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Hersperger F, Meyring T, Weber P, Chhatbar C, Monaco G, Dionne MS, Paeschke K, Prinz M, Groß O, Classen AK, Kierdorf K. DNA damage signaling in Drosophila macrophages modulates systemic cytokine levels in response to oxidative stress. eLife 2024; 12:RP86700. [PMID: 38189792 PMCID: PMC10945508 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors, infection, or injury can cause oxidative stress in diverse tissues and loss of tissue homeostasis. Effective stress response cascades, conserved from invertebrates to mammals, ensure reestablishment of homeostasis and tissue repair. Hemocytes, the Drosophila blood-like cells, rapidly respond to oxidative stress by immune activation. However, the precise signals how they sense oxidative stress and integrate these signals to modulate and balance the response to oxidative stress in the adult fly are ill-defined. Furthermore, hemocyte diversification was not explored yet on oxidative stress. Here, we employed high-throughput single nuclei RNA-sequencing to explore hemocytes and other cell types, such as fat body, during oxidative stress in the adult fly. We identified distinct cellular responder states in plasmatocytes, the Drosophila macrophages, associated with immune response and metabolic activation upon oxidative stress. We further define oxidative stress-induced DNA damage signaling as a key sensor and a rate-limiting step in immune-activated plasmatocytes controlling JNK-mediated release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine unpaired-3. We subsequently tested the role of this specific immune activated cell stage during oxidative stress and found that inhibition of DNA damage signaling in plasmatocytes, as well as JNK or upd3 overactivation, result in a higher susceptibility to oxidative stress. Our findings uncover that a balanced composition and response of hemocyte subclusters is essential for the survival of adult Drosophila on oxidative stress by regulating systemic cytokine levels and cross-talk to other organs, such as the fat body, to control energy mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Hersperger
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Faculty of Biology, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Tim Meyring
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Pia Weber
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Chintan Chhatbar
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Gianni Monaco
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center-University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Marc S Dionne
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Katrin Paeschke
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Olaf Groß
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Classen
- Hilde-Mangold-Haus, Faculty of Biology, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Katrin Kierdorf
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
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2
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Hersperger F, Kastl M, Paeschke K, Kierdorf K. Hemocyte Nuclei Isolation from Adult Drosophila melanogaster for snRNA-seq. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2713:71-79. [PMID: 37639115 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3437-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
In adult Drosophila, most of the hemocytes are macrophage-like cells (so called plasmatocytes), which serve various functions in organ homeostasis and immune defense. Ontogeny and functions are largely conserved between vertebrate and invertebrate macrophages. Hence, Drosophila offers a powerful genetic toolbox to study macrophage function and genetically modulate these cells. Technological advances in high-throughput sequencing approaches allowed to give an in-depth characterization of vertebrate macrophage populations and their heterogenous composition within different organs as well as changes in disease. Embryonic and larval hemocytes in Drosophila have been recently analyzed in single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) approaches during infection and steady state. These analyses revealed anatomical and functional Drosophila hemocyte subtypes dedicated to specific tasks. Only recently, the Fly Cell Atlas provided a whole transcriptomic single-cell atlas via single-nuclei RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) of adult Drosophila including many different tissues and cell types where hemocytes were also included. Yet, a specific protocol to isolate nuclei from adult hemocytes for snRNA-seq and study these cells in different experimental conditions was not available. In this chapter, we give a detailed protocol to purify hemocyte nuclei from adult Drosophila, which can be used in subsequent analyses such as snRNA-seq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Hersperger
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Kastl
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katrin Paeschke
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Katrin Kierdorf
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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3
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Mari M, Voutyraki C, Zacharioudaki E, Delidakis C, Filippidis G. Lipid content evaluation of Drosophila tumour associated haemocytes through Third Harmonic Generation measurements. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202300171. [PMID: 37643223 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Non-linear microscopy is a powerful imaging tool to examine structural properties and subcellular processes of various biological samples. The competence of Third Harmonic Generation (THG) includes the label free imaging with diffraction-limited resolution and three-dimensional visualization with negligible phototoxicity effects. In this study, THG records and quantifies the lipid content of Drosophila haemocytes, upon encountering normal or tumorigenic neural cells, in correlation with their shape or their state. We show that the lipid accumulations of adult haemocytes are similar before and after encountering normal cells. In contrast, adult haemocytes prior to their interaction with cancer cells have a low lipid index, which increases while they are actively engaged in phagocytosis only to decrease again when haemocytes become exhausted. This dynamic change in the lipid accrual of haemocytes upon encountering tumour cells could potentially be a useful tool to assess the phagocytic capacity or activation state of tumour-associated haemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meropi Mari
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Chrysanthi Voutyraki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Eva Zacharioudaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Christos Delidakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - George Filippidis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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4
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Arch M, Vidal M, Fuentes E, Abat AS, Cardona PJ. The reproductive status determines tolerance and resistance to Mycobacterium marinum in Drosophila melanogaster. Evol Med Public Health 2023; 11:332-347. [PMID: 37868078 PMCID: PMC10590161 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex and reproductive status of the host have a major impact on the immune response against infection. Our aim was to understand their impact on host tolerance or resistance in the systemic Mycobacterium marinum infection of Drosophila melanogaster. We measured host survival and bacillary load at time of death, as well as expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of immune genes (diptericin and drosomycin). We also assessed the impact of metabolic and hormonal regulation in the protection against infection by measuring expression of upd3, impl2 and ecR. Our data showed increased resistance in actively mating flies and in mated females, while reducing their tolerance to infection. Data suggests that Toll and immune deficiency (Imd) pathways determine tolerance and resistance, respectively, while higher basal levels of ecR favours the stimulation of the Imd pathway. A dual role has been found for upd3 expression, linked to increased/decreased mycobacterial load at the beginning and later in infection, respectively. Finally, impl2 expression has been related to increased resistance in non-actively mating males. These results allow further assessment on the differences between sexes and highlights the role of the reproductive status in D. melanogaster to face infections, demonstrating their importance to determine resistance and tolerance against M. marinum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Arch
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria Vidal
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Genetics and Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Esther Fuentes
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anmaw Shite Abat
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Studies, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Microbiology Department, Laboratori Clínic Metropolitana Nord, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Genetics and Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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5
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Qin B, Yu S, Chen Q, Jin LH. Atg2 Regulates Cellular and Humoral Immunity in Drosophila. INSECTS 2023; 14:706. [PMID: 37623416 PMCID: PMC10455222 DOI: 10.3390/insects14080706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a process that promotes the lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic proteins and is highly conserved in eukaryotic organisms. Autophagy maintains homeostasis in organisms and regulates multiple developmental processes, and autophagy disruption is related to human diseases. However, the functional roles of autophagy in mediating innate immune responses are largely unknown. In this study, we sought to understand how Atg2, an autophagy-related gene, functions in the innate immunity of Drosophila melanogaster. The results showed that a large number of melanotic nodules were produced upon inhibition of Atg2. In addition, inhibiting Atg2 suppressed the phagocytosis of latex beads, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli; the proportion of Nimrod C1 (one of the phagocytosis receptors)-positive hemocytes also decreased. Moreover, inhibiting Atg2 altered actin cytoskeleton patterns, showing longer filopodia but with decreased numbers of filopodia. The expression of AMP-encoding genes was altered by inhibiting Atg2. Drosomycin was upregulated, and the transcript levels of Attacin-A, Diptericin and Metchnikowin were decreased. Finally, the above alterations caused by the inhibition of Atg2 prevented flies from resisting invading pathogens, showing that flies with low expression of Atg2 were highly susceptible to Staphylococcus aureus and Erwinia carotovora carotovora 15 infections. In conclusion, Atg2 regulated both cellular and humoral innate immunity in Drosophila. We have identified Atg2 as a crucial regulator in mediating the homeostasis of immunity, which further established the interactions between autophagy and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Li Hua Jin
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (B.Q.); (S.Y.); (Q.C.)
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6
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Bland ML. Regulating metabolism to shape immune function: Lessons from Drosophila. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 138:128-141. [PMID: 35440411 PMCID: PMC10617008 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Infection with pathogenic microbes is a severe threat that hosts manage by activating the innate immune response. In Drosophila melanogaster, the Toll and Imd signaling pathways are activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns to initiate cellular and humoral immune processes that neutralize and kill invaders. The Toll and Imd signaling pathways operate in organs such as fat body and gut that control host nutrient metabolism, and infections or genetic activation of Toll and Imd signaling also induce wide-ranging changes in host lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Metabolic regulation by immune signaling can confer resistance to or tolerance of infection, but it can also lead to pathology and susceptibility to infection. These immunometabolic phenotypes are described in this review, as are changes in endocrine signaling and gene regulation that mediate survival during infection. Future work in the field is anticipated to determine key variables such as sex, dietary nutrients, life stage, and pathogen characteristics that modify immunometabolic phenotypes and, importantly, to uncover the mechanisms used by the immune system to regulate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Bland
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, United States.
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7
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Touré H, Galindo LA, Lagune M, Glatigny S, Waterhouse RM, Guénal I, Herrmann JL, Girard-Misguich F, Szuplewski S. Mycobacterium abscessus resists the innate cellular response by surviving cell lysis of infected phagocytes. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011257. [PMID: 36972320 PMCID: PMC10079227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus is the most pathogenic species among the predominantly saprophytic fast-growing mycobacteria. This opportunistic human pathogen causes severe infections that are difficult to eradicate. Its ability to survive within the host was described mainly with the rough (R) form of M. abscessus, which is lethal in several animal models. This R form is not present at the very beginning of the disease but appears during the progression and the exacerbation of the mycobacterial infection, by transition from a smooth (S) form. However, we do not know how the S form of M. abscessus colonizes and infects the host to then multiply and cause the disease. In this work, we were able to show the hypersensitivity of fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, to intrathoracic infections by the S and R forms of M. abscessus. This allowed us to unravel how the S form resists the innate immune response developed by the fly, both the antimicrobial peptides- and cellular-dependent immune responses. We demonstrate that intracellular M. abscessus was not killed within the infected phagocytic cells, by resisting lysis and caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death of Drosophila infected phagocytes. In mice, in a similar manner, intra-macrophage M. abscessus was not killed when M. abscessus-infected macrophages were lysed by autologous natural killer cells. These results demonstrate the propensity of the S form of M. abscessus to resist the host’s innate responses to colonize and multiply within the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamadoun Touré
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Lee Ann Galindo
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Marion Lagune
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Simon Glatigny
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Robert M. Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, and the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Jean-Louis Herrmann
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Ile-de-France Ouest, GHU Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France
| | - Fabienne Girard-Misguich
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et Inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
- * E-mail: (FGM); (SS)
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8
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Boeck L, Burbaud S, Skwark M, Pearson WH, Sangen J, Wuest AW, Marshall EKP, Weimann A, Everall I, Bryant JM, Malhotra S, Bannerman BP, Kierdorf K, Blundell TL, Dionne MS, Parkhill J, Andres Floto R. Mycobacterium abscessus pathogenesis identified by phenogenomic analyses. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:1431-1441. [PMID: 36008617 PMCID: PMC9418003 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The medical and scientific response to emerging and established pathogens is often severely hampered by ignorance of the genetic determinants of virulence, drug resistance and clinical outcomes that could be used to identify therapeutic drug targets and forecast patient trajectories. Taking the newly emergent multidrug-resistant bacteria Mycobacterium abscessus as an example, we show that combining high-dimensional phenotyping with whole-genome sequencing in a phenogenomic analysis can rapidly reveal actionable systems-level insights into bacterial pathobiology. Through phenotyping of 331 clinical isolates, we discovered three distinct clusters of isolates, each with different virulence traits and associated with a different clinical outcome. We combined genome-wide association studies with proteome-wide computational structural modelling to define likely causal variants, and employed direct coupling analysis to identify co-evolving, and therefore potentially epistatic, gene networks. We then used in vivo CRISPR-based silencing to validate our findings and discover clinically relevant M. abscessus virulence factors including a secretion system, thus illustrating how phenogenomics can reveal critical pathways within emerging pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Boeck
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Centre for AI in Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Burbaud
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Centre for AI in Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcin Skwark
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Will H Pearson
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jasper Sangen
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Centre for AI in Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andreas W Wuest
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eleanor K P Marshall
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Aaron Weimann
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Centre for AI in Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Josephine M Bryant
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Centre for AI in Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sony Malhotra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Scientific Computing Department, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Harwell, UK
| | - Bridget P Bannerman
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Centre for AI in Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katrin Kierdorf
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tom L Blundell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marc S Dionne
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Andres Floto
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridge Centre for AI in Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridge Centre for Lung Infection, Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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9
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Luo W, Liu S, Zhang F, Zhao L, Su Y. Metabolic strategy of macrophages under homeostasis or immune stress in Drosophila. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:291-302. [PMID: 37073169 PMCID: PMC10077226 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-022-00134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are well known for their phagocytic functions in innate immunity across species. In mammals, they rapidly consume a large amount of energy by shifting their metabolism from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation toward aerobic glycolysis, to perform the effective bactericidal function upon infection. Meanwhile, they strive for sufficient energy resources by restricting systemic metabolism. In contrast, under nutrient deprivation, the macrophage population is down-regulated to save energy for survival. Drosophila melanogaster possesses a highly conserved and comparatively simple innate immune system. Intriguingly, recent studies have shown that Drosophila plasmatocytes, the macrophage-like blood cells, adopt comparable metabolic remodeling and signaling pathways to achieve energy reassignment when challenged by pathogens, indicating the conservation of such metabolic strategies between insects and mammals. Here, focusing on Drosophila macrophages (plasmatocytes), we review recent advances regarding their comprehensive roles in local or systemic metabolism under homeostasis or stress, emphasizing macrophages as critical players in the crosstalk between the immune system and organic metabolism from a Drosophila perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Luo
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Sumin Liu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Long Zhao
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (OUC), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003 China
| | - Ying Su
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
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10
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Triglyceride breakdown from lipid droplets regulates the inflammatory response in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2114739119. [PMID: 35302892 PMCID: PMC8944848 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114739119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous organelles that play important roles in cellular energy homeostasis, tightly regulating the accumulation and release of lipids. In macrophages, lipids accumulate in LDs during inflammation. However, it is unclear how inflammatory activation promotes the accumulation of lipids in LDs, and how the dynamic between lipid accumulation and breakdown could drive or inhibit inflammation. Elucidating the role of lipid accumulation during inflammation may provide important knowledge to influence inflammatory processes during health and disease. We identify the importance of the hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet–associated protein and the intracellular adipose triglyceride lipase in the regulation of lipid accumulation and breakdown in inflammatory macrophages. Furthermore, we determine the regulatory effect of lipid breakdown from LDs in supporting inflammation. In response to inflammatory activation by pathogens, macrophages accumulate triglycerides in intracellular lipid droplets. The mechanisms underlying triglyceride accumulation and its exact role in the inflammatory response of macrophages are not fully understood. Here, we aim to further elucidate the mechanism and function of triglyceride accumulation in the inflammatory response of activated macrophages. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated activation markedly increased triglyceride accumulation in macrophages. This increase could be attributed to up-regulation of the hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet–associated (HILPDA) protein, which down-regulated adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) protein levels, in turn leading to decreased ATGL-mediated triglyceride hydrolysis. The reduction in ATGL-mediated lipolysis attenuated the inflammatory response in macrophages after ex vivo and in vitro activation, and was accompanied by decreased production of prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Overall, we provide evidence that LPS-mediated activation of macrophages suppresses lipolysis via induction of HILPDA, thereby reducing the availability of proinflammatory lipid precursors and suppressing the production of PGE2 and IL-6.
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11
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Nath AS, Parsons BD, Makdissi S, Chilvers RL, Mu Y, Weaver CM, Euodia I, Fitze KA, Long J, Scur M, Mackenzie DP, Makrigiannis AP, Pichaud N, Boudreau LH, Simmonds AJ, Webber CA, Derfalvi B, Hammon Y, Rachubinski RA, Di Cara F. Modulation of the cell membrane lipid milieu by peroxisomal β-oxidation induces Rho1 signaling to trigger inflammatory responses. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110433. [PMID: 35235794 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis, signal transduction, and inflammatory responses require changes in lipid metabolism. Peroxisomes have key roles in fatty acid homeostasis and in regulating immune function. We find that Drosophila macrophages lacking peroxisomes have perturbed lipid profiles, which reduce host survival after infection. Using lipidomic, transcriptomic, and genetic screens, we determine that peroxisomes contribute to the cell membrane glycerophospholipid composition necessary to induce Rho1-dependent signals, which drive cytoskeletal remodeling during macrophage activation. Loss of peroxisome function increases membrane phosphatidic acid (PA) and recruits RhoGAPp190 during infection, inhibiting Rho1-mediated responses. Peroxisome-glycerophospholipid-Rho1 signaling also controls cytoskeleton remodeling in mouse immune cells. While high levels of PA in cells without peroxisomes inhibit inflammatory phenotypes, large numbers of peroxisomes and low amounts of cell membrane PA are features of immune cells from patients with inflammatory Kawasaki disease and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Our findings reveal potential metabolic markers and therapeutic targets for immune diseases and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu S Nath
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Brendon D Parsons
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Stephanie Makdissi
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Rebecca L Chilvers
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Yizhu Mu
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Ceileigh M Weaver
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Irene Euodia
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Katherine A Fitze
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Juyang Long
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Michal Scur
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Duncan P Mackenzie
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Andrew P Makrigiannis
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Nicolas Pichaud
- Université de Moncton, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada; New Brunswick Centre for Precision Medicine (NBCPM), Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Luc H Boudreau
- Université de Moncton, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada; New Brunswick Centre for Precision Medicine (NBCPM), Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Andrew J Simmonds
- University of Alberta, Department of Cell Biology, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Christine A Webber
- University of Alberta, Department of Cell Biology, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Beata Derfalvi
- Dalhousie University, Department of Pediatrics, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Yannick Hammon
- INSERM au Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille Luminy, Marseille 13288, France
| | | | - Francesca Di Cara
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada; Dalhousie University, Department of Pediatrics, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada.
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12
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Emerging technologies and infection models in cellular microbiology. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6764. [PMID: 34799563 PMCID: PMC8604907 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26641-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of cellular microbiology, rooted in the co-evolution of microbes and their hosts, studies intracellular pathogens and their manipulation of host cell machinery. In this review, we highlight emerging technologies and infection models that recently promoted opportunities in cellular microbiology. We overview the explosion of microscopy techniques and how they reveal unprecedented detail at the host-pathogen interface. We discuss the incorporation of robotics and artificial intelligence to image-based screening modalities, biochemical mapping approaches, as well as dual RNA-sequencing techniques. Finally, we describe chips, organoids and animal models used to dissect biophysical and in vivo aspects of the infection process. As our knowledge of the infected cell improves, cellular microbiology holds great promise for development of anti-infective strategies with translational applications in human health.
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13
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Dawa S, Menon D, Arumugam P, Bhaskar AK, Mondal M, Rao V, Gandotra S. Inhibition of Granuloma Triglyceride Synthesis Imparts Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Through Curtailed Inflammatory Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:722735. [PMID: 34603294 PMCID: PMC8479166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.722735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism plays a complex and dynamic role in host-pathogen interaction during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. While bacterial lipid metabolism is key to the success of the pathogen, the host also offers a lipid rich environment in the form of necrotic caseous granulomas, making this association beneficial for the pathogen. Accumulation of the neutral lipid triglyceride, as lipid droplets within the cellular cuff of necrotic granulomas, is a peculiar feature of pulmonary tuberculosis. The role of triglyceride synthesis in the TB granuloma and its impact on the disease outcome has not been studied in detail. Here, we identified diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) to be essential for accumulation of triglyceride in necrotic TB granulomas using the C3HeB/FeJ murine model of infection. Treatment of infected mice with a pharmacological inhibitor of DGAT1 (T863) led to reduction in granuloma triglyceride levels and bacterial burden. A decrease in bacterial burden was associated with reduced neutrophil infiltration and degranulation, and a reduction in several pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL1β, TNFα, IL6, and IFNβ. Triglyceride lowering impacted eicosanoid production through both metabolic re-routing and via transcriptional control. Our data suggests that manipulation of lipid droplet homeostasis may offer a means for host directed therapy in Tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanzin Dawa
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.,Cardiorespiratory Disease Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Dilip Menon
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.,Cardiorespiratory Disease Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Prabhakar Arumugam
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.,Cardiorespiratory Disease Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Akash Kumar Bhaskar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.,Cardiorespiratory Disease Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Moumita Mondal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.,Cardiorespiratory Disease Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Rao
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.,Cardiorespiratory Disease Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheetal Gandotra
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.,Cardiorespiratory Disease Biology, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
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14
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Marshall EKP, Dionne MS. Drosophila versus Mycobacteria: A model for mycobacterial host-pathogen interactions. Mol Microbiol 2021; 117:600-609. [PMID: 34585797 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Animal models have played an essential role in understanding the host-pathogen interactions of pathogenic mycobacteria, including the Mycobacterium tuberculosis and emerging nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species such as M. avium and M. abscessus. Drosophila melanogaster has become a well-established model for the study of innate immunity and is increasingly being used as a tool to study host-pathogen interactions, in part due to its genetic tractability. The use of D. melanogaster has led to greater understanding of the role of the innate immune system in response to mycobacterial infection, including in vitro RNAi screens and in vivo studies. These studies have identified processes and host factors involved in mycobacterial infection, such as those required for cellular entry, those required to control or resist non-pathogenic mycobacteria, or factors that become dysregulated as a result of mycobacterial infection. Developments in genetic tools for manipulating mycobacterial genomes will allow for more detailed studies into how specific host and pathogen factors interact with one another by using D. melanogaster; however, the full potential of this model has not yet been reached. Here we provide an overview of how D. melanogaster has been used to study mycobacterial infection and discuss the current gaps in our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor K P Marshall
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marc S Dionne
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
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15
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Silwal P, Kim IS, Jo EK. Autophagy and Host Defense in Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:728742. [PMID: 34552591 PMCID: PMC8450401 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.728742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is critically involved in host defense pathways through targeting and elimination of numerous pathogens via autophagic machinery. Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTMs) are ubiquitous microbes, have become increasingly prevalent, and are emerging as clinically important strains due to drug-resistant issues. Compared to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causal pathogen for human tuberculosis, the roles of autophagy remain largely uncharacterized in the context of a variety of NTM infections. Compelling evidence suggests that host autophagy activation plays an essential role in the enhancement of antimicrobial immune responses and controlling pathological inflammation against various NTM infections. As similar to Mtb, it is believed that NTM bacteria evolve multiple strategies to manipulate and hijack host autophagy pathways. Despite this, we are just beginning to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between pathogen and the host autophagy system in a battle with NTM bacteria. In this review, we will explore the function of autophagy, which is involved in shaping host–pathogen interaction and disease outcomes during NTM infections. These efforts will lead to the development of autophagy-based host-directed therapeutics against NTM infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanta Silwal
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - In Soo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
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16
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Bajgar A, Krejčová G, Doležal T. Polarization of Macrophages in Insects: Opening Gates for Immuno-Metabolic Research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:629238. [PMID: 33659253 PMCID: PMC7917182 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.629238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance and cachexia represent severe metabolic syndromes accompanying a variety of human pathological states, from life-threatening cancer and sepsis to chronic inflammatory states, such as obesity and autoimmune disorders. Although the origin of these metabolic syndromes has not been fully comprehended yet, a growing body of evidence indicates their possible interconnection with the acute and chronic activation of an innate immune response. Current progress in insect immuno-metabolic research reveals that the induction of insulin resistance might represent an adaptive mechanism during the acute phase of bacterial infection. In Drosophila, insulin resistance is induced by signaling factors released by bactericidal macrophages as a reflection of their metabolic polarization toward aerobic glycolysis. Such metabolic adaptation enables them to combat the invading pathogens efficiently but also makes them highly nutritionally demanding. Therefore, systemic metabolism has to be adjusted upon macrophage activation to provide them with nutrients and thus support the immune function. That anticipates the involvement of macrophage-derived systemic factors mediating the inter-organ signaling between macrophages and central energy-storing organs. Although it is crucial to coordinate the macrophage cellular metabolism with systemic metabolic changes during the acute phase of bacterial infection, the action of macrophage-derived factors may become maladaptive if chronic or in case of infection by an intracellular pathogen. We hypothesize that insulin resistance evoked by macrophage-derived signaling factors represents an adaptive mechanism for the mobilization of sources and their preferential delivery toward the activated immune system. We consider here the validity of the presented model for mammals and human medicine. The adoption of aerobic glycolysis by bactericidal macrophages as well as the induction of insulin resistance by macrophage-derived factors are conserved between insects and mammals. Chronic insulin resistance is at the base of many human metabolically conditioned diseases such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cachexia. Therefore, revealing the original biological relevance of cytokine-induced insulin resistance may help to develop a suitable strategy for treating these frequent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bajgar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Gabriela Krejčová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Doležal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
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17
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Martínez BA, Hoyle RG, Yeudall S, Granade ME, Harris TE, Castle JD, Leitinger N, Bland ML. Innate immune signaling in Drosophila shifts anabolic lipid metabolism from triglyceride storage to phospholipid synthesis to support immune function. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009192. [PMID: 33227003 PMCID: PMC7721134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During infection, cellular resources are allocated toward the metabolically-demanding processes of synthesizing and secreting effector proteins that neutralize and kill invading pathogens. In Drosophila, these effectors are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that are produced in the fat body, an organ that also serves as a major lipid storage depot. Here we asked how activation of Toll signaling in the larval fat body perturbs lipid homeostasis to understand how cells meet the metabolic demands of the immune response. We find that genetic or physiological activation of fat body Toll signaling leads to a tissue-autonomous reduction in triglyceride storage that is paralleled by decreased transcript levels of the DGAT homolog midway, which carries out the final step of triglyceride synthesis. In contrast, Kennedy pathway enzymes that synthesize membrane phospholipids are induced. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed elevated levels of major phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine species in fat bodies with active Toll signaling. The ER stress mediator Xbp1 contributed to the Toll-dependent induction of Kennedy pathway enzymes, which was blunted by deleting AMP genes, thereby reducing secretory demand elicited by Toll activation. Consistent with ER stress induction, ER volume is expanded in fat body cells with active Toll signaling, as determined by transmission electron microscopy. A major functional consequence of reduced Kennedy pathway induction is an impaired immune response to bacterial infection. Our results establish that Toll signaling induces a shift in anabolic lipid metabolism to favor phospholipid synthesis and ER expansion that may serve the immediate demand for AMP synthesis and secretion but with the long-term consequence of insufficient nutrient storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A. Martínez
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Rosalie G. Hoyle
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Scott Yeudall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Mitchell E. Granade
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Thurl E. Harris
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - J. David Castle
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Norbert Leitinger
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Michelle L. Bland
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Li J, Cao C, Xiang Y, Hong Z, He D, Zhong H, Liu Y, Wu Y, Zheng X, Yin H, Zhou J, Xie H, Huang X. TLT2 Suppresses Th1 Response by Promoting IL-6 Production in Monocyte Through JAK/STAT3 Signal Pathway in Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2031. [PMID: 33042115 PMCID: PMC7516513 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-like transcript 2 (TLT2) has not been characterized and their role in pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains unclear. In this study, we found that surface TLT2 was up-regulated in human monocytes of patients with active TB compared to healthy subjects. In vitro, TLT2 expression was induced in human monocyte cell line THP-1 cells after bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv infection. Knockdown of TLT2 by siRNA transfection suppressed IL-6 expression, whereas over-expression of TLT2 increased IL-6 production in THP-1 cells infected by H37Rv. TLT2+CD14+ monocytes produced higher level of IL-6 compared to TLT2– subset in active TB patients. Western blot and immunocoprecipitation revealed that TLT2 interacted with kinase JAK1/JAK2/Tyk2 to enhance STAT3 phosphorylation. Moreover, we showed that tyrosine residues 297 and 315 of TLT2 cytoplasmic domain were involved in STAT3 activation. In monocyte/CD4+ T cell co-culture assay, blockage of TLT2 fusion protein facilitated IFN-γ production by CD4+ T cells. Plate count assay showed that monocyte-mediated bacterial killing was promoted by TLT2 fusion protein. In vivo treatment with TLT-2 fusion protein reduced IL-6 production by macrophage but increased IFN-γ production by CD4+ T cell in H37Rv and BCG infected mice. Furthermore, TLT2 fusion protein attenuated inflammation, and reduced bacterial load in lung of infected mice. Together, these findings demonstrate that TLT2 negatively regulates Th1 response against mycobacterial infection, which promotes IL-6 production through JAK/STAT3 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinai Li
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Can Cao
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yali Xiang
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhongsi Hong
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Duanman He
- The Third People's Hospital of Shantou, Shantou, China
| | - Haibo Zhong
- The Third People's Hospital of Shantou, Shantou, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yongjian Wu
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaobin Zheng
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Huan Yin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Foshan Fourth People's Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Hanbin Xie
- The Third People's Hospital of Shantou, Shantou, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, Department of Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
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19
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Vincent CM, Simoes da Silva CJ, Wadhawan A, Dionne MS. Origins of Metabolic Pathology in Francisella-Infected Drosophila. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1419. [PMID: 32733472 PMCID: PMC7360822 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The origins and causes of infection pathologies are often not understood. Despite this, the study of infection and immunity relies heavily on the ability to discern between potential sources of pathology. Work in the fruit fly has supported the assumption that mortality resulting from bacterial invasion is largely due to direct host-pathogen interactions, as lower pathogen loads are often associated with reduced pathology, and bacterial load upon death is predictable. However, the mechanisms through which these interactions bring about host death are complex. Here we show that infection with the bacterium Francisella novicida leads to metabolic dysregulation and, using treatment with a bacteriostatic antibiotic, we show that this pathology is the result of direct interaction between host and pathogen. We show that mutants of the immune deficiency immune pathway fail to exhibit similar metabolic dysregulation, supporting the idea that the reallocation of resources for immune-related activities contributes to metabolic dysregulation. Targeted investigation into the cross-talk between immune and metabolic pathways has the potential to illuminate some of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal M Vincent
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina J Simoes da Silva
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashima Wadhawan
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc S Dionne
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection and Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Kierdorf K, Hersperger F, Sharrock J, Vincent CM, Ustaoglu P, Dou J, Gyoergy A, Groß O, Siekhaus DE, Dionne MS. Muscle function and homeostasis require cytokine inhibition of AKT activity in Drosophila. eLife 2020; 9:e51595. [PMID: 31944178 PMCID: PMC6996930 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Unpaired ligands are secreted signals that act via a GP130-like receptor, domeless, to activate JAK/STAT signalling in Drosophila. Like many mammalian cytokines, unpaireds can be activated by infection and other stresses and can promote insulin resistance in target tissues. However, the importance of this effect in non-inflammatory physiology is unknown. Here, we identify a requirement for unpaired-JAK signalling as a metabolic regulator in healthy adult Drosophila muscle. Adult muscles show basal JAK-STAT signalling activity in the absence of any immune challenge. Plasmatocytes (Drosophila macrophages) are an important source of this tonic signal. Loss of the dome receptor on adult muscles significantly reduces lifespan and causes local and systemic metabolic pathology. These pathologies result from hyperactivation of AKT and consequent deregulation of metabolism. Thus, we identify a cytokine signal that must be received in muscle to control AKT activity and metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Kierdorf
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and InfectionImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Fabian Hersperger
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Faculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Jessica Sharrock
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and InfectionImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Crystal M Vincent
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and InfectionImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Pinar Ustaoglu
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and InfectionImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jiawen Dou
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and InfectionImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Attila Gyoergy
- Institute of Science and TechnologyKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Olaf Groß
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS)University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | | | - Marc S Dionne
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and InfectionImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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21
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Trammell CE, Goodman AG. Emerging Mechanisms of Insulin-Mediated Antiviral Immunity in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2973. [PMID: 31921210 PMCID: PMC6934001 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses), such as Zika (ZIKV), West Nile (WNV), and dengue (DENV) virus, include some of the most significant global health risks to human populations. The steady increase in the number of cases is of great concern due to the debilitating diseases associated with each viral infection. Because these viruses all depend on the mosquito as a vector for disease transmission, current research has focused on identifying immune mechanisms used by insects to effectively harbor these viruses and cause disease in humans and other animals. Drosophila melanogaster are a vital model to study arboviral infections and host responses as they are a genetically malleable model organism for experimentation that can complement analysis in the virus' natural vectors. D. melanogaster encode a number of distinct mechanisms of antiviral defense that are found in both mosquito and vertebrate animal systems, providing a viable model for study. These pathways include canonical antiviral modules such as RNA interference (RNAi), JAK/STAT signaling, and the induction of STING-mediated immune responses like autophagy. Insulin signaling plays a significant role in host-pathogen interactions. The exact mechanisms of insulin-mediated immune responses vary with each virus type, but nevertheless ultimately demonstrates that metabolic and immune signaling are coupled for antiviral immunity in an arthropod model. This mini review provides our current understanding of antiviral mechanisms in D. melanogaster, with a focus on insulin-mediated antiviral signaling, and how such immune responses pertain to disease models in vertebrate and mosquito species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chasity E Trammell
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,NIH Biotechnology Graduate Training Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Alan G Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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22
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Batalha IL, Bernut A, Schiebler M, Ouberai MM, Passemar C, Klapholz C, Kinna S, Michel S, Sader K, Castro-Hartmann P, Renshaw SA, Welland ME, Floto RA. Polymeric nanobiotics as a novel treatment for mycobacterial infections. J Control Release 2019; 314:116-124. [PMID: 31647980 PMCID: PMC6899522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains a major challenge to global health, made worse by the spread of multi-drug resistance. Currently, the efficacy and safety of treatment is limited by difficulties in achieving and sustaining adequate tissue antibiotic concentrations while limiting systemic drug exposure to tolerable levels. Here we show that nanoparticles generated from a polymer-antibiotic conjugate (‘nanobiotics’) deliver sustained release of active drug upon hydrolysis in acidic environments, found within Mtb-infected macrophages and granulomas, and can, by encapsulation of a second antibiotic, provide a mechanism of synchronous drug delivery. Nanobiotics are avidly taken up by infected macrophages, enhance killing of intracellular Mtb, and are efficiently delivered to granulomas and extracellular mycobacterial cords in vivo in an infected zebrafish model. We demonstrate that isoniazid (INH)-derived nanobiotics, alone or with additional encapsulation of clofazimine (CFZ), enhance killing of mycobacteria in vitro and in infected zebrafish, supporting the use of nanobiotics for Mtb therapy and indicating that nanoparticles generated from polymer-small molecule conjugates might provide a more general solution to delivering co-ordinated combination chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris L Batalha
- Nanoscience Centre, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 11 J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FF, United Kingdom; Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Bernut
- Dept. of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom; Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Schiebler
- Nanoscience Centre, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 11 J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FF, United Kingdom; Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Myriam M Ouberai
- Nanoscience Centre, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 11 J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FF, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Passemar
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Klapholz
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja Kinna
- Nanoscience Centre, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 11 J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FF, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Michel
- Nanoscience Centre, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 11 J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FF, United Kingdom
| | - Kasim Sader
- Cambridge CryoEM Pharmaceutical Consortium, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Nanoscience Centre, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 11 J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FF, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Castro-Hartmann
- Cambridge CryoEM Pharmaceutical Consortium, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Nanoscience Centre, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 11 J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FF, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A Renshaw
- Dept. of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom; Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E Welland
- Nanoscience Centre, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 11 J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FF, United Kingdom.
| | - R Andres Floto
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom; Cambridge Centre for Lung Infection, Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, CB23 3RE, United Kingdom.
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23
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de la Ballina LR, Munson MJ, Simonsen A. Lipids and Lipid-Binding Proteins in Selective Autophagy. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:135-159. [PMID: 31202884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have the capacity to degrade intracellular components through a lysosomal degradation pathway called macroautophagy (henceforth referred to as autophagy) in which superfluous or damaged cytosolic entities are engulfed and separated from the rest of the cell constituents into double membraned vesicles known as autophagosomes. Autophagosomes then fuse with endosomes and lysosomes, where cargo is broken down into basic building blocks that are released to the cytoplasm for the cell to reuse. Autophagic degradation can target either cytoplasmic material in bulk (non-selective autophagy) or particular cargo in what is called selective autophagy. Proper autophagic turnover requires the orchestrated participation of several players that need to be tightly and temporally coordinated. Whereas a large number of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins have been identified and their functions and regulation are starting to be understood, there is substantially less knowledge regarding the specific lipids constituting the autophagic membranes as well as their role in initiating, enabling or regulating the autophagic process. This review focuses on lipids and their corresponding binding proteins that are crucial in the process of selective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R de la Ballina
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael J Munson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Simonsen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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24
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Ganguli G, Mukherjee U, Sonawane A. Peroxisomes and Oxidative Stress: Their Implications in the Modulation of Cellular Immunity During Mycobacterial Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1121. [PMID: 31258517 PMCID: PMC6587667 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host redox dependent physiological responses play crucial roles in the determination of mycobacterial infection process. Mtb explores oxygen rich lung microenvironments to initiate infection process, however, later on the bacilli adapt to oxygen depleted conditions and become non-replicative and unresponsive toward anti-TB drugs to enter in the latency stage. Mtb is equipped with various sensory mechanisms and a battery of pro- and anti-oxidant enzymes to protect themselves from the host oxidative stress mechanisms. After host cell invasion, mycobacteria induces the expression of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) to generate superoxide radicals (O 2 - ), which are then converted to more toxic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and subsequently reduced to water by catalase. However, the metabolic cascades and their key regulators associated with cellular redox homeostasis are poorly understood. Phagocytosed mycobacteria en route through different subcellular organelles, where the local environment generated during infection determines the outcome of disease. For a long time, mitochondria were considered as the key player in the redox regulation, however, accumulating evidences report vital role for peroxisomes in the maintenance of cellular redox equilibrium in eukaryotic cells. Deletion of peroxisome-associated peroxin genes impaired detoxification of reactive oxygen species and peroxisome turnover post-infection, thereby leading to altered synthesis of transcription factors, various cell-signaling cascades in favor of the bacilli. This review focuses on how mycobacteria would utilize host peroxisomes to alter redox balance and metabolic regulatory mechanisms to support infection process. Here, we discuss implications of peroxisome biogenesis in the modulation of host responses against mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Ganguli
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT (deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Utsav Mukherjee
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT (deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT (deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
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25
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Dolezal T, Krejcova G, Bajgar A, Nedbalova P, Strasser P. Molecular regulations of metabolism during immune response in insects. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 109:31-42. [PMID: 30959109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mounting an immune response is an energy-consuming process. Activating immune functions requires the synthesis of many new molecules and the undertaking of numerous cellular tasks and it must happen rapidly. Therefore, immune cells undergo a metabolic switch, which enables the rapid production of ATP and new biomolecules. Such metabolism is very nutrient-demanding, especially of glucose and glutamine, and thus the immune response is associated with a systemic metabolic switch, redirecting nutrient flow towards immunity and away from storage and consumption by non-immune processes. The immune system during its activation becomes privileged in terms of using organismal resources and the activated immune cells usurp nutrients by producing signals which reduce the metabolism of non-immune tissues. The insect fat body plays a dual role in which it is both a metabolic organ, storing energy and providing energy to the rest of the organism, but also an organ important for humoral immunity. Therefore, the internal switch from anabolism to the production of antimicrobial peptides occurs in the fat body during infection. The mechanisms regulating metabolism during the immune response ensure adequate energy for an effective response (resistance) but they must be properly regulated because energy is not unlimited and the energy needs of the immune system thus interfere with the needs of other physiological traits. If not properly regulated, the immune response may in the end decrease fitness via decreasing disease tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Dolezal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Gabriela Krejcova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Bajgar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Nedbalova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Paul Strasser
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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26
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Pereira-Dutra FS, Teixeira L, de Souza Costa MF, Bozza PT. Fat, fight, and beyond: The multiple roles of lipid droplets in infections and inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:563-580. [PMID: 31121077 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0119-035r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) in host nonadipose cells is commonly observed in response to numerous infectious diseases, including bacterial, parasite, and fungal infections. LDs are lipid-enriched, dynamic organelles composed of a core of neutral lipids surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids associated with a diverse array of proteins that are cell and stimulus regulated. Far beyond being simply a deposit of neutral lipids, LDs have come to be seen as an essential platform for various cellular processes, including metabolic regulation, cell signaling, and the immune response. LD participation in the immune response occurs as sites for compartmentalization of several immunometabolic signaling pathways, production of inflammatory lipid mediators, and regulation of antigen presentation. Infection-driven LD biogenesis is a complexly regulated process that involves innate immune receptors, transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation, increased lipid uptake, and new lipid synthesis. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that intracellular pathogens are able to exploit LDs as an energy source, a replication site, and/or a mechanism of immune response evasion. Nevertheless, LDs can also act in favor of the host as part of the immune and inflammatory response to pathogens. Here, we review recent findings that explored the new roles of LDs in the context of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe S Pereira-Dutra
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Livia Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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27
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Lipid Droplets: A Significant but Understudied Contributor of Host⁻Bacterial Interactions. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040354. [PMID: 30991653 PMCID: PMC6523240 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are cytosolic lipid storage organelles that are important for cellular lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, cell signaling, and inflammation. Several bacterial, viral and protozoal pathogens exploit host LDs to promote infection, thus emphasizing the importance of LDs at the host–pathogen interface. In this review, we discuss the thus far reported relation between host LDs and bacterial pathogens including obligate and facultative intracellular bacteria, and extracellular bacteria. Although there is less evidence for a LD–extracellular bacterial interaction compared to interactions with intracellular bacteria, in this review, we attempt to compare the bacterial mechanisms that target LDs, the host signaling pathways involved and the utilization of LDs by these bacteria. Many intracellular bacteria employ unique mechanisms to target host LDs and potentially obtain nutrients and lipids for vacuolar biogenesis and/or immune evasion. However, extracellular bacteria utilize LDs to either promote host tissue damage or induce host death. We also identify several areas that require further investigation. Along with identifying LD interactions with bacteria besides the ones reported, the precise mechanisms of LD targeting and how LDs benefit pathogens should be explored for the bacteria discussed in the review. Elucidating LD–bacterial interactions promises critical insight into a novel host–pathogen interaction.
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28
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Lai JH, Ling XC, Ho LJ. Useful message in choosing optimal biological agents for patients with autoimmune arthritis. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 165:99-111. [PMID: 30876919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD) treatments for various types of autoimmune arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthropathy and ankylosing spondylitis, represents a new era of treatment for patients with a refractory response to conventional synthetic DMARDs (csDMARDs). Many new bDMARDs with different modalities or that target different pro-inflammatory molecules, likely cytokines, are rapidly emerging. Hence, physicians in the field may be confused about choosing appropriate bDMARDs for their patients. Considering the high cost of bDMARDs and the rapid destructive process of autoimmune arthritis in patients, the choice of optimal bDMARDs for patients who fail to respond or show an inadequate therapeutic response to csDMARDs designed to control the disease is very critical. Here, we summarize the strengths and weaknesses of bDMARDs and specifically focus on their uses in patients with comorbid conditions or with specific medical conditions, such as pregnancy. This commentary provides a solid up-to-date review on commercially available bDMARDs and very useful information for physicians to facilitate the choice of more appropriate bDMARDs to treat patients with autoimmune arthritis and for basic researchers to understand the current strategies of bDMARD usage and hopefully to develop more powerful bDMARDs with fewer safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenn-Haung Lai
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Xiao Chun Ling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ling-Jun Ho
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Zhunan, Taiwan, ROC.
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29
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Fu Y, Wang J, Qiao J, Yi Z. Signature of circular RNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with active tuberculosis. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:1917-1925. [PMID: 30565391 PMCID: PMC6378186 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was to characterize the expression profiles of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from active tuberculosis (TB) patients and to investigate their function. Microarray was applied to detect circRNA expression and reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction was conducted to validate the microarray results. Meanwhile, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) curve was calculated to evaluate the predictive power of the selected circRNAs for TB diagnosis. Additionally, circRNA/miRNA interaction was predicted based on miRNA target prediction software, and gene ontology as well as Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis were used to predict their biological function. In total, 171 circRNAs were found to be dysregulated in TB samples. Specifically, circRNA_103017, circRNA_059914 and circRNA_101128 were confirmed to be increased, while circRNA_062400 was decreased in TB samples. ROC analysis revealed that circRNA_103017 had potential value for TB diagnosis, followed by circRNA_059914 and circRNA_101128. Moreover, circRNA_101128 expression in TB samples was negatively correlated with the level of its possible target let‐7a and bioinformatics analysis showed that circRNA_101128 was potentially involved in MAPK and P13K‐Akt pathway possibly via modulation of let‐7a. Taken together, our results indicated that some dysregulated circRNAs were potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of TB and circRNA_101128‐let‐7a interplay may play considerable role in PBMCs response to Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Fu
- Department of Medical Microbiology of Clinical Medicine College, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jindong Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology of Clinical Medicine College, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jinjuan Qiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhengjun Yi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
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30
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Mohareer K, Asalla S, Banerjee S. Cell death at the cross roads of host-pathogen interaction in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 113:99-121. [PMID: 30514519 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be the leading cause of death by any single infectious agent, accounting for around 1.7 million annual deaths globally, despite several interventions and support programs by national and international agencies. With the development of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), there has been a paradigm shift in TB research towards host-directed therapy. The potential targets include the interactions between host and bacterial proteins that are crucial for pathogenesis. Hence, collective efforts are being made to understand the molecular details of host-pathogen interaction for possible translation into host-directed therapy. The present review focuses on 'host cell death modalities' of host-pathogen interaction, which play a crucial role in determining the outcome of TB disease progression. Several cell death modalities that occur in response to mycobacterial infection have been identified in human macrophages either as host defences for bacterial clearance or as pathogen strategies for multiplication and dissemination. These cell death modalities include apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, pyronecrosis, NETosis, and autophagy. These processes are highly overlapping with several mycobacterial proteins participating in more than one cell death pathway. Until now, reviews in M. tb and host cell death have discussed either focusing on host evasion strategies, apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis or describing all these forms with limited discussions of their role in host-pathogen interactions. Here, we present a comprehensive review of various mycobacterial factors modulating host cell death pathways and the cross-talk between them. Besides this, we have discussed the networking of host cell death pathways including the interference of host miRNA during M. tb infection with their respective targets. Through this review, we present the host targets that overlap across several cell death modalities and the technical limitations of methodology in cell death research. Given the compelling need to discover alternative drug target(s), this review identifies these overlapping cell death factors as potential targets for host-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnaveni Mohareer
- Molecular Pathogenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500046
| | - Suman Asalla
- Molecular Pathogenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500046
| | - Sharmistha Banerjee
- Molecular Pathogenesis Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500046.
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31
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den Brok MH, Raaijmakers TK, Collado-Camps E, Adema GJ. Lipid Droplets as Immune Modulators in Myeloid Cells. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:380-392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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32
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Cardenal-Muñoz E, Barisch C, Lefrançois LH, López-Jiménez AT, Soldati T. When Dicty Met Myco, a (Not So) Romantic Story about One Amoeba and Its Intracellular Pathogen. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 7:529. [PMID: 29376033 PMCID: PMC5767268 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, Dictyostelium discoideum has become an important model organism to study the cell biology of professional phagocytes. This amoeba not only shares many molecular features with mammalian macrophages, but most of its fundamental signal transduction pathways are conserved in humans. The broad range of existing genetic and biochemical tools, together with its suitability for cell culture and live microscopy, make D. discoideum an ideal and versatile laboratory organism. In this review, we focus on the use of D. discoideum as a phagocyte model for the study of mycobacterial infections, in particular Mycobacterium marinum. We look in detail at the intracellular cycle of M. marinum, from its uptake by D. discoideum to its active or passive egress into the extracellular medium. In addition, we describe the molecular mechanisms that both the mycobacterial invader and the amoeboid host have developed to fight against each other, and compare and contrast with those developed by mammalian phagocytes. Finally, we introduce the methods and specific tools that have been used so far to monitor the D. discoideum-M. marinum interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cardenal-Muñoz
- Department of Biochemistry, Sciences II, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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