1
|
Matsuda J. In situ TEM studies on hydrogen-related issues: hydrogen storage, hydrogen embrittlement, fuel cells and electrolysis. Microscopy (Oxf) 2024; 73:196-207. [PMID: 38102762 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfad060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen is attracting attention as an energy carrier for realizing a low-carbon society, because it can directly convert the energy obtained from chemical reactions into electrical energy without carbon dioxide emissions. This paper presents in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations related to hydrogen storage in metal and metal hydrides, hydrogen embrittlement of metallic materials used for storing and transporting hydrogen in containers and pipes, and fuel cells and water electrolysis using metal catalysts and oxides as electrode materials. All of these processes are important for practical applications of hydrogen. Numerous in situ TEM studies have revealed the microscopic structural changes when hydrogen reacts with the materials, when hydrogen is solidly dissolved in the materials and during the operation of the material. This review is expected to facilitate further development of TEM operando observations of hydrogen-related materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junko Matsuda
- International Research Center for Hydrogen Energy, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abdellah AM, Ismail F, Siig OW, Yang J, Andrei CM, DiCecco LA, Rakhsha A, Salem KE, Grandfield K, Bassim N, Black R, Kastlunger G, Soleymani L, Higgins D. Impact of palladium/palladium hydride conversion on electrochemical CO 2 reduction via in-situ transmission electron microscopy and diffraction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:938. [PMID: 38296966 PMCID: PMC10831057 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical conversion of CO2 offers a sustainable route for producing fuels and chemicals. Pd-based catalysts are effective for converting CO2 into formate at low overpotentials and CO/H2 at high overpotentials, while undergoing poorly understood morphology and phase structure transformations under reaction conditions that impact performance. Herein, in-situ liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy and select area diffraction measurements are applied to track the morphology and Pd/PdHx phase interconversion under reaction conditions as a function of electrode potential. These studies identify the degradation mechanisms, including poisoning and physical structure changes, occurring in PdHx/Pd electrodes. Constant potential density functional theory calculations are used to probe the reaction mechanisms occurring on the PdHx structures observed under reaction conditions. Microkinetic modeling reveals that the intercalation of *H into Pd is essential for formate production. However, the change in electrochemical CO2 conversion selectivity away from formate and towards CO/H2 at increasing overpotentials is due to electrode potential dependent changes in the reaction energetics and not a consequence of morphology or phase structure changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abdellah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Fatma Ismail
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Oliver W Siig
- CatTheory, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Carmen M Andrei
- Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Amirhossein Rakhsha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kholoud E Salem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kathryn Grandfield
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Nabil Bassim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Robert Black
- National Research Council of Canada, Energy, Mining, and Environment Research Centre, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Georg Kastlunger
- CatTheory, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Drew Higgins
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Koo K, Li Z, Liu Y, Ribet SM, Fu X, Jia Y, Chen X, Shekhawat G, Smeets PJM, Dos Reis R, Park J, Yuk JM, Hu X, Dravid VP. Ultrathin silicon nitride microchip for in situ/operando microscopy with high spatial resolution and spectral visibility. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj6417. [PMID: 38232154 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj6417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Utilization of in situ/operando methods with broad beams and localized probes has accelerated our understanding of fluid-surface interactions in recent decades. The closed-cell microchips based on silicon nitride (SiNx) are widely used as "nanoscale reactors" inside the high-vacuum electron microscopes. However, the field has been stalled by the high background scattering from encapsulation (typically ~100 nanometers) that severely limits the figures of merit for in situ performance. This adverse effect is particularly notorious for gas cell as the sealing membranes dominate the overall scattering, thereby blurring any meaningful signals and limiting the resolution. Herein, we show that by adopting the back-supporting strategy, encapsulating membrane can be reduced substantially, down to ~10 nanometers while maintaining structural resiliency. The systematic gas cell work demonstrates advantages in figures of merit for hitherto the highest spatial resolution and spectral visibility. Furthermore, this strategy can be broadly adopted into other types of microchips, thus having broader impact beyond the in situ/operando fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunmo Koo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- The NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Internaional Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yukun Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Internaional Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Stephanie M Ribet
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Internaional Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Xianbiao Fu
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ying Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- The NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Xinqi Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- The NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Gajendra Shekhawat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- The NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Paul J M Smeets
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- The NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Roberto Dos Reis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- The NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jungjae Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Yuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaobing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- The NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- The NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Internaional Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou S, Figueras-Valls M, Shi Y, Ding Y, Mavrikakis M, Xia Y. Fast and Non-equilibrium Uptake of Hydrogen by Pd Icosahedral Nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306906. [PMID: 37528509 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
We report for the first time that Pd nanocrystals can absorb H via a "single-phase pathway" when particles with a proper combination of shape and size are used. Specifically, when Pd icosahedral nanocrystals of 7- and 12-nm in size are exposed to H atoms, the H-saturated twin boundaries can divide each particle into 20 smaller single-crystal units in which the formation of phase boundaries is no longer favored. As such, absorption of H atoms is dominated by the single-phase pathway and one can readily obtain PdHx with anyx in the range of 0-0.7. When switched to Pd octahedral nanocrystals, the single-phase pathway is only observed for particles of 7 nm in size. We also establish that the H-absorption kinetics will be accelerated if there is a tensile strain in the nanocrystals due to the increase in lattice spacing. Besides the unique H-absorption behaviors, the PdHx (x=0-0.7) icosahedral nanocrystals show remarkable thermal and catalytic stability toward the formic acid oxidation due tothe decrease in chemical potential for H atoms in a Pd lattice under tensile strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Zhou
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Marc Figueras-Valls
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Yifeng Shi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Yong Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Manos Mavrikakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Younan Xia
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee YJ, Ha J, Choi SJ, Kim HI, Ryu S, Kim Y, Youn YS. Decreasing Hydrogen Content within Zirconium Using Au and Pd Nanoparticles as Sacrificial Agents under Pressurized Water at High Temperature. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6164. [PMID: 37763442 PMCID: PMC10532928 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Decreasing hydride-induced embrittlement of zirconium-based cladding is a significant challenge for the successful dry storage of spent nuclear fuel. Herein, to radically minimize hydride-induced embrittlement, we used nanoparticles as sacrificial agents with a greater affinity than zirconium for hydrogen. Corrosion experiments in the presence of gold (Au) and palladium (Pd) nanoparticles under simulated pressurized water reactor (PWR) conditions revealed that the hydrogen content of the zirconium samples was remarkably reduced, with a maximum decrease efficiency of 53.9% using 65 nm Au and 53.8% using 50 nm Pd nanoparticles. This approach provides an effective strategy for preventing hydride-induced embrittlement of zirconium-based cladding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Youngsoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Daehak-ro 280, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.L.); (J.H.); (S.J.C.); (H.I.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Young-Sang Youn
- Department of Chemistry, Yeungnam University, Daehak-ro 280, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.L.); (J.H.); (S.J.C.); (H.I.K.); (S.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jiang Y, Duchamp M, Ang SJ, Yan H, Tan TL, Mirsaidov U. Dynamics of the fcc-to-bcc phase transition in single-crystalline PdCu alloy nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:104. [PMID: 36609570 PMCID: PMC9822937 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35325-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Two most common crystal structures in metals and metal alloys are body-centered cubic (bcc) and face-centered cubic (fcc) structures. The phase transitions between these structures play an important role in the production of durable and functional metal alloys. Despite their technological significance, the details of such phase transitions are largely unknown because of the challenges associated with probing these processes. Here, we describe the nanoscopic details of an fcc-to-bcc phase transition in PdCu alloy nanoparticles (NPs) using in situ heating transmission electron microscopy. Our observations reveal that the bcc phase always nucleates from the edge of the fcc NP, and then propagates across the NP by forming a distinct few-atoms-wide coherent bcc-fcc interface. Notably, this interface acts as an intermediate precursor phase for the nucleation of a bcc phase. These insights into the fcc-to-bcc phase transition are important for understanding solid - solid phase transitions in general and can help to tailor the functional properties of metals and their alloys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Jiang
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117551 Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Centre for BioImaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117557 Singapore
| | - Martial Duchamp
- grid.59025.3b0000 0001 2224 0361School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798 Singapore
| | - Shi Jun Ang
- grid.185448.40000 0004 0637 0221Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138632 Singapore
| | - Hongwei Yan
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117551 Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Centre for BioImaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117557 Singapore
| | - Teck Leong Tan
- grid.185448.40000 0004 0637 0221Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 138632 Singapore
| | - Utkur Mirsaidov
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117551 Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Centre for BioImaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117557 Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117546 Singapore ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pinos-Vélez V, Osegueda O, Crivoi DG, Llorca J, García-García FJ, Álvarez MG, Medina F, Dafinov A. Insights into Palladium Deactivation during Advanced Oxidation Processes. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:8760-8768. [PMID: 36444288 PMCID: PMC9694723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c01951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A key step in creating efficient and long-lasting catalysts is understanding their deactivation mechanism(s). On this basis, the behavior of a series of Pd/corundum materials during several hydrogen adsorption/desorption cycles was studied using temperature-programmed desorption coupled with mass spectrometry and aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy. The materials, prepared by impregnation and by sputtering, presented uniform well-dispersed Pd nanoparticles. In addition, single atoms and small clusters of Pd were only detected in the materials prepared by impregnation. Upon exposure to hydrogen, the Pd nanoparticles smaller than 2 nm and the single atoms did not present any change, while the larger ones presented a core-shell morphology, where the core was Pd and the shell was PdH x . The results suggest that the long-term activity of the materials prepared by impregnation can be attributed solely to the presence of small clusters and single atoms of Pd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Pinos-Vélez
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Rovira i Virgili
University, Av Paisos Catalans 26, 43007Tarragona, Spain
- Departamento
de Recursos Hídricos y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Cuenca, Av. 12 de abril,010207Cuenca, Ecuador
- Departamento
de Biociencias, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Cuenca, Av. 12 de Abril, 010207Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Oscar Osegueda
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Rovira i Virgili
University, Av Paisos Catalans 26, 43007Tarragona, Spain
- Centre
for Research and Technology Transfer, Universidad
Don Bosco, Soyapango, 1874San Salvador, El Salvador
| | - Dana Georgiana Crivoi
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Rovira i Virgili
University, Av Paisos Catalans 26, 43007Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jordi Llorca
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Rovira i Virgili
University, Av Paisos Catalans 26, 43007Tarragona, Spain
- Institute
of Energy Technologies and Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, 08019Barcelona, Spain
| | - F. Javier García-García
- ICTS-Centro
Nacional de Microscopía Electrónica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense S/N, 28040Madrid, Spain
| | - Mayra G. Álvarez
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Rovira i Virgili
University, Av Paisos Catalans 26, 43007Tarragona, Spain
- GIR-QUESCAT,
Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias
Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francesc Medina
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Rovira i Virgili
University, Av Paisos Catalans 26, 43007Tarragona, Spain
| | - Anton Dafinov
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Rovira i Virgili
University, Av Paisos Catalans 26, 43007Tarragona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
She X, Yang G, Shen Y, Jin C. Visual hydrogenation of palladium membranes on an elastic substrate and their applications in hydrogen sensing. NANO SELECT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202200157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi She
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Guowei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Yang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Chongjun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
She X, Du H, Shen Y, Fang NX, Jin C. In Situ Wide-Field Visualization of Palladium Hydrogenation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:41531-41541. [PMID: 36039837 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Visualizing hydrogenation processes in palladium (Pd) in real-time is important to various hydrogen-involved applications. However, observing hydrogen diffusion of Pd was limited by its small permittivity variation, and the kinetics of lateral diffusion of hydrogen in Pd film was not reported. Here, we proposed an optical microscopy-based visualization of Pd hydrogenation from the diffusion surface to the interior by introducing a fast-response mechanical platform that transforms the hydrogen diffusion into self-organized ordered wrinkles with sharp optical contrast. This platform is a Au/Pd double layer on an elastomer, which results in directional hydrogenation from the sidewall to the interior. The kinetics of hydrogenation in the interior of the palladium along the diffusion direction was monitored in real-time. This platform will enable in situ visualization of atom/ion diffusion on metals that are crucial in energy storage and hydrogen detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi She
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Huifeng Du
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Nicholas X Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chongjun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schmidt TO, Ngoipala A, Arevalo RL, Watzele SA, Lipin R, Kluge RM, Hou S, Haid RW, Senyshyn A, Gubanova EL, Bandarenka AS, Vandichel M. Elucidation of Structure-Activity Relations in Proton Electroreduction at Pd Surfaces: Theoretical and Experimental Study. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202410. [PMID: 35726004 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationship is a cornerstone topic in catalysis, which lays the foundation for the design and functionalization of catalytic materials. Of particular interest is the catalysis of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by palladium (Pd), which is envisioned to play a major role in realizing a hydrogen-based economy. Interestingly, experimentalists observed excess heat generation in such systems, which became known as the debated "cold fusion" phenomenon. Despite the considerable attention on this report, more fundamental knowledge, such as the impact of the formation of bulk Pd hydrides on the nature of active sites and the HER activity, remains largely unexplored. In this work, classical electrochemical experiments performed on model Pd(hkl) surfaces, "noise" electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (n-EC-STM), and density functional theory are combined to elucidate the nature of active sites for the HER. Results reveal an activity trend following Pd(111) > Pd(110) > Pd(100) and that the formation of subsurface hydride layers causes morphological changes and strain, which affect the HER activity and the nature of active sites. These findings provide significant insights into the role of subsurface hydride formation on the structure-activity relations toward the design of efficient Pd-based nanocatalysts for the HER.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten O Schmidt
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Apinya Ngoipala
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Ryan L Arevalo
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Sebastian A Watzele
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Raju Lipin
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Regina M Kluge
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Shujin Hou
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Catalysis Research Center TUM, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Richard W Haid
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Anatoliy Senyshyn
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz-Zentrum (MLZ), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Elena L Gubanova
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Aliaksandr S Bandarenka
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Department of Physics, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Catalysis Research Center TUM, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Matthias Vandichel
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94 T9PX, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Luo J, Liu S, Chen P, Chen Y, Zhong J, Wang Y. Highly Sensitive Hydrogen Sensor Based on an Optical Driven Nanofilm Resonator. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:29357-29365. [PMID: 35704433 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanofilm resonators combine ultracompact and highly mechanically sensitive properties, making them intriguing devices for sensing applications. For trace hydrogen detection, we demonstrate an optomechanical nanofilm resonator by employing a Pd- and Au-decorated graphene onto a fiber end facet. The Pd layer is a sensitive layer for selective absorption of hydrogen. Hydrogen sensing is achieved by all-optical measuring of the resonant frequencies shift of the optomechanical nanofilm resonator induced by hydrogen-related mechanical stress change. Using the approach, we realize highly sensitive hydrogen sensing at room temperature with a low detection limit, challenging the state-of-the-art. When the measured hydrogen concentration increases from 0 to 1000 ppm (v/v), the mechanical resonance frequencies of the sensor at 511.7 kHz, 1253.4 kHz, and 2231.7 kHz blue-shift by 100.4 kHz, 257.5 kHz, and 400.6 kHz, respectively. The response and recovery time are 120.3 and 91.3 s at a 1000 ppm hydrogen concentration. Such a sensor exhibits a low detection limit of 741 ppb and good repeatability in the measurement process, which makes the practical application of the sensor possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junxian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Peijing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yanping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Junlan Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical Fibre Sensors, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Angell DK, Bourgeois B, Vadai M, Dionne JA. Lattice-Resolution, Dynamic Imaging of Hydrogen Absorption into Bimetallic AgPd Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2022; 16:1781-1790. [PMID: 35044151 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Palladium's strong reactivity and absorption affinity to H2 makes it a prime material for hydrogen-based technologies. Alloying of Pd has been used to tune its mechanical stability, catalytic activity, and absorption thermodynamics. However, atomistic mechanisms of hydrogen dissociation and intercalation are informed predominantly by theoretical calculations, owing to the difficulty in imaging dynamic metal-gas interactions at the atomic scale. Here, we use in situ environmental high resolution transmission electron microscopy to directly track the hydrogenation-induced lattice expansion within AgPd triangular nanoprisms. We investigate the thermodynamics of the system at the single particle level and show that, contrary to pure Pd nanoparticles, the AgPd system exhibits α/β coexistence within single crystalline nanoparticles in equilibrium; the nanoparticle system also moves to a solid-solution loading mechanism at lower Ag content than bulk. By tracking the lattice expansion in real time during a phase transition, we see surface-limited β phase growth, as well as rapid reorientation of the α/β interface within individual particles. This secondary rate corresponds to the speed with which the β phase can restructure and, according to our atomistic calculations, emerges from lattice strain minimization. We also observe no preferential nucleation at the sharpest nanoprism corners, contrary to classical nucleation theory. Our results achieve atomic lattice plane resolution─crucial for exploring the role of crystal defects and single atom sites on catalytic hydrogen splitting and absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Angell
- Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Briley Bourgeois
- Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michal Vadai
- Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang Y, Tian H, Li H, Deng X, Zhang Q, Ai Y, Sun Z, Wang Y, Liu L, Hu ZN, Zhang X, Guo R, Xu W, Liang Q, Sun HB. Encapsulating Electron-Rich Pd NPs with Lewis Acidic MOF: Reconciling the Electron-Preference Conflict of the Catalyst for Cascade Condensation via Nitro Reduction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:7949-7961. [PMID: 35130694 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cascade reactions take advantage of step-saving and facile operation for obtaining chemicals. Herein, catalytic hydrogenation of nitroarene coupled condensation with β-diketone to afford β-ketoenamines is achieved by an integrated nanocatalyst, Pd-e@UiO-66. The catalyst has the structure of an acid-rich metal-organic framework (MOF), UiO-66-encapsulated electron-rich Pd nanoparticles, and it reconciles the electron-effect contradiction of cascade catalytic reactions: catalytic hydrogenation requires an electron-rich catalyst, while condensation requires electron-deficient Lewis acid sites. The catalyst showed good activity, high chemoselectivity, and universal applicability for the synthesis of β-ketoenamines using nitroarenes. More than 30 β-ketoenamines have been successfully prepared with up to 99% yield via the methodology of relay catalysis. The catalyst exhibited excellent stability to maintain its catalytic performance for more than five cycles. Furthermore, we conducted an in-depth exploration of the reaction mechanism with theoretical calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Haimeng Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinchen Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjian Ai
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330088, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zejun Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Nan Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongxiu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Qionglin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bin Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shi Y, Schimmenti R, Zhu S, Venkatraman K, Chen R, Chi M, Shao M, Mavrikakis M, Xia Y. Solution-Phase Synthesis of PdH 0.706 Nanocubes with Enhanced Stability and Activity toward Formic Acid Oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2556-2568. [PMID: 35108015 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Palladium is one of the few metals capable of forming hydrides, with the catalytic properties being dependent on the elemental composition and spatial distribution of H atoms in the lattice. Herein, we report a facile method for the complete transformation of Pd nanocubes into a stable phase made of PdH0.706 by treating them with aqueous hydrazine at a concentration as low as 9.2 mM. Using formic acid oxidation (FAO) as a model reaction, we systematically investigated the structure-catalytic property relationship of the resultant nanocubes with different degrees of hydride formation. The current density at 0.4 V was enhanced by four times when the nanocubes were completely converted from Pd to PdH0.706. On the basis of a set of slab models with PdH(100) overlayers on Pd(100), we conducted density functional theory calculations to demonstrate that the degree of hybrid formation could influence both the activity and selectivity toward FAO by modulating the relative stability of formate (HCOO) and carboxyl (COOH) intermediates. This work provides a viable strategy for augmenting the performance of Pd-based catalysts toward various reactions without altering the loading of this scarce metal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Shi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Roberto Schimmenti
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shangqian Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, PR China
| | - Kartik Venkatraman
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Ruhui Chen
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Miaofang Chi
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Minhua Shao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, PR China
| | - Manos Mavrikakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Younan Xia
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cho M, Kim T, Cho I, Gao M, Kang K, Yang D, Park I. Nanogap Formation Using a Chromium Oxide Film and Its Application as a Palladium Hydrogen Switch. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:1072-1078. [PMID: 34995074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Developing high response hydrogen sensors manufacturable in a large scale is desirable in hydrogen industry. In this study, a chromium oxidation-based nanogap formation process was developed to fabricate a hydrogen switch with suspended palladium and gold films having a tens of nanometer-sized gap. The nanogap was formed by using oxidized chromium as a self-alignment shadow mask. The hydrogen switch operates by the principle of volume expansion of palladium upon exposure to the hydrogen gas and the current reading by closing of a nanogap formed between suspended palladium and gold films. Further improvement of the sensor performance was achieved by optimizing the design parameters such as suspended film lengths and thicknesses. The fabricated palladium nanogap hydrogen sensor showed an ultrahigh sensitivity of ΔI/I0 > 108 with a fast response time (22 s) to 4% hydrogen. The complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-compatible fabrication of the hydrogen switch is easily scalable with low manufacturing cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minkyu Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Taehwan Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Incheol Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungnam Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daejong Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang B, Sun L, Schneider-Ramelow M, Lang KD, Ngo HD. Recent Advances and Challenges of Nanomaterials-Based Hydrogen Sensors. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:1429. [PMID: 34832840 PMCID: PMC8626019 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Safety is a crucial issue in hydrogen energy applications due to the unique properties of hydrogen. Accordingly, a suitable hydrogen sensor for leakage detection must have at least high sensitivity and selectivity, rapid response/recovery, low power consumption and stable functionality, which requires further improvements on the available hydrogen sensors. In recent years, the mature development of nanomaterials engineering technologies, which facilitate the synthesis and modification of various materials, has opened up many possibilities for improving hydrogen sensing performance. Current research of hydrogen detection sensors based on both conservational and innovative materials are introduced in this review. This work mainly focuses on three material categories, i.e., transition metals, metal oxide semiconductors, and graphene and its derivatives. Different hydrogen sensing mechanisms, such as resistive, capacitive, optical and surface acoustic wave-based sensors, are also presented, and their sensing performances and influence based on different nanostructures and material combinations are compared and discussed, respectively. This review is concluded with a brief outlook and future development trends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wang
- Department of Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Berlin, 12459 Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration IZM, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.-R.); (K.-D.L.)
| | - Ling Sun
- Department of Mathematics, Free University Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Martin Schneider-Ramelow
- Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration IZM, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.-R.); (K.-D.L.)
- Center of Microperipheric Technologies, Technical University Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Lang
- Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration IZM, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.-R.); (K.-D.L.)
- Center of Microperipheric Technologies, Technical University Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ha-Duong Ngo
- Department of Microsystem Technology, University of Applied Sciences Berlin, 12459 Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration IZM, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.-R.); (K.-D.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Metzroth LJT, Miller EM, Norman AG, Yazdi S, Carroll GM. Accelerating Hydrogen Absorption and Desorption Rates in Palladium Nanocubes with an Ultrathin Surface Modification. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:9131-9137. [PMID: 34676756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting the high surface-area-to-volume ratio of nanomaterials to store energy in the form of electrochemical alloys is an exceptionally promising route for achieving high-rate energy storage and delivery. Nanoscale palladium hydride is an excellent model system for understanding how nanoscale-specific properties affect the absorption and desorption of energy carrying equivalents. Hydrogen absorption and desorption in shape-controlled Pd nanostructures does not occur uniformly across the entire nanoparticle surface. Instead, hydrogen absorption and desorption proceed selectively through high-activity sites at the corners and edges. Such a mechanism hinders the hydrogen absorption rates and greatly reduces the benefit of nanoscaling the dimensions of the palladium. To solve this, we modify the surface of palladium with an ultrathin platinum shell. This modification nearly removes the barrier for hydrogen absorption (89 kJ/mol without a Pt shell and 1.8 kJ/mol with a Pt shell) and enables diffusion through the entire Pd/Pt surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J T Metzroth
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Elisa M Miller
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Andrew G Norman
- Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Sadegh Yazdi
- Renewable & Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Gerard Michael Carroll
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Swearer DF, Bourgeois BB, Angell DK, Dionne JA. Advancing Plasmon-Induced Selectivity in Chemical Transformations with Optically Coupled Transmission Electron Microscopy. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3632-3642. [PMID: 34492177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle photocatalysts are essential to processes ranging from chemical production and water purification to air filtration and surgical instrument sterilization. Photochemical reactions are generally mediated by the illumination of metallic and/or semiconducting nanomaterials, which provide the necessary optical absorption, electronic band structure, and surface faceting to drive molecular reactions. However, with reaction efficiency and selectivity dictated by atomic and molecular interactions, imaging and controlling photochemistry at the atomic scale are necessary to both understand reaction mechanisms and to improve nanomaterials for next-generation catalysts. Here, we describe how advances in plasmonics, combined with advances in electron microscopy, particularly optically coupled transmission electron microscopy (OTEM), can be used to image and control light-induced chemical transformations at the nanoscale. We focus on our group's research investigating the interaction between hydrogen gas and Pd nanoparticles, which presents an important model system for understanding both hydrogenation catalysis and hydrogen storage. The studies described in this Account primarily rely on an environmental transmission electron microscope, a tool capable of circumventing traditional TEM's high-vacuum requirements, outfitted with optical sources and detectors to couple light into and out of the microscope. First, we describe the H2 loading kinetics of individual Pd nanoparticles. When confined to sizes of less than ∼100 nm, single-crystalline Pd nanoparticles exhibit coherent phase transformations between the hydrogen-poor α-phase and hydrogen-rich β-phase, as revealed through monitoring the bulk plasmon resonance with electron energy loss spectroscopy. Next, we describe how contrast imaging techniques, such as phase contrast STEM and displaced-aperture dark field, can be employed as real-time techniques to image phase transformations with 100 ms temporal resolution. Studies of multiply twinned Pd nanoparticles and high aspect ratio Pd nanorods demonstrate that internal strain and grain boundaries can lead to partial hydrogenation within individual nanoparticles. Finally, we describe how OTEM can be used to locally probe nanoparticle dynamics under optical excitation and in reactive chemical environments. Under illumination, multicomponent plasmonic photocatalysts consisting of a gold nanoparticle "antenna" and a Pd "reactor" show clear α-phase nucleation in regions close to electromagnetic "hot spots" when near plasmonic antennas. Importantly, these hot spots need not correspond to the traditionally active, energetically preferred sites of catalytic nanoparticles. Nonthermal effects imparted by plasmonic nanoparticles, including electromagnetic field enhancement and plasmon-derived hot carriers, are crucial to explaining the site selectivity observed in PdHx phase transformations under illumination. This Account demonstrates how light can contribute to selective chemical phenomena in plasmonic heterostructures, en route to sustainable, solar-driven chemical production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayne F. Swearer
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University School of Engineering, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Briley B. Bourgeois
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University School of Engineering, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daniel K. Angell
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University School of Engineering, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Dionne
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University School of Engineering, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lerch S, Stolaś A, Darmadi I, Wen X, Strach M, Langhammer C, Moth-Poulsen K. Robust Colloidal Synthesis of Palladium-Gold Alloy Nanoparticles for Hydrogen Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:45758-45767. [PMID: 34542272 PMCID: PMC8485326 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles are currently used in a variety of applications, ranging from life sciences to nanoelectronic devices to gas sensors. In particular, the use of palladium nanoparticles is gaining increasing attention due to their ability to catalyze the rapid dissociation of hydrogen, which leads to an excellent response in hydrogen-sensing applications. However, current palladium-nanoparticle-based sensors are hindered by the presence of hysteresis upon hydride formation and decomposition, as this hysteresis limits sensor accuracy. Here, we present a robust colloidal synthesis for palladium-gold alloy nanoparticles and demonstrate their hysteresis-free response when used for hydrogen detection. The obtained colloidal particles, synthesized in an aqueous, room-temperature environment, can be tailored to a variety of applications through changing the size, ratio of metals, and surface stabilization. In particular, the variation of the viscosity of the mixture during synthesis resulted in a highly tunable size distribution and contributed to a significant improvement in size dispersity compared to the state-of-the-art methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lerch
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alicja Stolaś
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Iwan Darmadi
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xin Wen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michał Strach
- Chalmers
Materials Analysis Laboratory, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christoph Langhammer
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- C.L.
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- K.M.-P.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Alekseeva S, Strach M, Nilsson S, Fritzsche J, Zhdanov VP, Langhammer C. Grain-growth mediated hydrogen sorption kinetics and compensation effect in single Pd nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5427. [PMID: 34521841 PMCID: PMC8440611 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Grains constitute the building blocks of polycrystalline materials and their boundaries determine bulk physical properties like electrical conductivity, diffusivity and ductility. However, the structure and evolution of grains in nanostructured materials and the role of grain boundaries in reaction or phase transformation kinetics are poorly understood, despite likely importance in catalysis, batteries and hydrogen energy technology applications. Here we report an investigation of the kinetics of (de)hydriding phase transformations in individual Pd nanoparticles. We find dramatic evolution of single particle grain morphology upon cyclic exposure to hydrogen, which we identify as the reason for the observed rapidly slowing sorption kinetics, and as the origin of the observed kinetic compensation effect. These results shed light on the impact of grain growth on kinetic processes occurring inside nanoparticles, and provide mechanistic insight in the observed kinetic compensation effect. Grains are the building blocks of crystalline solids. Here the authors show how hydrogen-sorption induced grain-growth in Pd nanoparticles slows down the hydrogen sorption kinetics and constitutes the physical origin of corresponding kinetic compensation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Alekseeva
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Michal Strach
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sara Nilsson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Joachim Fritzsche
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Vladimir P Zhdanov
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.,Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Losurdo M, Gutiérrez Y, Suvorova A, Giangregorio MM, Rubanov S, Brown AS, Moreno F. Gallium Plasmonic Nanoantennas Unveiling Multiple Kinetics of Hydrogen Sensing, Storage, and Spillover. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100500. [PMID: 34076312 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen is the key element to accomplish a carbon-free based economy. Here, the first evidence of plasmonic gallium (Ga) nanoantennas is provided as nanoreactors supported on sapphire (α-Al2 O3 ) acting as direct plasmon-enhanced photocatalyst for hydrogen sensing, storage, and spillover. The role of plasmon-catalyzed electron transfer between hydrogen and plasmonic Ga nanoparticle in the activation of those processes is highlighted, as opposed to conventional refractive index-change-based sensing. This study reveals that, while temperature selectively operates those various processes, longitudinal (LO-LSPR) and transverse (TO-LSPR) localized surface plasmon resonances of supported Ga nanoparticles open selectivity of localized reaction pathways at specific sites corresponding to the electromagnetic hot-spots. Specifically, the TO-LSPR couples light into the surface dissociative adsorption of hydrogen and formation of hydrides, whereas the LO-LSPR activates heterogeneous reactions at the interface with the support, that is, hydrogen spillover into α-Al2 O3 and reverse-oxygen spillover from α-Al2 O3. This Ga-based plasmon-catalytic platform expands the application of supported plasmon-catalysis to hydrogen technologies, including reversible fast hydrogen sensing in a timescale of a few seconds with a limit of detection as low as 5 ppm and in a broad temperature range from room-temperature up to 600 °C while remaining stable and reusable over an extended period of time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Losurdo
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR-NANOTEC, via Orabona 4, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Yael Gutiérrez
- Institute of Nanotechnology, CNR-NANOTEC, via Orabona 4, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Alexandra Suvorova
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | | | - Sergey Rubanov
- Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 161 Barry Street, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - April S Brown
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Fernando Moreno
- Group of Optics, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros s/n, Santander, 39005, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Suzana AF, Wu L, Assefa TA, Williams BP, Harder R, Cha W, Kuo CH, Tsung CK, Robinson IK. Structure of a seeded palladium nanoparticle and its dynamics during the hydride phase transformation. Commun Chem 2021; 4:64. [PMID: 36697569 PMCID: PMC9814609 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Palladium absorbs large volumetric quantities of hydrogen at room temperature and ambient pressure, making the palladium hydride system a promising candidate for hydrogen storage. Here, we use Bragg coherent diffraction imaging to map the strain associated with defects in three dimensions before and during the hydride phase transformation of an individual octahedral palladium nanoparticle, synthesized using a seed-mediated approach. The displacement distribution imaging unveils the location of the seed nanoparticle in the final nanocrystal. By comparing our experimental results with a finite-element model, we verify that the seed nanoparticle causes a characteristic displacement distribution of the larger nanocrystal. During the hydrogen exposure, the hydride phase is predominantly formed on one tip of the octahedra, where there is a high number of lower coordinated Pd atoms. Our experimental and theoretical results provide an unambiguous method for future structure optimization of seed-mediated nanoparticle growth and in the design of palladium-based hydrogen storage systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Suzana
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
| | - Longlong Wu
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Tadesse A Assefa
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.,Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Benjamin P Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Ross Harder
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Wonsuk Cha
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Chun-Hong Kuo
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Kuang Tsung
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Ian K Robinson
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA. .,London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kim S, Kwag J, Machello C, Kang S, Heo J, Reboul CF, Kang D, Kang S, Shim S, Park SJ, Kim BH, Hyeon T, Ercius P, Elmlund H, Park J. Correlating 3D Surface Atomic Structure and Catalytic Activities of Pt Nanocrystals. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:1175-1183. [PMID: 33416334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Active sites and catalytic activity of heterogeneous catalysts is determined by their surface atomic structures. However, probing the surface structure at an atomic resolution is difficult, especially for solution ensembles of catalytic nanocrystals, which consist of heterogeneous particles with irregular shapes and surfaces. Here, we constructed 3D maps of the coordination number (CN) and generalized CN (CN_) for individual surface atoms of sub-3 nm Pt nanocrystals. Our results reveal that the synthesized Pt nanocrystals are enclosed by islands of atoms with nonuniform shapes that lead to complex surface structures, including a high ratio of low-coordination surface atoms, reduced domain size of low-index facets, and various types of exposed high-index facets. 3D maps of CN_ are directly correlated to catalytic activities assigned to individual surface atoms with distinct local coordination structures, which explains the origin of high catalytic performance of small Pt nanocrystals in important reactions such as oxygen reduction reactions and CO electro-oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sungin Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Kwag
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiara Machello
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sungsu Kang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyoung Heo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cyril F Reboul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Dohun Kang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulki Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangdeok Shim
- Department of Chemistry, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hyo Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hans Elmlund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jungwon Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sytwu K, Vadai M, Hayee F, Angell DK, Dai A, Dixon J, Dionne JA. Driving energetically unfavorable dehydrogenation dynamics with plasmonics. Science 2021; 371:280-283. [PMID: 33446555 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd2847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle surface structure and geometry generally dictate where chemical transformations occur, with higher chemical activity at sites with lower activation energies. Here, we show how optical excitation of plasmons enables spatially modified phase transformations, activating otherwise energetically unfavorable sites. We have designed a crossed-bar Au-PdH x antenna-reactor system that localizes electromagnetic enhancement away from the innately reactive PdH x nanorod tips. Using optically coupled in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy, we track the dehydrogenation of individual antenna-reactor pairs with varying optical illumination intensity, wavelength, and hydrogen pressure. Our in situ experiments show that plasmons enable new catalytic sites, including dehydrogenation at the nanorod faces. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm that these new nucleation sites are energetically unfavorable in equilibrium and only accessible through tailored plasmonic excitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Sytwu
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, 348 Via Pueblo, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michal Vadai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Fariah Hayee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, 350 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel K Angell
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alan Dai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jefferson Dixon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 440 Escondido Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Darmadi I, Nugroho FAA, Langhammer C. High-Performance Nanostructured Palladium-Based Hydrogen Sensors-Current Limitations and Strategies for Their Mitigation. ACS Sens 2020; 5:3306-3327. [PMID: 33181012 PMCID: PMC7735785 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen gas is rapidly approaching a global breakthrough as a carbon-free energy vector. In such a hydrogen economy, safety sensors for hydrogen leak detection will be an indispensable element along the entire value chain, from the site of hydrogen production to the point of consumption, due to the high flammability of hydrogen-air mixtures. To stimulate and guide the development of such sensors, industrial and governmental stakeholders have defined sets of strict performance targets, which are yet to be entirely fulfilled. In this Perspective, we summarize recent efforts and discuss research strategies for the development of hydrogen sensors that aim at meeting the set performance goals. In the first part, we describe the state-of-the-art for fast and selective hydrogen sensors at the research level, and we identify nanostructured Pd transducer materials as the common denominator in the best performing solutions. As a consequence, in the second part, we introduce the fundamentals of the Pd-hydrogen interaction to lay the foundation for a detailed discussion of key strategies and Pd-based material design rules necessary for the development of next generation high-performance nanostructured Pd-based hydrogen sensors that are on par with even the most stringent and challenging performance targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iwan Darmadi
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ferry Anggoro Ardy Nugroho
- DIFFER
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, De Zaale 20, 5612
AJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, De Boelelaan
1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Langhammer
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chatterjee S, Shkondin E, Takayama O, Fisher A, Fraiwan A, Gurkan UA, Lavrinenko AV, Strangi G. Hydrogen gas sensing using aluminum doped ZnO metasurfaces. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:3452-3459. [PMID: 36134290 PMCID: PMC9417916 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00289e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) sensing is crucial in a wide variety of areas, such as industrial, environmental, energy and biomedical applications. However, engineering a practical, reliable, fast, sensitive and cost-effective hydrogen sensor is a persistent challenge. Here we demonstrate hydrogen sensing using aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) metasurfaces based on optical read-out. The proposed sensing system consists of highly ordered AZO nanotubes (hollow pillars) standing on a SiO2 layer deposited on a Si wafer. Upon exposure to hydrogen gas, the AZO nanotube system shows a wavelength shift in the minimum reflectance by ∼13 nm within 10 minutes for a hydrogen concentration of 4%. These AZO nanotubes can also sense the presence of a low concentration (0.7%) of hydrogen gas within 10 minutes. Their rapid response time even for a low concentration, the possibility of large sensing area fabrication with good precision, and high sensitivity at room temperature make these highly ordered nanotube structures a promising miniaturized H2 gas sensor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Chatterjee
- CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Department of Physics, University of Calabria 87036 Rende Italy
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University 10600 Euclid Avenue Cleveland OH 44106 USA +1 216 368 6918
| | - Evgeniy Shkondin
- DTU Nanolab - National Center for Micro- and Nanofabrication, Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads 347, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby Denmark
| | - Osamu Takayama
- DTU Fotonik - Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby Denmark
| | - Adam Fisher
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University 10600 Euclid Avenue Cleveland OH 44106 USA +1 216 368 6918
| | - Arwa Fraiwan
- Case Biomanufacturing and Microfabrication Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
| | - Umut A Gurkan
- Case Biomanufacturing and Microfabrication Laboratory, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
- Department of Orthopedics, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
| | - Andrei V Lavrinenko
- DTU Fotonik - Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby Denmark
| | - Giuseppe Strangi
- CNR-NANOTEC Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Department of Physics, University of Calabria 87036 Rende Italy
- Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University 10600 Euclid Avenue Cleveland OH 44106 USA +1 216 368 6918
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ryu J, Surendranath Y. Polarization-Induced Local pH Swing Promotes Pd-Catalyzed CO 2 Hydrogenation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13384-13390. [PMID: 32628840 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical polarization can dramatically promote the rate of concurrent nonfaradaic catalytic reactions, but the mechanistic basis for these promotion effects at solid-liquid interfaces remains poorly understood. Herein, we establish a mechanistic framework for nonfaradaic promotion in aqueous media that operates via a local pH swing induced by a concurrent faradaic reaction. As a model system, we examined the kinetics of nonfaradaic Pd-catalyzed CO2 hydrogenation to formate and find that the reaction can be promoted by a combination of high alkalinity and high CO2 concentration. In bulk electrolyte, alkalinity and CO2 concentration are inversely correlated to each other as set by the CO2/bicarbonate equilibrium. We show that this impasse can be overcome by using electrical polarization to generate a nonequilibrium local environment that has both high alkalinity and high CO2 concentration. We find that this local pH swing promotes the rate of nonfaradaic CO2 hydrogenation to formate by nearly 3 orders of magnitude at modest potential bias. The work establishes a rigorous mechanistic model of nonfaradaic promotion in aqueous media and provides a basis for enhancing hydrogenation catalysis under mild conditions via electrical polarization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyune Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yogesh Surendranath
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
The interaction of hydrogen with solids and the mechanisms of hydride formation experience significant changes in nanomaterials due to a number of structural features. This review aims at illustrating the design principles that have recently inspired the development of new nanomaterials for hydrogen storage. After a general discussion about the influence of nanomaterials’ microstructure on their hydrogen sorption properties, several scientific cases and hot topics are illustrated surveying various classes of materials. These include bulk-like nanomaterials processed by mechanochemical routes, thin films and multilayers, nano-objects with composite architectures such as core–shell or composite nanoparticles, and nanoparticles on porous or graphene-like supports. Finally, selected examples of recent in situ studies of metal–hydride transformation mechanisms using microscopy and spectroscopy techniques are highlighted.
Collapse
|
29
|
Karst J, Sterl F, Linnenbank H, Weiss T, Hentschel M, Giessen H. Watching in situ the hydrogen diffusion dynamics in magnesium on the nanoscale. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz0566. [PMID: 32494706 PMCID: PMC7210000 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz0566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Active plasmonic and nanophotonic systems require switchable materials with extreme material contrast, short switching times, and negligible degradation. On the quest for these supreme properties, an in-depth understanding of the nanoscopic processes is essential. Here, we unravel the nanoscopic details of the phase transition dynamics of metallic magnesium (Mg) to dielectric magnesium hydride (MgH2) using free-standing films for in situ nanoimaging. A characteristic MgH2 phonon resonance is used to achieve unprecedented chemical specificity between the material states. Our results reveal that the hydride phase nucleates at grain boundaries, from where the hydrogenation progresses into the adjoining nanocrystallites. We measure a much faster nanoscopic hydride phase propagation in comparison to the macroscopic propagation dynamics. Our innovative method offers an engineering strategy to overcome the hitherto limited diffusion coefficients and has substantial impact on the further design, development, and analysis of switchable phase transition as well as hydrogen storage and generation materials.
Collapse
|
30
|
Herkert E, Sterl F, Strohfeldt N, Walter R, Giessen H. Low-Cost Hydrogen Sensor in the ppm Range with Purely Optical Readout. ACS Sens 2020; 5:978-983. [PMID: 32037801 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to the changing global climate, the role of renewable energy sources is of increasing importance. Hydrogen can play an important role as an energy carrier in the transition from fossil fuels. However, to ensure safe operations, a highly reliable and sensitive hydrogen sensor is required for leakage detection. We present a sensor design with purely optical readout that reliably operates between 50 and 100,000 ppm. The building block of the sensor is a reactive sample that consists of a layered structure with palladium nanodisks as the top layer and changes its optical properties depending on the external hydrogen partial pressure. We use a fiber-coupled setup consisting of an LED, a sensor body containing the reactive sample, and a photodiode to probe and read out the reflectance of the sample. This allows separation of the explosive detection area from the operating electronics and thus comes with an inherent protection against hydrogen ignition by electronic malfunctions. Our results prove that this sensor design provides a large detection range, fast response times, and enhanced robustness against aging compared to conventional thin-film technologies. Especially, the simplicity, feasibility, and scalability of the presented approach yield a holistic approach for industrial hydrogen monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ediz Herkert
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Florian Sterl
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nikolai Strohfeldt
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ramon Walter
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Song D, Wan D, Wu HH, Xue D, Ning S, Wu M, Venkatesan T, Pennycook SJ. Electronic and plasmonic phenomena at nonstoichiometric grain boundaries in metallic SrNbO 3. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:6844-6851. [PMID: 32186322 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10221c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Grain boundaries could exhibit exceptional electronic structure and exotic properties, which are determined by a local atomic configuration and stoichiometry that differs from the bulk. However, optical and plasmonic properties at the grain boundaries in metallic oxides have rarely been discussed before. Here, we show that non-stoichiometric grain boundaries in the newly discovered metallic SrNbO3 photocatalyst show exotic electronic, optical and plasmonic phenomena in comparison to bulk. Aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and first-principles calculations reveal that a Nb-rich grain boundary exhibits an increased carrier concentration with quasi-1D metallic conductivity, and newly induced electronic states contributing to the broad energy range of optical absorption. More importantly, dielectric function calculations reveal extended and enhanced plasmonic excitations compared with bulk SrNbO3. Our results show that non-stoichiometric grain boundaries might be utilized to control the electronic and plasmonic properties in oxide photocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hunyadi Murph SE, Coopersmith K, Sessions H, Brown M, Larsen G. Controlled Release of Hydrogen Isotopes from Hydride-Magnetic Nanomaterials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:9478-9488. [PMID: 31999095 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, hydrogen isotopes in the form of protium and deuterium were rapidly desorbed from magnetic-hydride iron oxide-palladium (Fe2O3-Pd) hybrid nanomaterials using an alternating magnetic field (AFM). Palladium (Pd), a hydride material with a well-known hydrogen isotope effect, was deposited on an Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticle support by solution chemistries and used as a hydrogen isotope storage component. The morphological, structural, optical, and magnetic studies reveal that the Fe2O3-Pd nanoparticles are hybrid structures exhibiting both hydrogen isotope storage (Pd) and magnetic (Fe2O3) properties. The hydrogen isotope sorption/desorption behavior of metal hydride-magnetic nanomaterials was assessed by isothermal pressure-composition response curves (isotherms). The amount and rate of hydrogen isotope gas release was tuned by simply adjusting the strength of the magnetic field strength applied. Protium and deuterium displayed similar loading capacities, namely, H/M 0.55 and H/M = 0.45, but different plateau pressures. Significant differences in the kinetics of release for protium and deuterium during magnetic heating were observed. A series of magnetically induced charge-discharge cycling experiments were conducted showing that this is a highly reproducible and robust process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona E Hunyadi Murph
- Environmental, Materials & Energy Sciences Directorate , Savannah River National Laboratory , Aiken , South Carolina 29808 , United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Kaitlin Coopersmith
- Environmental, Materials & Energy Sciences Directorate , Savannah River National Laboratory , Aiken , South Carolina 29808 , United States
| | - Henry Sessions
- Science and Technology Directorate , Savannah River National Laboratory , Aiken , South Carolina 29808 , United States
| | - Michael Brown
- Science and Technology Directorate , Savannah River National Laboratory , Aiken , South Carolina 29808 , United States
| | - George Larsen
- Environmental, Materials & Energy Sciences Directorate , Savannah River National Laboratory , Aiken , South Carolina 29808 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yang J, Prabhudev S, Andrei CM, Botton GA, Soleymani L. Deposition and morphological evolution of nanostructured palladium during potential cycling: a liquid-cell TEM study. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:9204-9207. [PMID: 31309942 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02885d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to gain better control over the functionality of Pd nanostructures used in several CO2-mitigating electrochemical energy conversion systems, it is imperative to underpin different nanoscale phenomena influencing their structural durability. Hitherto, such analyses have been carried out before/after an electrochemical treatment, but not during the entire process. Here, we demonstrate monitoring of morphological evolution in Pd nanostructures over the entire course of electrochemical treatment using a liquid-cell transmission electron microscope (TEM) set-up. Our findings reveal new insights into nanoparticle growth, dissolution, detachment, and aggregation that are relevant for the development of functional Pd nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L7, Canada.
| | - Sagar Prabhudev
- Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4M1, Canada. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Carmen M Andrei
- Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4M1, Canada.
| | - Gianluigi A Botton
- Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4M1, Canada. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L7, Canada. and Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yuan W, Ge M, Wang K, Hou X, Liu N, Deng Z, Guo R, Liu S, Zhao Y, He J, Xi W, Luo J, Ding Y. Atomic-scale selectivity of hydrogen for storage sites in Pd nanoparticles at atmospheric pressure. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:10198-10202. [PMID: 31112201 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03294k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen-storage materials are important carriers for a viable hydrogen economy. Despite palladium being the most studied storage material, the hydrogen-storage mechanism of Pd remains ambiguous owing to the lack of atomic-scale evidence of the diffusion and storage of H atoms in its lattice. In the study reported here, this classical process was investigated on the atomic scale using an in situ transmission electron microscope equipped with an atmospheric-pressure sample holder. The expansion of the Pd interplanar spacings was found to comprise three distinct stages during the diffusion of H atoms. Moreover, the expansion in d-spacing of Pd{111} was markedly different from that of Pd{220}. First-principles calculations indicate that H atoms mainly occupy the centers of the tetrahedral cages in the Pd unit cells during the diffusion stage, and they eventually occupy the octahedral cage centers in the equilibrium state. Moreover, H atoms were detected in substantially high densities in defects such as stacking faults and twin boundaries. These observations on the preferred hydrogen-storage domains can help clarify the hydrogen-storage mechanism and offer guidelines on the future design of higher-capacity hydrogen-storage materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Yuan
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Johnson NJJ, Lam B, MacLeod BP, Sherbo RS, Moreno-Gonzalez M, Fork DK, Berlinguette CP. Facets and vertices regulate hydrogen uptake and release in palladium nanocrystals. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:454-458. [PMID: 30858567 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0308-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Crystal facets, vertices and edges govern the energy landscape of metal surfaces and thus the chemical interactions on the surface1,2. The facile absorption and desorption of hydrogen at a palladium surface provides a useful platform for defining how metal-solute interactions impact properties relevant to energy storage, catalysis and sensing3-5. Recent advances in in operando and in situ techniques have enabled the phase transitions of single palladium nanocrystals to be temporally and spatially tracked during hydrogen absorption6-11. We demonstrate herein that in situ X-ray diffraction can be used to track both hydrogen absorption and desorption in palladium nanocrystals. This ensemble measurement enabled us to delineate distinctive absorption and desorption mechanisms for nanocrystals containing exclusively (111) or (100) facets. We show that the rate of hydrogen absorption is higher for those nanocrystals containing a higher number of vertices, consistent with hydrogen absorption occurring quickly after β-phase nucleation at lattice-strained vertices9,10. Tracking hydrogen desorption revealed initial desorption rates to be nearly tenfold faster for samples with (100) facets, presumably due to the faster recombination of surface hydrogen atoms. These results inspired us to make nanocrystals with a high number of vertices and (100) facets, which were found to accommodate fast hydrogen uptake and release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noah J J Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian Lam
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benjamin P MacLeod
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rebecca S Sherbo
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marta Moreno-Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Curtis P Berlinguette
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tang R, Fu X, Lu Y, Ning C. Ground-State Pd Anions React with H 2 Much Faster than the Excited Pd Anions. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:702-706. [PMID: 30698969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in experimental techniques have made it relatively easy to prepare reactant cations in well-defined states of electronic excitation. Extensive studies on the role of excited states in the cation-neutral reactions have contributed significantly to our understanding of reaction kinetics and dynamics. The excited states are often more reactive than the ground state. However, the reactions involving the excited atomic anion are very rare because the negative ions usually have no bound excited states. In the present work, we report the state-specific reaction of Pd anions with H2. Surprisingly, we observed that the ground-state Pd anions react with H2 10 times faster than the excited Pd anions. The high-level calculations show that the difference is due to the reaction barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rulin Tang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Xiaoxi Fu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yuzhu Lu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Chuangang Ning
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084 , China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gößler M, Steyskal EM, Stütz M, Enzinger N, Würschum R. Hydrogen-induced plasticity in nanoporous palladium. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:3013-3024. [PMID: 30591849 PMCID: PMC6296432 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical strain response of nanoporous palladium (npPd) upon electrochemical hydrogenation using an in situ dilatometric technique is investigated. NpPd with an average ligament diameter of approximately 20 nm is produced via electrochemical dealloying. A hydrogen-induced phase transition from PdHβ to PdHα is found to enable internal-stress plasticity (or transformation-mismatch plasticity) in nanoporous palladium, which leads to exceptionally high strains without fracture as a result of external forces. The high surface stress in the nanoporous structure in combination with the internal-stress plasticity mechanism leads to a peculiar strain response upon hydrogen sorption and desorption. Critical potentials for the formation of PdHα and PdHβ in npPd are determined. The theoretical concepts to assess the plastic strain response of nanoporous samples are elucidated, taking into account characteristics of structure and deformation mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gößler
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Steyskal
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Stütz
- Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24/I, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Norbert Enzinger
- Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24/I, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Würschum
- Institute of Materials Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Baaziz W, Bahri M, Gay AS, Chaumonnot A, Uzio D, Valette S, Hirlimann C, Ersen O. Thermal behavior of Pd@SiO 2 nanostructures in various gas environments: a combined 3D and in situ TEM approach. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:20178-20188. [PMID: 30362491 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06951d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The thermal stability of core-shell Pd@SiO2 nanostructures was for the first time monitored by using in situ Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy (E-TEM) at atmospheric pressure coupled with Electron Tomography (ET) on the same particles. The core Pd particles, with octahedral or icosahedral original shapes, were followed during thermal heating under gas at atmospheric pressure. In the first step, their morphology/faceting evolution was investigated in a reductive H2 environment up to 400 °C by electron tomography performed on the same particles before and after the in situ treatment. As a result, we observed the formation of small Pd particles inside the silica shell due to the thermally activated diffusion from the core particle. A strong dependence of the shape and faceting transformations on the initial structure of the particles was evidenced. The octahedral monocrystalline NPs were found to be less stable than the icosahedral ones; in the first case, the Pd diffusion from the core towards the silica external surface led to a progressive decrease of the particle size. The icosahedral polycrystalline NPs do not exhibit a morphology/faceting change, as in this case the atom diffusion within the particle is favored against diffusion towards the silica shell, due to a high amount of crystallographic defects in the particles. In the second part, the Pd@SiO2 NPs behavior at high temperatures (up to 1000 °C) was investigated under reductive or oxidative conditions; it was found to be strongly related to the thermal evolution of the silica shell: (1) under H2, the silica is densified and loses its porous structure leading to a final state with Pd core NPs encapsulated in the shell; (2) under air, the silica porosity is maintained and the increase of the temperature leads to an enhancement of the diffusion mechanism from the core towards the external surface of the silica; as a result, at 850 °C all the Pd atoms are expelled outside the silica shell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walid Baaziz
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504, CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Lœss BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg cedex 2, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Vadai M, Angell DK, Hayee F, Sytwu K, Dionne JA. In-situ observation of plasmon-controlled photocatalytic dehydrogenation of individual palladium nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4658. [PMID: 30405133 PMCID: PMC6220256 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic nanoparticle catalysts offer improved light absorption and carrier transport compared to traditional photocatalysts. However, it remains unclear how plasmonic excitation affects multi-step reaction kinetics and promotes site-selectivity. Here, we visualize a plasmon-induced reaction at the sub-nanoparticle level in-situ and in real-time. Using an environmental transmission electron microscope combined with light excitation, we study the photocatalytic dehydrogenation of individual palladium nanocubes coupled to gold nanoparticles with sub-2 nanometer spatial resolution. We find that plasmons increase the rate of distinct reaction steps with unique time constants; enable reaction nucleation at specific sites closest to the electromagnetic hot spots; and appear to open a new reaction pathway that is not observed without illumination. These effects are explained by plasmon-mediated population of excited-state hybridized palladium-hydrogen orbitals. Our results help elucidate the role of plasmons in light-driven photochemical transformations, en-route to design of site-selective and product-specific photocatalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Vadai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Daniel K Angell
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Fariah Hayee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Katherine Sytwu
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nugroho FAA, Darmadi I, Zhdanov VP, Langhammer C. Universal Scaling and Design Rules of Hydrogen-Induced Optical Properties in Pd and Pd-Alloy Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2018; 12:9903-9912. [PMID: 30157370 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydride-forming metal nanoparticles sustaining localized surface plasmon resonance have emerged as prototypical material to study the fundamentals of hydrogen-induced phase transformations. They have also been proposed as signal transducers in next-generation hydrogen sensors. However, despite high current interest in hydrogen sorption by nanomaterials in general and such sensors in particular, the correlations between nanoparticle size, shape, and composition, the amount of hydrogen absorbed, and the obtained optical response have not been systematically experimentally studied. Focusing on hydrogenated Pd, PdAu- and PdCu-alloy nanoparticles, which are of particular interest in hysteresis-free plasmonic hydrogen sensing, we find that at practically important Au/Pd and Cu/Pd ratios the optical response to hydrogen concentration is linear and, more interestingly, can be described by a single universal linear trend if constructed as a function of the H/Pd ratio, independent of alloy composition. In addition to this correlation, we establish that the amplitude of optical signal change is defined solely by the spectral plasmon resonance position in the non-hydrogenated state for a specific nanoparticle composition. Thus, it can be maximized by red-shifting the LSPR into the NIR spectral range via tailoring the particle size and shape. These findings further establish plasmonic sensing as an effective tool for studying metal-hydrogen interactions in nanoparticles of complex chemical composition. They also represent universal design rules for metal-hydride-based plasmonic hydrogen sensors, and our theoretical analysis predicts that they are applicable not only to the H/Pd/Au or H/Pd/Cu system investigated here but also to other H/Pd/Metal combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Iwan Darmadi
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 Göteborg , Sweden
| | - Vladimir P Zhdanov
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 Göteborg , Sweden
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis , Russian Academy of Sciences , Novosibirsk 630090 , Russia
| | - Christoph Langhammer
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 Göteborg , Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Schneemann A, White JL, Kang S, Jeong S, Wan LF, Cho ES, Heo TW, Prendergast D, Urban JJ, Wood BC, Allendorf MD, Stavila V. Nanostructured Metal Hydrides for Hydrogen Storage. Chem Rev 2018; 118:10775-10839. [PMID: 30277071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge and foundational understanding of phenomena associated with the behavior of materials at the nanoscale is one of the key scientific challenges toward a sustainable energy future. Size reduction from bulk to the nanoscale leads to a variety of exciting and anomalous phenomena due to enhanced surface-to-volume ratio, reduced transport length, and tunable nanointerfaces. Nanostructured metal hydrides are an important class of materials with significant potential for energy storage applications. Hydrogen storage in nanoscale metal hydrides has been recognized as a potentially transformative technology, and the field is now growing steadily due to the ability to tune the material properties more independently and drastically compared to those of their bulk counterparts. The numerous advantages of nanostructured metal hydrides compared to bulk include improved reversibility, altered heats of hydrogen absorption/desorption, nanointerfacial reaction pathways with faster rates, and new surface states capable of activating chemical bonds. This review aims to summarize the progress to date in the area of nanostructured metal hydrides and intends to understand and explain the underpinnings of the innovative concepts and strategies developed over the past decade to tune the thermodynamics and kinetics of hydrogen storage reactions. These recent achievements have the potential to propel further the prospects of tuning the hydride properties at nanoscale, with several promising directions and strategies that could lead to the next generation of solid-state materials for hydrogen storage applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schneemann
- Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore , California 94551 , United States
| | - James L White
- Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore , California 94551 , United States
| | - ShinYoung Kang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - Sohee Jeong
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Liwen F Wan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - Eun Seon Cho
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Wook Heo
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - David Prendergast
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Jeffrey J Urban
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Brandon C Wood
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - Mark D Allendorf
- Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore , California 94551 , United States
| | - Vitalie Stavila
- Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore , California 94551 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sytwu K, Hayee F, Narayan TC, Koh AL, Sinclair R, Dionne JA. Visualizing Facet-Dependent Hydrogenation Dynamics in Individual Palladium Nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:5357-5363. [PMID: 30148640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface faceting in nanoparticles can profoundly impact the rate and selectivity of chemical transformations. However, the precise role of surface termination can be challenging to elucidate because many measurements are performed on ensembles of particles and do not have sufficient spatial resolution to observe reactions at the single and subparticle level. Here, we investigate solute intercalation in individual palladium hydride nanoparticles with distinct surface terminations. Using a combination of diffraction, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and dark-field contrast in an environmental transmission electron microscope (TEM), we compare the thermodynamics and directly visualize the kinetics of 40-70 nm {100}-terminated cubes and {111}-terminated octahedra with approximately 2 nm spatial resolution. Despite their distinct surface terminations, both particle morphologies nucleate the new phase at the tips of the particle. However, whereas the hydrogenated phase-front must rotate from [111] to [100] to propagate in cubes, the phase-front can propagate along the [100], [11̅0], and [111] directions in octahedra. Once the phase-front is established, the interface propagates linearly with time and is rate-limited by surface-to-subsurface diffusion and/or the atomic rearrangements needed to accommodate lattice strain. Following nucleation, both particle morphologies take approximately the same time to reach equilibrium, hydrogenating at similar pressures and without equilibrium phase coexistence. Our results highlight the importance of low-coordination number sites and strain, more so than surface faceting, in governing solute-driven reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Sytwu
- Department of Applied Physics , Stanford University , 348 Via Pueblo , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Fariah Hayee
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford University , 350 Serra Mall , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Tarun C Narayan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , 496 Lomita Mall , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Ai Leen Koh
- Stanford Nano Shared Facilities , Stanford University , 476 Lomita Mall , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Robert Sinclair
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , 496 Lomita Mall , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , 496 Lomita Mall , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sterl F, Linnenbank H, Steinle T, Mörz F, Strohfeldt N, Giessen H. Nanoscale Hydrogenography on Single Magnesium Nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:4293-4302. [PMID: 29932678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Active plasmonics is enabling novel devices such as switchable metasurfaces for active beam steering or dynamic holography. Magnesium with its particle plasmon resonances in the visible spectral range is an ideal material for this technology. Upon hydrogenation, metallic magnesium switches reversibly into dielectric magnesium hydride (MgH2), turning the plasmonic resonances off and on. However, up until now, it has been unknown how exactly the hydrogenation process progresses in the individual plasmonic nanoparticles. Here, we introduce a new method, namely nanoscale hydrogenography, that combines near-field scattering microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and single-particle far-field spectroscopy to visualize the hydrogen absorption process in single Mg nanodisks. Using this method, we reveal that hydrogen progresses along individual single-crystalline nanocrystallites within the nanostructure. We are able to monitor the spatially resolved forward and backward switching of the phase transitions of several individual nanoparticles, demonstrating differences and similarities of that process. Our method lays the foundations for gaining a better understanding of hydrogen diffusion in metal nanoparticles and for improving future active nano-optical switching devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Sterl
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Heiko Linnenbank
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Tobias Steinle
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Florian Mörz
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Nikolai Strohfeldt
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hayee F, Narayan TC, Nadkarni N, Baldi A, Koh AL, Bazant MZ, Sinclair R, Dionne JA. In-situ visualization of solute-driven phase coexistence within individual nanorods. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1775. [PMID: 29720644 PMCID: PMC5932065 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanorods are promising components of energy and information storage devices that rely on solute-driven phase transformations, due to their large surface-to-volume ratio and ability to accommodate strain. Here we investigate the hydrogen-induced phase transition in individual penta-twinned palladium nanorods of varying aspect ratios with ~3 nm spatial resolution to understand the correlation between nanorod structure and thermodynamics. We find that the hydrogenated phase preferentially nucleates at the rod tips, progressing along the length of the nanorods with increasing hydrogen pressure. While nucleation pressure is nearly constant for all lengths, the number of phase boundaries is length-dependent, with stable phase coexistence always occurring for rods longer than 55 nm. Moreover, such coexistence occurs within individual crystallites of the nanorods and is accompanied by defect formation, as supported by in situ electron microscopy and elastic energy calculations. These results highlight the effect of particle shape and dimension on thermodynamics, informing nanorod design for improved device cyclability. Compared to thin films and other geometries, nanorods can exhibit particularly high performance in solute-intercalation-based energy and information storage devices. Here, the authors use in situ electron microscopy and spectroscopy to study the hydrogenation of palladium nanorods, revealing relationships between nanorod structure and device cyclability and capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fariah Hayee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Tarun C Narayan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Neel Nadkarni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Andrea Baldi
- DIFFER - Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, De Zaale 20, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ai Leen Koh
- Stanford Nano Shared Facilities, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Robert Sinclair
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Balakrishna AR, Carter WC. Combining phase-field crystal methods with a Cahn-Hilliard model for binary alloys. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:043304. [PMID: 29758731 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.043304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion-induced phase transitions typically change the lattice symmetry of the host material. In battery electrodes, for example, Li ions (diffusing species) are inserted between layers in a crystalline electrode material (host). This diffusion induces lattice distortions and defect formations in the electrode. The structural changes to the lattice symmetry affect the host material's properties. Here, we propose a 2D theoretical framework that couples a Cahn-Hilliard (CH) model, which describes the composition field of a diffusing species, with a phase-field crystal (PFC) model, which describes the host-material lattice symmetry. We couple the two continuum models via coordinate transformation coefficients. We introduce the transformation coefficients in the PFC method to describe affine lattice deformations. These transformation coefficients are modeled as functions of the composition field. Using this coupled approach, we explore the effects of coarse-grained lattice symmetry and distortions on a diffusion-induced phase transition process. In this paper, we demonstrate the working of the CH-PFC model through three representative examples: First, we describe base cases with hexagonal and square symmetries for two composition fields. Next, we illustrate how the CH-PFC method interpolates lattice symmetry across a diffuse phase boundary. Finally, we compute a Cahn-Hilliard type of diffusion and model the accompanying changes to lattice symmetry during a phase transition process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Renuka Balakrishna
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - W Craig Carter
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Huang L, Xing ZM, Kou Y, Shi LY, Liu XQ, Jiang Y, Sun LB. Fabrication of Rhodium Nanoparticles with Reduced Sizes: An Exploration of Confined Spaces. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhi-Min Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li-Ying Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lin-Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
The self-healing of defects induced by the hydriding phase transformation in palladium nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1376. [PMID: 29123126 PMCID: PMC5680230 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01548-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanosizing can dramatically alter material properties by enhancing surface thermodynamic contributions, shortening diffusion lengths, and increasing the number of catalytically active sites per unit volume. These mechanisms have been used to explain the improved properties of catalysts, battery materials, plasmonic materials, etc. Here we show that Pd nanoparticles also have the ability to self-heal defects in their crystal structures. Using Bragg coherent diffractive imaging, we image dislocations nucleated deep in a Pd nanoparticle during the forward hydriding phase transformation that heal during the reverse transformation, despite the region surrounding the dislocations remaining in the hydrogen-poor phase. We show that defective Pd nanoparticles exhibit sloped isotherms, indicating that defects act as additional barriers to the phase transformation. Our results resolve the formation and healing of structural defects during phase transformations at the single nanoparticle level and offer an additional perspective as to how and why nanoparticles differ from their bulk counterparts. Nanoscale materials commonly have improved properties over their bulk counterparts. Here, the authors use Bragg coherent diffractive imaging to reveal that Pd nanoparticles can self-heal crystallographic defects induced during the hydriding phase transformation, making them more resistant to strain-induced damage.
Collapse
|
48
|
Hong L, Li L, Chen-Wiegart YK, Wang J, Xiang K, Gan L, Li W, Meng F, Wang F, Wang J, Chiang YM, Jin S, Tang M. Two-dimensional lithium diffusion behavior and probable hybrid phase transformation kinetics in olivine lithium iron phosphate. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1194. [PMID: 29084965 PMCID: PMC5662729 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Olivine lithium iron phosphate is a technologically important electrode material for lithium-ion batteries and a model system for studying electrochemically driven phase transformations. Despite extensive studies, many aspects of the phase transformation and lithium transport in this material are still not well understood. Here we combine operando hard X-ray spectroscopic imaging and phase-field modeling to elucidate the delithiation dynamics of single-crystal lithium iron phosphate microrods with long-axis along the [010] direction. Lithium diffusivity is found to be two-dimensional in microsized particles containing ~3% lithium-iron anti-site defects. Our study provides direct evidence for the previously predicted surface reaction-limited phase-boundary migration mechanism and the potential operation of a hybrid mode of phase growth, in which phase-boundary movement is controlled by surface reaction or lithium diffusion in different crystallographic directions. These findings uncover the rich phase-transformation behaviors in lithium iron phosphate and intercalation compounds in general and can help guide the design of better electrodes. Lithium transport and phase transformation kinetics in olivine LiFePO4 electrode remain not fully understood. Here the authors show that microsized olivine particles possess 2D lithium diffusivity and exhibit a possible hybrid mode of phase boundary migration upon cycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hong
- Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Linsen Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA. .,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | | | - Jiajun Wang
- Photon Science Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Kai Xiang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Liyang Gan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Fei Meng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Photon Science Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Yet-Ming Chiang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Song Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Ming Tang
- Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Alekseeva S, Fanta ABDS, Iandolo B, Antosiewicz TJ, Nugroho FAA, Wagner JB, Burrows A, Zhdanov VP, Langhammer C. Grain boundary mediated hydriding phase transformations in individual polycrystalline metal nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1084. [PMID: 29057929 PMCID: PMC5651804 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00879-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Grain boundaries separate crystallites in solids and influence material properties, as widely documented for bulk materials. In nanomaterials, however, investigations of grain boundaries are very challenging and just beginning. Here, we report the systematic mapping of the role of grain boundaries in the hydrogenation phase transformation in individual Pd nanoparticles. Employing multichannel single-particle plasmonic nanospectroscopy, we observe large variation in particle-specific hydride-formation pressure, which is absent in hydride decomposition. Transmission Kikuchi diffraction suggests direct correlation between length and type of grain boundaries and hydride-formation pressure. This correlation is consistent with tensile lattice strain induced by hydrogen localized near grain boundaries as the dominant factor controlling the phase transition during hydrogen absorption. In contrast, such correlation is absent for hydride decomposition, suggesting a different phase-transition pathway. In a wider context, our experimental setup represents a powerful platform to unravel microstructure-function correlations at the individual-nanoparticle level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Alekseeva
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 412 96, Sweden
| | | | - Beniamino Iandolo
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Microtechnology and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Pl., 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tomasz J Antosiewicz
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 412 96, Sweden.,Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, Warsaw, 02-097, Poland
| | | | - Jakob B Wagner
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andrew Burrows
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Vladimir P Zhdanov
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 412 96, Sweden.,Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Christoph Langhammer
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 412 96, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ulvestad A, Welland MJ, Cha W, Liu Y, Kim JW, Harder R, Maxey E, Clark JN, Highland MJ, You H, Zapol P, Hruszkewycz SO, Stephenson GB. Three-dimensional imaging of dislocation dynamics during the hydriding phase transformation. NATURE MATERIALS 2017; 16:565-571. [PMID: 28092689 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Crystallographic imperfections significantly alter material properties and their response to external stimuli, including solute-induced phase transformations. Despite recent progress in imaging defects using electron and X-ray techniques, in situ three-dimensional imaging of defect dynamics remains challenging. Here, we use Bragg coherent diffractive imaging to image defects during the hydriding phase transformation of palladium nanocrystals. During constant-pressure experiments we observe that the phase transformation begins after dislocation nucleation close to the phase boundary in particles larger than 300 nm. The three-dimensional phase morphology suggests that the hydrogen-rich phase is more similar to a spherical cap on the hydrogen-poor phase than to the core-shell model commonly assumed. We substantiate this using three-dimensional phase field modelling, demonstrating how phase morphology affects the critical size for dislocation nucleation. Our results reveal how particle size and phase morphology affects transformations in the PdH system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ulvestad
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - M J Welland
- Fuel &Fuel Channel Safety Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario K0J 1J0, Canada
| | - W Cha
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Y Liu
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - J W Kim
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - R Harder
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - E Maxey
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - J N Clark
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M J Highland
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - H You
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - P Zapol
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - S O Hruszkewycz
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - G B Stephenson
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| |
Collapse
|