to model the tissue organization and cellular components of the inner ear. Organoids have emerged as a promising technique to create functioning cochlear structures in vitro and may provide crucial information for the utilization of stem cells to restore SNHL. PURPOSE The purpose of this review is to discuss the recent advancements in stem cell-based regenerative therapy for SNHL. RESULTS Recent studies have improved our understanding about the developmental pathways involved in the generation of hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons. However, significant challenges remain in elucidating the molecular interactions and interplay required for stem cells to differentiate and function as otic sensory cells. A few of the challenges encountered with traditional stem cell therapy may be addressed with organoids. CONCLUSION Stem cell-based regenerative therapy holds a great potential for developing novel treatment modalities for SNHL. Further advancements are needed in addressing the challenges associated with stem cell-based regenerative therapy and promote their translation from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna E Bergman
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Camron Davies
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Alexa J Denton
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Peter E Ashman
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Adrien A Eshraghi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implant and Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Miami, Florida.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Matrigel is required for efficient differentiation of isolated, stem cell-derived otic vesicles into inner ear organoids. Stem Cell Res 2021; 53:102295. [PMID: 33773390 PMCID: PMC8360351 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inner ear organoids derived from pluripotent stem cells could be a useful model system to study development, disease, and regeneration. However, there is considerable heterogeneity in the size, morphology, and efficiency of organoid production using standard protocols. Greater control of the culture microenvironment could decrease heterogeneity and increase the yield of organoids. Animal-derived otic vesicles show some autonomy during development and can differentiate into cochlear and vestibular domains in mesenchyme-free ex vivo culture. Therefore, we investigated whether stem cell-derived otic vesicles can autonomously generate inner ear organoids. Isolated, stem cell-derived vesicles grew into cyst-like organoids with high efficiency, over 90%, when embedded in droplets of the basement membrane matrix Matrigel. Though nearly all vesicles within the aggregate were competent to mature into organoids, the efficiency of organoid production depended on the stage of vesicle isolation and required supplementation with Matrigel.
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Stojkovic M, Han D, Jeong M, Stojkovic P, Stankovic KM. Human induced pluripotent stem cells and CRISPR/Cas-mediated targeted genome editing: Platforms to tackle sensorineural hearing loss. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2021; 39:673-696. [PMID: 33586253 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hearing loss (HL) is a major global health problem of pandemic proportions. The most common type of HL is sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) which typically occurs when cells within the inner ear are damaged. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can be generated from any individual including those who suffer from different types of HL. The development of new differentiation protocols to obtain cells of the inner ear including hair cells (HCs) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) promises to expedite cell-based therapy and screening of potential pharmacologic and genetic therapies using human models. Considering age-related, acoustic, ototoxic, and genetic insults which are the most frequent causes of irreversible damage of HCs and SGNs, new methods of genome editing (GE), especially the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, could bring additional opportunities to understand the pathogenesis of human SNHL and identify novel therapies. However, important challenges associated with both hiPSCs and GE need to be overcome before scientific discoveries are correctly translated to effective and patient-safe applications. The purpose of the present review is (a) to summarize the findings from published reports utilizing hiPSCs for studies of SNHL, hence complementing recent reviews focused on animal studies, and (b) to outline promising future directions for deciphering SNHL using disruptive molecular and genomic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miodrag Stojkovic
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dongjun Han
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Minjin Jeong
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Petra Stojkovic
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Konstantina M Stankovic
- Eaton Peabody Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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30
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Zine A, Messat Y, Fritzsch B. A human induced pluripotent stem cell-based modular platform to challenge sensorineural hearing loss. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2021; 39:697-706. [PMID: 33522002 PMCID: PMC8359331 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The sense of hearing depends on a specialized sensory organ in the inner ear, called the cochlea, which contains the auditory hair cells (HCs). Noise trauma, infections, genetic factors, side effects of ototoxic drugs (ie, some antibiotics and chemotherapeutics), or simply aging lead to the loss of HCs and their associated primary neurons. This results in irreversible sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) as in mammals, including humans; the inner ear lacks the capacity to regenerate HCs and spiral ganglion neurons. SNHL is a major global health problem affecting millions of people worldwide and provides a growing concern in the aging population. To date, treatment options are limited to hearing aids and cochlear implants. A major bottleneck for development of new therapies for SNHL is associated to the lack of human otic cell bioassays. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can be induced in two-dimensional and three-dimensional otic cells in vitro models that can generate inner ear progenitors and sensory HCs and could be a promising preclinical platform from which to work toward restoring SNHL. We review the potential applications of hiPSCs in the various biological approaches, including disease modeling, bioengineering, drug testing, and autologous stem cell based-cell therapy, that offer opportunities to understand the pathogenic mechanisms of SNHL and identify novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azel Zine
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Nanoscience, LBN, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yassine Messat
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Nanoscience, LBN, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, CLAS, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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31
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Whatley M, Francis A, Ng ZY, Khoh XE, Atlas MD, Dilley RJ, Wong EYM. Usher Syndrome: Genetics and Molecular Links of Hearing Loss and Directions for Therapy. Front Genet 2020; 11:565216. [PMID: 33193648 PMCID: PMC7642844 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.565216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Usher syndrome (USH) is an autosomal recessive (AR) disorder that permanently and severely affects the senses of hearing, vision, and balance. Three clinically distinct types of USH have been identified, decreasing in severity from Type 1 to 3, with symptoms of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and vestibular dysfunction. There are currently nine confirmed and two suspected USH-causative genes, and a further three candidate loci have been mapped. The proteins encoded by these genes form complexes that play critical roles in the development and maintenance of cellular structures within the inner ear and retina, which have minimal capacity for repair or regeneration. In the cochlea, stereocilia are located on the apical surface of inner ear hair cells (HC) and are responsible for transducing mechanical stimuli from sound pressure waves into chemical signals. These signals are then detected by the auditory nerve fibers, transmitted to the brain and interpreted as sound. Disease-causing mutations in USH genes can destabilize the tip links that bind the stereocilia to each other, and cause defects in protein trafficking and stereocilia bundle morphology, thereby inhibiting mechanosensory transduction. This review summarizes the current knowledge on Usher syndrome with a particular emphasis on mutations in USH genes, USH protein structures, and functional analyses in animal models. Currently, there is no cure for USH. However, the genetic therapies that are rapidly developing will benefit from this compilation of detailed genetic information to identify the most effective strategies for restoring functional USH proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Whatley
- Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Abbie Francis
- Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Emergency Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Zi Ying Ng
- Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Xin Ee Khoh
- Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Marcus D. Atlas
- Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Ear Sciences Centre, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Rodney J. Dilley
- Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Ear Sciences Centre, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Elaine Y. M. Wong
- Ear Science Institute Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Ear Sciences Centre, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
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Abstract
Organoid technologies enable the creation of in vitro physiologic systems that model tissues of origin more accurately than classical culture approaches. Seminal characteristics, including three-dimensional structure and recapitulation of self-renewal, differentiation, and disease pathology, render organoids eminently suited as hybrids that combine the experimental tractability of traditional 2D cell lines with cellular attributes of in vivo model systems. Here, we describe recent advances in this rapidly evolving field and their applications in cancer biology, clinical translation and precision medicine.
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33
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Durán-Alonso MB. Stem cell-based approaches: Possible route to hearing restoration? World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:422-437. [PMID: 32742560 PMCID: PMC7360988 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i6.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Disabling hearing loss is the most common sensorineural disability worldwide. It affects around 466 million people and its incidence is expected to rise to around 900 million people by 2050, according to World Health Organization estimates. Most cases of hearing impairment are due to the degeneration of hair cells (HCs) in the cochlea, mechano-receptors that transduce incoming sound information into electrical signals that are sent to the brain. Damage to these cells is mainly caused by exposure to aminoglycoside antibiotics and to some anti-cancer drugs such as cisplatin, loud sounds, age, infections and genetic mutations. Hearing deficits may also result from damage to the spiral ganglion neurons that innervate cochlear HCs. Differently from what is observed in avian and non-mammalian species, there is no regeneration of missing sensory cell types in the adult mammalian cochlea, what makes hearing loss an irreversible process. This review summarizes the research that has been conducted with the aim of developing cell-based strategies that lead to sensory cell replacement in the adult cochlea and, ultimately, to hearing restoration. Two main lines of research are discussed, one directed toward the transplantation of exogenous replacement cells into the damaged tissue, and another that aims at reactivating the regenerative potential of putative progenitor cells in the adult inner ear. Results from some of the studies that have been conducted are presented and the advantages and drawbacks of the various approaches discussed.
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34
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Tang PC, Hashino E, Nelson RF. Progress in Modeling and Targeting Inner Ear Disorders with Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:996-1008. [PMID: 32442531 PMCID: PMC7355141 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction are caused by damage to neurons and mechanosensitive hair cells, which do not regenerate to any clinically relevant extent in humans. Several protocols have been devised to direct pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into inner ear hair cells and neurons, which display many properties of their native counterparts. The efficiency, reproducibility, and scalability of these protocols are enhanced by incorporating knowledge of inner ear development. Modeling human diseases in vitro through genetic manipulation of PSCs is already feasible, thereby permitting the elucidation of mechanistic understandings of a wide array of disease etiologies. Early studies on transplantation of PSC-derived otic progenitors have been successful in certain animal models, yet restoration of function and long-term cell survival remain unrealized. Through further research, PSC-based approaches will continue to revolutionize our understanding of inner ear biology and contribute to the development of therapeutic treatments for inner ear disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ciao Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Eri Hashino
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Rick F Nelson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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35
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Abstract
The sensory epithelia of the inner ear contain mechanosensitive hair cells that transmit sound, gravity and head motion signals. This protocol describes an in vitro 3D differentiation method, by which the inner ear sensory epithelium harboring hair cells are derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). To begin the differentiation, hPSCs are aggregated in low-binding 96-well plates and treated with extracellular matrix proteins to promote epithelialization. By recapitulating signaling pathway activation and attenuation during in vivo inner ear development, the aggregates are treated with small molecules and recombinant proteins that modulate signaling pathways such as BMP, FGF and WNT in a stepwise manner. These treatments induce sequential formation of non-neural ectoderm (NNE), otic-epibranchial progenitor domain (OEPD), and otic placodes. The otic placodes subsequently undergo self-guided morphogenesis to form otic vesicles, which eventually give rise to sensory epithelia containing inner ear hair cells and supporting cells, as well as neurons forming synapses with the hair cells. These hPSC-derived inner ear sensory structures are designated human inner ear organoids. As human inner ear biopsies are nearly impossible to obtain without causing severe injuries to the auditory system of the patients, the human inner ear organoid system provides a powerful in vitro platform for studying human inner ear disease and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Nie
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Eri Hashino
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
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36
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Omichi R, Shibata SB, Morton CC, Smith RJH. Gene therapy for hearing loss. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:R65-R79. [PMID: 31227837 PMCID: PMC6796998 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is the most common sensory disorder. Its underlying etiologies include a broad spectrum of genetic and environmental factors that can lead to hearing loss that is congenital or late onset, stable or progressive, drug related, noise induced, age related, traumatic or post-infectious. Habilitation options typically focus on amplification using wearable or implantable devices; however exciting new gene-therapy-based strategies to restore and prevent SNHL are actively under investigation. Recent proof-of-principle studies demonstrate the potential therapeutic potential of molecular agents delivered to the inner ear to ameliorate different types of SNHL. Correcting or preventing underlying genetic forms of hearing loss is poised to become a reality. Herein, we review molecular therapies for hearing loss such as gene replacement, antisense oligonucleotides, RNA interference and CRISPR-based gene editing. We discuss delivery methods, techniques and viral vectors employed for inner ear gene therapy and the advancements in this field that are paving the way for basic science research discoveries to transition to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Omichi
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Seiji B Shibata
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Cynthia C Morton
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M139NT, UK
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Richard J H Smith
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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37
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Roccio M, Edge ASB. Inner ear organoids: new tools to understand neurosensory cell development, degeneration and regeneration. Development 2019; 146:146/17/dev177188. [PMID: 31477580 DOI: 10.1242/dev.177188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic interventions for hearing loss requires fundamental knowledge about the signaling pathways controlling tissue development as well as the establishment of human cell-based assays to validate therapeutic strategies ex vivo Recent advances in the field of stem cell biology and organoid culture systems allow the expansion and differentiation of tissue-specific progenitors and pluripotent stem cells in vitro into functional hair cells and otic-like neurons. We discuss how inner ear organoids have been developed and how they offer for the first time the opportunity to validate drug-based therapies, gene-targeting approaches and cell replacement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Roccio
- Inner Ear Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland .,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Albert S B Edge
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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38
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Jung YH, Park B, Kim JU, Kim TI. Bioinspired Electronics for Artificial Sensory Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1803637. [PMID: 30345558 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Humans have a myriad of sensory receptors in different sense organs that form the five traditionally recognized senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. These receptors detect diverse stimuli originating from the world and turn them into brain-interpretable electrical impulses for sensory cognitive processing, enabling us to communicate and socialize. Developments in biologically inspired electronics have led to the demonstration of a wide range of electronic sensors in all five traditional categories, with the potential to impact a broad spectrum of applications. Here, recent advances in bioinspired electronics that can function as potential artificial sensory systems, including prosthesis and humanoid robots are reviewed. The mechanisms and demonstrations in mimicking biological sensory systems are individually discussed and the remaining future challenges that must be solved for their versatile use are analyzed. Recent progress in bioinspired electronic sensors shows that the five traditional senses are successfully mimicked using novel electronic components and the performance regarding sensitivity, selectivity, and accuracy have improved to levels that outperform human sensory organs. Finally, neural interfacing techniques for connecting artificial sensors to the brain are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yei Hwan Jung
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeonghak Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Uk Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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39
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Wang T, Niwa M, Sayyid ZN, Hosseini DK, Pham N, Jones SM, Ricci AJ, Cheng AG. Uncoordinated maturation of developing and regenerating postnatal mammalian vestibular hair cells. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000326. [PMID: 31260439 PMCID: PMC6602158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory hair cells are mechanoreceptors required for hearing and balance functions. From embryonic development, hair cells acquire apical stereociliary bundles for mechanosensation, basolateral ion channels that shape receptor potential, and synaptic contacts for conveying information centrally. These key maturation steps are sequential and presumed coupled; however, whether hair cells emerging postnatally mature similarly is unknown. Here, we show that in vivo postnatally generated and regenerated hair cells in the utricle, a vestibular organ detecting linear acceleration, acquired some mature somatic features but hair bundles appeared nonfunctional and short. The utricle consists of two hair cell subtypes with distinct morphological, electrophysiological and synaptic features. In both the undamaged and damaged utricle, fate-mapping and electrophysiology experiments showed that Plp1+ supporting cells took on type II hair cell properties based on molecular markers, basolateral conductances and synaptic properties yet stereociliary bundles were absent, or small and nonfunctional. By contrast, Lgr5+ supporting cells regenerated hair cells with type I and II properties, representing a distinct hair cell precursor subtype. Lastly, direct physiological measurements showed that utricular function abolished by damage was partially regained during regeneration. Together, our data reveal a previously unrecognized aberrant maturation program for hair cells generated and regenerated postnatally and may have broad implications for inner ear regenerative therapies. During development, sensory hair cells undergo a series of critical maturation steps that are sequential and presumed coupled, but whether regenerated hair cells mature similarly is unknown. This study shows that regenerated vestibular hair cells acquired some mature somatic features, but the apical bundles remained immature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mamiko Niwa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Zahra N. Sayyid
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Davood K. Hosseini
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Nicole Pham
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sherri M. Jones
- Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Ricci
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AGC); (AJR)
| | - Alan G. Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AGC); (AJR)
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40
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Tang PC, Alex AL, Nie J, Lee J, Roth AA, Booth KT, Koehler KR, Hashino E, Nelson RF. Defective Tmprss3-Associated Hair Cell Degeneration in Inner Ear Organoids. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 13:147-162. [PMID: 31204303 PMCID: PMC6626982 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding the type II transmembrane protease 3 (TMPRSS3) cause human hearing loss, although the underlying mechanisms that result in TMPRSS3-related hearing loss are still unclear. We combined the use of stem cell-derived inner ear organoids with single-cell RNA sequencing to investigate the role of TMPRSS3. Defective Tmprss3 leads to hair cell apoptosis without altering the development of hair cells and the formation of the mechanotransduction apparatus. Prior to degeneration, Tmprss3-KO hair cells demonstrate reduced numbers of BK channels and lower expressions of genes encoding calcium ion-binding proteins, suggesting a disruption in intracellular homeostasis. A proteolytically active TMPRSS3 was detected on cell membranes in addition to ER of cells in inner ear organoids. Our in vitro model recapitulated salient features of genetically associated inner ear abnormalities and will serve as a powerful tool for studying inner ear disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ciao Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alpha L Alex
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jiyoon Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Adam A Roth
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kevin T Booth
- Molecular Otolaryngology and Renal Research Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Karl R Koehler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eri Hashino
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rick F Nelson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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41
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Mattei C, Lim R, Drury H, Nasr B, Li Z, Tadros MA, D'Abaco GM, Stok KS, Nayagam BA, Dottori M. Generation of Vestibular Tissue-Like Organoids From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using the Rotary Cell Culture System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:25. [PMID: 30891447 PMCID: PMC6413170 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hair cells are specialized mechanosensitive cells responsible for mediating balance and hearing within the inner ear. In mammals, hair cells are limited in number and do not regenerate. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provide a valuable source for deriving human hair cells to study their development and design therapies to treat and/or prevent their degeneration. In this study we used a dynamic 3D Rotary Cell Culture System (RCCS) for deriving inner ear organoids from hPSCs. We show RCCS-derived organoids recapitulate stages of inner ear development and give rise to an enriched population of hair cells displaying vestibular-like morphological and physiological phenotypes, which resemble developing human fetal inner ear hair cells as well as the presence of accessory otoconia-like structures. These results show that hPSC-derived organoids can generate complex inner ear structural features and be a resource to study inner ear development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Mattei
- Centre for Neural Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca Lim
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Hannah Drury
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Babak Nasr
- Centre for Neural Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zihui Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa A Tadros
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Giovanna M D'Abaco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathryn S Stok
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bryony A Nayagam
- Departments of Audiology and Speech Pathology and Department of Medical Bionics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mirella Dottori
- Centre for Neural Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Li
- From the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia (M.L.); and the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA (J.C.I.B.)
| | - Juan C Izpisua Belmonte
- From the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia (M.L.); and the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA (J.C.I.B.)
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43
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Czajkowski A, Mounier A, Delacroix L, Malgrange B. Pluripotent stem cell-derived cochlear cells: a challenge in constant progress. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:627-635. [PMID: 30341460 PMCID: PMC11105202 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hearing loss is a common affection mainly resulting from irreversible loss of the sensory hair cells of the cochlea; therefore, developing therapies to replace missing hair cells is essential. Understanding the mechanisms that drive their formation will not only help to unravel the molecular basis of deafness, but also give a roadmap for recapitulating hair cells development from cultured pluripotent stem cells. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in hair cell production from both human and mouse embryonic stem cells. We then provide insights how this knowledge has been applied to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cells into otic progenitors and hair cells. Finally, we discuss the current limitations for properly obtaining functional hair cell in a Petri dish, as well as the difficulties that have to be overcome prior to consider stem cell therapy as a potential treatment for hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Czajkowski
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Quartier Hôpital (CHU), Avenue Hippocrate 15, Tour 4, 1er étage, Bât. B36, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anaïs Mounier
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Quartier Hôpital (CHU), Avenue Hippocrate 15, Tour 4, 1er étage, Bât. B36, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurence Delacroix
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Quartier Hôpital (CHU), Avenue Hippocrate 15, Tour 4, 1er étage, Bât. B36, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Malgrange
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Quartier Hôpital (CHU), Avenue Hippocrate 15, Tour 4, 1er étage, Bât. B36, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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44
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de Groot SC, Sliedregt K, van Benthem PPG, Rivolta MN, Huisman MA. Building an Artificial Stem Cell Niche: Prerequisites for Future 3D-Formation of Inner Ear Structures-Toward 3D Inner Ear Biotechnology. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:408-426. [PMID: 30635991 PMCID: PMC7065153 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increased interest in stem cells for the purpose of regenerative medicine to deliver a wide range of therapies to treat many diseases. However, two‐dimensional cultures of stem cells are of limited use when studying the mechanism of pathogenesis of diseases and the feasibility of a treatment. Therefore, research is focusing on the strengths of stem cells in the three‐dimensional (3D) structures mimicking organs, that is, organoids, or organ‐on‐chip, for modeling human biology and disease. As 3D technology advances, it is necessary to know which signals stem cells need to multiply and differentiate into complex structures. This holds especially true for the complex 3D structure of the inner ear. Recent work suggests that although other factors play a role, the extracellular matrix (ECM), including its topography, is crucial to mimic a stem cell niche in vitro and to drive stem cells toward the formation of the tissue of interest. Technological developments have led to the investigation of biomaterials that closely resemble the native ECM. In the fast forward moving research of organoids and organs‐on‐chip, the inner ear has hardly received attention. This review aims to provide an overview, by describing the general context in which cells, matrix and morphogens cooperate in order to build a tissue, to facilitate research in 3D inner ear technology. Anat Rec, 303:408–426, 2020. © 2019 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Sliedregt
- Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Paul G van Benthem
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marcelo N Rivolta
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Margriet A Huisman
- Hair Science Institute, Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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45
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Lahlou H, Nivet E, Lopez-Juarez A, Fontbonne A, Assou S, Zine A. Enriched Differentiation of Human Otic Sensory Progenitor Cells Derived From Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:452. [PMID: 30618604 PMCID: PMC6306956 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related neurosensory deficit of the inner ear is mostly due to a loss of hair cells (HCs). Development of stem cell-based therapy requires a better understanding of factors and signals that drive stem cells into otic sensory progenitor cells (OSPCs) to replace lost HCs. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) theoretically represent an unlimited supply for the generation of human OSPCs in vitro. In this study, we developed a monolayer-based differentiation system to generate an enriched population of OSPCs via a stepwise differentiation of hiPSCs. Gene and protein expression analyses revealed the efficient induction of a comprehensive panel of otic/placodal and late otic markers over the course of the differentiation. Furthermore, whole transcriptome analysis confirmed a developmental path of OSPC differentiation from hiPSCs. We found that modulation of WNT and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling combined with fibroblast growth factor 3 (FGF3) and FGF10 treatment over a 6-day period drives the expression of early otic/placodal markers followed by late otic sensory markers within 13 days, indicative of a differentiation into embryonic-like HCs. In summary, we report a rapid and efficient strategy to generate an enriched population of OSPCs from hiPSCs, thereby establishing the value of this approach for disease modeling and cell-based therapies of the inner ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanae Lahlou
- LNIA, CNRS UMR 7260, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuel Nivet
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INP UMR 7051, Marseille, France
| | | | - Arnaud Fontbonne
- LNIA, CNRS UMR 7260, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Said Assou
- IRMB, Université Montpellier, INSERM U1183, Montpellier, France
| | - Azel Zine
- LNIA, CNRS UMR 7260, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Université Montpellier, UFR de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
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46
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Molecular therapy for genetic and degenerative vestibular disorders. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 26:307-311. [PMID: 30045104 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0000000000000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The primary purpose of this review is to summarize current literature in the field of vestibular regeneration with a focus on recent developments in molecular and gene therapies. RECENT FINDINGS Since the discovery of limited vestibular hair cell regeneration in mammals in the 1990s, many elegant studies have improved our knowledge of mechanisms of development and regeneration of the vestibular system. A better understanding of the developmental pathways of the vestibular organs has fueled various biological strategies to enhance regeneration, including novel techniques in deriving vestibular hair cells from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. In addition, the identification of specific genetic mutations responsible for vestibular disorders has opened various opportunities for gene replacement therapy. SUMMARY Vestibular dysfunction is a significant clinical problem with limited therapeutic options, warranting research on biological strategies to repair/regenerate the vestibular organs to restore function. The use of gene therapy appears promising in animal models of vestibular dysfunction.
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47
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Molecular characterization and prospective isolation of human fetal cochlear hair cell progenitors. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4027. [PMID: 30279445 PMCID: PMC6168603 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06334-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory hair cells located in the organ of Corti are essential for cochlear mechanosensation. Their loss is irreversible in humans resulting in permanent hearing loss. The development of therapeutic interventions for hearing loss requires fundamental knowledge about similarities and potential differences between animal models and human development as well as the establishment of human cell based-assays. Here we analyze gene and protein expression of the developing human inner ear in a temporal window spanning from week 8 to 12 post conception, when cochlear hair cells become specified. Utilizing surface markers for the cochlear prosensory domain, namely EPCAM and CD271, we purify postmitotic hair cell progenitors that, when placed in culture in three-dimensional organoids, regain proliferative potential and eventually differentiate to hair cell-like cells in vitro. These results provide a foundation for comparative studies with otic cells generated from human pluripotent stem cells and for establishing novel platforms for drug validation. Hearing requires mechanosensitive hair cells in the organ of Corti, which derive from progenitors of the cochlear duct. Here the authors examine human inner ear development by studying key developmental markers and describe organoid cultures from human cochlear duct progenitors for in vitro hair cell differentiation.
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48
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Hartman BH, Bӧscke R, Ellwanger DC, Keymeulen S, Scheibinger M, Heller S. Fbxo2 VHC mouse and embryonic stem cell reporter lines delineate in vitro-generated inner ear sensory epithelia cells and enable otic lineage selection and Cre-recombination. Dev Biol 2018; 443:64-77. [PMID: 30179592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While the mouse has been a productive model for inner ear studies, a lack of highly specific genes and tools has presented challenges. The absence of definitive otic lineage markers and tools is limiting in vitro studies of otic development, where innate cellular heterogeneity and disorganization increase the reliance on lineage-specific markers. To address this challenge in mice and embryonic stem (ES) cells, we targeted the lineage-specific otic gene Fbxo2 with a multicistronic reporter cassette (Venus/Hygro/CreER = VHC). In otic organoids derived from ES cells, Fbxo2VHC specifically delineates otic progenitors and inner ear sensory epithelia. In mice, Venus expression and CreER activity reveal a cochlear developmental gradient, label the prosensory lineage, show enrichment in a subset of type I vestibular hair cells, and expose strong expression in adult cerebellar granule cells. We provide a toolbox of multiple spectrally distinct reporter combinations for studies that require use of fluorescent reporters, hygromycin selection, and conditional Cre-mediated recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron H Hartman
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head&Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
| | - Robert Bӧscke
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head&Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Daniel C Ellwanger
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head&Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Sawa Keymeulen
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head&Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Program in Human Biology, Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Mirko Scheibinger
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head&Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Stefan Heller
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head&Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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49
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Elliott KL, Fritzsch B, Duncan JS. Evolutionary and Developmental Biology Provide Insights Into the Regeneration of Organ of Corti Hair Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:252. [PMID: 30135646 PMCID: PMC6092489 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We review the evolution and development of organ of Corti hair cells with a focus on their molecular differences from vestibular hair cells. Such information is needed to therapeutically guide organ of Corti hair cell development in flat epithelia and generate the correct arrangement of different hair cell types, orientation of stereocilia, and the delayed loss of the kinocilium that are all essential for hearing, while avoiding driving hair cells toward a vestibular fate. Highlighting the differences from vestibular organs and defining what is known about the regulation of these differences will help focus future research directions toward successful restoration of an organ of Corti following long-term hair cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Elliott
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jeremy S Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
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50
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Jahan I, Elliott KL, Fritzsch B. Understanding Molecular Evolution and Development of the Organ of Corti Can Provide Clues for Hearing Restoration. Integr Comp Biol 2018; 58:351-365. [PMID: 29718413 PMCID: PMC6104702 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icy019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian hearing organ is a stereotyped cellular assembly with orderly innervation: two types of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) innervate two types of differentially distributed hair cells (HCs). HCs and SGNs evolved from single neurosensory cells through gene multiplication and diversification. Independent regulation of HCs and neuronal differentiation through expression of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors (bHLH TFs: Atoh1, Neurog1, Neurod1) led to the evolution of vestibular HC assembly and their unique type of innervation. In ancestral mammals, a vestibular organ was transformed into the organ of Corti (OC) containing a single row of inner HC (IHC), three rows of outer HCs (OHCs), several unique supporting cell types, and a peculiar innervation distribution. Restoring the OC following long-term hearing loss is complicated by the fact that the entire organ is replaced by a flat epithelium and requires reconstructing the organ from uniform undifferentiated cell types, recapitulating both evolution and development. Finding the right sequence of gene activation during development that is useful for regeneration could benefit from an understanding of the OC evolution. Toward this end, we report on Foxg1 and Lmx1a mutants that radically alter the OC cell assembly and its innervation when mutated and may have driven the evolutionary reorganization of the basilar papilla into an OC in ancestral Therapsids. Furthermore, genetically manipulating the level of bHLH TFs changes HC type and distribution and allows inference how transformation of HCs might have happened evolutionarily. We report on how bHLH TFs regulate OHC/IHC and how misexpression (Atoh1-Cre; Atoh1f/kiNeurog1) alters HC fate and supporting cell development. Using mice with altered HC types and distribution, we demonstrate innervation changes driven by HC patterning. Using these insights, we speculate on necessary steps needed to convert a random mixture of post-mitotic precursors into the orderly OC through spatially and temporally regulated critical bHLH genes in the context of other TFs to restore normal innervation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israt Jahan
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 129 East Jefferson, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Karen L Elliott
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 129 East Jefferson, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 129 East Jefferson, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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