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Dilenko H, Bartoň Tománková K, Válková L, Hošíková B, Kolaříková M, Malina L, Bajgar R, Kolářová H. Graphene-Based Photodynamic Therapy and Overcoming Cancer Resistance Mechanisms: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:5637-5680. [PMID: 38882538 PMCID: PMC11179671 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s461300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive therapy that has made significant progress in treating different diseases, including cancer, by utilizing new nanotechnology products such as graphene and its derivatives. Graphene-based materials have large surface area and photothermal effects thereby making them suitable candidates for PDT or photo-active drug carriers. The remarkable photophysical properties of graphene derivates facilitate the efficient generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon light irradiation, which destroys cancer cells. Surface functionalization of graphene and its materials can also enhance their biocompatibility and anticancer activity. The paper delves into the distinct roles played by graphene-based materials in PDT such as photosensitizers (PS) and drug carriers while at the same time considers how these materials could be used to circumvent cancer resistance. This will provide readers with an extensive discussion of various pathways contributing to PDT inefficiency. Consequently, this comprehensive review underscores the vital roles that graphene and its derivatives may play in emerging PDT strategies for cancer treatment and other medical purposes. With a better comprehension of the current state of research and the existing challenges, the integration of graphene-based materials in PDT holds great promise for developing targeted, effective, and personalized cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Dilenko
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Bartoň Tománková
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Válková
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Hošíková
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Kolaříková
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Malina
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Bajgar
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kolářová
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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2
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Yi Z, Zhang Z, Guo Y, Gao Y, Hou R, Zhang C, Kim Y, Xu W. Revealing the Influence of Molecular Chemisorption Direction on the Reaction Selectivity of Dehalogenative Coupling on Au(111): Polymerization versus Cyclization. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14640-14649. [PMID: 38761149 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The control of reaction selectivity is of great interest in chemistry and depends crucially on the revelation of key influencing factors. Based on well-defined molecule-substrate model systems, various influencing factors have been elucidated, focusing primarily on the molecular precursors and the underlying substrates themselves, while interfacial properties have recently been shown to be essential as well. However, the influence of molecular chemisorption direction on reaction selectivity, as a subtle interplay between molecules and underlying substrates, remains elusive. In this work, by a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy imaging and density functional theory calculations, we report the influence of molecular chemisorption direction on the reaction selectivity of two types of dehalogenative coupling on Au(111), i.e., polymerization and cyclization, at the atomic level. The diffusion step of a reactive dehalogenated intermediate in two different chemisorption directions was theoretically revealed to be the key to determining the corresponding reaction selectivity. Our results highlight the important role of molecular chemisorption directions in regulating the on-surface dehalogenative coupling reaction pathways and products, which provides fundamental insights into the control of reaction selectivity by exploiting some subtle interfacial parameters in on-surface reactions for the fabrication of target low-dimensional carbon nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewei Yi
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyu Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Gao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Rujia Hou
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
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3
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Badami-Behjat A, Galeotti G, Gutzler R, Pastoetter DL, Heckl WM, Feng X, Lackinger M. Iodine passivation facilitates on-surface synthesis of robust regular conjugated two-dimensional organogold networks on Au(111). NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:1042-1051. [PMID: 38639757 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00496a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional conjugated organogold networks with anthra-tetrathiophene repeat units are synthesized by thermally activated debrominative coupling of 2,5,9,12-tetrabromoanthra[1,2-b:4,3-b':5,6-b'':8,7-b''']tetrathiophene (TBATT) precursor molecules on Au(111) surfaces under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. Performing the reaction on iodine-passivated Au(111) surfaces promotes formation of highly regular structures, as revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). In contrast, coupling on bare Au(111) surfaces results in less regular networks due to the simultaneous expression of competing intermolecular binding motifs in the absence of error correction. The carbon-Au-carbon bonds confer remarkable robustness to the organogold networks, as evidenced by their high thermal stability. In addition, as suggested by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and underscored by scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), the organogold networks exhibit a small electronic band gap in the order of 1.0 eV due to their high π-conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Badami-Behjat
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Gianluca Galeotti
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Rico Gutzler
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Dominik L Pastoetter
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Heckl
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden & Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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4
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Liang Z, Khanna R, Li K, Ma Y, Konyukhov Y, Bu Y, Zhang J, Conejo AN. Interactions of graphene with oxidants in a mixed atmosphere: synergistic effects of O 2/H 2O and O 2/CO 2 on gasification reactivity and kinetics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:13182-13197. [PMID: 38630138 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01166j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The gasification of carbon with O2, CO2, and H2O oxidants plays an important role in several energy-based applications. As most of the industrial gasification processes are conducted under mixed-atmosphere conditions, the oxidation of carbon in binary oxidant mixtures becomes crucially important. Using reactive force-field (ReaxFF) potentials, extensive MD simulations were carried out on the oxidation behavior of graphene in mixed O2/H2O and O2/CO2 environments for a range of gas compositions and temperatures. A graphene sheet with a line defect comprising of eight and four-membered rings was used as the starting carbon structure. In addition to enhanced carbon gasification with oxygen additions, MD simulations showed synergistic interactions between different oxidants and their net influence on the overall reactivities. The gasification levels achieved under the binary system were higher than the linear combination of contributions from individual oxidants. The addition of ∼40% O2 in the binary mix was identified as the region with the highest reactivity during the initial stages of gasification. The oxidation reactions with oxygen were found to start instantaneously in the presence of H2O or CO2 instead of the usual initial delay. A very fast reaction kinetics was also observed in the initial stages in the presence of oxygen. Our results show that the gasification reactions under H2O and CO2 started at lower temperatures than O2 thereby creating a partially oxidized structure. Due to the presence of a large number of activation sites, very high rates of gasification were achieved with oxygen. These findings could help identify optimal oxidant compositions towards maximizing carbon gasification and minimizing CO2 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Liang
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.
| | - Rita Khanna
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (ret.), The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kejiang Li
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.
| | - Yunfei Ma
- School of Software Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Yuri Konyukhov
- Department of Functional Nanosystems and High-Temperature Materials, National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | - Yushan Bu
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.
| | - Jianliang Zhang
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.
| | - Alberto N Conejo
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.
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5
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Gillen R, Maultzsch J. Family behavior and Dirac bands in armchair nanoribbons with 4-8 defect lines. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:295501. [PMID: 38579744 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad3b5a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Bottom-up synthesis from molecular precursors is a powerful route for the creation of novel synthetic carbon-based low-dimensional materials, such as planar carbon lattices. The wealth of conceivable precursor molecules introduces a significant number of degrees-of-freedom for the design of materials with defined physical properties. In this context,a prioriknowledge of the electronic, vibrational and optical properties provided by modernab initiosimulation methods can act as a valuable guide for the design of novel synthetic carbon-based building blocks. Using density functional theory, we performed simulations of the electronic properties of armchair-edged graphene nanoribbons (AGNR) with a bisecting 4-8 ring defect line. We show that the electronic structures of the defective nanoribbons of increasing width can be classified into three distinct families of semiconductors, similar to the case of pristine AGNR. In contrast to the latter, we find that every third nanoribbon is a zero-gap semiconductor with Dirac-type crossing of linear bands at the Fermi energy. By employing tight-binding models including interactions up to third-nearest neighbors, we show that the family behavior, the formation of direct and indirect band gaps and of linear band crossings in the defective nanoribbons is rooted in the electronic properties of the individual nanoribbon halves on either side of the defect lines, and can be effectively through introduction of additional 'interhalf' coupling terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Gillen
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Janina Maultzsch
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Zhang Z, Gao Y, Yi Z, Zhang C, Xu W. Separation of Halogen Atoms by Sodium from Dehalogenative Reactions on a Au(111) Surface. ACS NANO 2024; 18:9082-9091. [PMID: 38466951 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
On-surface dehalogenative reactions have been promising in the construction of nanostructures with diverse morphologies and intriguing electronic properties, while halogen (X), as the main byproduct, often impedes the formation of extended nanostructures and property characterization, and the reaction usually requires high C-X activation temperatures, especially on relatively inert Au(111). Enormous efforts in precursor design, halogen-to-halide conversion, and the introduction of extrinsic metal atoms have been devoted to either eliminating dissociated halogens or reducing reaction barriers. However, it is still challenging to separate halogens from molecular systems while facilitating C-X activation under mild conditions. Herein, a versatile halogen separation strategy has been developed based on the introduction of extrinsic sodium (Na) into dehalogenative reactions on Au(111) as model systems that both isolates the dissociated halogens and facilitates the C-Br activation under mild conditions. Moreover, the combination of scanning tunneling microscopy imaging and density functional theory calculations reveals the formation of sodium halides (NaX) from halogens in these separation processes as well as the reduction in reaction temperatures and barriers, demonstrating the versatility of extrinsic sodium as an effective "cleaner" and "dehalogenator" of surface halogens. Our study demonstrates a valuable strategy to facilitate the on-surface dehalogenative reactions, which will assist in the precise fabrication of low-dimensional carbon nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyu Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Gao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Zewei Yi
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
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7
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Zhou W, Luo C, Chao Y, Xiong S, Long M, Chen T. First-principles study on the electronic properties of biphenylene, net-graphene, graphene+, and T-graphene based nanoribbons. RSC Adv 2024; 14:8067-8074. [PMID: 38454942 PMCID: PMC10918769 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00806e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the successful separation of graphene, carbon materials with the excellent physical and chemical properties have attracted the interest of a large number of researchers. In this paper, density functional theory combined with non-equilibrium Green's function is used to systematically study the electronic structures of two-dimensional biphenylene, net-graphene, graphene+ and T-graphene, and to reveal the electron transport properties of net-graphene nanodevices under asymmetric regulation. The results show that biphenylene, net-graphene, graphene+, and T-graphene all show metallic properties, in which biphenylene and net-graphene show anisotropy, while graphene+ and T-graphene show isotropy. In addition, for the one-dimensional new carbon based nanoribbons, except for the armchair-edged net-graphene and biphenylene nanoribbons, which exhibit semiconductor properties and a band gap value of 0.08 eV, the rest of the carbon nanoribbons display metal properties. Interestingly, two of them showed a tendency to oscillate and decrease the band gap value with increasing width, while BPN-2 biphenylene nanoribbons directly changed from exhibiting semiconductor to metallic properties with increasing width combination with no oscillation. The electronic transport properties of net-graphene nanoribbons based nanodevice models for electrons transform along zigzag and armchair directions are systematically studied. An obvious negative differential resistance characteristic along the armchair and zigzag directions can be found. Overall, these interesting results show that these new net-graphene nanodevices have good practical application prospects in future electronic nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Zhou
- Energy Materials Computing Center, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology Nanchang 330013 PR China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Energy Materials Computing Center, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology Nanchang 330013 PR China
| | - Yun Chao
- Energy Materials Computing Center, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology Nanchang 330013 PR China
| | - Songbo Xiong
- Energy Materials Computing Center, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology Nanchang 330013 PR China
| | - Menegqiu Long
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Super Micro-structure and Ultrafast Process, Central South University Changsha 410083 China
| | - Tong Chen
- Energy Materials Computing Center, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology Nanchang 330013 PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 PR China
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8
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Gao Y, Zhang Z, Yi Z, Zhang C, Xu W. Visualizing the Hierarchical Evolution of Aryl-Metal Bonding in Organometallic Nanostructures on Ag(111). J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10819-10824. [PMID: 38016081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
On-surface dehalogenative coupling reactions are promising for constructing nanostructures with diverse properties and functionalities. Extensive efforts have been devoted to single aryl-halogen (C-X) substituents and substitutions at various functionalization sites (typically including meta- and para-substitutions) to generate aryl-aryl single bonds. Moreover, multiple C-X substituents at the ortho-site and the peri- and bay-regions have been applied to create a variety of ring scaffolds. However, for multiple C-X substituents, the hierarchy of aryl-metal bond formation and dissociation remains elusive. Herein, by combining scanning tunneling microscopy imaging and density functional theory calculations, we have visualized and demonstrated the hierarchical evolution of aryl-metal bonding in organometallic intermediates involved in a dehalogenative coupling reaction on Ag(111), using a molecular precursor with both para-substitution and potential bay-region substitution. Our results elucidate how metal atoms are progressively embedded into and removed from organometallic intermediates, enhancing the understanding of on-surface dehalogenative coupling reactions for the controlled construction of the desired nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Gao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyu Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Zewei Yi
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
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9
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Zuzak R, Quiroga S, Engelund M, Pérez D, Peña D, Godlewski S, Melle-Franco M. Sequential On-Surface Cyclodehydrogenation in a Nonplanar Nanographene. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10442-10449. [PMID: 37962022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has emerged as an attractive method for the atomically precise synthesis of new molecular nanostructures, being complementary to the widespread approach based on solution chemistry. It has been particularly successful in the synthesis of graphene nanoribbons and nanographenes. In both cases, the target compound is often generated through cyclodehydrogenation reactions, leading to planarization and the formation of hexagonal rings. To improve the flexibility and tunability of molecular units, however, the incorporation of other, nonbenzenoid, subunits is highly desirable. In this letter, we thoroughly analyze sequential cyclodehydrogenation reactions with a custom-designed molecular precursor. We demonstrate the step-by-step formation of hexagonal and pentagonal rings from the nonplanar precursor within fjord and cove regions, respectively. Computer models comprehensively support the experimental observations, revealing that both reactions imply an initial hydrogen abstraction and a final [1,2] hydrogen shift, but the formation of a pentagonal ring proceeds through a radical mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Zuzak
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, PL 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sabela Quiroga
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mads Engelund
- Espeem S.A.R.L., L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Dolores Pérez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Szymon Godlewski
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, PL 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Manuel Melle-Franco
- CICECO─Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Situ B, Zhang Z, Zhao L, Tu Y. Graphene oxide-based large-area dynamic covalent interfaces. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:17739-17750. [PMID: 37916524 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04239a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic materials, being capable of reversible structural adaptation in response to the variation of external surroundings, have experienced significant advancements in the past several decades. In particular, dynamic covalent materials (DCMs), where the dynamic covalent bonds (DCBs) can reversibly break and reform under defined conditions, present superior dynamic characteristics, such as self-adaptivity, self-healing and shape memory. However, the dynamic characteristics of DCBs are mainly limited within the length scale of covalent bonds, due to the local position exchange or the inter-distance variation between the chemical compositions involved in the reversible covalent reactions. In this minireview, a discussion regarding the realization of long-range migration of chemical compositions along the interfaces of graphene oxide (GO)-based materials via the spatially connected and consecutive occurrence of DCB-based reversible covalent reactions is presented, and the interfaces are termed "large-area dynamic covalent interfaces (LDCIs)". The effective strategies, including water adsorption, interfacial curvature and metal-substrate support, as well as the potential applications of LDCIs in water dissociation and humidity sensing are summarized. Additionally, we also give an outlook on potential strategies to realize LDCIs on other 2D carbon-based materials, including the interfacial morphology and periodic element doping. This minireview provides insights into the realization of LDCIs on a wider range of 2D materials, and offers a theoretical perspective for advancing materials with long-range dynamic characteristics and improved performance, including controlled drug delivery/release and high-efficiency (bio)sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyi Situ
- College of Physics Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Zhe Zhang
- College of Physics Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Liang Zhao
- College of Physics Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Yusong Tu
- College of Physics Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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11
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Zhang Y, Lu J, Zhang Y, Sun S, Xiong W, Chen L, Fu B, Geng J, Niu G, Li S, Yang Y, Sun L, Cai J. On-surface synthesis of Au-C4 and Au-O4 alternately arranged organometallic coordination networks via selective aromatic C-H bond activation. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:184701. [PMID: 37937937 DOI: 10.1063/5.0176065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective activation of the C-H bond of aromatic hydrocarbons is significant in synthetic chemistry. However, achieving oriented C-H activation remains challenging due to the poor selectivity of aromatic C-H bonds. Herein, we successfully constructed alternately arranged Au-C4 and Au-O4 organometallic coordination networks through selective aromatic C-H bond activation on Au(111) substrate. The stepwise reaction process of the 5, 12-dibromopyrene 3,4,9, 10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride precursor is monitored by high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy. Our results show that the gold atoms in C-Au-C organometallic chains play a crucial role in promoting the selective ortho C-H bonds activation and forming Au-C4 coordination structure, which is further demonstrated by a comparative experiment of PTCDA precursor on Au(111). Furthermore, our experiment of 2Br-PTCDA precursor on Cu(111) substrate confirms that copper atoms in C-Cu-C organometallic chains can also assist the formation of Cu-C4 coordination structure. Our results reveal the vital effect of organometallic coordination on selective C-H bond activation of reactants, which holds promising implications for controllable on-surface synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Jianchen Lu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Shijie Sun
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Linghui Chen
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Boyu Fu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Jianqun Geng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Gefei Niu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Shicheng Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Yuhang Yang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Li Sun
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Jinming Cai
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
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12
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Yin R, Wang Z, Tan S, Ma C, Wang B. On-Surface Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbons with Atomically Precise Structural Heterogeneities and On-Site Characterizations. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17610-17623. [PMID: 37666005 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are strips of graphene, with widths of a few nanometers, that are promising candidates for future applications in nanodevices and quantum information processing due to their highly tunable structure-dependent electronic, spintronic, topological, and optical properties. Implantation of periodic structural heterogeneities, such as heteroatoms, nanopores, and non-hexagonal rings, has become a powerful manner for tailoring the designer properties of GNRs. The bottom-up synthesis approach, by combining on-surface chemical reactions based on rationally designed molecular precursors and in situ tip-based microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, promotes the construction of atomically precise GNRs with periodic structural modulations. However, there are still obstacles and challenges lying on the way toward the understanding of the intrinsic structure-property relations, such as the strong screening and Fermi level pinning effect of the normally used transition metal substrates and the lack of collective tip-based techniques that can cover multi-internal degrees of freedom of the GNRs. In this Perspective, we briefly review the recent progress in the on-surface synthesis of GNRs with diverse structural heterogeneities and highlight the structure-property relations as characterized by the noncontact atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy. We furthermore motivate to deliver the need for developing strategies to achieve quasi-freestanding GNRs and for exploiting multifunctional tip-based techniques to collectively probe the intrinsic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoting Yin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhengya Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shijing Tan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Chuanxu Ma
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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13
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Xie L, Chen T, Dong X, Liu G, Li H, Yang N, Liu D, Xiao X. A Comparative Study of the Electronic Transport and Gas-Sensitive Properties of Graphene+, T-graphene, Net-graphene, and Biphenylene-Based Two-Dimensional Devices. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3510-3519. [PMID: 37736011 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The electronic transport properties of the four carbon isomers: graphene+, T-graphene, net-graphene, and biphenylene, as well as the gas-sensing properties to the nitrogen-based gas molecules including NO2, NO, and NH3 molecules, are systematically studied and comparatively analyzed by combining the density functional theory with the nonequilibrium Green's function. The four carbon isomers are metallic, especially with graphene+ being a Dirac metal due to the two Dirac cones present at the Fermi energy level. The two-dimensional devices based on these four carbon isomers exhibit good conduction properties in the order of biphenylene > T-graphene > graphene+ > net-graphene. More interestingly, net-graphene-based and biphenylene-based devices demonstrate significant anisotropic transport properties. The gas sensors based on the above four structures all have good selectivity and sensitivity to the NO2 molecule, among which T-graphene-based gas sensors are the most prominent with a maximum ΔI value of 39.98 μA, being only three-fifths of the original. In addition, graphene+-based and biphenylene-based gas sensors are also sensitive to the NO molecule with maximum ΔI values of 29.42 and 25.63 μA, respectively. However, the four gas sensors are all physically adsorbed for the NH3 molecule. By the adsorption energy, charge transfer, electron localization functions, and molecular projection of self-consistent Hamiltonian states, the mechanisms behind all properties can be clearly explained. This work shows the potential of graphene+, T-graphene, net-graphene, and biphenylene for the detection of toxic molecules of NO and NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzhen Xie
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Energy materials computing center, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Tong Chen
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Energy materials computing center, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiansheng Dong
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Energy materials computing center, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Guogang Liu
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Energy materials computing center, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Applied Physics, East China Jiao tong University, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Ning Yang
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Energy materials computing center, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Desheng Liu
- School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Energy materials computing center, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Xianbo Xiao
- School of Computer Science, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
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14
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Yang CC, Tian WQ. Electronic Structure Modulation of Nanographenes for Second Order Nonlinear Optical Molecular Materials. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300279. [PMID: 37515505 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Nanographenes (NGs) have drawn extensive attention as promising candidates for next-generation optoelectronic and nonlinear optical (NLO) materials, owing to its unique optoelectronic properties and high thermal stability. However, the weak polarity or even non-polarity of NGs (resulting in weak even order NLO properties) and the high chemical reactivity of zigzag edged NGs hinder their further applications in nonlinear optics, thus stabilization (lowering the chemical reactivity) and polarizing the charge distribution in NGs are necessary for such applications of NGs. The fusion of heptagon and pentagon endows the azulene with the character of donor-acceptor, and the B=N unit is isoelectronic to C=C unit. The introduction of polar azulene and BN are idea to polarize and stabilize the electronic structure of NGs for NLO applications. In the present review, a survey on the functionalization and applications of NGs in nonlinear optics is conducted. The engineering of the electronic structure of NGs by topological defects, doping and edge modulation is summarized. Finally, a summary of challenges and perspectives for carbon-based NLO nanomaterials is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Cui Yang
- College of Science, Chongqing University of Technology, No. 69 Hongguang Avenue, Banan, Chongqing, 400054, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Shapingba, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Wei Quan Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 55 Daxuecheng South Road, Shapingba, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
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15
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He J, Liu Z. Dirac cones in bipartite square-octagon lattice: A theoretical approach. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:044713. [PMID: 37522410 DOI: 10.1063/5.0160658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dirac cones are difficult to achieve in a square lattice with full symmetry. Here, we have theoretically investigated a bipartite tetragonal lattice composed of tetragons and octagons using both Tight-Binding (TB) model and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The TB model predicts that the system exhibits nodal line semi-metallic properties when the on-site energies of all atoms are identical. When the on-site energies differ, the formation of an elliptical Dirac cone is predicted. Its physical properties (anisotropy, tilting, merging, and emerging) can be regulated by the hopping energies. An exact analytical formula is derived to determine the position of the Dirac point by the TB parameters, and a criterion for the existence of Dirac cones is obtained. The "divide-and-coupling" method is applied to understand the origin of the Dirac cone, which involves dividing the bands into several groups and examining the couplings among inter-groups and intra-groups. Various practical systems computed by DFT methods, e.g., t-BN, t-Si, 4,12,2-graphyne, and t-SiC, are also examined, and they all possess nodal lines or Dirac cones as predicted by the TB model. The results provide theoretical foundation for designing novel Dirac materials with tetragonal symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei He
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhirong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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16
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Zhang Y, Lu J, Zhou H, Zhang G, Ruan Z, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Sun S, Niu G, Fu B, Yang B, Chen L, Gao L, Cai J. Highly Regioselective Cyclodehydrogenation of Diphenylporphyrin on Metal Surfaces. ACS NANO 2023; 17:13575-13583. [PMID: 37417802 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the effect of porphin tautomerism on the regioselectivity of its derivatives is a big challenge, which is significant for the development and application of porphyrin drugs. In this work, we demonstrate the regioselectivity of 2H-diphenylporphyrin (H2-DPP) in the planarization reaction on Au(111) and Ag(111) substrates. H2-DPP monomer forms two configurations (anti- and syn-) via a dehydrogenation coupling, between which the yield of the anti-configuration exceeds 90%. Using high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy, we visualize the reaction processes from the H2-DPP monomer to the final two planar products. Combined with DFT calculations of the potential reaction pathway and comparative experiments on Au(111) and Ag(111) substrates. Using M-DPP (M = Cu and Fe), we confirm that the regioselectivity of H2-DPP is derived from the reaction energy barrier during the cyclodehydrogenation reaction of different tautomers. This work reveals the regioselectivity mechanism of H2-DPP on the atomic scale, which holds great significance for understanding the chemical conversion process of organic macrocyclic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Jianchen Lu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Hangjing Zhou
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Guang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zilin Ruan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Shijie Sun
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Geifei Niu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Boyu Fu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Bing Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jinming Cai
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
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17
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Situ B, Yan Z, Huo R, Wang K, Chen L, Zhang Z, Zhao L, Tu Y. Locally spontaneous dynamic oxygen migration on biphenylene: a DFT study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:14089-14095. [PMID: 37161756 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00925d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic oxygen migration at the interface of carbon allotropes dominated by the periodic hexagonal rings, including graphene and carbon nanotubes, has opened up a new avenue to realize dynamic covalent materials. However, for the carbon materials with hybrid carbon rings, such as biphenylene, whether the dynamic oxygen migration at its interface can still be found remains unknown. Using both density functional theory calculations and machine-learning-based molecular dynamics (MLMD) simulations, we found that the oxygen migration departing away from the four-membered carbon (C4) ring is hindered, and the oxygen atom prefers to spontaneously migrate toward/around the C4 ring. This locally spontaneous dynamic oxygen migration on the biphenylene is attributed to a high barrier of about 1.5 eV for the former process and a relatively low barrier of about 0.3 eV for the latter one, originating from the enhanced activity of the C-O bond near/around the C4 ring due to the hybrid carbon ring structure. Moreover, the locally spontaneous dynamic oxygen migration is further confirmed by MLMD simulations. This work sheds light on the potential of biphenylene as a catalyst for spatially controlled energy conversion and provides the guidance for realizing the dynamic covalent interface at other carbon-based or two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyi Situ
- College of Physics Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Zihan Yan
- College of Physics Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Rubin Huo
- College of Physics Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Kongbo Wang
- College of Physics Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- College of Physics Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Liang Zhao
- College of Physics Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Yusong Tu
- College of Physics Science and Technology & Microelectronics Industry Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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18
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Kang F, Sun L, Gao W, Sun Q, Xu W. On-Surface Synthesis of a Carbon Nanoribbon Composed of 4-5-6-8-Membered Rings. ACS NANO 2023; 17:8717-8722. [PMID: 37125847 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
From the structure point of view, there are a number of ways of tiling a carbon sheet with different polygons, resulting in prospects of tailoring electronic structures of low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials. However, up to now, the experimental fabrication of such structures embedded with periodic nonhexagon carbon polygons, especially ones with more than three kinds, is still very challenging, leaving their potential properties unexplored. Here we report the bottom-up synthesis of a nanoribbon composed of 4-5-6-8-membered rings via lateral fusion of polyfluorene chains on Au(111). Scanning probe microscopy unequivocally determines both the geometric structure and the electronic properties of such a nanoribbon, revealing its semiconducting property with a bandgap of ∼1.4 eV on Au(111). We expect that this work could be helpful for designing and synthesizing complicated carbon nanoribbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faming Kang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Luye Sun
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Wenze Gao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, P. R. China
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19
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Xi J, Xue R, Li X, Lin Y, Peng G, Wang J, You S, Xu C, Zhang H, Chi L. Highly Selective On-Surface [2 + 2] Cycloaddition Induced by Hierarchical Metal-Organic Hybrids. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1585-1591. [PMID: 36748856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis of phenylenes is a promising strategy to form extended π-conjugated frameworks but normally lacks selectivity in achieving uniform products. Herein we demonstrate that the debromination reaction of 2,3-dibromophenazine (DBPZ) on Au(111) and Ag(111) surfaces can vary significantly considering the involvement of metal-organic hybrids (MOHs). On Au(111), [2 + 2] and [2 + 2 + 2] cycloadditions facilitate instantaneously upon the debromination occurring, while on Ag(111), several MOHs have been observed under sequential thermal annealing, leading to finally the uniform [2 + 2] cycloaddition product exclusively. By means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and bond-resolved atomic force microscopy (BR-AFM), we have unambiguously depicted the chemical structure of related reaction intermediates and unraveled the undocumented role of hierarchical evolution of MOHs in steering the chemical selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Xi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Renjie Xue
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xuechao Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yu Lin
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Guyue Peng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Junbo Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Sifan You
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Chaojie Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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20
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Jiménez-Martín A, Villalobos F, Mallada B, Edalatmanesh S, Matěj A, Cuerva JM, Jelínek P, Campaña AG, de la Torre B. On-surface synthesis of non-benzenoid conjugated polymers by selective atomic rearrangement of ethynylarenes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1403-1412. [PMID: 36794197 PMCID: PMC9906656 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04722e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report a new on-surface synthetic strategy to precisely introduce five-membered units into conjugated polymers from specifically designed precursor molecules that give rise to low-bandgap fulvalene-bridged bisanthene polymers. The selective formation of non-benzenoid units is finely controlled by the annealing parameters, which govern the initiation of atomic rearrangements that efficiently transform previously formed diethynyl bridges into fulvalene moieties. The atomically precise structures and electronic properties have been unmistakably characterized by STM, nc-AFM, and STS and the results are supported by DFT theoretical calculations. Interestingly, the fulvalene-bridged bisanthene polymers exhibit experimental narrow frontier electronic gaps of 1.2 eV on Au(111) with fully conjugated units. This on-surface synthetic strategy can potentially be extended to other conjugated polymers to tune their optoelectronic properties by integrating five-membered rings at precise sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Jiménez-Martín
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc Olomouc 783 71 Czech Republic .,Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague Brehova 7 Prague 1 115 19 Czech Republic.,Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 162 00 Czech Republic
| | - Federico Villalobos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Unidad de Excelencia de Química UEQ, C. U. Fuentenueva Granada 18071 Spain
| | - Benjamin Mallada
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc Olomouc 783 71 Czech Republic .,J. Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc 78371 Czech Republic.,Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 162 00 Czech Republic
| | - Shayan Edalatmanesh
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc Olomouc 783 71 Czech Republic .,J. Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc 78371 Czech Republic.,Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 162 00 Czech Republic
| | - Adam Matěj
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc Olomouc 783 71 Czech Republic .,J. Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc 78371 Czech Republic.,Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 162 00 Czech Republic
| | - Juan M. Cuerva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Unidad de Excelencia de Química UEQ, C. U. FuentenuevaGranada 18071Spain
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc Olomouc 783 71 Czech Republic .,Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 162 00 Czech Republic
| | - Araceli G. Campaña
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Unidad de Excelencia de Química UEQ, C. U. FuentenuevaGranada 18071Spain
| | - Bruno de la Torre
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc Olomouc 783 71 Czech Republic .,Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 162 00 Czech Republic
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21
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Zhang Z, Liu P, Song Y, Hou Y, Xu B, Liao T, Zhang H, Guo J, Sun Z. Heterostructure Engineering of 2D Superlattice Materials for Electrocatalysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2204297. [PMID: 36266983 PMCID: PMC9762311 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exploring low-cost and high-efficient electrocatalyst is an exigent task in developing novel sustainable energy conversion systems, such as fuel cells and electrocatalytic fuel generations. 2D materials, specifically 2D superlattice materials focused here, featured highly accessible active areas, high density of active sites, and high compatibility with property-complementary materials to form heterostructures with desired synergetic effects, have demonstrated to be promising electrocatalysts for boosting the performance of sustainable energy conversion and storage devices. Nevertheless, the reaction kinetics, and in particular, the functional mechanisms of the 2D superlattice-based catalysts yet remain ambiguous. In this review, based on the recent progress of 2D superlattice materials in electrocatalysis applications, the rational design and fabrication of 2D superlattices are first summarized and the application of 2D superlattices in electrocatalysis is then specifically discussed. Finally, perspectives on the current challenges and the strategies for the future design of 2D superlattice materials are outlined. This review attempts to establish an intrinsic correlation between the 2D superlattice heterostructures and the catalytic properties, so as to provide some insights into developing high-performance electrocatalysts for next-generation sustainable energy conversion and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced MaterialsMinistry of EducationTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024P. R. China
| | - Peizhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced MaterialsMinistry of EducationTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024P. R. China
| | - Yanhui Song
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced MaterialsMinistry of EducationTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024P. R. China
| | - Ying Hou
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced MaterialsMinistry of EducationTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024P. R. China
| | - Bingshe Xu
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced MaterialsMinistry of EducationTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024P. R. China
- Materials Institute of Atomic and Molecular ScienceShaanxi University of Science & TechnologyXi'an710021P. R. China
| | - Ting Liao
- School of MechanicalMedical and Process EngineeringQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLD4000Australia
| | - Haixia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced MaterialsMinistry of EducationTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024P. R. China
| | - Junjie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced MaterialsMinistry of EducationTaiyuan University of TechnologyTaiyuan030024P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Sun
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneQLD4000Australia
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22
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Li F, Quan D, Zhang X, Li X, Esimbek J. Quantum mechanical modeling of interstellar molecules on cosmic dusts: H2O, NH3, and CO2. Front Chem 2022; 10:1040703. [DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1040703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first detection of CH molecule in interstellar medium (ISM), more than 270 molecules have been identified in various astronomical sources in ISM. These molecules include big complex ones, such as fullerene (C60) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are the main components of carbonaceous dust. Dust surface chemistry plays an important role in explaining the formation of interstellar molecules. However, many of the dust surface chemical parameters, such as the adsorption energies, are still of uncertainty. Here we present a study of the adsorption of water (H2O), ammonia (NH3), and carbon dioxide (CO2) on graphene-like substrate within the framework of density functional theory (DFT). We used Gaussian 16 software and adopted the corrected generalized gradient approximation (GGA) with the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) functions. We determined the optimal accretion position of the studied molecules on the graphene-like surface and calculated the adsorption energies. Furthermore, according to the density of states and molecular orbitals of the adsorbed states, we analyzed the charge transfer between the molecules and the graphene-like surface. These results can provide more accurate parameters for calculating the chemical reaction rates on the dust surface, thus contributing to the understanding of dust-surface reactions in ISM.
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23
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Hu J, Wang H, Liang Z, Zhang H, Huang C, Xie L, Li Z, Jiang Z, Huang H, Song F. Tuning Dehalogenative Coupling of Br 2Py on Bimetallic Templates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:13392-13400. [PMID: 36279423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Considerable attention has been paid to on-surface Ullmann coupling during the past decade owing to the feasible synthesis of artificial nanostructures. While previous reports mainly concentrated on coupling reactions on single-metal-atom surfaces, herein we present the Ullmann coupling of 2,7-dibromopyrene (Br2Py) on bimetallic surfaces, Bi-Ag(111) and Bi-Au(111), respectively, with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). On the Bi-decorated Ag(111), self-assembly of intact Br2Py is realized due to the reduced activity at the interface. Subsequent annealing promotes the dehalogenation of Br2Py on Bi-Ag(111), while Bi adatoms do not bring any visible influence on coupling reactions. Furthermore, post-deposition of Bi onto preassembled nanostructures on Ag(111) immediately initiates the Ullmann coupling by inducing more Ag adatoms available on the surface, while stepwise annealing afterward leads to complete polymerization and formation of covalent chains with lateral displacement compared to that on the bare Ag(111), probably due to the space hindrance and confinement. For Bi-Au(111) with the modified reconstruction, higher-temperature annealing is required to trigger Ullmann coupling compared to that on Au(111). The exception is that the C-C coupling reaction remains impervious to Bi adatoms, and recovery of the Bi-Au reconstruction is realized after intensive annealing. In principle, bimetallic surfaces herein present intriguing behavior toward the controllable Ullmann coupling, and this report might provide different insights into the comprehensive atomistic elucidation of reaction mechanisms as well as the design of a new platform to effectively regulate Ullmann coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, 101000, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, 101000, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaofeng Liang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, 101000, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoqin Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, 101000, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Xie
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Zheshen Li
- ISA, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, 8000C, Denmark
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, 101000, Beijing, China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Han Huang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Fei Song
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
- University of Chinese Academy Sciences, 101000, Beijing, China
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201210, China
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24
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Giovanelli L, Pawlak R, Hussein F, MacLean O, Rosei F, Song W, Pigot C, Dumur F, Gigmes D, Ksari Y, Bondino F, Magnano E, Meyer E, Clair S. On-Surface Synthesis of Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Chains through C-S Activation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200809. [PMID: 35657383 PMCID: PMC9540368 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We use an on-surface synthesis approach to drive the homocoupling reaction of a simple dithiophenyl-functionalized precursor on Cu(111). The C-S activation reaction is initiated at low annealing temperature and yields unsaturated hydrocarbon chains interconnected in a fully conjugated reticulated network. High-resolution atomic force microscopy imaging reveals the opening of the thiophenyl rings and the presence of trans- and cis-oligoacetylene chains as well as pentalene units. The chemical transformations were studied by C 1s and S 2p core level photoemission spectroscopy and supported by theoretical calculations. At higher annealing temperature, additional cyclization reactions take place, leading to the formation of small graphene flakes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- University of BaselDepartment of PhysicsBaselCH4056Switzerland
| | | | - Oliver MacLean
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics andChemistry of the Ministry of EducationJilin Normal UniversityChangchun130103China
- Institut National de la Recherche ScientifiqueVarennesQuébecJ3X 1S2Canada
| | - Federico Rosei
- Institut National de la Recherche ScientifiqueVarennesQuébecJ3X 1S2Canada
| | - Wentao Song
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IM2NPMarseilleFrance
| | | | | | | | | | - Federica Bondino
- IOM-CNR Laboratorio TASC AREA Science Park, Basovizza34149TriesteItaly
| | - Elena Magnano
- IOM-CNR Laboratorio TASC AREA Science Park, Basovizza34149TriesteItaly
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of JohannesburgPO Box 524Auckland Park2006South Africa
| | - Ernst Meyer
- University of BaselDepartment of PhysicsBaselCH4056Switzerland
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25
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Ma K, Zhang T, Qin Y, Hu Z, Sun Z, Han Y, Zhao D, Gao HY. Desilylative Coupling Involving C(sp 2)-Si Bond Cleavage on Metal Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8789-8796. [PMID: 35503747 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Desilylative coupling involving C-Si bond cleavage has emerged as one of the most important synthetic strategies for carbon-carbon/heteroatom bond formation in solution chemistry. However, in on-surface chemistry, C-Si bond cleavage remains a synthetic challenge. Here, we report the implementation of C(sp2)-Si bond cleavage and subsequent C-C bond formation on metal surfaces. The combination of scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory calculation successfully reveals that the incorporation of the C-Br group on the arylsilanes is critical to the success of this desilylative coupling reaction on metal surfaces. Our study represents a promising approach for the removal of protecting silyl groups in on-surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Tiantong Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ying Qin
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhixin Hu
- Department of Physics & Center for Joint Quantum Studies, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhixiang Sun
- Department of Physics & Center for Joint Quantum Studies, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - You Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Dongbing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hong-Ying Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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26
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Tenorio M, Moreno C, Febrer P, Castro-Esteban J, Ordejón P, Peña D, Pruneda M, Mugarza A. Atomically Sharp Lateral Superlattice Heterojunctions Built-In Nitrogen-Doped Nanoporous Graphene. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110099. [PMID: 35334133 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanometer scale lateral heterostructures with atomically sharp band discontinuities can be conceived as the 2D analogues of vertical Van der Waals heterostructures, where pristine properties of each component coexist with interfacial phenomena that result in a variety of exotic quantum phenomena. However, despite considerable advances in the fabrication of lateral heterostructures, controlling their covalent interfaces and band discontinuities with atomic precision, scaling down components and producing periodic, lattice-coherent superlattices still represent major challenges. Here, a synthetic strategy to fabricate nanometer scale, coherent lateral superlattice heterojunctions with atomically sharp band discontinuity is reported. By merging interdigitated arrays of different types of graphene nanoribbons by means of a novel on-surface reaction, superlattices of 1D, and chemically heterogeneous nanoporous junctions are obtained. The latter host subnanometer quantum dipoles and tunneling in-gap states, altogether expected to promote interfacial phenomena such as interribbon excitons or selective photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tenorio
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Cesar Moreno
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y Fisica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, 39005, Spain
| | - Pol Febrer
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Jesús Castro-Esteban
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Pablo Ordejón
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Miguel Pruneda
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Aitor Mugarza
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- ICREA Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
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27
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Zhong Q, Niu K, Chen L, Zhang H, Ebeling D, Björk J, Müllen K, Schirmeisen A, Chi L. Substrate-Modulated Synthesis of Metal-Organic Hybrids by Tunable Multiple Aryl-Metal Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8214-8222. [PMID: 35442656 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Assembly of semiconducting organic molecules with multiple aryl-metal covalent bonds into stable one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) metal-organic frameworks represents a promising route to the integration of single-molecule electronics in terms of structural robustness and charge transport efficiency. Although various metastable organometallic frameworks have been constructed by the extensive use of single aryl-metal bonds, it remains a great challenge to embed multiple aryl-metal bonds into these structures due to inadequate knowledge of harnessing such complex bonding motifs. Here, we demonstrate the substrate-modulated synthesis of 1D and 2D metal-organic hybrids (MOHs) with the organic building blocks (perylene) interlinked solely with multiple aryl-metal bonds via the stepwise thermal dehalogenation of 3,4,9,10-tetrabromo-1,6,7,12-tetrachloroperylene and subsequent metal-organic connection on metal surfaces. More importantly, the conversion from 1D to 2D MOHs is completely impeded on Au(111) but dominant on Ag(111). We comprehensively study the distinct reaction pathways on the two surfaces by visually tracking the structural evolution of the MOHs with high-resolution scanning tunneling and noncontact atomic force microscopy, supported by first-principles density functional theory calculations. The substrate-dependent structural control of the MOHs is attributed to the variation of the M-X (M = Au, Ag; X = C, Cl) bond strength regulated by the nature of the metal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qigang Zhong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China.,Institute of Applied Physics, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Kaifeng Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Long Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
| | - Daniel Ebeling
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jonas Björk
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - André Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
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28
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Zhang C, Yang S, Zhang X, Xia Y, Li J. Extended Line Defect Graphene Modified by the Adsorption of Mn Atoms and Its Properties of Adsorbing CH 4. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:697. [PMID: 35215027 PMCID: PMC8878568 DOI: 10.3390/nano12040697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Extended line defect (ELD) graphene is a two-dimensional (2D) topologically defective graphene with alternate octagonal and quadrilateral carbon rings as basic defective units. This paper reports on the CH4 adsorption properties of ELD graphene according to the first principles of density functional theory (DFT). The effects on the CH4 adsorption of ELD graphene when modified by a single Mn atom or two Mn atoms were investigated, respectively. An ELD-42C graphene configuration consisting of 42 C atoms was first constructed. Then, the ELD-42C graphene configuration was used as a substrate, and a Mn-ELD-42C graphene configuration was obtained by modifying it with a single Mn atom. The results showed that the most stable adsorption site for Mn atoms was above the quadrilateral carbon ring. This Mn-ELD-42C graphene configuration could only stably adsorb up to 30 CH4 molecules on each side, with an average adsorption energy of -0.867 eV/CH4 and an adsorption capacity of 46.25 wt%. Three 2Mn-ELD-42C graphene configurations were then obtained by modifying the ELD-42C graphene substrate with two Mn atoms. When the two Mn atoms were located on either side of a 2Mn-ELD-42C graphene configuration and above the two octagonal carbon rings adjacent to the same quadrilateral carbon ring, it was able to adsorb up to 40 CH4 molecules on each side, with an average adsorption energy of -0.862 eV/CH4 and a CH4 adsorption capacity of 51.09 wt%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaobin Yang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China; (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
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29
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Manousiouthakis E, Park J, Hardy JG, Lee JY, Schmidt CE. Towards the translation of electroconductive organic materials for regeneration of neural tissues. Acta Biomater 2022; 139:22-42. [PMID: 34339871 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-based conductive and electroactive materials (e.g., derivatives of graphene, fullerenes, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline) have been studied since the 1970s for use in a broad range of applications. These materials have electrical properties comparable to those of commonly used metals, while providing other benefits such as flexibility in processing and modification with biologics (e.g., cells, biomolecules), to yield electroactive materials with biomimetic mechanical and chemical properties. In this review, we focus on the uses of these electroconductive materials in the context of the central and peripheral nervous system, specifically recent studies in the peripheral nerve, spinal cord, brain, eye, and ear. We also highlight in vivo studies and clinical trials, as well as a snapshot of emerging classes of electroconductive materials (e.g., biodegradable materials). We believe such specialized electrically conductive biomaterials will clinically impact the field of tissue regeneration in the foreseeable future. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review addresses the use of conductive and electroactive materials for neural tissue regeneration, which is of significant interest to a broad readership, and of particular relevance to the growing community of scientists, engineers and clinicians in academia and industry who develop novel medical devices for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The review covers the materials that may be employed (primarily focusing on derivatives of fullerenes, graphene and conjugated polymers) and techniques used to analyze materials composed thereof, followed by sections on the application of these materials to nervous tissues (i.e., peripheral nerve, spinal cord, brain, optical, and auditory tissues) throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleana Manousiouthakis
- Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, FL, United States
| | - Junggeon Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - John G Hardy
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom; Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom.
| | - Jae Young Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Christine E Schmidt
- Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, FL, United States.
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30
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Márquez IR, Ruíz del Árbol N, Urgel JI, Villalobos F, Fasel R, López MF, Cuerva JM, Martín-Gago JA, Campaña AG, Sánchez-Sánchez C. On-Surface Thermal Stability of a Graphenic Structure Incorporating a Tropone Moiety. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030488. [PMID: 35159831 PMCID: PMC8837919 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis, complementary to wet chemistry, has been demonstrated to be a valid approach for the synthesis of tailored graphenic nanostructures with atomic precision. Among the different existing strategies used to tune the optoelectronic and magnetic properties of these nanostructures, the introduction of non-hexagonal rings inducing out-of-plane distortions is a promising pathway that has been scarcely explored on surfaces. Here, we demonstrate that non-hexagonal rings, in the form of tropone (cycloheptatrienone) moieties, are thermally transformed into phenyl or cyclopentadienone moieties upon an unprecedented surface-mediated retro–Buchner-type reaction involving a decarbonylation or an intramolecular rearrangement of the CO unit, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene R. Márquez
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Unidad de Excelencia de Química UEQ, C. U. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain; (I.R.M.); (F.V.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Nerea Ruíz del Árbol
- ESISNA Group, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (N.R.d.Á.); (M.F.L.); (J.A.M.-G.)
| | - José I. Urgel
- Nanotech@surfaces Group, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; (J.I.U.); (R.F.)
| | - Federico Villalobos
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Unidad de Excelencia de Química UEQ, C. U. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain; (I.R.M.); (F.V.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Roman Fasel
- Nanotech@surfaces Group, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; (J.I.U.); (R.F.)
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - María F. López
- ESISNA Group, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (N.R.d.Á.); (M.F.L.); (J.A.M.-G.)
| | - Juan M. Cuerva
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Unidad de Excelencia de Química UEQ, C. U. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain; (I.R.M.); (F.V.); (J.M.C.)
| | - José A. Martín-Gago
- ESISNA Group, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (N.R.d.Á.); (M.F.L.); (J.A.M.-G.)
| | - Araceli G. Campaña
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Unidad de Excelencia de Química UEQ, C. U. Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain; (I.R.M.); (F.V.); (J.M.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.C.); (C.S.-S.)
| | - Carlos Sánchez-Sánchez
- ESISNA Group, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (N.R.d.Á.); (M.F.L.); (J.A.M.-G.)
- Correspondence: (A.G.C.); (C.S.-S.)
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31
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Unconventional Metallicity in Graphene Nanoribbons with Armchair Edges. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202100392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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32
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Wang S, Nishiuchi T, Pignedoli CA, Yao X, Di Giovannantonio M, Zhao Y, Narita A, Feng X, Müllen K, Ruffieux P, Fasel R. Steering on-surface reactions through molecular steric hindrance and molecule-substrate van der Waals interactions. QUANTUM FRONTIERS 2022; 1:23. [PMID: 36619715 PMCID: PMC9809985 DOI: 10.1007/s44214-022-00023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis is a rapidly developing field involving chemical reactions on well-defined solid surfaces to access synthesis of low-dimensional organic nanostructures which cannot be achieved via traditional solution chemistry. On-surface reactions critically depend on a high degree of chemoselectivity in order to achieve an optimum balance between target structure and possible side products. Here, we demonstrate synthesis of graphene nanoribbons with a large unit cell based on steric hindrance-induced complete chemoselectivity as revealed by scanning probe microscopy measurements and density functional theory calculations. Our results disclose that combined molecule-substrate van der Waals interactions and intermolecular steric hindrance promote a selective aryl-aryl coupling, giving rise to high-quality uniform graphene nanostructures. The established coupling strategy has been used to synthesize two types of graphene nanoribbons with different edge topologies inducing a pronounced variation of the electronic energy gaps. The demonstrated chemoselectivity is representative for n-anthryl precursor molecules and may be further exploited to synthesize graphene nanoribbons with novel electronic, topological and magnetic properties with implications for electronic and spintronic applications. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s44214-022-00023-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Wang
- grid.7354.50000 0001 2331 3059Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland ,grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- grid.419547.a0000 0001 1010 1663Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Suita, 560-0043 Japan
| | - Carlo A. Pignedoli
- grid.7354.50000 0001 2331 3059Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Xuelin Yao
- grid.419547.a0000 0001 1010 1663Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- grid.7354.50000 0001 2331 3059Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland ,grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Present Address: Istituto di Struttura della Materia—CNR (ISM-CNR), via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma, 00133 Italy
| | - Yan Zhao
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- grid.419547.a0000 0001 1010 1663Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- grid.419547.a0000 0001 1010 1663Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- grid.7354.50000 0001 2331 3059Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- grid.7354.50000 0001 2331 3059Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland ,grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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33
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Kitao T, Zhang X, Uemura T. Nanoconfined synthesis of conjugated ladder polymers. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00809b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights recent advances in controlled synthesis of conjugated ladder polymers using templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kitao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Xiyuan Zhang
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Takashi Uemura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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34
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On-Surface Synthesis of sp-Carbon Nanostructures. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 12:nano12010137. [PMID: 35010087 PMCID: PMC8746520 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The on-surface synthesis of carbon nanostructures has attracted tremendous attention owing to their unique properties and numerous applications in various fields. With the extensive development of scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and noncontact atomic force microscope (nc-AFM), the on-surface fabricated nanostructures so far can be characterized on atomic and even single-bond level. Therefore, various novel low-dimensional carbon nanostructures, challenging to traditional solution chemistry, have been widely studied on surfaces, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, graphene nanoribbons, nanoporous graphene, and graphyne/graphdiyne-like nanostructures. In particular, nanostructures containing sp-hybridized carbons are of great advantage for their structural linearity and small steric demands as well as intriguing electronic and mechanical properties. Herein, the recent developments of low-dimensional sp-carbon nanostructures fabricated on surfaces will be summarized and discussed.
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35
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Zeng Z, Guo D, Wang T, Chen Q, Matěj A, Huang J, Han D, Xu Q, Zhao A, Jelínek P, de Oteyza DG, McEwen JS, Zhu J. Chemisorption-Induced Formation of Biphenylene Dimer on Ag(111). J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:723-732. [PMID: 34964646 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report an example that demonstrates the clear interdependence between surface-supported reactions and molecular-adsorption configurations. Two biphenyl-based molecules with two and four bromine substituents, i.e., 2,2'-dibromobiphenyl (DBBP) and 2,2',6,6'-tetrabromo-1,1'-biphenyl (TBBP), show completely different reaction pathways on a Ag(111) surface, leading to the selective formation of dibenzo[e,l]pyrene and biphenylene dimer, respectively. By combining low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy, synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations, we unravel the underlying reaction mechanism. After debromination, a biradical biphenyl can be stabilized by surface Ag adatoms, while a four-radical biphenyl undergoes spontaneous intramolecular annulation due to its extreme instability on Ag(111). Such different chemisorption-induced precursor states between DBBP and TBBP consequently lead to different reaction pathways after further annealing. In addition, using bond-resolving scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy, we determine with atomic precision the bond-length alternation of the biphenylene dimer product, which contains 4-, 6-, and 8-membered rings. The 4-membered ring units turn out to be radialene structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Zeng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Dezhou Guo
- The Gene & Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China.,Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián 20018, Spain.,Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CFM/MPC, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Qifan Chen
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200 Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Adam Matěj
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200 Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Jianmin Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Qian Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Aidi Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200 Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Dimas G de Oteyza
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián 20018, Spain.,Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CFM/MPC, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián 20018, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jean-Sabin McEwen
- The Gene & Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
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36
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Jacobse PH, Jin Z, Jiang J, Peurifoy S, Yue Z, Wang Z, Rizzo DJ, Louie SG, Nuckolls C, Crommie MF. Pseudo-atomic orbital behavior in graphene nanoribbons with four-membered rings. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabl5892. [PMID: 34936436 PMCID: PMC8694588 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl5892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of nonhexagonal rings into graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) is an effective strategy for engineering localized electronic states, bandgaps, and magnetic properties. Here, we demonstrate the successful synthesis of nanoribbons having four-membered ring (cyclobutadienoid) linkages by using an on-surface synthesis approach involving direct contact transfer of coronene-type precursors followed by thermally assisted [2 + 2] cycloaddition. The resulting coronene-cyclobutadienoid nanoribbons feature a narrow 600-meV bandgap and novel electronic frontier states that can be interpreted as linear chains of effective px and py pseudo-atomic orbitals. We show that these states give rise to exceptional physical properties, such as a rigid indirect energy gap. This provides a previously unexplored strategy for constructing narrow gap GNRs via modification of precursor molecules whose function is to modulate the coupling between adjacent four-membered ring states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H. Jacobse
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zexin Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Samuel Peurifoy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ziqin Yue
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniel J. Rizzo
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Steven G. Louie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Michael F. Crommie
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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37
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Shi X, Li S, Li J, Ouyang T, Zhang C, Tang C, He C, Zhong J. High-Throughput Screening of Two-Dimensional Planar sp 2 Carbon Space Associated with a Labeled Quotient Graph. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:11511-11519. [PMID: 34797680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The configurational space of two-dimensional planar sp2 carbon has been systematically scanned by a random strategy combined with group and graph theory, and 1114 new carbon allotropes have been identified. These allotropes are energetically more favorable than most of the previously predicted 120 carbon allotropes. By fitting the HSE06 band structures of six old structures, we optimize the parameters for a general and transferable tight-binding model for high-throughput band structure calculations. We identified that there are 190 Dirac semimetals, 241 semiconductors, and 683 normal metals among the new allotropes. Interestingly, several stable low-energy carbon systems with exotic electronic properties are proposed, such as type III, type I/II mixed, and type I/III mixed semimetals, which are very rare in planar carbon systems. In particular, one nodal-line semimetal has been discovered among these thousands of allotropes, which is the first nodal-line semimetal in sp2 carbon systems. Our discoveries greatly enrich our knowledge of the structures and electronic properties of the two-dimensional carbon family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhi Shi
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan411105, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Quantum Engineering and Micro-Nano Energy Technology and School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, P. R. China
| | - Shifang Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan411105, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Quantum Engineering and Micro-Nano Energy Technology and School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, P. R. China
| | - Jin Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan411105, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Quantum Engineering and Micro-Nano Energy Technology and School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, P. R. China
| | - Tao Ouyang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan411105, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Quantum Engineering and Micro-Nano Energy Technology and School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, P. R. China
| | - Chunxiao Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan411105, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Quantum Engineering and Micro-Nano Energy Technology and School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, P. R. China
| | - Chao Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan411105, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Quantum Engineering and Micro-Nano Energy Technology and School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, P. R. China
| | - Chaoyu He
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan411105, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Quantum Engineering and Micro-Nano Energy Technology and School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Zhong
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan411105, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Quantum Engineering and Micro-Nano Energy Technology and School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan 411105, P. R. China
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38
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Kong W, Xiao X, Xu W, Wang R, Gan LY, Wei J, Fan J, Wu X. The Dirac cone in two-dimensional tetragonal silicon carbides: a ring coupling mechanism. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:18267-18272. [PMID: 34714316 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04586e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of novel two-dimensional semimetallic materials is always an attractive topic. We propose a series of two-dimensional silicon carbides with a tetragonal lattice. The band structure of silicon carbides with tetragonal carbon rings and silicon rings exhibits Dirac cones. Interestingly, the Dirac cone of tetragonal SiC originates from a "ring coupling" mechanism. This mechanism refers to the mutual coupling between the four carbon atoms in the tetragonal C ring, and the same coupling in the tetragonal Si ring. Additionally, the "ring coupling" mechanism is applicable to other group IV binary compounds such as monolayer GeC and SnC. This work provides reliable evidence for the argument that two-dimensional tetragonal materials can produce Dirac cones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiang Kong
- Department of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoliang Xiao
- Department of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China.
| | - Wangping Xu
- Department of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China.
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China.
| | - Li-Yong Gan
- Department of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China.
| | - Juan Wei
- Department of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Fan
- Center for Computational Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xiaozhi Wu
- Department of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China.
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39
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Shan H, Zhou L, Ji W, Zhao A. Flexible Alkali-Halogen Bonding in Two Dimensional Alkali-Metal Organic Frameworks. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:10808-10814. [PMID: 34726059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
On-surface fabrication of two-dimensional (2D) metal organic frameworks (MOFs) has been continuously attracting attentions for years. However, the synthesis of 2D MOFs with large-amplitude flexibility was rarely carried out since the bonding configurations in the coordination nodes are typically highly directional. Here we demonstrate that single alkali ions, which are fully isotropic in ionic bonding, can act as pivot joints for constructing tunable 2D MOFs by bonding to dihalogen groups in organic molecules. We take 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexabromotriphenylene, a 3-fold polycyclic molecule with three ortho-dibromo groups, and sodium (Na) atoms as a model system and successfully construct Na-based MOFs on Au(111) surface. The deflection angle of the Na coordination nodes is variable in an unprecedentedly large range between ±36° that allows the construction of multiple 2D MOF architectures. Such a flexible alkali-halogen bonding may provide a unique toolbox for designing and constructing more tunable MOFs by choosing various alkali atoms and halogen moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Shan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Linwei Zhou
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials & Micro-Nano Devices, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Physics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Functional Materials & Micro-Nano Devices, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Aidi Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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40
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Kong W, Wang R, Xiao X, Zhan F, Gan LY, Wei J, Fan J, Wu X. Dirac Fermions in Graphene with Stacking Fault Induced Periodic Line Defects. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:10874-10879. [PMID: 34730356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of carbon phases with intact massless Dirac fermions in the presence of defects is critical for practical applications to nanoelectronics. Here, we identify by first-principles calculations that the Dirac cones can exist in graphene with stacking fault (SF) induced periodic line defects. These structures are width (n)-dependent to graphene nanoribbon and are thus termed as (SF)n-graphene. The electronic properties reveal that the semimetallic features with Dirac cones occur in (SF)n-graphene with n = 3m + 1, where m is a positive integer, and then lead to a quasi-one-dimensional conducting channel. Importantly, it is found that the twisted Dirac cone in the (SF)4-graphene is tunable among type-I, type-II, and type-III through a small uniaxial strain. The further stability analysis shows that (SF)n-graphene is thermodynamic stable. Our findings provide an artificial avenue for exploring Dirac Ffermions in carbon-allotropic structures in the presence of defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiang Kong
- Institute for Structure and Function and Department of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- Institute for Structure and Function and Department of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoliang Xiao
- Institute for Structure and Function and Department of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangyang Zhan
- Institute for Structure and Function and Department of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Yong Gan
- Institute for Structure and Function and Department of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wei
- Institute for Structure and Function and Department of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Fan
- Center for Computational Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhi Wu
- Institute for Structure and Function and Department of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
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41
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Xiong L, Gong B, Peng Z, Yu Z. Spin-Seebeck effect and thermoelectric properties of one-dimensional graphene-like nanoribbons periodically embedded with four- and eight-membered rings. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:23667-23672. [PMID: 34642712 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03652a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The spin-Seebeck effect together with a high spin thermoelectric conversion efficiency has been regarded as one of the core topics in spin caloritronics. In this work, we propose a spin caloritronic device constructed on hydrogen-terminated sawtooth graphene-like nanoribbons periodically embedded with four- and eight-membered rings to investigate the thermal spin currents and thermoelectric properties by using density functional theory combined with the non-equilibrium Green's function method. Our theoretical results show that spin-Seebeck currents are induced by the temperature gradient between two leads due to two isolated spin-up and spin-down transport channels above or below the Fermi level. Besides, the embedded four- and eight-membered rings break the mirror symmetry of graphene-like nanoribbons and increase the phonon scattering to lower the lattice conductivity, contributing to the enhancement of the spin figure of merit. Moreover, the increasing width of the nanoribbons can effectively enhance the spin-Seebeck currents and reduce their threshold temperatures to improve the device performances. These systematic investigations not only give us an in-depth understanding into the realistic spin caloritronic device applications of graphene-like nanoribbons, but also help us to choose feasible routes to improve the spin-Seebeck effect with a high spin figure of merit in nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430073, China.
| | - Bin Gong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430073, China.
| | - Ziyu Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430073, China.
| | - Ziyang Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430073, China.
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42
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Bafekry A, Faraji M, Fadlallah MM, Jappor HR, Karbasizadeh S, Ghergherehchi M, Gogova D. Biphenylene monolayer as a two-dimensional nonbenzenoid carbon allotrope: a first-principles study. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 34:015001. [PMID: 34571501 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac2a7b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In a very recent accomplishment, the two-dimensional form of biphenylene network (BPN) has been fabricated. Motivated by this exciting experimental result on 2D layered BPN structure, herein we perform detailed density-functional theory-based first-principles calculations, in order to gain insight into the structural, mechanical, electronic and optical properties of this promising nanomaterial. Our theoretical results reveal the BPN structure is constructed from three rings of tetragon, hexagon and octagon, meanwhile the electron localization function shows very strong bonds between the C atoms in the structure. The dynamical stability of BPN is verified via the phonon band dispersion calculations. The mechanical properties reveal the brittle behavior of BPN monolayer. The Young's modulus has been computed as 0.1 TPa, which is smaller than the corresponding value of graphene, while the Poisson's ratio determined to be 0.26 is larger than that of graphene. The band structure is evaluated to show the electronic features of the material; determining the BPN monolayer as metallic with a band gap of zero. The optical properties (real and imaginary parts of the dielectric function, and the absorption spectrum) uncover BPN as an insulator along thezzdirection, while owning metallic properties inxxandyydirections. We anticipate that our discoveries will pave the way to the successful implementation of this 2D allotrope of carbon in advanced nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bafekry
- Department of Radiation Application, Shahid Beheshti University, 19839 69411 Tehran, Iran
| | - M Faraji
- Micro and Nanotechnology Graduate Program, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Sogutozu Caddesi No 43 Sogutozu, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M M Fadlallah
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Benha University, 13518 Benha, Egypt
| | - H R Jappor
- Department of Physics, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Babylon, Hilla, Iraq
| | - S Karbasizadeh
- Department of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - M Ghergherehchi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 16419 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - D Gogova
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linkoping University, Sweden
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43
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Berdonces-Layunta A, Schulz F, Aguilar-Galindo F, Lawrence J, Mohammed MSG, Muntwiler M, Lobo-Checa J, Liljeroth P, de Oteyza DG. Order from a Mess: The Growth of 5-Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16552-16561. [PMID: 34633170 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The advent of on-surface chemistry under vacuum has vastly increased our capabilities to synthesize carbon nanomaterials with atomic precision. Among the types of target structures that have been synthesized by these means, graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have probably attracted the most attention. In this context, the vast majority of GNRs have been synthesized from the same chemical reaction: Ullmann coupling followed by cyclodehydrogenation. Here, we provide a detailed study of the growth process of five-atom-wide armchair GNRs starting from dibromoperylene. Combining scanning probe microscopy with temperature-dependent XPS measurements and theoretical calculations, we show that the GNR growth departs from the conventional reaction scenario. Instead, precursor molecules couple by means of a concerted mechanism whereby two covalent bonds are formed simultaneously, along with a concomitant dehydrogenation. Indeed, this alternative reaction path is responsible for the straight GNR growth in spite of the initial mixture of reactant isomers with irregular metal-organic intermediates that we find. The provided insight will not only help understanding the reaction mechanisms of other reactants but also serve as a guide for the design of other precursor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Berdonces-Layunta
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Fabian Schulz
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - James Lawrence
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Mohammed S G Mohammed
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Lobo-Checa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Peter Liljeroth
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Dimas G de Oteyza
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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44
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Li DY, Qiu X, Li SW, Ren YT, Zhu YC, Shu CH, Hou XY, Liu M, Shi XQ, Qiu X, Liu PN. Ladder Phenylenes Synthesized on Au(111) Surface via Selective [2+2] Cycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12955-12960. [PMID: 34397213 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ladder phenylenes (LPs) composed of alternating fused benzene and cyclobutadiene rings have been synthesized in solution with a maximum length no longer than five units. Longer polymeric LPs have not been obtained so far because of their poor stability and insolubility. Here, we report the synthesis of linear LP chains on the Au(111) surface via dehalogenative [2+2] cycloaddition, in which the steric hindrance of the methyl groups in the 1,2,4,5-tetrabromo-3,6-dimethylbenzene precursor improves the chemoselectivity as well as the orientation orderliness. By combining scanning tunneling microscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy, we determined the atomic structure and the electronic properties of the LP chains on the metallic substrate and NaCl/Au(111). The tunneling spectroscopy measurements revealed the charged state of chains on the NaCl layer, and this finding is supported by density functional theory calculations, which predict an indirect bandgap and antiferromagnetism in the polymeric LP chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xia Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shi-Wen Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yin-Ti Ren
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Ya-Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chen-Hui Shu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mengxi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xing-Qiang Shi
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pei-Nian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
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45
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Bello-García J, Padín D, Varela JA, Saá C. Nonplanar Tub-Shaped Benzocyclooctatetraenes via Halogen-Radical Ring Opening of Dihydrobiphenylenes. Org Lett 2021; 23:5539-5544. [PMID: 34228464 PMCID: PMC8499027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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A novel tandem Ru-catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition of arylenynes
to dihydrobiphenylenes followed by halogen-radical ring opening has
been developed for the construction of tub-shaped halogenated benzocyclooctatetraenes
(bCOT’s). Cross-couplings and Diels–Alder reactions
of the brominated bCOT’s allow the formation of the corresponding
eight-membered ring-fused PAH’s. The halogen-radical ring opening
probably occurs via a selective formation of a bis-allyl radical at
the 1,3-cyclohexadiene moiety, halogenation at the bridgehead carbon,
and finally electrocyclic ring opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Bello-García
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Damián Padín
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús A Varela
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Saá
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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46
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Han D, Zhu J. Surface-assisted fabrication of low-dimensional carbon-based nanoarchitectures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:343001. [PMID: 34111858 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac0a1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis, as an alternative to traditional in-solution synthesis, has become an emerging research field and attracted extensive attention over the past decade due to its ability to fabricate nanoarchitectures with exotic properties. Compared to wet chemistry, the on-surface synthesis conducted on atomically flat solid surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum exhibits unprecedented characteristics and advantages, opening novel reaction pathways for chemical synthesis. Various low-dimensional nanostructures have been fabricated on solid surfaces (mostly metal surfaces) based on this newly developed approach. This paper reviews the classic and latest works regarding carbon-based low-dimensional nanostructures since the arrival of on-surface synthesis era. These nanostructures are categorized into zero-, one- and two-dimensional classes and each class is composed of numerous sub-nanostructures. For certain specific nanostructures, comprehensive reports are given, including precursor design, substrate choice, synthetic strategies and so forth. We hope that our review will shed light on the fabrication of some significant nanostructures in this young and promising scientific area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
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47
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Verstraete L, De Feyter S. 2D Self-assembled molecular networks and on-surface reactivity under nanoscale lateral confinement. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5884-5897. [PMID: 34027935 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01338b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular self-assembly at surfaces provides a pathway for building chemically customized interfaces. Over the last three decades, research on the role of key parameters such as temperature, solute concentration, and molecular design has enabled a steady increase in the complexity of self-assembled molecular networks (SAMNs) that can thus be created. However, the structure and quality of SAMNs is often determined during the early stages of nucleation and growth. To study and influence self-assembly processes at this deterministic length scale, spatial confinement of molecular adsorbates to well-defined surface patterns with nanoscale lateral dimensions offers exciting possibilities. The aim of this tutorial review is to give an overview of the various ways in which confinement impacts SAMN formation, and how we can use that knowledge to direct assemblies towards desired structures. The possibility to exploit confinement for improved control over on-surface reactions is also contemplated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lander Verstraete
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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48
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Fan Q, Yan L, Tripp MW, Krejčí O, Dimosthenous S, Kachel SR, Chen M, Foster AS, Koert U, Liljeroth P, Gottfried JM. Biphenylene network: A nonbenzenoid carbon allotrope. Science 2021; 372:852-856. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abg4509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qitang Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Linghao Yan
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Matthias W. Tripp
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ondřej Krejčí
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | | | - Stefan R. Kachel
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Mengyi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Adam S. Foster
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, 920-1192 Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ulrich Koert
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter Liljeroth
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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49
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Liu J, Li J, Xu Z, Zhou X, Xue Q, Wu T, Zhong M, Li R, Sun R, Shen Z, Tang H, Gao S, Wang B, Hou S, Wang Y. On-surface preparation of coordinated lanthanide-transition-metal clusters. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1619. [PMID: 33712614 PMCID: PMC7954866 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21911-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of lanthanide (Ln)-transition-metal (TM) heterometallic clusters which play key roles in various high-tech applications is a rapid growing field of research. Despite the achievement of numerous Ln-TM cluster compounds comprising one Ln atom, the synthesis of Ln-TM clusters containing multiple Ln atoms remains challenging. Here, we present the preparation and self-assembly of a series of Au-bridged heterometallic clusters containing multiple cerium (Ce) atoms via on-surface coordination. By employing different pyridine and nitrile ligands, the ordered coordination assemblies of clusters containing 2, 3 and 4 Ce atoms bridged by Au adatoms are achieved on Au(111) and Au(100), as revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy. Density functional theory calculations uncover the indispensable role of the bridging Au adatoms in constructing the multi-Ce-containing clusters by connecting the Ce atoms via unsupported Ce-Au bonds. These findings demonstrate on-surface coordination as an efficient strategy for preparation and organization of the multi-Ln-containing heterometallic clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Division of Quantum State of Matter, Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking University Information Technology Institute (Tianjin Binhai), Tianjin, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiong Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Xue
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianhao Wu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjun Zhong
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruoning Li
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyong Shen
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Tang
- CEMES, UPR CNRS 8011, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Song Gao
- Division of Quantum State of Matter, Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Spin Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingwu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shimin Hou
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking University Information Technology Institute (Tianjin Binhai), Tianjin, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Center for Carbon-based Electronics, Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Division of Quantum State of Matter, Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Spin Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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50
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Li J, Li S, Ouyang T, Zhang C, Tang C, He C, Zhong J. Two-Dimensional Carbon Allotropes and Nanoribbons based on 2,6-Polyazulene Chains: Stacking Stabilities and Electronic Properties. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:732-738. [PMID: 33405929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The previously predicted phagraphene [Wang et al., Nano Lett. 15, 6182 (2015)] and a recently proposed TPH-graphene have been synthesized from fusion of 2,6-polyazulene chain (5-7 chain) in a recent experiment [Fan et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 141, 17713 (2019)]. Theoretically, phagraphene and TPH-graphene can be considered as the combinations of the 5-7 chains with distinct 6-6-6 and 4-7-7 interfacial stacking manners, respectively. In this work, we propose another new graphene allotrope, named as penta-hex-hepta-graphene (PHH-graphene), which can be constructed by coupling the synthesized 5-7 chains with a new type of 5-7-6 stacking interface. It is found that the PHH-graphene is dynamically and thermally stable, and especially notable, the total energy of PHH-graphene is lower than that of synthesized TPH-graphene. Thus, it is highly possible that PHH-graphene can be realized through assembly of 5-7 chains. We have systematically investigated the electronic properties of these three graphene allotropes and their nanoribbons. The results show that PHH-graphene is a type-I semimetal with a highly anisotropic Dirac cone similar to phagraphene, while TPH-graphene is a metal. Their nanoribbons exhibit different electronic band structures as the number (n) of 5-7 chains increases. For TPH-graphene nanoribbons, they become metal rapidly as n ≥ 2. The nanoribbons of the semimetallic phagraphene and PHH-graphene are narrow band gap semiconductors with gaps decreasing as n increases, which are similar to the graphene nanoribbons. We also find that the band gaps of PHH-graphene nanoribbons exhibit two distinct families with n = 2i and n = 2i + 1, which can be understood by the width-dependent symmetries of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, Laboratory for Quantum Engineering and Micro-Nano Energy Technology and School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, P. R. China
| | - Shifang Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, Laboratory for Quantum Engineering and Micro-Nano Energy Technology and School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, P. R. China
| | - Tao Ouyang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, Laboratory for Quantum Engineering and Micro-Nano Energy Technology and School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, P. R. China
| | - Chunxiao Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, Laboratory for Quantum Engineering and Micro-Nano Energy Technology and School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, P. R. China
| | - Chao Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, Laboratory for Quantum Engineering and Micro-Nano Energy Technology and School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, P. R. China
| | - Chaoyu He
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, Laboratory for Quantum Engineering and Micro-Nano Energy Technology and School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Zhong
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Energy Materials and Devices, Laboratory for Quantum Engineering and Micro-Nano Energy Technology and School of Physics and Optoelectronics, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, P. R. China
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