1
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Song M, Wang H, Liu C, Jin S, Liu B, Sun W. Non-coding RNAs as regulators of the Hippo pathway in cardiac development and cardiovascular disease. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1348280. [PMID: 38698813 PMCID: PMC11063341 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1348280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases pose a serious threat to human health. The onset of cardiovascular diseases involves the comprehensive effects of multiple genes and environmental factors, and multiple signaling pathways are involved in regulating the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases. The Hippo pathway is a highly conserved signaling pathway involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Recently, it has been widely studied in the fields of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and cell regeneration. Non-coding RNA (ncRNAs), which are important small molecules for the regulation of gene expression in cells, can directly target genes and have diverse regulatory functions. Recent studies have found that ncRNAs interact with Hippo pathway components to regulate myocardial fibrosis, cardiomyocyte proliferation, apoptosis, and hypertrophy and play an important role in cardiovascular disease. In this review, we describe the mode of action of ncRNAs in regulating the Hippo pathway, provide new ideas for further research, and identify molecules involved in the mechanism of action of ncRNAs and the Hippo pathway as potential therapeutic targets, with the aim of finding new modes of action for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Song
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Caixia Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Liaoning Province People’s Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Sijie Jin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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2
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Guijarro C, Kelly RG. On the involvement of the second heart field in congenital heart defects. C R Biol 2024; 347:9-18. [PMID: 38488639 DOI: 10.5802/crbiol.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHD) affect 1 in 100 live births and result from defects in cardiac development. Growth of the early heart tube occurs by the progressive addition of second heart field (SHF) progenitor cells to the cardiac poles. The SHF gives rise to ventricular septal, right ventricular and outflow tract myocardium at the arterial pole, and atrial, including atrial septal myocardium, at the venous pole. SHF deployment creates the template for subsequent cardiac septation and has been implicated in cardiac looping and in orchestrating outflow tract development with neural crest cells. Genetic or environmental perturbation of SHF deployment thus underlies a spectrum of common forms of CHD affecting conotruncal and septal morphogenesis. Here we review the major properties of SHF cells as well as recent insights into the developmental programs that drive normal cardiac progenitor cell addition and the origins of CHD.
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3
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Noël ES. Cardiac construction-Recent advances in morphological and transcriptional modeling of early heart development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2024; 156:121-156. [PMID: 38556421 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
During human embryonic development the early establishment of a functional heart is vital to support the growing fetus. However, forming the embryonic heart is an extremely complex process, requiring spatiotemporally controlled cell specification and differentiation, tissue organization, and coordination of cardiac function. These complexities, in concert with the early and rapid development of the embryonic heart, mean that understanding the intricate interplay between these processes that help shape the early heart remains highly challenging. In this review I focus on recent insights from animal models that have shed new light on the earliest stages of heart development. This includes specification and organization of cardiac progenitors, cell and tissue movements that make and shape the early heart tube, and the initiation of the first beat in the developing heart. In addition I highlight relevant in vitro models that could support translation of findings from animal models to human heart development. Finally I discuss challenges that are being addressed in the field, along with future considerations that together may help move us towards a deeper understanding of how our hearts are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Noël
- School of Biosciences and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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4
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Hikspoors JPJM, Kruepunga N, Mommen GMC, Köhler SE, Anderson RH, Lamers WH. Human Cardiac Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:3-55. [PMID: 38884703 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Many aspects of heart development are topographically complex and require three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction to understand the pertinent morphology. We have recently completed a comprehensive primer of human cardiac development that is based on firsthand segmentation of structures of interest in histological sections. We visualized the hearts of 12 human embryos between their first appearance at 3.5 weeks and the end of the embryonic period at 8 weeks. The models were presented as calibrated, interactive, 3D portable document format (PDF) files. We used them to describe the appearance and the subsequent remodeling of around 70 different structures incrementally for each of the reconstructed stages. In this chapter, we begin our account by describing the formation of the single heart tube, which occurs at the end of the fourth week subsequent to conception. We describe its looping in the fifth week, the formation of the cardiac compartments in the sixth week, and, finally, the septation of these compartments into the physically separated left- and right-sided circulations in the seventh and eighth weeks. The phases are successive, albeit partially overlapping. Thus, the basic cardiac layout is established between 26 and 32 days after fertilization and is described as Carnegie stages (CSs) 9 through 14, with development in the outlet component trailing that in the inlet parts. Septation at the venous pole is completed at CS17, equivalent to almost 6 weeks of development. During Carnegie stages 17 and 18, in the seventh week, the outflow tract and arterial pole undergo major remodeling, including incorporation of the proximal portion of the outflow tract into the ventricles and transfer of the spiraling course of the subaortic and subpulmonary channels to the intrapericardial arterial trunks. Remodeling of the interventricular foramen, with its eventual closure, is complete at CS20, which occurs at the end of the seventh week. We provide quantitative correlations between the age of human and mouse embryos as well as the Carnegie stages of development. We have also set our descriptions in the context of variations in the timing of developmental features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill P J M Hikspoors
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Nutmethee Kruepunga
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Present address: Department of Anatomy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Greet M C Mommen
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S Eleonore Köhler
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert H Anderson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Wouter H Lamers
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Buckingham M, Kelly RG. Cardiac Progenitor Cells of the First and Second Heart Fields. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:103-124. [PMID: 38884707 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The heart forms from the first and second heart fields, which contribute to distinct regions of the myocardium. This is supported by clonal analyses, which identify corresponding first and second cardiac cell lineages in the heart. Progenitor cells of the second heart field and its sub-domains are controlled by a gene regulatory network and signaling pathways, which determine their behavior. Multipotent cells in this field can also contribute cardiac endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, the skeletal muscles of the head and neck are clonally related to myocardial cells that form the arterial and venous poles of the heart. These lineage relationships, together with the genes that regulate the heart fields, have major implications for congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Buckingham
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Robert G Kelly
- Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Biologie du Dévelopment de Marseille, Marseille, France.
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6
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Maltabe VA, Melidoni AN, Beis D, Kokkinopoulos I, Paschalidis N, Kouklis P. VE-CADHERIN is expressed transiently in early ISL1 + cardiovascular progenitor cells and facilitates cardiac differentiation. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1827-1840. [PMID: 37541259 PMCID: PMC10545488 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherens junctions (AJs) provide adhesive properties through cadherins and associated cytoplasmic catenins and participate in morphogenetic processes. We examined AJs formed between ISL1+ cardiovascular progenitor cells during differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro and in mouse embryogenesis in vivo. We found that, in addition to N-CADHERIN, a percentage of ISL1+ cells transiently formed vascular endothelial (VE)-CADHERIN-mediated AJs during in vitro differentiation on days 4 and 5, and the same pattern was observed in vivo. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis extended morphological data showing that VE-CADHERIN+/ISL1+ cells constitute a significant percentage of cardiac progenitors on days 4 and 5. The VE-CADHERIN+/ISL1+ cell population represented one-third of the emerging FLK1+/PDGFRa+ cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) for a restricted time window (days 4-6). Ablation of VE-CADHERIN during ESC differentiation results in severe inhibition of cardiac differentiation. Disruption of all classic cadherins in the VE-CADHERIN+ population via a cadherin dominant-negative mutant's expression resulted in a dramatic decrease in the ISL1+ population and inhibition of cardiac differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta A Maltabe
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation for Research and Technology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Anna N Melidoni
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitris Beis
- Developmental Biology, Center for Experimental Surgery Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 11527 Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kokkinopoulos
- Developmental Biology and Immunobiology Laboratories, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Paschalidis
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Panos Kouklis
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Division of Biomedical Research, Foundation for Research and Technology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Ioannina, Greece.
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7
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Raiola M, Sendra M, Torres M. Imaging Approaches and the Quantitative Analysis of Heart Development. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:jcdd10040145. [PMID: 37103024 PMCID: PMC10144158 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10040145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart morphogenesis is a complex and dynamic process that has captivated researchers for almost a century. This process involves three main stages, during which the heart undergoes growth and folding on itself to form its common chambered shape. However, imaging heart development presents significant challenges due to the rapid and dynamic changes in heart morphology. Researchers have used different model organisms and developed various imaging techniques to obtain high-resolution images of heart development. Advanced imaging techniques have allowed the integration of multiscale live imaging approaches with genetic labeling, enabling the quantitative analysis of cardiac morphogenesis. Here, we discuss the various imaging techniques used to obtain high-resolution images of whole-heart development. We also review the mathematical approaches used to quantify cardiac morphogenesis from 3D and 3D+time images and to model its dynamics at the tissue and cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Raiola
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería Biomedica, ETSI de Telecomunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Sendra
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Torres
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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8
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Zhao K, Yang Z. The second heart field: the first 20 years. Mamm Genome 2022:10.1007/s00335-022-09975-8. [PMID: 36550326 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-022-09975-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In 2001, three independent groups reported the identification of a novel cluster of progenitor cells that contribute to heart development in mouse and chicken embryos. This population of progenitor cells was designated as the second heart field (SHF), and a new research direction in heart development was launched. Twenty years have since passed and a comprehensive understanding of the SHF has been achieved. This review provides retrospective insights in to the contribution, the signaling regulatory networks and the epithelial properties of the SHF. It also includes the spatiotemporal characteristics of SHF development and interactions between the SHF and other types of cells during heart development. Although considerable efforts will be required to investigate the cellular heterogeneity of the SHF, together with its intricate regulatory networks and undefined mechanisms, it is expected that the burgeoning new technology of single-cell sequencing and precise lineage tracing will advance the comprehension of SHF function and its molecular signals. The advances in SHF research will translate to clinical applications and to the treatment of congenital heart diseases, especially conotruncal defects, as well as to regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhongzhou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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9
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Lania G, Franzese M, Noritaka A, Bilio M, Flore G, Russo A, D'Agostino E, Angelini C, Kelly RG, Baldini A. A phenotypic rescue approach identifies lineage regionalization defects in a mouse model of DiGeorge syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:276264. [PMID: 35946435 PMCID: PMC9555768 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TBX1 is a key regulator of pharyngeal apparatus (PhAp) development. Vitamin B12 (vB12) treatment partially rescues aortic arch patterning defects of Tbx1+/− embryos. Here, we show that it also improves cardiac outflow tract septation and branchiomeric muscle anomalies of Tbx1 hypomorphic mutants. At the molecular level, in vivo vB12 treatment enabled us to identify genes that were dysregulated by Tbx1 haploinsufficiency and rescued by treatment. We found that SNAI2, also known as SLUG, encoded by the rescued gene Snai2, identified a population of mesodermal cells that was partially overlapping with, but distinct from, ISL1+ and TBX1+ populations. In addition, SNAI2+ cells were mislocalized and had a greater tendency to aggregate in Tbx1+/− and Tbx1−/− embryos, and vB12 treatment restored cellular distribution. Adjacent neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells, which do not express TBX1, were also affected, showing enhanced segregation from cardiopharyngeal mesodermal cells. We propose that TBX1 regulates cell distribution in the core mesoderm and the arrangement of multiple lineages within the PhAp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Lania
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Franzese
- Istituto per le Applicazione del Calcolo, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.,IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
| | - Adachi Noritaka
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | - Marchesa Bilio
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Gemma Flore
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Annalaura Russo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Erika D'Agostino
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Angelini
- Istituto per le Applicazione del Calcolo, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Robert G Kelly
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | - Antonio Baldini
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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10
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A pictorial account of the human embryonic heart between 3.5 and 8 weeks of development. Commun Biol 2022; 5:226. [PMID: 35277594 PMCID: PMC8917235 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHeart development is topographically complex and requires visualization to understand its progression. No comprehensive 3-dimensional primer of human cardiac development is currently available. We prepared detailed reconstructions of 12 hearts between 3.5 and 8 weeks post fertilization, using Amira® 3D-reconstruction and Cinema4D®-remodeling software. The models were visualized as calibrated interactive 3D-PDFs. We describe the developmental appearance and subsequent remodeling of 70 different structures incrementally, using sequential segmental analysis. Pictorial timelines of structures highlight age-dependent events, while graphs visualize growth and spiraling of the wall of the heart tube. The basic cardiac layout is established between 3.5 and 4.5 weeks. Septation at the venous pole is completed at 6 weeks. Between 5.5 and 6.5 weeks, as the outflow tract becomes incorporated in the ventricles, the spiraling course of its subaortic and subpulmonary channels is transferred to the intrapericardial arterial trunks. The remodeling of the interventricular foramen is complete at 7 weeks.
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11
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Palmquist-Gomes P, Meilhac SM. Shaping the mouse heart tube from the second heart field epithelium. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2022; 73:101896. [PMID: 35026527 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.101896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
As other tubular organs, the embryonic heart develops from an epithelial sheet of cells, referred to as the heart field. The second heart field, which lies in the dorsal pericardial wall, constitutes a transient cell reservoir, integrating patterning and polarity cues. Conditional mutants have shown that impairment of the epithelial architecture of the second heart field is associated with congenital heart defects. Here, taking the mouse as a model, we review the epithelial properties of the second heart field and how they are modulated upon cardiomyocyte differentiation. Compared to other cases of tubulogenesis, the cellular dynamics in the second heart field are only beginning to be revealed. A challenge for the future will be to unravel key physical forces driving heart tube morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Palmquist-Gomes
- Université de Paris, Imagine- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Heart Morphogenesis, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Sigolène M Meilhac
- Université de Paris, Imagine- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Heart Morphogenesis, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, F-75015, France.
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12
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Cortes C, De Bono C, Thellier C, Francou A, Kelly RG. Protocols for Investigating the Epithelial Properties of Cardiac Progenitor Cells in the Mouse Embryo. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2438:231-250. [PMID: 35147946 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2035-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cardiac progenitor cells of the second heart field (SHF) contribute to growth of the vertebrate heart tube by progressive addition of cells from the dorsal pericardial wall to the cardiac poles. Perturbation of SHF development, including defects in apicobasal or planar polarity, results in shortening of the heart tube and a spectrum of congenital heart defects. Here, we provide detailed protocols for fixed section and wholemount immunofluorescence and live imaging approaches to studying the epithelial properties of cardiac progenitors in the dorsal pericardial wall during mouse heart development. Whole-embryo culture and electroporation methods are also presented, allowing for pharmacological and genetic perturbation of SHF development, as well as image analysis approaches to quantify cell features across the progenitor cell epithelium. These protocols are broadly applicable to the study of epithelia in the early embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cortes
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | - Christopher De Bono
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, Marseille, France
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Alexandre Francou
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, Marseille, France
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, SKI, Developmental Biology Department, NY, USA
| | - Robert G Kelly
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, Marseille, France.
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13
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Derrick CJ, Pollitt EJG, Sanchez Sevilla Uruchurtu A, Hussein F, Grierson AJ, Noël ES. Lamb1a regulates atrial growth by limiting second heart field addition during zebrafish heart development. Development 2021; 148:272294. [PMID: 34568948 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During early vertebrate heart development, the heart transitions from a linear tube to a complex asymmetric structure, a morphogenetic process that occurs simultaneously with growth of the heart. Cardiac growth during early heart morphogenesis is driven by deployment of cells from the second heart field (SHF) into both poles of the heart. Laminin is a core component of the extracellular matrix and, although mutations in laminin subunits are linked with cardiac abnormalities, no role for laminin has been identified in early vertebrate heart morphogenesis. We identified tissue-specific expression of laminin genes in the developing zebrafish heart, supporting a role for laminins in heart morphogenesis. Analysis of heart development in lamb1a zebrafish mutant embryos reveals mild morphogenetic defects and progressive cardiomegaly, and that Lamb1a functions to limit heart size during cardiac development by restricting SHF addition. lamb1a mutants exhibit hallmarks of altered haemodynamics, and blocking cardiac contractility in lamb1a mutants rescues heart size and atrial SHF addition. Together, these results suggest that laminin mediates interactions between SHF deployment and cardiac biomechanics during heart morphogenesis and growth in the developing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric J G Pollitt
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | | | - Farah Hussein
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Andrew J Grierson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Emily S Noël
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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14
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Shewale B, Dubois N. Of form and function: Early cardiac morphogenesis across classical and emerging model systems. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 118:107-118. [PMID: 33994301 PMCID: PMC8434962 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The heart is the earliest organ to develop during embryogenesis and is remarkable in its ability to function efficiently as it is being sculpted. Cardiac heart defects account for a high burden of childhood developmental disorders with many remaining poorly understood mechanistically. Decades of work across a multitude of model organisms has informed our understanding of early cardiac differentiation and morphogenesis and has simultaneously opened new and unanswered questions. Here we have synthesized current knowledge in the field and reviewed recent developments in the realm of imaging, bioengineering and genetic technology and ex vivo cardiac modeling that may be deployed to generate more holistic models of early cardiac morphogenesis, and by extension, new platforms to study congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Shewale
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicole Dubois
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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15
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Aigouy B, Cortes C, Liu S, Prud'Homme B. EPySeg: a coding-free solution for automated segmentation of epithelia using deep learning. Development 2020; 147:dev194589. [PMID: 33268451 PMCID: PMC7774881 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epithelia are dynamic tissues that self-remodel during their development. During morphogenesis, the tissue-scale organization of epithelia is obtained through a sum of individual contributions of the cells constituting the tissue. Therefore, understanding any morphogenetic event first requires a thorough segmentation of its constituent cells. This task, however, usually involves extensive manual correction, even with semi-automated tools. Here, we present EPySeg, an open-source, coding-free software that uses deep learning to segment membrane-stained epithelial tissues automatically and very efficiently. EPySeg, which comes with a straightforward graphical user interface, can be used as a Python package on a local computer, or on the cloud via Google Colab for users not equipped with deep-learning compatible hardware. By substantially reducing human input in image segmentation, EPySeg accelerates and improves the characterization of epithelial tissues for all developmental biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Aigouy
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Claudio Cortes
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Shanda Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Köln, Germany
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16
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Stefanovic S, Laforest B, Desvignes JP, Lescroart F, Argiro L, Maurel-Zaffran C, Salgado D, Plaindoux E, De Bono C, Pazur K, Théveniau-Ruissy M, Béroud C, Puceat M, Gavalas A, Kelly RG, Zaffran S. Hox-dependent coordination of mouse cardiac progenitor cell patterning and differentiation. eLife 2020; 9:55124. [PMID: 32804075 PMCID: PMC7462617 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbation of addition of second heart field (SHF) cardiac progenitor cells to the poles of the heart tube results in congenital heart defects (CHD). The transcriptional programs and upstream regulatory events operating in different subpopulations of the SHF remain unclear. Here, we profile the transcriptome and chromatin accessibility of anterior and posterior SHF sub-populations at genome-wide levels and demonstrate that Hoxb1 negatively regulates differentiation in the posterior SHF. Spatial mis-expression of Hoxb1 in the anterior SHF results in hypoplastic right ventricle. Activation of Hoxb1 in embryonic stem cells arrests cardiac differentiation, whereas Hoxb1-deficient mouse embryos display premature cardiac differentiation. Moreover, ectopic differentiation in the posterior SHF of embryos lacking both Hoxb1 and its paralog Hoxa1 results in atrioventricular septal defects. Our results show that Hoxb1 plays a key role in patterning cardiac progenitor cells that contribute to both cardiac poles and provide new insights into the pathogenesis of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Stefanovic
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Marseille, France
| | - Brigitte Laforest
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Marseille, France
| | | | - Fabienne Lescroart
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Argiro
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Marseille, France
| | | | - David Salgado
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Marseille, France
| | - Elise Plaindoux
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Marseille, France
| | | | - Kristijan Pazur
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Clinic Carl Gustave Carus of TU Dresden, Helmoholtz Zentrum München, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Magali Théveniau-Ruissy
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS UMR7288, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Béroud
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Puceat
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Gavalas
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of Helmholtz Center Munich at the University Clinic Carl Gustave Carus of TU Dresden, Helmoholtz Zentrum München, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert G Kelly
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS UMR7288, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | - Stephane Zaffran
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, Marseille Medical Genetics, Marseille, France
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17
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HAMADA H. Molecular and cellular basis of left-right asymmetry in vertebrates. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2020; 96:273-296. [PMID: 32788551 PMCID: PMC7443379 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.96.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the human body appears superficially symmetrical with regard to the left-right (L-R) axis, most visceral organs are asymmetric in terms of their size, shape, or position. Such morphological asymmetries of visceral organs, which are essential for their proper function, are under the control of a genetic pathway that operates in the developing embryo. In many vertebrates including mammals, the breaking of L-R symmetry occurs at a structure known as the L-R organizer (LRO) located at the midline of the developing embryo. This symmetry breaking is followed by transfer of an active form of the signaling molecule Nodal from the LRO to the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) on the left side, which results in asymmetric expression of Nodal (a left-side determinant) in the left LPM. Finally, L-R asymmetric morphogenesis of visceral organs is induced by Nodal-Pitx2 signaling. This review will describe our current understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the generation of L-R asymmetry in vertebrates, with a focus on mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi HAMADA
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: H. Hamada, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan (e-mail: )
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18
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Li D, Angermeier A, Wang J. Planar cell polarity signaling regulates polarized second heart field morphogenesis to promote both arterial and venous pole septation. Development 2019; 146:dev181719. [PMID: 31488563 PMCID: PMC6826042 DOI: 10.1242/dev.181719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The second heart field (SHF) harbors progenitors that are important for heart formation, but little is known about its morphogenesis. We show that SHF population in the mouse splanchnic mesoderm (SpM-SHF) undergoes polarized morphogenesis to preferentially elongate anteroposteriorly. Loss of Wnt5, a putative ligand of the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, causes the SpM-SHF to expand isotropically. Temporal tracking reveals that the Wnt5a lineage is a unique subpopulation specified as early as E7.5, and undergoes bi-directional deployment to form specifically the pulmonary trunk and the dorsal mesenchymal protrusion (DMP). In Wnt5a-/- mutants, Wnt5a lineage fails to extend into the arterial and venous poles, leading to both outflow tract and atrial septation defects that can be rescued by an activated form of PCP effector Daam1. We identify oriented actomyosin cables in the medial SpM-SHF as a potential Wnt5a-mediated mechanism that promotes SpM-SHF lengthening and restricts its widening. Finally, the Wnt5a lineage also contributes to the pulmonary mesenchyme, suggesting that Wnt5a/PCP is a molecular circuit recruited by the recently identified cardiopulmonary progenitors to coordinate morphogenesis of the pulmonary airways and the cardiac septations necessary for pulmonary circulation.This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Li
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35226, USA
| | - Allyson Angermeier
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35226, USA
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35226, USA
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19
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Andrés-Delgado L, Ernst A, Galardi-Castilla M, Bazaga D, Peralta M, Münch J, González-Rosa JM, Marques I, Tessadori F, de la Pompa JL, Vermot J, Mercader N. Actin dynamics and the Bmp pathway drive apical extrusion of proepicardial cells. Development 2019; 146:dev.174961. [PMID: 31175121 PMCID: PMC6633599 DOI: 10.1242/dev.174961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The epicardium, the outer mesothelial layer enclosing the myocardium, plays key roles in heart development and regeneration. During embryogenesis, the epicardium arises from the proepicardium (PE), a cell cluster that appears in the dorsal pericardium (DP) close to the venous pole of the heart. Little is known about how the PE emerges from the pericardial mesothelium. Using a zebrafish model and a combination of genetic tools, pharmacological agents and quantitative in vivo imaging, we reveal that a coordinated collective movement of DP cells drives PE formation. We found that Bmp signaling and the actomyosin cytoskeleton promote constriction of the DP, which enables PE cells to extrude apically. We provide evidence that cell extrusion, which has been described in the elimination of unfit cells from epithelia and the emergence of hematopoietic stem cells, is also a mechanism for PE cells to exit an organized mesothelium and fulfil their developmental fate to form a new tissue layer, the epicardium. Summary: Proepicardial cells emerge from the pericardial mesothelium through apical extrusion, a process that depends on BMP signaling and actomyosin rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Andrés-Delgado
- Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexander Ernst
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3000 Bern 9, Switzerland
| | - María Galardi-Castilla
- Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Bazaga
- Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Peralta
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67411 Illkirch, France
| | - Juliane Münch
- Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Ciber CV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M González-Rosa
- Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inês Marques
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3000 Bern 9, Switzerland
| | - Federico Tessadori
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Intercellular Signaling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Ciber CV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67411 Illkirch, France
| | - Nadia Mercader
- Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain .,Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, 3000 Bern 9, Switzerland
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20
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Abstract
The vertebrate heart tube forms from epithelial progenitor cells in the early embryo and subsequently elongates by progressive addition of second heart field (SHF) progenitor cells from adjacent splanchnic mesoderm. Failure to maximally elongate the heart results in a spectrum of morphological defects affecting the cardiac poles, including outflow tract alignment and atrioventricular septal defects, among the most common congenital birth anomalies. SHF cells constitute an atypical apicobasally polarized epithelium with dynamic basal filopodia, located in the dorsal wall of the pericardial cavity. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of epithelial architecture and cell adhesion in the SHF, particularly for signaling events that control the progenitor cell niche during heart tube elongation. The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome gene Tbx1 regulates progenitor cell status through modulating cell shape and filopodial activity and is required for SHF contributions to both cardiac poles. Noncanonical Wnt signaling and planar cell polarity pathway genes control epithelial polarity in the dorsal pericardial wall, as progenitor cells differentiate in a transition zone at the arterial pole. Defects in these pathways lead to outflow tract shortening. Moreover, new biomechanical models of heart tube elongation have been proposed based on analysis of tissue-wide forces driving epithelial morphogenesis in the SHF, including regional cell intercalation, cell cohesion, and epithelial tension. Regulation of the epithelial properties of SHF cells is thus emerging as a key step during heart tube elongation, adding a new facet to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying both heart morphogenesis and congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Cortes
- From Aix-Marseille University, CNRS UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Francou
- From Aix-Marseille University, CNRS UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille, France
| | - Christopher De Bono
- From Aix-Marseille University, CNRS UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille, France
| | - Robert G Kelly
- From Aix-Marseille University, CNRS UMR 7288, Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille, France.
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21
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Alfano D, Altomonte A, Cortes C, Bilio M, Kelly RG, Baldini A. Tbx1 regulates extracellular matrix-cell interactions in the second heart field. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:2295-2308. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Tbx1, the major candidate gene for DiGeorge or 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, is required for efficient incorporation of cardiac progenitors of the second heart field (SHF) into the heart. However, the mechanisms by which TBX1 regulates this process are still unclear. Here, we have used two independent models, mouse embryos and cultured cells, to define the role of TBX1 in establishing morphological and dynamic characteristics of SHF in the mouse. We found that loss of TBX1 impairs extracellular matrix (ECM)-integrin-focal adhesion (FA) signaling in both models. Mosaic analysis in embryos suggested that this function is non-cell autonomous, and, in cultured cells, loss of TBX1 impairs cell migration and FAs. Additionally, we found that ECM-mediated integrin signaling is disrupted upon loss of TBX1. Finally, we show that interfering with the ECM-integrin-FA axis between E8.5 and E9.5 in mouse embryos, corresponding to the time window within which TBX1 is required in the SHF, causes outflow tract dysmorphogenesis. Our results demonstrate that TBX1 is required to maintain the integrity of ECM-cell interactions in the SHF and that this interaction is critical for cardiac outflow tract development. More broadly, our data identifies a novel TBX1 downstream pathway as an important player in SHF tissue architecture and cardiac morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Alfano
- CNR–Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati-Traverso, Via Pietro Castellino, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Altomonte
- CNR–Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati-Traverso, Via Pietro Castellino, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Cortes
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | - Marchesa Bilio
- CNR–Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati-Traverso, Via Pietro Castellino, Naples, Italy
| | - Robert G Kelly
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | - Antonio Baldini
- CNR–Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati-Traverso, Via Pietro Castellino, Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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22
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Dupays L, Towers N, Wood S, David A, Stuckey DJ, Mohun T. Furin, a transcriptional target of NKX2-5, has an essential role in heart development and function. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212992. [PMID: 30840660 PMCID: PMC6402701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factor NKX2-5 is known to be essential for both normal heart development and for heart function. But little is yet known about the identities of its downstream effectors or their function during differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs). We have used transgenic analysis and CRISPR-mediated ablation to identify a cardiac enhancer of the Furin gene. The Furin gene, encoding a proprotein convertase, is directly repressed by NKX2-5. Deletion of Furin in CPCs is embryonic lethal, with mutant hearts showing a range of abnormalities in the outflow tract. Those defects are associated with a reduction in proliferation and premature differentiation of the CPCs. Deletion of Furin in differentiated cardiomyocytes results in viable adult mutant mice showing an elongation of the PR interval, a phenotype that is consistent with the phenotype of mice and human mutant for Nkx2-5. Our results show that Furin mediate some aspects of Nkx2-5 function in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dupays
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LD); (TM)
| | - Norma Towers
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Wood
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna David
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Stuckey
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Mohun
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LD); (TM)
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23
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George RM, Firulli AB. Hand Factors in Cardiac Development. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:101-107. [PMID: 30288953 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects account for 1% of infant mortality and 10% of in utero deaths. As the vertebrate embryo develops, multiple tissue types develop in tandem to morphologically pattern the functional heart. Underlying cardiac development is a network of transcription factors known to tightly control these morphological events. Members of the Twist family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, Hand1 and Hand2, are essential to this process. The expression patterns and functional role of Hand factors in neural crest cells, endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium is indicative of their importance during cardiogenesis; however, to date, an extensive understanding of the transcriptional targets of Hand proteins and their overall mechanism of action remain unclear. In this review, we summarize the recent findings that further outline the crucial functions of Hand factors during heart development and in post-natal heart function. Anat Rec, 302:101-107, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani M George
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research Department of Pediatrics, Anatomy, Biochemistry, Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Anthony B Firulli
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research Department of Pediatrics, Anatomy, Biochemistry, Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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24
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Planar cell polarity signalling coordinates heart tube remodelling through tissue-scale polarisation of actomyosin activity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2161. [PMID: 29867082 PMCID: PMC5986786 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a multiple-chambered heart from the linear heart tube is inherently linked to cardiac looping. Although many molecular factors regulating the process of cardiac chamber ballooning have been identified, the cellular mechanisms underlying the chamber formation remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that cardiac chambers remodel by cell neighbour exchange of cardiomyocytes guided by the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway triggered by two non-canonical Wnt ligands, Wnt5b and Wnt11. We find that PCP signalling coordinates the localisation of actomyosin activity, and thus the efficiency of cell neighbour exchange. On a tissue-scale, PCP signalling planar-polarises tissue tension by restricting the actomyosin contractility to the apical membranes of outflow tract cells. The tissue-scale polarisation of actomyosin contractility is required for cardiac looping that occurs concurrently with chamber ballooning. Taken together, our data reveal that instructive PCP signals couple cardiac chamber expansion with cardiac looping through the organ-scale polarisation of actomyosin-based tissue tension. The molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac chamber formation are not well understood. Here, the authors show that planar cell polarity signalling through Wnt5b and Wnt11 coordinates localised and tissue-scale polarised actomyosin contractility in the zebrafish heart, regulating cardiac chamber formation and looping.
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25
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Continuous addition of progenitors forms the cardiac ventricle in zebrafish. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2001. [PMID: 29784942 PMCID: PMC5962599 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate heart develops from several progenitor lineages. After early-differentiating first heart field (FHF) progenitors form the linear heart tube, late-differentiating second heart field (SHF) progenitors extend the atrium and ventricle, and form inflow and outflow tracts (IFT/OFT). However, the position and migration of late-differentiating progenitors during heart formation remains unclear. Here, we track zebrafish heart development using transgenics based on the cardiopharyngeal gene tbx1. Live imaging uncovers a tbx1 reporter-expressing cell sheath that continuously disseminates from the lateral plate mesoderm towards the forming heart tube. High-speed imaging and optogenetic lineage tracing corroborates that the zebrafish ventricle forms through continuous addition from the undifferentiated progenitor sheath followed by late-phase accrual of the bulbus arteriosus (BA). FGF inhibition during sheath migration reduces ventricle size and abolishes BA formation, refining the window of FGF action during OFT formation. Our findings consolidate previous end-point analyses and establish zebrafish ventricle formation as a continuous process. Late-differentiating second heart field progenitors contribute to atrium, ventricle, and outflow tract in the zebrafish heart but how remains unclear. Here, the authors image heart formation in transgenics based on the cardiopharyngeal gene tbx1 and show that progenitors are continuously added.
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26
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Wiegering A, Rüther U, Gerhardt C. The Role of Hedgehog Signalling in the Formation of the Ventricular Septum. J Dev Biol 2017; 5:E17. [PMID: 29615572 PMCID: PMC5831794 DOI: 10.3390/jdb5040017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An incomplete septation of the ventricles in the vertebrate heart that disturbes the strict separation between the contents of the two ventricles is termed a ventricular septal defect (VSD). Together with bicuspid aortic valves, it is the most frequent congenital heart disease in humans. Until now, life-threatening VSDs are usually treated surgically. To avoid surgery and to develop an alternative therapy (e.g., a small molecule therapy), it is necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying ventricular septum (VS) development. Consequently, various studies focus on the investigation of signalling pathways, which play essential roles in the formation of the VS. In the past decade, several reports found evidence for an involvement of Hedgehog (HH) signalling in VS development. In this review article, we will summarise the current knowledge about the association between HH signalling and VS formation and discuss the use of such knowledge to design treatment strategies against the development of VSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Wiegering
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Rüther
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Christoph Gerhardt
- Institute for Animal Developmental and Molecular Biology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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27
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Noël ES, Bakkers J. Twists and turns. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 29179812 PMCID: PMC5705206 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational modelling of the heart tube during development reveals the interplay between tissue asymmetry and growth that helps our hearts take shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Noël
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jeroen Bakkers
- Hubrecht Institute - Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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