1
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Bustillo ME, Douthit J, Astigarraga S, Treisman JE. Two distinct mechanisms of Plexin A function in Drosophila optic lobe lamination and morphogenesis. Development 2024; 151:dev202237. [PMID: 38738602 PMCID: PMC11190435 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Visual circuit development is characterized by subdivision of neuropils into layers that house distinct sets of synaptic connections. We find that, in the Drosophila medulla, this layered organization depends on the axon guidance regulator Plexin A. In Plexin A null mutants, synaptic layers of the medulla neuropil and arborizations of individual neurons are wider and less distinct than in controls. Analysis of semaphorin function indicates that Semaphorin 1a, acting in a subset of medulla neurons, is the primary partner for Plexin A in medulla lamination. Removal of the cytoplasmic domain of endogenous Plexin A has little effect on the formation of medulla layers; however, both null and cytoplasmic domain deletion mutations of Plexin A result in an altered overall shape of the medulla neuropil. These data suggest that Plexin A acts as a receptor to mediate morphogenesis of the medulla neuropil, and as a ligand for Semaphorin 1a to subdivide it into layers. Its two independent functions illustrate how a few guidance molecules can organize complex brain structures by each playing multiple roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Bustillo
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 E. 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jessica Douthit
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 E. 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sergio Astigarraga
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 E. 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jessica E. Treisman
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 435 E. 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
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2
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Sakizli U, Takano T, Yoo SK. GALDAR: A genetically encoded galactose sensor for visualizing sugar metabolism in vivo. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002549. [PMID: 38502638 PMCID: PMC10950222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Sugar metabolism plays a pivotal role in sustaining life. Its dynamics within organisms is less understood compared to its intracellular metabolism. Galactose, a hexose stereoisomer of glucose, is a monosaccharide transported via the same transporters with glucose. Galactose feeds into glycolysis and regulates protein glycosylation. Defects in galactose metabolism are lethal for animals. Here, by transgenically implementing the yeast galactose sensing system into Drosophila, we developed a genetically encoded sensor, GALDAR, which detects galactose in vivo. Using this heterologous system, we revealed dynamics of galactose metabolism in various tissues. Notably, we discovered that intestinal stem cells do not uptake detectable levels of galactose or glucose. GALDAR elucidates the role for galactokinase in metabolism of galactose and a transition of galactose metabolism during the larval period. This work provides a new system that enables analyses of in vivo sugar metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uğurcan Sakizli
- Laboratory for Homeodynamics, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomomi Takano
- Laboratory for Homeodynamics, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, Japan
- Physiological Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sa Kan Yoo
- Laboratory for Homeodynamics, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Physiological Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Kobe, Japan
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3
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Nishida H, Albero AB, Onoue K, Ikegawa Y, Sulekh S, Sakizli U, Minami Y, Yonemura S, Wang YC, Yoo SK. Necrosensor: a genetically encoded fluorescent sensor for visualizing necrosis in Drosophila. Biol Open 2024; 13:bio060104. [PMID: 38156558 PMCID: PMC10836653 DOI: 10.1242/bio.060104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, necrosis has been considered a passive process, which is induced by extreme stress or damage. However, recent findings of necroptosis, a programmed form of necrosis, shed a new light on necrosis. It has been challenging to detect necrosis reliably in vivo, partly due to the lack of genetically encoded sensors to detect necrosis. This is in stark contrast with the availability of many genetically encoded biosensors for apoptosis. Here we developed Necrosensor, a genetically encoded fluorescent sensor that detects necrosis in Drosophila, by utilizing HMGB1, which is released from the nucleus as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). We demonstrate that Necrosensor is able to detect necrosis induced by various stresses in multiple tissues in both live and fixed conditions. Necrosensor also detects physiological necrosis that occurs during spermatogenesis in the testis. Using Necrosensor, we discovered previously unidentified, physiological necrosis of hemocyte progenitors in the hematopoietic lymph gland of developing larvae. This work provides a new transgenic system that enables in vivo detection of necrosis in real time without any intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nishida
- Division of Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
- Physiological Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | | | - Kenta Onoue
- Laboratory for Ultrastructural Research, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yuko Ikegawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Kyoto University, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Laboratory for Homeodynamics, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shivakshi Sulekh
- Laboratory for Homeodynamics, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Ugurcan Sakizli
- Laboratory for Homeodynamics, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Minami
- Division of Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- Laboratory for Ultrastructural Research, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yu-Chiun Wang
- Laboratory for Epithelial Morphogenesis, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Sa Kan Yoo
- Physiological Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Laboratory for Homeodynamics, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
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4
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Bernal-Alferes B, Gómez-Mosqueira R, Ortega-Tapia GT, Burgos-Vargas R, García-Latorre E, Domínguez-López ML, Romero-López JP. The role of γδ T cells in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory diseases: from basic biology to therapeutic targeting. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 114:557-570. [PMID: 37040589 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The γδ T cells are lymphocytes with an innate-like phenotype that can distribute to different tissues to reside and participate in homeostatic functions such as pathogen defense, tissue modeling, and response to stress. These cells originate during fetal development and migrate to the tissues in a TCR chain-dependent manner. Their unique manner to respond to danger signals facilitates the initiation of cytokine-mediated diseases such as spondyloarthritis and psoriasis, which are immune-mediated diseases with a very strong link with mucosal disturbances, either in the skin or the gut. In spondyloarthritis, γδ T cells are one of the main sources of IL-17 and, therefore, the main drivers of inflammation and probably new bone formation. Remarkably, this population can be the bridge between gut and joint inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Bernal-Alferes
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás C.P. 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rafael Gómez-Mosqueira
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás C.P. 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Graciela Teresa Ortega-Tapia
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás C.P. 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rubén Burgos-Vargas
- Departamento de Reumatología, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Dr. Balmis No. 148 Col. Doctores C.P. 06720, Alcaldía Cuauhtémoc Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ethel García-Latorre
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás C.P. 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María Lilia Domínguez-López
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica 1, Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Lázaro Cárdenas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás C.P. 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Pablo Romero-López
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Edificio A4, Red MEDICI, Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios Número 1, Colonia Los Reyes Ixtacala, C.P. 54090, Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, México
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5
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Cachoux VML, Balakireva M, Gracia M, Bosveld F, López-Gay JM, Maugarny A, Gaugué I, di Pietro F, Rigaud SU, Noiret L, Guirao B, Bellaïche Y. Epithelial apoptotic pattern emerges from global and local regulation by cell apical area. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4807-4826.e6. [PMID: 37827152 PMCID: PMC10681125 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Geometry is a fundamental attribute of biological systems, and it underlies cell and tissue dynamics. Cell geometry controls cell-cycle progression and mitosis and thus modulates tissue development and homeostasis. In sharp contrast and despite the extensive characterization of the genetic mechanisms of caspase activation, we know little about whether and how cell geometry controls apoptosis commitment in developing tissues. Here, we combined multiscale time-lapse microscopy of developing Drosophila epithelium, quantitative characterization of cell behaviors, and genetic and mechanical perturbations to determine how apoptosis is controlled during epithelial tissue development. We found that early in cell lives and well before extrusion, apoptosis commitment is linked to two distinct geometric features: a small apical area compared with other cells within the tissue and a small relative apical area with respect to the immediate neighboring cells. We showed that these global and local geometric characteristics are sufficient to recapitulate the tissue-scale apoptotic pattern. Furthermore, we established that the coupling between these two geometric features and apoptotic cells is dependent on the Hippo/YAP and Notch pathways. Overall, by exploring the links between cell geometry and apoptosis commitment, our work provides important insights into the spatial regulation of cell death in tissues and improves our understanding of the mechanisms that control cell number and tissue size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoire M L Cachoux
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maria Balakireva
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Gracia
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Floris Bosveld
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jesús M López-Gay
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Aude Maugarny
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Gaugué
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Florencia di Pietro
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane U Rigaud
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lorette Noiret
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Boris Guirao
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Yohanns Bellaïche
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Genetics and Developmental Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
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6
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Bustillo ME, Douthit J, Astigarraga S, Treisman JE. Two distinct mechanisms of Plexin A function in Drosophila optic lobe lamination and morphogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.07.552282. [PMID: 37609142 PMCID: PMC10441316 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.07.552282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Visual circuit development is characterized by subdivision of neuropils into layers that house distinct sets of synaptic connections. We find that in the Drosophila medulla, this layered organization depends on the axon guidance regulator Plexin A. In plexin A null mutants, synaptic layers of the medulla neuropil and arborizations of individual neurons are wider and less distinct than in controls. Analysis of Semaphorin function indicates that Semaphorin 1a, provided by cells that include Tm5 neurons, is the primary partner for Plexin A in medulla lamination. Removal of the cytoplasmic domain of endogenous Plexin A does not disrupt the formation of medulla layers; however, both null and cytoplasmic domain deletion mutations of plexin A result in an altered overall shape of the medulla neuropil. These data suggest that Plexin A acts as a receptor to mediate morphogenesis of the medulla neuropil, and as a ligand for Semaphorin 1a to subdivide it into layers. Its two independent functions illustrate how a few guidance molecules can organize complex brain structures by each playing multiple roles. Summary statement The axon guidance molecule Plexin A has two functions in Drosophila medulla development; morphogenesis of the neuropil requires its cytoplasmic domain, but establishing synaptic layers through Semaphorin 1a does not.
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7
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Nakamura M, Parkhurst SM. Wound repair: Two distinct Rap1 pathways close the gap. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R724-R726. [PMID: 37433275 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Groups of cells often coordinate their movements during normal development, cancer invasion, and wound repair. These coordinated migrations require dynamic cytoskeleton and cell-junction remodeling. Two distinct Rap1 pathways are required to regulate this dynamic remodeling for rapid wound closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Nakamura
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Susan M Parkhurst
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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8
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Sakaguchi S, Mizuno S, Okochi Y, Tanegashima C, Nishimura O, Uemura T, Kadota M, Naoki H, Kondo T. Single-cell transcriptome atlas of Drosophila gastrula 2.0. Cell Rep 2023:112707. [PMID: 37433294 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, positional information directs cells to specific fates, leading them to differentiate with their own transcriptomes and express specific behaviors and functions. However, the mechanisms underlying these processes in a genome-wide view remain ambiguous, partly because the single-cell transcriptomic data of early developing embryos containing accurate spatial and lineage information are still lacking. Here, we report a single-cell transcriptome atlas of Drosophila gastrulae, divided into 77 transcriptomically distinct clusters. We find that the expression profiles of plasma-membrane-related genes, but not those of transcription-factor genes, represent each germ layer, supporting the nonequivalent contribution of each transcription-factor mRNA level to effector gene expression profiles at the transcriptome level. We also reconstruct the spatial expression patterns of all genes at the single-cell stripe level as the smallest unit. This atlas is an important resource for the genome-wide understanding of the mechanisms by which genes cooperatively orchestrate Drosophila gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunta Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Cell Recognition and Pattern Formation, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sonoko Mizuno
- Laboratory of Cell Recognition and Pattern Formation, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okochi
- Laboratory of Theoretical Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Chiharu Tanegashima
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Osamu Nishimura
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tadashi Uemura
- Laboratory of Cell Recognition and Pattern Formation, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Center for Living Systems Information Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Kadota
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Honda Naoki
- Laboratory of Theoretical Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Laboratory of Data-driven Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan; Theoretical Biology Research Group, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takefumi Kondo
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; The Keihanshin Consortium for Fostering the Next Generation of Global Leaders in Research (K-CONNEX), Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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9
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Okada M, Takano T, Ikegawa Y, Ciesielski H, Nishida H, Yoo SK. Oncogenic stress-induced Netrin is a humoral signaling molecule that reprograms systemic metabolism in Drosophila. EMBO J 2023:e111383. [PMID: 37140455 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer exerts pleiotropic, systemic effects on organisms, leading to health deterioration and eventually to organismal death. How cancer induces systemic effects on remote organs and the organism itself still remains elusive. Here we describe a role for NetrinB (NetB), a protein with a particularly well-characterized role as a tissue-level axon guidance cue, in mediating oncogenic stress-induced organismal, metabolic reprogramming as a systemic humoral factor. In Drosophila, Ras-induced dysplastic cells upregulate and secrete NetB. Inhibition of either NetB from the transformed tissue or its receptor in the fat body suppresses oncogenic stress-induced organismal death. NetB from the dysplastic tissue remotely suppresses carnitine biosynthesis in the fat body, which is critical for acetyl-CoA generation and systemic metabolism. Supplementation of carnitine or acetyl-CoA ameliorates organismal health under oncogenic stress. This is the first identification, to our knowledge, of a role for the Netrin molecule, which has been studied extensively for its role within tissues, in humorally mediating systemic effects of local oncogenic stress on remote organs and organismal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morihiro Okada
- Physiological Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Homeodynamics, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomomi Takano
- Physiological Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Homeodynamics, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuko Ikegawa
- Laboratory for Homeodynamics, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, Japan
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hanna Ciesielski
- Physiological Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishida
- Physiological Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Cell Physiology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sa Kan Yoo
- Physiological Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Homeodynamics, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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10
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Rajan S, Terman JR, Reisler E. MICAL-mediated oxidation of actin and its effects on cytoskeletal and cellular dynamics. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1124202. [PMID: 36875759 PMCID: PMC9982024 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1124202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin and its dynamic structural remodelings are involved in multiple cellular functions, including maintaining cell shape and integrity, cytokinesis, motility, navigation, and muscle contraction. Many actin-binding proteins regulate the cytoskeleton to facilitate these functions. Recently, actin's post-translational modifications (PTMs) and their importance to actin functions have gained increasing recognition. The MICAL family of proteins has emerged as important actin regulatory oxidation-reduction (Redox) enzymes, influencing actin's properties both in vitro and in vivo. MICALs specifically bind to actin filaments and selectively oxidize actin's methionine residues 44 and 47, which perturbs filaments' structure and leads to their disassembly. This review provides an overview of the MICALs and the impact of MICAL-mediated oxidation on actin's properties, including its assembly and disassembly, effects on other actin-binding proteins, and on cells and tissue systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeepa Rajan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan R. Terman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Emil Reisler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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11
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Ikegawa Y, Combet C, Groussin M, Navratil V, Safar-Remali S, Shiota T, Aouacheria A, Yoo SK. Evidence for existence of an apoptosis-inducing BH3-only protein, sayonara, in Drosophila. EMBO J 2023; 42:e110454. [PMID: 36727601 PMCID: PMC10107002 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021110454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells need to sense stresses to initiate the execution of the dormant cell death program. Since the discovery of the first BH3-only protein Bad, BH3-only proteins have been recognized as indispensable stress sensors that induce apoptosis. BH3-only proteins have so far not been identified in Drosophila despite their importance in other organisms. Here, we identify the first Drosophila BH3-only protein and name it sayonara. Sayonara induces apoptosis in a BH3 motif-dependent manner and interacts genetically and biochemically with the BCL-2 homologous proteins, Buffy and Debcl. There is a positive feedback loop between Sayonara-mediated caspase activation and autophagy. The BH3 motif of sayonara phylogenetically appeared at the time of the ancestral gene duplication that led to the formation of Buffy and Debcl in the dipteran lineage. To our knowledge, this is the first identification of a bona fide BH3-only protein in Drosophila, thus providing a unique example of how cell death mechanisms can evolve both through time and across taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ikegawa
- Laboratory for Homeodynamics, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Christophe Combet
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, UMR Inserm U1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Groussin
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Villeurbanne, France.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Vincent Navratil
- PRABI, Rhône-Alpes Bioinformatics Center, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,UMS 3601, Institut Français de Bioinformatique, IFB-Core, Évry, France
| | - Sabrina Safar-Remali
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, UMR Inserm U1052, CNRS 5286, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Takuya Shiota
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.,Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Abdel Aouacheria
- ISEM, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, UMR 5554, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sa Kan Yoo
- Laboratory for Homeodynamics, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, Japan.,Physiological Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Kobe, Japan
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12
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Abstract
Single-pass transmembrane receptors (SPTMRs) represent a diverse group of integral membrane proteins that are involved in many essential cellular processes, including signal transduction, cell adhesion, and transmembrane transport of materials. Dysregulation of the SPTMRs is linked with many human diseases. Despite extensive efforts in past decades, the mechanisms of action of the SPTMRs remain incompletely understood. One major hurdle is the lack of structures of the full-length SPTMRs in different functional states. Such structural information is difficult to obtain by traditional structural biology methods such as X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The recent rapid development of single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has led to an exponential surge in the number of high-resolution structures of integral membrane proteins, including SPTMRs. Cryo-EM structures of SPTMRs solved in the past few years have tremendously improved our understanding of how SPTMRs function. In this review, we will highlight these progresses in the structural studies of SPTMRs by single-particle cryo-EM, analyze important structural details of each protein involved, and discuss their implications on the underlying mechanisms. Finally, we also briefly discuss remaining challenges and exciting opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cai
- Departments of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- Departments of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA
- Corresponding Author: Xuewu Zhang, Department of pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Xiao-chen Bai
- Departments of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75231, USA
- Corresponding Author: Xiao-chen Bai, Department of Biophysics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
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13
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Worley MI, Everetts NJ, Yasutomi R, Chang RJ, Saretha S, Yosef N, Hariharan IK. Ets21C sustains a pro-regenerative transcriptional program in blastema cells of Drosophila imaginal discs. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3350-3364.e6. [PMID: 35820420 PMCID: PMC9387119 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An important unanswered question in regenerative biology is to what extent regeneration is accomplished by the reactivation of gene regulatory networks used during development versus the activation of regeneration-specific transcriptional programs. Following damage, Drosophila imaginal discs, the larval precursors of adult structures, can regenerate missing portions by localized proliferation of damage-adjacent tissue. Using single-cell transcriptomics in regenerating wing discs, we have obtained a comprehensive view of the transcriptome of regenerating discs and identified two regeneration-specific cell populations within the blastema, Blastema1 and Blastema2. Collectively, these cells upregulate multiple genes encoding secreted proteins that promote regeneration including Pvf1, upd3, asperous, Mmp1, and the maturation delaying factor Ilp8. Expression of the transcription factor Ets21C is restricted to this regenerative secretory zone; it is not expressed in undamaged discs. Ets21C expression is activated by the JNK/AP-1 pathway, and it can function in a type 1 coherent feedforward loop with AP-1 to sustain expression of downstream genes. Without Ets21C function, the blastema cells fail to maintain the expression of a number of genes, which leads to premature differentiation and severely compromised regeneration. As Ets21C is dispensable for normal development, these observations indicate that Ets21C orchestrates a regeneration-specific gene regulatory network. We have also identified cells resembling both Blastema1 and Blastema2 in scribble tumorous discs. They express the Ets21C-dependent gene regulatory network, and eliminating Ets21C function reduces tumorous growth. Thus, mechanisms that function during regeneration can be co-opted by tumors to promote aberrant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie I Worley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Nicholas J Everetts
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Riku Yasutomi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca J Chang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Shrey Saretha
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nir Yosef
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Iswar K Hariharan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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14
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Ciesielski HM, Nishida H, Takano T, Fukuhara A, Otani T, Ikegawa Y, Okada M, Nishimura T, Furuse M, Yoo SK. Erebosis, a new cell death mechanism during homeostatic turnover of gut enterocytes. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001586. [PMID: 35468130 PMCID: PMC9037934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many adult tissues are composed of differentiated cells and stem cells, each working in a coordinated manner to maintain tissue homeostasis during physiological cell turnover. Old differentiated cells are believed to typically die by apoptosis. Here, we discovered a previously uncharacterized, new phenomenon, which we name erebosis based on the ancient Greek word erebos (“complete darkness”), in the gut enterocytes of adult Drosophila. Cells that undergo erebosis lose cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, organelles and fluorescent proteins, but accumulate Angiotensin-converting enzyme (Ance). Their nuclei become flat and occasionally difficult to detect. Erebotic cells do not have characteristic features of apoptosis, necrosis, or autophagic cell death. Inhibition of apoptosis prevents neither the gut cell turnover nor erebosis. We hypothesize that erebosis is a cell death mechanism for the enterocyte flux to mediate tissue homeostasis in the gut. It has been believed that gut enterocytes continuously die through apoptosis. However, this study shows that gut enterocytes die through a novel cell death mechanism, named erebosis. Erobotic cells lack the characteristic features of apoptotic, necrotic or autophagic cell death; instead they lose their cytoskeleton, cell adhesion and organelles, and their nuclei become flat and indistinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna M. Ciesielski
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Physiological Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishida
- Physiological Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Cell Physiology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomomi Takano
- Physiological Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Homeodynamics, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, Japan
| | - Aya Fukuhara
- Physiological Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Kobe, Japan
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuhisa Otani
- Division of Cell structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yuko Ikegawa
- Laboratory for Homeodynamics, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, Japan
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Morihiro Okada
- Physiological Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Homeodynamics, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishimura
- Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Sa Kan Yoo
- Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Physiological Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Homeodynamics, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, Japan
- * E-mail:
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15
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Dworschak GC, Punetha J, Kalanithy JC, Mingardo E, Erdem HB, Akdemir ZC, Karaca E, Mitani T, Marafi D, Fatih JM, Jhangiani SN, Hunter JV, Dakal TC, Dhabhai B, Dabbagh O, Alsaif HS, Alkuraya FS, Maroofian R, Houlden H, Efthymiou S, Dominik N, Salpietro V, Sultan T, Haider S, Bibi F, Thiele H, Hoefele J, Riedhammer KM, Wagner M, Guella I, Demos M, Keren B, Buratti J, Charles P, Nava C, Héron D, Heide S, Valkanas E, Waddell LB, Jones KJ, Oates EC, Cooper ST, MacArthur D, Syrbe S, Ziegler A, Platzer K, Okur V, Chung WK, O'Shea SA, Alcalay R, Fahn S, Mark PR, Guerrini R, Vetro A, Hudson B, Schnur RE, Hoganson GE, Burton JE, McEntagart M, Lindenberg T, Yilmaz Ö, Odermatt B, Pehlivan D, Posey JE, Lupski JR, Reutter H. Biallelic and monoallelic variants in PLXNA1 are implicated in a novel neurodevelopmental disorder with variable cerebral and eye anomalies. Genet Med 2021; 23:1715-1725. [PMID: 34054129 PMCID: PMC8460429 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-021-01196-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of PLXNA1 variants on the phenotype of patients with autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance patterns and to functionally characterize the zebrafish homologs plxna1a and plxna1b during development. METHODS We assembled ten patients from seven families with biallelic or de novo PLXNA1 variants. We describe genotype-phenotype correlations, investigated the variants by structural modeling, and used Morpholino knockdown experiments in zebrafish to characterize the embryonic role of plxna1a and plxna1b. RESULTS Shared phenotypic features among patients include global developmental delay (9/10), brain anomalies (6/10), and eye anomalies (7/10). Notably, seizures were predominantly reported in patients with monoallelic variants. Structural modeling of missense variants in PLXNA1 suggests distortion in the native protein. Our zebrafish studies enforce an embryonic role of plxna1a and plxna1b in the development of the central nervous system and the eye. CONCLUSION We propose that different biallelic and monoallelic variants in PLXNA1 result in a novel neurodevelopmental syndrome mainly comprising developmental delay, brain, and eye anomalies. We hypothesize that biallelic variants in the extracellular Plexin-A1 domains lead to impaired dimerization or lack of receptor molecules, whereas monoallelic variants in the intracellular Plexin-A1 domains might impair downstream signaling through a dominant-negative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C Dworschak
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jaya Punetha
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeshurun C Kalanithy
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Enrico Mingardo
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Haktan B Erdem
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeynep C Akdemir
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ender Karaca
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tadahiro Mitani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dana Marafi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jawid M Fatih
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shalini N Jhangiani
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jill V Hunter
- Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tikam Chand Dakal
- Genome and Computational Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bhanupriya Dhabhai
- Genome and Computational Biology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Omar Dabbagh
- Department of Neuroscience, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hessa S Alsaif
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Dominik
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tipu Sultan
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Institute of Child Health, The Children's Hospital Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Haider
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, Wah Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Farah Bibi
- University Institute of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, PMAS - Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Hoefele
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Korbinian M Riedhammer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matias Wagner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ilaria Guella
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michelle Demos
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Boris Keren
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Julien Buratti
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Perrine Charles
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Nava
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Héron
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Solveig Heide
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Elise Valkanas
- Center for Mendelian Genomics, The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Leigh B Waddell
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristi J Jones
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emily C Oates
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sandra T Cooper
- Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Children's Medical Research Institute, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel MacArthur
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steffen Syrbe
- Division of Pediatric Epileptology, Centre for Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Medicine, Centre for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volkan Okur
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah A O'Shea
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roy Alcalay
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stanley Fahn
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul R Mark
- Division of Medical Genetics, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital Grand Rapids, New York, MI, USA
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Annalisa Vetro
- Neuroscience Department, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - George E Hoganson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer E Burton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Meriel McEntagart
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Centre, St. George's Healthcare NHS Trust, St. George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Lindenberg
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Öznur Yilmaz
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin Odermatt
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Davut Pehlivan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer E Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Heiko Reutter
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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16
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Hill W, Zaragkoulias A, Salvador-Barbero B, Parfitt GJ, Alatsatianos M, Padilha A, Porazinski S, Woolley TE, Morton JP, Sansom OJ, Hogan C. EPHA2-dependent outcompetition of KRASG12D mutant cells by wild-type neighbors in the adult pancreas. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2550-2560.e5. [PMID: 33891893 PMCID: PMC8231095 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As we age, our tissues are repeatedly challenged by mutational insult, yet cancer occurrence is a relatively rare event. Cells carrying cancer-causing genetic mutations compete with normal neighbors for space and survival in tissues. However, the mechanisms underlying mutant-normal competition in adult tissues and the relevance of this process to cancer remain incompletely understood. Here, we investigate how the adult pancreas maintains tissue health in vivo following sporadic expression of oncogenic Kras (KrasG12D), the key driver mutation in human pancreatic cancer. We find that when present in tissues in low numbers, KrasG12D mutant cells are outcompeted and cleared from exocrine and endocrine compartments in vivo. Using quantitative 3D tissue imaging, we show that before being cleared, KrasG12D cells lose cell volume, pack into round clusters, and E-cadherin-based cell-cell adhesions decrease at boundaries with normal neighbors. We identify EphA2 receptor as an essential signal in the clearance of KrasG12D cells from exocrine and endocrine tissues in vivo. In the absence of functional EphA2, KrasG12D cells do not alter cell volume or shape, E-cadherin-based cell-cell adhesions increase and KrasG12D cells are retained in tissues. The retention of KRasG12D cells leads to the early appearance of premalignant pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanINs) in tissues. Our data show that adult pancreas tissues remodel to clear KrasG12D cells and maintain tissue health. This study provides evidence to support a conserved functional role of EphA2 in Ras-driven cell competition in epithelial tissues and suggests that EphA2 is a novel tumor suppressor in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Hill
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Andreas Zaragkoulias
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Beatriz Salvador-Barbero
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Geraint J Parfitt
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Markella Alatsatianos
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Ana Padilha
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Sean Porazinski
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas E Woolley
- School of Mathematics, Cardiff University, Senghennydd Road, Cardiff CF24 4AG, UK
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Catherine Hogan
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
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17
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Lu D, Shang G, He X, Bai XC, Zhang X. Architecture of the Sema3A/PlexinA4/Neuropilin tripartite complex. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3172. [PMID: 34039996 PMCID: PMC8155012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23541-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted class 3 semaphorins (Sema3s) form tripartite complexes with the plexin receptor and neuropilin coreceptor, which are both transmembrane proteins that together mediate semaphorin signal for neuronal axon guidance and other processes. Despite extensive investigations, the overall architecture of and the molecular interactions in the Sema3/plexin/neuropilin complex are incompletely understood. Here we present the cryo-EM structure of a near intact extracellular region complex of Sema3A, PlexinA4 and Neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) at 3.7 Å resolution. The structure shows a large symmetric 2:2:2 assembly in which each subunit makes multiple interactions with others. The two PlexinA4 molecules in the complex do not interact directly, but their membrane proximal regions are close to each other and poised to promote the formation of the intracellular active dimer for signaling. The structure reveals a previously unknown interface between the a2b1b2 module in Nrp1 and the Sema domain of Sema3A. This interaction places the a2b1b2 module at the top of the complex, far away from the plasma membrane where the transmembrane regions of Nrp1 and PlexinA4 embed. As a result, the region following the a2b1b2 module in Nrp1 must span a large distance to allow the connection to the transmembrane region, suggesting an essential role for the long non-conserved linkers and the MAM domain in neuropilin in the semaphorin/plexin/neuropilin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defen Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Guijun Shang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiaojing He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Bai
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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18
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Nishida H, Okada M, Yang L, Takano T, Tabata S, Soga T, Ho DM, Chung J, Minami Y, Yoo SK. Methionine restriction breaks obligatory coupling of cell proliferation and death by an oncogene Src in Drosophila. eLife 2021; 10:59809. [PMID: 33902813 PMCID: PMC8079150 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenes often promote cell death as well as proliferation. How oncogenes drive these diametrically opposed phenomena remains to be solved. A key question is whether cell death occurs as a response to aberrant proliferation signals or through a proliferation-independent mechanism. Here, we reveal that Src, the first identified oncogene, simultaneously drives cell proliferation and death in an obligatorily coupled manner through parallel MAPK pathways. The two MAPK pathways diverge from a lynchpin protein Slpr. A MAPK p38 drives proliferation whereas another MAPK JNK drives apoptosis independently of proliferation signals. Src-p38-induced proliferation is regulated by methionine-mediated Tor signaling. Reduction of dietary methionine uncouples the obligatory coupling of cell proliferation and death, suppressing tumorigenesis and tumor-induced lethality. Our findings provide an insight into how cells evolved to have a fail-safe mechanism that thwarts tumorigenesis by the oncogene Src. We also exemplify a diet-based approach to circumvent oncogenesis by exploiting the fail-safe mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nishida
- Division of Cell Physiology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,RIKEN CPR, Kobe, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Sho Tabata
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Diana M Ho
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | | | | | - Sa Kan Yoo
- RIKEN CPR, Kobe, Japan.,RIKEN BDR, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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19
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Pang R, Xing K, Yuan L, Liang Z, Chen M, Yue X, Dong Y, Ling Y, He X, Li X, Zhang W. Peroxiredoxin alleviates the fitness costs of imidacloprid resistance in an insect pest of rice. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001190. [PMID: 33844686 PMCID: PMC8062100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical insecticides have been heavily employed as the most effective measure for control of agricultural and medical pests, but evolution of resistance by pests threatens the sustainability of this approach. Resistance-conferring mutations sometimes impose fitness costs, which may drive subsequent evolution of compensatory modifier mutations alleviating the costs of resistance. However, how modifier mutations evolve and function to overcome the fitness cost of resistance still remains unknown. Here we show that overexpression of P450s not only confers imidacloprid resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, the most voracious pest of rice, but also leads to elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through metabolism of imidacloprid and host plant compounds. The inevitable production of ROS incurs a fitness cost to the pest, which drives the increase or fixation of the compensatory modifier allele T65549 within the promoter region of N. lugens peroxiredoxin (NlPrx) in the pest populations. T65549 allele in turn upregulates the expression of NlPrx and thus increases resistant individuals' ability to clear the cost-incurring ROS of any source. The frequent involvement of P450s in insecticide resistance and their capacity to produce ROS while metabolizing their substrates suggest that peroxiredoxin or other ROS-scavenging genes may be among the common modifier genes for alleviating the fitness cost of insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ke Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Longyu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhikun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangzhao Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Ling
- Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xionglei He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianchun Li
- Department of Entomology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XL); (WZ)
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (XL); (WZ)
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20
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Sasaki A, Nishimura T, Takano T, Naito S, Yoo SK. white regulates proliferative homeostasis of intestinal stem cells during ageing in Drosophila. Nat Metab 2021; 3:546-557. [PMID: 33820991 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue integrity is contingent on maintaining stem cells. Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) over-proliferate during ageing, leading to tissue dysplasia in Drosophila melanogaster. Here we describe a role for white, encoding the evolutionarily conserved ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily G, with a particularly well-characterized role in eye colour pigmentation, in ageing-induced ISC proliferation in the midgut. ISCs increase expression of white during ageing. ISC-specific inhibition of white suppresses ageing-induced ISC dysregulation and prolongs lifespan. Of the proteins that form heterodimers with White, Brown mediates ISC dysregulation during ageing. Metabolomics analyses reveal previously unappreciated, profound metabolic impacts of white inhibition on organismal metabolism. Among the metabolites affected by White, tetrahydrofolate is transported by White, is accumulated in ISCs during ageing and is indispensable for ageing-induced ISC over-proliferation. Since Thomas Morgan's isolation of a white mutant as the first Drosophila mutant, white mutants have been used extensively as genetic systems and often as controls. Our findings provide insights into metabolic regulation of stem cells mediated by the classic gene white.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Sasaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
- Physiological Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Tomomi Takano
- Physiological Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Homeodynamics, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, Japan
| | - Saki Naito
- Laboratory for Homeodynamics, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Sa Kan Yoo
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan.
- Physiological Genetics Laboratory, RIKEN CPR, Kobe, Japan.
- Laboratory for Homeodynamics, RIKEN BDR, Kobe, Japan.
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21
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Li Y, Liu Y, Gao Z, Zhang L, Chen L, Wu Z, Liu Q, Wang S, Zhou N, Chai TC, Shi B. Single-cell transcriptomes of mouse bladder urothelium uncover novel cell type markers and urothelial differentiation characteristics. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13007. [PMID: 33538002 PMCID: PMC8016651 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Much of the information to date in terms of subtypes and function of bladder urothelial cells were derived from anatomical location or by the expression of a small number of marker genes. To have a comprehensive map of the cellular anatomy of bladder urothelial cells, we performed single‐cell RNA sequencing to thoroughly characterize mouse bladder urothelium. Materials and methods A total of 18,917 single cells from mouse bladder urothelium were analysed by unbiased single‐cell RNA sequencing. The expression of the novel cell marker was confirmed by immunofluorescence using urinary tract infection models. Results Unsupervised clustering analysis identified 8 transcriptionally distinct cell subpopulations from mouse bladder urothelial cells. We discovered a novel type of bladder urothelial cells marked by Plxna4 that may be involved with host response and wound healing. We also found a group of basal‐like cells labelled by ASPM that could be the progenitor cells of adult bladder urothelium. ASPM+ urothelial cells are significantly increased after injury by UPEC. In addition, specific transcription factors were found to be associated with urothelial cell differentiation. At the last, a number of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome–regulating genes were found differentially expressed among different urothelial cell subpopulations. Conclusions Our study provides a comprehensive characterization of bladder urothelial cells, which is fundamental to understanding the biology of bladder urothelium and associated bladder disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Yaxiao Liu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China.,Laboratory of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhengdong Gao
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Lekai Zhang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Lipeng Chen
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Zonglong Wu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Qinggang Liu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Toby C Chai
- Department of Urology, Boston University/Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benkang Shi
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Urinary Precision Diagnosis and Treatment in Universities of Shandong, Jinan, China
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22
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Clements J, Buhler K, Winant M, Vulsteke V, Callaerts P. Glial and Neuronal Neuroglian, Semaphorin-1a and Plexin A Regulate Morphological and Functional Differentiation of Drosophila Insulin-Producing Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:600251. [PMID: 34276554 PMCID: PMC8281472 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.600251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-producing cells (IPCs), a group of 14 neurons in the Drosophila brain, regulate numerous processes, including energy homeostasis, lifespan, stress response, fecundity, and various behaviors, such as foraging and sleep. Despite their importance, little is known about the development and the factors that regulate morphological and functional differentiation of IPCs. In this study, we describe the use of a new transgenic reporter to characterize the role of the Drosophila L1-CAM homolog Neuroglian (Nrg), and the transmembrane Semaphorin-1a (Sema-1a) and its receptor Plexin A (PlexA) in the differentiation of the insulin-producing neurons. Loss of Nrg results in defasciculation and abnormal neurite branching, including ectopic neurites in the IPC neurons. Cell-type specific RNAi knockdown experiments reveal that Nrg, Sema-1a and PlexA are required in IPCs and glia to control normal morphological differentiation of IPCs albeit with a stronger contribution of Nrg and Sema-1a in glia and of PlexA in the IPCs. These observations provide new insights into the development of the IPC neurons and identify a novel role for Sema-1a in glia. In addition, we show that Nrg, Sema-1a and PlexA in glia and IPCs not only regulate morphological but also functional differentiation of the IPCs and that the functional deficits are likely independent of the morphological phenotypes. The requirements of nrg, Sema-1a, and PlexA in IPC development and the expression of their vertebrate counterparts in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, suggest that these functions may be evolutionarily conserved in the establishment of vertebrate endocrine systems.
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23
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Kashio S, Miura M. Kynurenine Metabolism in the Fat Body Non-autonomously Regulates Imaginal Disc Repair in Drosophila. iScience 2020; 23:101738. [PMID: 33376969 PMCID: PMC7756137 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue interactions are critical for maintaining homeostasis; however, little is known about how remote tissue regulates regeneration. Previously, we established a genetic dual system that induces cell ablation in Drosophila larval imaginal discs and simultaneously manipulates genes in non-damaged tissues. Using humoral metabolome analysis and a genetic damage system, we found that the Tryptophan (Trp)-Kynurenine (Kyn) pathway in the fat body is required for disc repair. Genetic manipulation of Trp-Kyn metabolism in the fat body impaired disc regeneration without affecting wing development. In particular, the fat body-derived humoral kynurenic acid (KynA) was required for disc repair. The impairment of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthesis from methionine (Met) in the fat body hampers the maintenance of KynA levels in hemolymph at the early stage of disc repair, suggesting a connection between Met-SAM and Trp-Kyn metabolisms. Our data indicate KynA from the fat body acts as a permissive metabolite for tissue repair and regeneration. Trp-Kyn pathway in Drosophila larval fat body is remotely required for disc repair The fat body-derived humoral KynA is required for disc repair SAM synthesis in the fat body affects KynA levels in hemolymph during disc repair
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Affiliation(s)
- Soshiro Kashio
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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24
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Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has historically been a workhorse model organism for studying developmental biology. In addition, Drosophila is an excellent model for studying how damaged tissues and organs can regenerate. Recently, new precision approaches that enable both highly targeted injury and genetic manipulation have accelerated progress in this field. Here, we highlight these techniques and review examples of recently discovered mechanisms that regulate regeneration in Drosophila larval and adult tissues. We also discuss how, by applying these powerful approaches, studies of Drosophila can continue to guide the future of regeneration research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald T Fox
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erez Cohen
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rachel Smith-Bolton
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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25
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JNK-mediated Slit-Robo signaling facilitates epithelial wound repair by extruding dying cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19549. [PMID: 31863086 PMCID: PMC6925126 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56137-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms repair injured epithelium by evolutionarily conserved biological processes including activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling. Here, we show in Drosophila imaginal epithelium that physical injury leads to the emergence of dying cells, which are extruded from the wounded tissue by JNK-induced Slit-Roundabout2 (Robo2) repulsive signaling. Reducing Slit-Robo2 signaling in the wounded tissue suppresses extrusion of dying cells and generates aberrant cells with highly upregulated growth factors Wingless (Wg) and Decapentaplegic (Dpp). The inappropriately elevated Wg and Dpp impairs wound repair, as halving one of these growth factor genes cancelled wound healing defects caused by Slit-Robo2 downregulation. Our data suggest that JNK-mediated Slit-Robo2 signaling contributes to epithelial wound repair by promoting extrusion of dying cells from the wounded tissue, which facilitates transient and appropriate induction of growth factors for proper wound healing.
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26
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Horch HW, Spicer SB, Low IIC, Joncas CT, Quenzer ED, Okoya H, Ledwidge LM, Fisher HP. Characterization of plexinA and two distinct semaphorin1a transcripts in the developing and adult cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:687-702. [PMID: 31621906 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Guidance cues act during development to guide growth cones to their proper targets in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Experiments in many species indicate that guidance molecules also play important roles after development, though less is understood about their functions in the adult. The Semaphorin family of guidance cues, signaling through Plexin receptors, influences the development of both axons and dendrites in invertebrates. Semaphorin functions have been extensively explored in Drosophila melanogaster and some other Dipteran species, but little is known about their function in hemimetabolous insects. Here, we characterize sema1a and plexA in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. In fact, we found two distinct predicted Sema1a proteins in this species, Sema1a.1 and Sema1a.2, which shared only 48% identity at the amino acid level. We include a phylogenetic analysis that predicted that many other insect species, both holometabolous and hemimetabolous, express two Sema1a proteins as well. Finally, we used in situ hybridization to show that sema1a.1 and sema1a.2 expression patterns were spatially distinct in the embryo, and both roughly overlap with plexA. All three transcripts were also expressed in the adult brain, mainly in the mushroom bodies, though sema1a.2 was expressed most robustly. sema1a.2 was also expressed strongly in the adult thoracic ganglia while sema1a.1 was only weakly expressed and plexA was undetectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadley W Horch
- Department of Biology and Neuroscience, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine
| | - Sara B Spicer
- Department of Biology and Neuroscience, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine
| | - Isabel I C Low
- Department of Biology and Neuroscience, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine
| | - Colby T Joncas
- Department of Biology and Neuroscience, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine
| | - Eleanor D Quenzer
- Department of Biology and Neuroscience, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine
| | - Hikmah Okoya
- Department of Biology and Neuroscience, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine
| | - Lisa M Ledwidge
- Department of Biology and Neuroscience, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine
| | - Harrison P Fisher
- Department of Biology and Neuroscience, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine
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27
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Zhao XF, Kohen R, Parent R, Duan Y, Fisher GL, Korn MJ, Ji L, Wan G, Jin J, Püschel AW, Dolan DF, Parent JM, Corfas G, Murphy GG, Giger RJ. PlexinA2 Forward Signaling through Rap1 GTPases Regulates Dentate Gyrus Development and Schizophrenia-like Behaviors. Cell Rep 2019; 22:456-470. [PMID: 29320740 PMCID: PMC5788190 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dentate gyrus (DG) development requires specification of granule cell (GC) progenitors in the hippocampal neuroepithelium, as well as their proliferation and migration into the primordial DG. We identify the Plexin family members Plxna2 and Plxna4 as important regulators of DG development. Distribution of immature GCs is regulated by Sema5A signaling through PlxnA2 and requires a functional PlxnA2 GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain and Rap1 small GTPases. In adult Plxna2−/− but not Plxna2-GAP-deficient mice, the dentate GC layer is severely malformed, neurogenesis is compromised, and mossy fibers form aberrant synaptic boutons within CA3. Behavioral studies with Plxna2−/− mice revealed deficits in associative learning, sociability, and sensorimotor gating—traits commonly observed in neuropsychiatric disorder. Remarkably, while morphological defects are minimal in Plxna2-GAP-deficient brains, defects in fear memory and sensorimotor gating persist. Since allelic variants of human PLXNA2 and RAP1 associate with schizophrenia, our studies identify a biochemical pathway important for brain development and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Zhao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rafi Kohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rachel Parent
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yuntao Duan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Grace L Fisher
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthew J Korn
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lingchao Ji
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Guoqiang Wan
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas W Püschel
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - David F Dolan
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jack M Parent
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gabriel Corfas
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Geoffrey G Murphy
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Roman J Giger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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28
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Stedden CG, Menegas W, Zajac AL, Williams AM, Cheng S, Özkan E, Horne-Badovinac S. Planar-Polarized Semaphorin-5c and Plexin A Promote the Collective Migration of Epithelial Cells in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2019; 29:908-920.e6. [PMID: 30827914 PMCID: PMC6424623 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Collective migration of epithelial cells is essential for morphogenesis, wound repair, and the spread of many cancers, yet how individual cells signal to one another to coordinate their movements is largely unknown. Here, we introduce a tissue-autonomous paradigm for semaphorin-based regulation of collective cell migration. Semaphorins typically regulate the motility of neuronal growth cones and other migrating cell types by acting as repulsive cues within the migratory environment. Studying the follicular epithelial cells of Drosophila, we discovered that the transmembrane semaphorin, Sema-5c, promotes collective cell migration by acting within the migrating cells themselves, not the surrounding environment. Sema-5c is planar polarized at the basal epithelial surface such that it is enriched at the leading edge of each cell. This location places it in a prime position to send a repulsive signal to the trailing edge of the cell ahead to communicate directional information between neighboring cells. Our data show that Sema-5c can signal across cell-cell boundaries to suppress protrusions in neighboring cells and that Plexin A is the receptor that transduces this signal. Finally, we present evidence that Sema-5c antagonizes the activity of Lar, another transmembrane guidance cue that operates along leading-trailing cell-cell interfaces in this tissue, via a mechanism that appears to be independent of Plexin A. Together, our results suggest that multiple transmembrane guidance cues can be deployed in a planar-polarized manner across an epithelium and work in concert to coordinate individual cell movements for collective migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire G Stedden
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58(th) Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58(th) Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - William Menegas
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58(th) Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Allison L Zajac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58(th) Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Audrey M Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58(th) Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Shouqiang Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57(th) Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Engin Özkan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57(th) Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58(th) Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58(th) Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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29
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Junqueira Alves C, Yotoko K, Zou H, Friedel RH. Origin and evolution of plexins, semaphorins, and Met receptor tyrosine kinases. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1970. [PMID: 30760850 PMCID: PMC6374515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38512-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from unicellular to multicellular organisms poses the question as to when genes that regulate cell-cell interactions emerged during evolution. The receptor and ligand pairing of plexins and semaphorins regulates cellular interactions in a wide range of developmental and physiological contexts. We surveyed here genomes of unicellular eukaryotes and of non-bilaterian and bilaterian Metazoa and performed phylogenetic analyses to gain insight into the evolution of plexin and semaphorin families. Remarkably, we detected plexins and semaphorins in unicellular choanoflagellates, indicating their evolutionary origin in a common ancestor of Choanoflagellida and Metazoa. The plexin domain structure is conserved throughout all clades; in contrast, semaphorins are structurally diverse. Choanoflagellate semaphorins are transmembrane proteins with multiple fibronectin type III domains following the N-terminal Sema domain (termed Sema-FN). Other previously not yet described semaphorin classes include semaphorins of Ctenophora with tandem immunoglobulin domains (Sema-IG) and secreted semaphorins of Echinoderamata (Sema-SP, Sema-SI). Our study also identified Met receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which carry a truncated plexin extracellular domain, in several bilaterian clades, indicating evolutionary origin in a common ancestor of Bilateria. In addition, a novel type of Met-like RTK with a complete plexin extracellular domain was detected in Lophotrochozoa and Echinodermata (termed Met-LP RTK). Our findings are consistent with an ancient function of plexins and semaphorins in regulating cytoskeletal dynamics and cell adhesion that predates their role as axon guidance molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystian Junqueira Alves
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Karla Yotoko
- Biology Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Hongyan Zou
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Roland H Friedel
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, 10029, USA.
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30
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Cosolo A, Jaiswal J, Csordás G, Grass I, Uhlirova M, Classen AK. JNK-dependent cell cycle stalling in G2 promotes survival and senescence-like phenotypes in tissue stress. eLife 2019; 8:41036. [PMID: 30735120 PMCID: PMC6389326 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The restoration of homeostasis after tissue damage relies on proper spatial-temporal control of damage-induced apoptosis and compensatory proliferation. In Drosophila imaginal discs these processes are coordinated by the stress response pathway JNK. We demonstrate that JNK signaling induces a dose-dependent extension of G2 in tissue damage and tumors, resulting in either transient stalling or a prolonged but reversible cell cycle arrest. G2-stalling is mediated by downregulation of the G2/M-specific phosphatase String(Stg)/Cdc25. Ectopic expression of stg is sufficient to suppress G2-stalling and reveals roles for stalling in survival, proliferation and paracrine signaling. G2-stalling protects cells from JNK-induced apoptosis, but under chronic conditions, reduces proliferative potential of JNK-signaling cells while promoting non-autonomous proliferation. Thus, transient cell cycle stalling in G2 has key roles in wound healing but becomes detrimental upon chronic JNK overstimulation, with important implications for chronic wound healing pathologies or tumorigenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cosolo
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Janhvi Jaiswal
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gábor Csordás
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Isabelle Grass
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mirka Uhlirova
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Classen
- Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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31
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The Sema3A receptor Plexin-A1 suppresses supernumerary axons through Rap1 GTPases. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15647. [PMID: 30353093 PMCID: PMC6199275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved Rap1 GTPases perform essential functions during neuronal development. They are required for the polarity of neuronal progenitors and neurons as well as for neuronal migration in the embryonic brain. Neuronal polarization and axon formation depend on the precise temporal and spatial regulation of Rap1 activity by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPases-activating proteins (GAPs). Several Rap1 GEFs have been identified that direct the formation of axons during cortical and hippocampal development in vivo and in cultured neurons. However little is known about the GAPs that limit the activity of Rap1 GTPases during neuronal development. Here we investigate the function of Sema3A and Plexin-A1 as a regulator of Rap1 GTPases during the polarization of hippocampal neurons. Sema3A was shown to suppress axon formation when neurons are cultured on a patterned substrate. Plexin-A1 functions as the signal-transducing subunit of receptors for Sema3A and displays GAP activity for Rap1 GTPases. We show that Sema3A and Plexin-A1 suppress the formation of supernumerary axons in cultured neurons, which depends on Rap1 GTPases.
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32
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Rich SK, Terman JR. Axon formation, extension, and navigation: only a neuroscience phenomenon? Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 53:174-182. [PMID: 30248549 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how neurons form, extend, and navigate their finger-like axonal and dendritic processes is crucial for developing therapeutics for the diseased and damaged brain. Although less well appreciated, many other types of cells also send out similar finger-like projections. Indeed, unlike neuronal specific phenomena such as synapse formation or synaptic transmission, an important issue for thought is that this critical long-standing question of how a cellular process like an axon or dendrite forms and extends is not primarily a neuroscience problem but a cell biological problem. In that case, the use of simple cellular processes - such as the bristle cell process of Drosophila - can aid in the fight to answer these critical questions. Specifically, determining how a model cellular process is generated can provide a framework for manipulations of all types of membranous process-containing cells, including different types of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon K Rich
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jonathan R Terman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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33
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Park J, Ahn HM, Kwon T, Seo S, Park S, Jin YW, Seong KM. Epithelial cell shape change of Drosophila as a biomonitoring model for the dose assessment of environmental radiation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 157:292-299. [PMID: 29627413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Inevitable exposure to ionizing radiation from natural and human-made sources has been increasing over time. After nuclear disasters, such as the Fukushima accident, the public concerns on health risk of radiation exposure because of radioactive contamination of the environment have increased. However, it is very difficult to assess the biological effects of exposure caused by environmental radiation. A reliable and rapid bioassay to monitor the physiological effects of radiation exposure is therefore needed. Here, we quantitatively analyzed the changes in cell shape in Drosophila epidermis after irradiation as a model for biomonitoring of radiation. Interestingly, the number of irregularly shaped epithelial cells was increased by irradiation in a dose-dependent manner. A dose-response curve constructed with the obtained data suggests that the measurement of the number of irregular shaped cell in the epidermis is useful for the assessment of radiation dose. In addition, a comparison of the variation in the different samples and the data scored by different observers showed that our evaluation for cellular morphology was highly reliable and accurate and would, therefore, have immense practical application. Overall, our study suggests that detection of morphological changes in the epithelial cells is one of the efficient ways to quantify the levels of exposure to radioactive radiation from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Park
- Laboratory of Low Dose Risk Assessment, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Min Ahn
- Laboratory of Low Dose Risk Assessment, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - TaeWoo Kwon
- Laboratory of Low Dose Risk Assessment, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Songwon Seo
- Laboratory of Low Dose Risk Assessment, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunhoo Park
- Laboratory of Low Dose Risk Assessment, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea; Departments of Pathology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Woo Jin
- Laboratory of Low Dose Risk Assessment, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Moon Seong
- Laboratory of Low Dose Risk Assessment, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea.
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34
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Chen X, Shibata AC, Hendi A, Kurashina M, Fortes E, Weilinger NL, MacVicar BA, Murakoshi H, Mizumoto K. Rap2 and TNIK control Plexin-dependent tiled synaptic innervation in C. elegans. eLife 2018; 7:38801. [PMID: 30063210 PMCID: PMC6067881 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, neurons form synapses with their fate-determined targets. While we begin to elucidate the mechanisms by which extracellular ligand-receptor interactions enhance synapse specificity by inhibiting synaptogenesis, our knowledge about their intracellular mechanisms remains limited. Here we show that Rap2 GTPase (rap-2) and its effector, TNIK (mig-15), act genetically downstream of Plexin (plx-1) to restrict presynaptic assembly and to form tiled synaptic innervation in C. elegans. Both constitutively GTP- and GDP-forms of rap-2 mutants exhibit synaptic tiling defects as plx-1 mutants, suggesting that cycling of the RAP-2 nucleotide state is critical for synapse inhibition. Consistently, PLX-1 suppresses local RAP-2 activity. Excessive ectopic synapse formation in mig-15 mutants causes a severe synaptic tiling defect. Conversely, overexpression of mig-15 strongly inhibited synapse formation, suggesting that mig-15 is a negative regulator of synapse formation. These results reveal that subcellular regulation of small GTPase activity by Plexin shapes proper synapse patterning in vivo. Genes do more than just direct the color of our hair or eyes. They produce proteins that are involved in almost every process in the body. In humans, the majority of active genes can be found in the brain, where they help it to develop and work properly – effectively controlling how we move and behave. The brain’s functional units, the nerve cells or neurons, communicate with each other by releasing messenger molecules in the gap between them, the synapse. These molecules are then picked up from specific receptor proteins of the receiving neuron. In the nervous system, neurons only form synapses with the cells they need to connect with, even though they are surrounded by many more cells. This implies that they use specific mechanisms to stop neurons from forming synapses with incorrect target cells. This is important, because if too many synapses were present or if synapses formed with incorrect target cells, it would compromise the information flow in the nervous system. This would ultimately lead to various neurological conditions, including Autism Spectrum Disorder. In 2013, researchers found that in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, a receptor protein called Plexin, is located at the surface of the neurons and can inhibit the formation of nearby synapses. Now, Chen et al. – including one author involved in the previous research – wanted to find out what genes Plexin manipulates when it stops synapses from growing. Knowing what each of those genes does can help us understand how neurons can inhibit synapses. The results revealed that Plexin appears to regulate two genes, Rap2 and TNIK. Plexin reduced the activity of Rap2 in the neuron that released the messenger, which hindered the formation of synapses. The gene TNIK and its protein on the other hand, have the ability to modify other proteins and could so inhibit the growth of synapses. When TNIK was experimentally removed, the number of synapses increased, but when its activity was increased, the number of synapses was strongly reduced. These findings could help scientists understand how mutations in Rap2 or TNIK can lead to various neurological conditions. A next step will be to test if these genes also affect the formation of synapses in other species such as mice, which have a more complex nervous system that is structurally and functionally more similar to that of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Akihiro Ce Shibata
- Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Ardalan Hendi
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mizuki Kurashina
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ethan Fortes
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Brian A MacVicar
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hideji Murakoshi
- Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kota Mizumoto
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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35
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Ohsawa S, Vaughen J, Igaki T. Cell Extrusion: A Stress-Responsive Force for Good or Evil in Epithelial Homeostasis. Dev Cell 2018; 44:284-296. [PMID: 29408235 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues robustly respond to internal and external stressors via dynamic cellular rearrangements. Cell extrusion acts as a key regulator of epithelial homeostasis by removing apoptotic cells, orchestrating morphogenesis, and mediating competitive cellular battles during tumorigenesis. Here, we delineate the diverse functions of cell extrusion during development and disease. We emphasize the expanding role for apoptotic cell extrusion in exerting morphogenetic forces, as well as the strong intersection of cell extrusion with cell competition, a homeostatic mechanism that eliminates aberrant or unfit cells. While cell competition and extrusion can exert potent, tumor-suppressive effects, dysregulation of either critical homeostatic program can fuel cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizue Ohsawa
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - John Vaughen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford School of Medicine, Beckman Center, 279 Campus Drive B300, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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36
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Zhao XF, Kohen R, Parent R, Duan Y, Fisher GL, Korn MJ, Ji L, Wan G, Jin J, Püschel AW, Dolan DF, Parent JM, Corfas G, Murphy GG, Giger RJ. PlexinA2 Forward Signaling through Rap1 GTPases Regulates Dentate Gyrus Development and Schizophrenia-like Behaviors. Cell Rep 2018. [PMID: 29320740 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.044.plexina2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dentate gyrus (DG) development requires specification of granule cell (GC) progenitors in the hippocampal neuroepithelium, as well as their proliferation and migration into the primordial DG. We identify the Plexin family members Plxna2 and Plxna4 as important regulators of DG development. Distribution of immature GCs is regulated by Sema5A signaling through PlxnA2 and requires a functional PlxnA2 GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain and Rap1 small GTPases. In adult Plxna2-/- but not Plxna2-GAP-deficient mice, the dentate GC layer is severely malformed, neurogenesis is compromised, and mossy fibers form aberrant synaptic boutons within CA3. Behavioral studies with Plxna2-/- mice revealed deficits in associative learning, sociability, and sensorimotor gating-traits commonly observed in neuropsychiatric disorder. Remarkably, while morphological defects are minimal in Plxna2-GAP-deficient brains, defects in fear memory and sensorimotor gating persist. Since allelic variants of human PLXNA2 and RAP1 associate with schizophrenia, our studies identify a biochemical pathway important for brain development and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Zhao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rafi Kohen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rachel Parent
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yuntao Duan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Grace L Fisher
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthew J Korn
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lingchao Ji
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Guoqiang Wan
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas W Püschel
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - David F Dolan
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jack M Parent
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gabriel Corfas
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Geoffrey G Murphy
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Roman J Giger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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37
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Hariharan IK, Serras F. Imaginal disc regeneration takes flight. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 48:10-16. [PMID: 28376317 PMCID: PMC5591769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila imaginal discs, the larval precursors of adult structures such as the wing and leg, are capable of regenerating after damage. During the course of regeneration, discs can sometimes generate structures that are appropriate for a different type of disc, a phenomenon termed transdetermination. Until recently, these phenomena were studied by physically fragmenting discs and then transplanting them into the abdomens of adult female flies. This field has experienced a renaissance following the development of genetic ablation systems that can damage precisely defined regions of the disc without the need for surgery. Together with more traditional approaches, these newer methods have generated many novel insights into wound healing, the mechanisms that drive regenerative growth, plasticity during regeneration and systemic effects of tissue damage and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iswar K Hariharan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.
| | - Florenci Serras
- Departament de Genètica, Facultat de Biologia and Institute de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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38
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Vaughen J, Igaki T. Slit-Robo Repulsive Signaling Extrudes Tumorigenic Cells from Epithelia. Dev Cell 2017; 39:683-695. [PMID: 27997825 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cells dynamically interact throughout animal development to coordinate growth and deter disease. For example, cell-cell competition weeds out aberrant cells to enforce homeostasis. In Drosophila, tumorigenic cells mutant for the cell polarity gene scribble (scrib) are actively eliminated from epithelia when surrounded by wild-type cells. While scrib cell elimination depends critically on JNK signaling, JNK-dependent cell death cannot sufficiently explain scrib cell extirpation. Thus, how JNK executed cell elimination remained elusive. Here, we show that repulsive Slit-Robo2-Ena signaling exerts an extrusive force downstream of JNK to eliminate scrib cells from epithelia by disrupting E-cadherin. While loss of Slit-Robo2-Ena in scrib cells potentiates scrib tumor formation within the epithelium, Robo2-Ena hyperactivation surprisingly triggers luminal scrib tumor growth following excess extrusion. This extrusive signaling is amplified by a positive feedback loop between Slit-Robo2-Ena and JNK. Our observations provide a potential causal mechanism for Slit-Robo dysregulation in numerous human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Vaughen
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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39
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Chow RWY, Vermot J. The rise of photoresponsive protein technologies applications in vivo: a spotlight on zebrafish developmental and cell biology. F1000Res 2017; 6. [PMID: 28413613 PMCID: PMC5389412 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10617.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The zebrafish ( Danio rerio) is a powerful vertebrate model to study cellular and developmental processes in vivo. The optical clarity and their amenability to genetic manipulation make zebrafish a model of choice when it comes to applying optical techniques involving genetically encoded photoresponsive protein technologies. In recent years, a number of fluorescent protein and optogenetic technologies have emerged that allow new ways to visualize, quantify, and perturb developmental dynamics. Here, we explain the principles of these new tools and describe some of their representative applications in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Wei-Yan Chow
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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