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Inoue T, Baba Y, Kurosaki T. BCR signaling in germinal center B cell selection. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:693-704. [PMID: 39168721 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
When mature B cells are activated by antigens, the selection of these activated B cells takes place particularly during T cell-dependent immune responses in which an improved antibody repertoire is generated through somatic hypermutation in germinal centers (GCs). In this process the importance of antigen presentation by GC B cells, and subsequent T follicular helper (Tfh) cell help in positive selection of GC B cells, has been well appreciated. By contrast, the role of B cell receptor (BCR) signaling per se remains unclear. Strong experimental support for the involvement of BCR signaling in GC B cell selection has now been provided. Interestingly, these studies suggest that several checkpoints operating through the BCR ensure affinity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Molecular Systems Immunology, University of Tokyo Pandemic Preparedness, Infection, and Advanced Research Center (UTOPIA), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Baba
- Division of Immunology and Genome Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, World Premier International (WPI) Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Kanagawa, Japan.
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2
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Zhao L, Jin S, Wang S, Zhang Z, Wang X, Chen Z, Wang X, Huang S, Zhang D, Wu H. Tertiary lymphoid structures in diseases: immune mechanisms and therapeutic advances. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:225. [PMID: 39198425 PMCID: PMC11358547 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are defined as lymphoid aggregates formed in non-hematopoietic organs under pathological conditions. Similar to secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs), the formation of TLSs relies on the interaction between lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells and lymphoid tissue organizer (LTo) cells, involving multiple cytokines. Heterogeneity is a distinguishing feature of TLSs, which may lead to differences in their functions. Growing evidence suggests that TLSs are associated with various diseases, such as cancers, autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection, chronic inflammation, infection, and even ageing. However, the detailed mechanisms behind these clinical associations are not yet fully understood. The mechanisms by which TLS maturation and localization affect immune function are also unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the understanding of TLS development and function at the cellular and molecular level, which may allow us to utilize them to improve the immune microenvironment. In this review, we delve into the composition, formation mechanism, associations with diseases, and potential therapeutic applications of TLSs. Furthermore, we discuss the therapeutic implications of TLSs, such as their role as markers of therapeutic response and prognosis. Finally, we summarize various methods for detecting and targeting TLSs. Overall, we provide a comprehensive understanding of TLSs and aim to develop more effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianyu Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Song Jin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shengyao Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhanwei Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shengyun Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.
| | - Haiwei Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.
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3
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Perez-Duran F, Calderon-Rico F, Franco-Correa LE, Zamora-Aviles AG, Ortega-Flores R, Durand-Herrera D, Bravo-Patiño A, Cortes-Vieyra R, Hernandez-Morales I, Nuñez-Anita RE. Synthetic Peptides Elicit Humoral Response against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Swine. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:652. [PMID: 38932381 PMCID: PMC11209519 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the immunogenic response elicited in swine by two synthetic peptides derived from GP5 to understand the role of lineal B epitopes in the humoral and B-cell-mediated response against the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). For inoculation, twenty-one-day-old pigs were allocated into six groups: control, vehicle, vaccinated (Ingelvac-PRRSV, MLV®), non-vaccinated and naturally infected, GP5-B and GP5-B3. At 2 days post-immunization (dpi), the GP5-B3 peptide increased the serum concentrations of cytokines associated with activate adaptive cellular immunity, IL-1β (1.15 ± 1.15 to 10.17 ± 0.94 pg/mL) and IL-12 (323.8 ± 23.3 to 778.5 ± 58.11 pg/mL), compared to the control group. The concentration of IgGs anti-GP5-B increased in both cases at 21 and 42 dpi compared to that at 0 days (128.3 ± 8.34 ng/mL to 231.9 ± 17.82 and 331 ± 14.86 ng/mL), while IgGs anti-GP5-B3 increased at 21 dpi (105.1 ± 19.06 to 178 ± 15.09 ng/mL) and remained at the same level until 42 dpi. Also, antibody-forming/Plasma B cells (CD2+/CD21-) increased in both cases (9.85 ± 0.7% to 13.67 ± 0.44 for GP5-B and 15.72 ± 1.27% for GP5-B3). Furthermore, primed B cells (CD2-/CD21+) from immunized pigs showed an increase in both cases (9.62 ± 1.5% to 24.51 ± 1.3 for GP5-B and 34 ± 2.39% for GP5-B3) at 42 dpi. Conversely the naïve B cells from immunized pigs decreased compared with the control group (8.84 ± 0.63% to 6.25 ± 0.66 for GP5-B and 5.78 ± 0.48% for GP5-B3). Importantly, both GP5-B and GP5-B3 peptides exhibited immunoreactivity against serum antibodies from the vaccinated group, as well as the non-vaccinated and naturally infected group. In conclusion, GP5-B and GP5-B3 peptides elicited immunogenicity mediated by antigen-specific IgGs and B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Perez-Duran
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Fernando Calderon-Rico
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Luis Enrique Franco-Correa
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Alicia Gabriela Zamora-Aviles
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Roberto Ortega-Flores
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Daniel Durand-Herrera
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Alejandro Bravo-Patiño
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Ricarda Cortes-Vieyra
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
| | - Ilane Hernandez-Morales
- Laboratorio de Investigacion Interdisciplinaria, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Leon, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Blv. UNAM No. 2011, Leon CP 37684, Mexico;
| | - Rosa Elvira Nuñez-Anita
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Km. 9.5 S/N Carretera Morelia-Zinapecuaro, La Palma, Tarimbaro CP 58893, Mexico; (F.P.-D.); (F.C.-R.); (L.E.F.-C.); (A.G.Z.-A.); (R.O.-F.); (D.D.-H.); (A.B.-P.); (R.C.-V.)
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4
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Ke F, Benet ZL, Shelyakin P, Britanova OV, Gupta N, Dent AL, Moore BB, Grigorova IL. Targeted checkpoint control of B cells undergoing positive selection in germinal centers by follicular regulatory T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2304020121. [PMID: 38261619 PMCID: PMC10835130 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Follicular regulatory T cells (Tfr) can play opposite roles in the regulation of germinal center (GC) responses. Depending on the studies, Tfr suppress or support GC and B cell affinity maturation. However, which factors determine positive vs. negative effects of Tfr on the GC B cell is unclear. In this study, we show that GC centrocytes that express MYC up-regulate expression of CCL3 chemokine that is needed for both the positive and negative regulation of GC B cells by Tfr. B cell-intrinsic expression of CCL3 contributes to Tfr-dependent positive selection of foreign Ag-specific GC B cells. At the same time, expression of CCL3 is critical for direct Tfr-mediated suppression of GC B cells that acquire cognate to Tfr nuclear proteins. Our study suggests that CCR5 and CCR1 receptors promote Tfr migration to CCL3 and highlights Ccr5 expression on the Tfr subset that expresses Il10. Based on our findings and previous studies, we suggest a model of chemotactically targeted checkpoint control of B cells undergoing positive selection in GCs by Tfr, where Tfr directly probe and license foreign antigen-specific B cells to complete their positive selection in GCs but, at the same time, suppress GC B cells that present self-antigens cognate to Tfr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michigan Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Zachary L. Benet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michigan Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Pavel Shelyakin
- Abu Dhabi Stem Cells Center, Abu Dhabi4600, United Arab Emirates
- Molecular Technologies Division, Institute of Translational Medicine, Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow117997, Russian Federation
| | - Olga V. Britanova
- Molecular Technologies Division, Institute of Translational Medicine, Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow117997, Russian Federation
- Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow117997, Russian Federation
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel24105, Germany
| | - Neetu Gupta
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH44195
| | - Alexander L. Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN46123
| | - Bethany B. Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michigan Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
| | - Irina L. Grigorova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michigan Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109
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5
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Quast I. B Cell Receptor Transgenic Mice as Tools to Study Memory B Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2826:131-139. [PMID: 39017890 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3950-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
B cell receptor (BCR) transgenic mice allow the control of the initial target (antigen) specificity of naïve B cells and to investigate their properties following activation. Here, I describe how BCR transgenic B cells can be used in combination with adoptive cell transfer and immunization models to study memory B cell formation and reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaak Quast
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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6
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Chen ST, Oliveira TY, Gazumyan A, Cipolla M, Nussenzweig MC. B cell receptor signaling in germinal centers prolongs survival and primes B cells for selection. Immunity 2023; 56:547-561.e7. [PMID: 36882061 PMCID: PMC10424567 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are sites of B cell clonal expansion, diversification, and antibody affinity selection. This process is limited and directed by T follicular helper cells that provide helper signals to B cells that endocytose, process, and present cognate antigens in proportion to their B cell receptor (BCR) affinity. Under this model, the BCR functions as an endocytic receptor for antigen capture. How signaling through the BCR contributes to selection is not well understood. To investigate the role of BCR signaling in GC selection, we developed a tracker for antigen binding and presentation and a Bruton's tyrosine kinase drug-resistant-mutant mouse model. We showed that BCR signaling per se is necessary for the survival and priming of light zone B cells to receive T cell help. Our findings provide insight into how high-affinity antibodies are selected within GCs and are fundamental to our understanding of adaptive immunity and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer T Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Thiago Y Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Melissa Cipolla
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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7
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Ke F, Benet ZL, Maz MP, Liu J, Dent AL, Kahlenberg JM, Grigorova IL. Germinal center B cells that acquire nuclear proteins are specifically suppressed by follicular regulatory T cells. eLife 2023; 12:e83908. [PMID: 36862132 PMCID: PMC9981149 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular regulatory T cells (Tfr) restrict development of autoantibodies and autoimmunity while supporting high-affinity foreign antigen-specific humoral response. However, whether Tfr can directly repress germinal center (GC) B cells that acquire autoantigens is unclear. Moreover, TCR specificity of Tfr to self-antigens is not known. Our study suggests that nuclear proteins contain antigens specific to Tfr. Targeting of these proteins to antigen-specific B cells in mice triggers rapid accumulation of Tfr with immunosuppressive characteristics. Tfr then exert negative regulation of GC B cells with predominant inhibition of the nuclear protein-acquiring GC B cells, suggesting an important role of direct cognate Tfr-GC B cells interactions for the control of effector B cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan–Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Zachary L Benet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan–Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Mitra P Maz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan–Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan–Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Alexander L Dent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisUnited States
| | - Joanne Michelle Kahlenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan–Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
| | - Irina L Grigorova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan–Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
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8
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Saber S, Alomar SY, Yahya G. Blocking prostanoid receptors switches on multiple immune responses and cascades of inflammatory signaling against larval stages in snail fever. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:43546-43555. [PMID: 35396684 PMCID: PMC9200668 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, also known as snail fever or bilharziasis, is a worm infection caused by trematode called schistosomes that affects humans and animals worldwide. Schistosomiasis endemically exists in developing countries. Inflammatory responses elicited in the early phase of infection represent the rate limiting step for parasite migration and pathogenesis and could be a valuable target for therapeutic interventions. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and interleukin (IL)-10 were found to be differentially affected in case of immune-modulation studies and cytokine analysis of hosts infected with either normal or radiation-attenuated parasite (RA) which switches off the development of an effective immune response against the migrating parasite in the early phase of schistosomiasis. Normal parasites induce predominantly a T helper 2 (Th2)-type cytokine response (IL-4 and IL-5) which is essential for parasite survival; here, we discuss in detail the downstream effects and cascades of inflammatory signaling of PGE2 and IL10 induced by normal parasites and the effect of blocking PGE2 receptors. We suggest that by selectively constraining the production of PGE2 during vaccination or therapy of susceptible persons or infected patients of schistosomiasis, this would boost IL-12 and reduce IL-10 production leading to a polarization toward the anti-worm Thl cytokine synthesis (IL-2 and Interferon (IFN)-γ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Saber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Suliman Y. Alomar
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Galal Yahya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Al Sharkia, 44519 Egypt
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9
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Hiwa R, Brooks JF, Mueller JL, Nielsen HV, Zikherman J. NR4A nuclear receptors in T and B lymphocytes: Gatekeepers of immune tolerance . Immunol Rev 2022; 307:116-133. [PMID: 35174510 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Random VDJ recombination early in T and B cell development enables the adaptive immune system to recognize a vast array of evolving pathogens via antigen receptors. However, the potential of such randomly generated TCRs and BCRs to recognize and respond to self-antigens requires layers of tolerance mechanisms to mitigate the risk of life-threatening autoimmunity. Since they were originally cloned more than three decades ago, the NR4A family of nuclear hormone receptors have been implicated in many critical aspects of immune tolerance, including negative selection of thymocytes, peripheral T cell tolerance, regulatory T cells (Treg), and most recently in peripheral B cell tolerance. In this review, we discuss important insights from many laboratories as well as our own group into the function and mechanisms by which this small class of primary response genes promotes self-tolerance and immune homeostasis to balance the need for host defense against the inherent risks posed by the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Hiwa
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engelman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jeremy F Brooks
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engelman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James L Mueller
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engelman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hailyn V Nielsen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engelman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engelman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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10
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Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are microanatomical sites of B cell clonal expansion and antibody affinity maturation. Therein, B cells undergo the Darwinian process of somatic diversification and affinity-driven selection of immunoglobulins that produces the high-affinity antibodies essential for effective humoral immunity. Here, we review recent developments in the field of GC biology, primarily as it pertains to GCs induced by infection or immunization. First, we summarize the phenotype and function of the different cell types that compose the GC, focusing on GC B cells. Then, we review the cellular and molecular bases of affinity-dependent selection within the GC and the export of memory and plasma cells. Finally, we present an overview of the emerging field of GC clonal dynamics, focusing on how GC and post-GC selection shapes the diversity of antibodies secreted into serum. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA;
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA;
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11
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Delaloy C, Schuh W, Jäck HM, Bonaud A, Espéli M. Single cell resolution of Plasma Cell fate programming in health and disease. Eur J Immunol 2021; 52:10-23. [PMID: 34694625 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Long considered a homogeneous population dedicated to antibody secretion, plasma cell phenotypic and functional heterogeneity is increasingly recognised. Plasma cells were first segregated based on their maturation level, but the complexity of this subset might well be underestimated by this simple dichotomy. Indeed, in the last decade new functions have been attributed to plasma cells including but not limited to cytokine secretion. However, a proper characterization of plasma cell heterogeneity has remained elusive partly due to technical issues and cellular features that are specific to this cell type. Cell intrinsic and cell extrinsic signals could be at the origin of this heterogeneity. Recent advances in technologies like single cell RNA-seq, ATAC-seq or ChIP-seq on low cell numbers helped to elucidate the fate decision in other cell lineages and similar approaches could be implemented to evaluate the heterogeneous fate of activated B cells in health and disease. Here, we summarized published work shedding some lights on the stimuli and genetic program shaping B cell terminal differentiation at the single cell level in mice and men. We also discuss the fate and heterogeneity of plasma cells during immune responses, vaccination and in the frame of human plasma cell disorders. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Delaloy
- UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) de Bretagne, LabEx IGO, 2 Av du Pr Léon Bernard, Rennes, 35043, France.,French Germinal Center Club, French Society for Immunology (SFI), Paris, 75015, France
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Amélie Bonaud
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, EMiLy, Inserm U1160, Paris, F-75010, France.,OPALE Carnot Institute, The Organization for Partnerships in Leukemia, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Marion Espéli
- French Germinal Center Club, French Society for Immunology (SFI), Paris, 75015, France.,Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, EMiLy, Inserm U1160, Paris, F-75010, France.,OPALE Carnot Institute, The Organization for Partnerships in Leukemia, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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12
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Ghosh D, Jiang W, Mukhopadhyay D, Mellins ED. New insights into B cells as antigen presenting cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 70:129-137. [PMID: 34242927 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In addition to their role as antibody producing cells, B cells make a critical contribution to adaptive immune responses by functioning as professional antigen-presenting cells (APC). Distinctive features of B cells as APC include the expression of the B cell receptor (BCR) for antigen and regulated expression of HLA-DO. Here, we discuss recent progress in investigation of B cells as APC. We start with an update on the canonical MHC class II antigen presentation pathway in B cells and alternative pathways, including generation of extracellular vesicles. Turning to APC function, we highlight the roles of B cells as thymic APC, as APC for T follicular helper (TFH), as APC for CD4 memory T cells and as presenters of idiotypic BCR determinants. We also note recent examples that link B cell Ag-presentation to disease. Emerging evidence indicates that, in addition to unique features of B cells compared to other professional APC, there is appreciable heterogeneity among B cells, arising from, for example, B cell activation state or the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debopam Ghosh
- Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dhriti Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; Tuba City Regional Health Care, Tuba City, AZ 86045, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Mellins
- Department of Pediatrics, Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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13
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Nakagawa R, Calado DP. Positive Selection in the Light Zone of Germinal Centers. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661678. [PMID: 33868314 PMCID: PMC8044421 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are essential sites for the production of high-affinity antibody secreting plasma cells (PCs) and memory-B cells (MBCs), which form the framework of vaccination. Affinity maturation and permissive selection in GCs are key for the production of PCs and MBCs, respectively. For these purposes, GCs positively select “fit” cells in the light zone of the GC and instructs them for one of three known B cell fates: PCs, MBCs and persistent GC-B cells as dark zone entrants. In this review, we provide an overview of the positive selection process and discuss its mechanisms and how B cell fates are instructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinako Nakagawa
- Immunity and Cancer Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dinis Pedro Calado
- Immunity and Cancer Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Robinson MJ, Ding Z, Pitt C, Brodie EJ, Quast I, Tarlinton DM, Zotos D. The Amount of BCL6 in B Cells Shortly after Antigen Engagement Determines Their Representation in Subsequent Germinal Centers. Cell Rep 2021; 30:1530-1541.e4. [PMID: 32023467 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unknown whether the incremental increases in BCL6 amounts in antigen-activated B cells influence the unfolding differentiation before germinal center (GC) formation. By comparing shortly after immunization the distribution of conventional B cells to those enforced to express BCL6 at the upper quartile of normal and those lacking BCL6 altogether, we determined that B cell representation in the stages before the GC compartment was related to BCL6 amounts. This was not by increased proliferation or suppression of early plasmablast differentiation, but rather by preferential recruitment and progression through these early stages of B cell activation, culminating in preferential transition into GC. Once established, this bias was stable in GC over several weeks; other BCL6-regulated GC B cell behaviors were unaffected. We propose that setting BCL6 amounts very early in activated B cells will be central in determining clonal representation in the GC and thus memory populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus James Robinson
- Department of Immunology & Pathology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Level 6, Burnet Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Zhoujie Ding
- Department of Immunology & Pathology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Level 6, Burnet Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - Catherine Pitt
- Department of Immunology & Pathology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Level 6, Burnet Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Erica Janet Brodie
- Department of Immunology & Pathology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Level 6, Burnet Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Isaak Quast
- Department of Immunology & Pathology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Level 6, Burnet Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - David Mathew Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology & Pathology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Level 6, Burnet Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Dimitra Zotos
- Department of Immunology & Pathology, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Monash University, Level 6, Burnet Tower, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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15
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Garg AK, Desikan R, Dixit NM. Preferential Presentation of High-Affinity Immune Complexes in Germinal Centers Can Explain How Passive Immunization Improves the Humoral Response. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3946-3957.e5. [PMID: 31851925 PMCID: PMC7116025 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive immunization (PI) with external antibodies has been used classically for rapid but temporary alleviation of disease. Transcending this role, recent studies have shown PI to induce lasting improvements in natural antibody production, suggesting that PI could become a powerful tool to engineer humoral responses. We propose a mechanism with which PI can alter the humoral response. Antigen-specific B cells evolve and get selected in germinal centers (GCs) on the basis of their ability to acquire antigen from antibody-antigen complexes presented in GCs. When external antibodies of high affinity for antigen are used, they form the majority of the complexes in GCs, letting only B cells with even higher affinities be selected. Using an in silico GC reaction model, we show that this mechanism explains the improved humoral responses following PI. The model also synthesizes several independent experimental observations, indicating the robustness of the mechanism, and proposes tunable handles to optimize PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar K Garg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Rajat Desikan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Narendra M Dixit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India; Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India.
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16
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Kato Y, Abbott RK, Freeman BL, Haupt S, Groschel B, Silva M, Menis S, Irvine DJ, Schief WR, Crotty S. Multifaceted Effects of Antigen Valency on B Cell Response Composition and Differentiation In Vivo. Immunity 2020; 53:548-563.e8. [PMID: 32857950 PMCID: PMC7451196 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
How antigen valency affects B cells in vivo during immune responses is not well understood. Here, using HIV immunogens with defined valencies ranging from 1 to 60, we investigated the role of antigen valency during different phases of B cell responses in vivo. Highly multimerized immunogens preferentially rapidly activated cognate B cells, with little affinity discrimination. This led to strong early induction of the transcription factors IRF4 (interferon regulatory factor 4) and Bcl6, driving both early extrafollicular plasma cell and germinal center responses, in a CD4+ T-cell-dependent manner, involving B cells with a broad range of affinities. Low-valency antigens induced smaller effector B cell responses, with preferential recruitment of high-affinity B cells. Thus, antigen valency has multifaceted effects on B cell responses and can dictate affinity thresholds and competitive landscapes for B cells in vivo, with implications for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kato
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert K Abbott
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brian L Freeman
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sonya Haupt
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bettina Groschel
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Murillo Silva
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Sergey Menis
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - William R Schief
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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17
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Wang L, Jiang P, Zhao S, Liu H, Liu L, Mor G, Liu C, Liao A. The dynamic profile and potential function of B-cell subsets during pregnancy. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:1082-1084. [PMID: 32879470 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00535-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liling Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Panpan Jiang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Sijia Zhao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Liping Liu
- Wuhan Children Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Gil Mor
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China.,C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Aihua Liao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China.
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18
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NR4A nuclear receptors restrain B cell responses to antigen when second signals are absent or limiting. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1267-1279. [PMID: 32868928 PMCID: PMC8081071 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0765-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antigen stimulation (signal 1) triggers B cell proliferation, and primes B cells to recruit, engage, and respond to T cell help (signal 2). Failure to receive signal 2 within a defined time window results in B cell apoptosis, yet the mechanisms that enforce dependence upon co-stimulation are incompletely understood. Nr4a1-3 encode a small family of orphan nuclear receptors that are rapidly induced by B cell antigen receptor (BCR) stimulation. Here we showed that Nr4a1 and Nr4a3 play partially redundant roles to restrain B cell responses to antigen in the absence of co-stimulation, and do so in part by repressing expression of BATF and consequently MYC. The NR4A family also restrains B cell access to T cell help by repressing expression of the T cell chemokines CCL3 and CCL4, as well as CD86 and ICAM1. Such NR4A-mediated regulation plays a role specifically under conditions of competition for limiting T cell help.
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19
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Wang Z, Kennedy PG, Dupree C, Wang M, Lee C, Pointon T, Langford TD, Graner MW, Yu X. Antibodies from Multiple Sclerosis Brain Identified Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 1 & 2 Epitopes which Are Recognized by Oligoclonal Bands. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 16:567-580. [PMID: 32808238 PMCID: PMC7431217 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09948-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), the etiology of which is poorly understood. The most common laboratory abnormality associated with MS is increased intrathecal immunoglobulin G (IgG) synthesis and the presence of oligoclonal bands (OCBs) in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, the major antigenic targets of these antibody responses are unknown. The risk of MS is increased after infectious mononucleosis (IM) due to EBV infection, and MS patients have higher serum titers of anti-EBV antibodies than control populations. Our goal was to identify disease-relevant epitopes of IgG antibodies in MS; to do so, we screened phage-displayed random peptide libraries (12-mer) with total IgG antibodies purified from the brain of a patient with acute MS. We identified and characterized the phage peptides for binding specificity to intrathecal IgG from patients with MS and from controls by ELISA, phage-mediated Immuno-PCR, and isoelectric focusing. We identified two phage peptides that share sequence homologies with EBV nuclear antigens 1 and 2 (EBNA1 and EBNA2), respectively. The specificity of the EBV epitopes found by panning with MS brain IgG was confirmed by ELISA and competitive inhibition assays. Using a highly sensitive phage-mediated immuno-PCR assay, we determined specific bindings of the two EBV epitopes to IgG from CSF from 46 MS and 5 inflammatory control (IC) patients. MS CSF IgG have significantly higher bindings to EBNA1 epitope than to EBNA2 epitope, whereas EBNA1 and EBNA2 did not significantly differ in binding to IC CSF IgG. Further, the EBNA1 epitope was recognized by OCBs from multiple MS CSF as shown in blotting assays with samples separated by isoelectric focusing. The EBNA1 epitope is reactive to MS intrathecal antibodies corresponding to oligoclonal bands. This reinforces the potential role of EBV in the etiology of MS. Antibodies purified from an MS brain plaque were panned by phage display peptide libraries to discern potential antigens. Phage displaying peptide sequences resembling Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens 1 & 2 (EBNA1 & 2) epitopes were identified. Antibodies from sera and CSF from other MS patients also reacted to those epitopes. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Protein Drugs, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Peter Ge Kennedy
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Cecily Dupree
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Min Wang
- Immunoah Therapeutics, Inc., 12635 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Catherin Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tiffany Pointon
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - T Dianne Langford
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Michael W Graner
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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20
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Brooks JF, Murphy PR, Barber JEM, Wells JW, Steptoe RJ. Peripheral Tolerance Checkpoints Imposed by Ubiquitous Antigen Expression Limit Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses under Strongly Immunogenic Conditions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1239-1247. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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21
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Turner JS, Benet ZL, Grigorova IL. Signals 1, 2 and B cell fate or: Where, when and for how long? Immunol Rev 2020; 296:9-23. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jackson S. Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor MichiganUSA
| | - Zachary L. Benet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor MichiganUSA
| | - Irina L. Grigorova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor MichiganUSA
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22
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Patel SR, Lundgren TS, Spencer HT, Doering CB. The Immune Response to the fVIII Gene Therapy in Preclinical Models. Front Immunol 2020; 11:494. [PMID: 32351497 PMCID: PMC7174743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies to factor VIII (fVIII), referred to as "inhibitors," remain the most challenging complication post-fVIII replacement therapy. Preclinical development of novel fVIII products involves studies incorporating hemophilia A (HA) and wild-type animal models. Though immunogenicity is a critical aspect of preclinical pharmacology studies, gene therapy studies tend to focus on fVIII expression levels without major consideration for immunogenicity. Therefore, little clarity exists on whether preclinical testing can be predictive of clinical immunogenicity risk. Despite this, but perhaps due to the potential for transformative benefits, clinical gene therapy trials have progressed rapidly. In more than two decades, no inhibitors have been observed. However, all trials are conducted in previously treated patients without a history of inhibitors. The current review thus focuses on our understanding of preclinical immunogenicity for HA gene therapy candidates and the potential indication for inhibitor treatment, with a focus on product- and platform-specific determinants, including fVIII transgene sequence composition and tissue/vector biodistribution. Currently, the two leading clinical gene therapy vectors are adeno-associated viral (AAV) and lentiviral (LV) vectors. For HA applications, AAV vectors are liver-tropic and employ synthetic, high-expressing, liver-specific promoters. Factors including vector serotype and biodistribution, transcriptional regulatory elements, transgene sequence, dosing, liver immunoprivilege, and host immune status may contribute to tipping the scale between immunogenicity and tolerance. Many of these factors can also be important in delivery of LV-fVIII gene therapy, especially when delivered intravenously for liver-directed fVIII expression. However, ex vivo LV-fVIII targeting and transplantation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) has been demonstrated to achieve durable and curative fVIII production without inhibitor development in preclinical models. A critical variable appears to be pre-transplantation conditioning regimens that suppress and/or ablate T cells. Additionally, we and others have demonstrated the potential of LV-fVIII HSPC and liver-directed AAV-fVIII gene therapy to eradicate pre-existing inhibitors in murine and canine models of HA, respectively. Future preclinical studies will be essential to elucidate immune mechanism(s) at play in the context of gene therapy for HA, as well as strategies for preventing adverse immune responses and promoting immune tolerance even in the setting of pre-existing inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema R. Patel
- Hemostasis and Thrombosis Program, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Taran S. Lundgren
- Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Systems Pharmacology, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - H. Trent Spencer
- Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christopher B. Doering
- Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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23
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Novel insights into the pathobiology of humoral alloimmune memory in kidney transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2020; 25:15-21. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Haberman AM, Gonzalez DG, Wong P, Zhang TT, Kerfoot SM. Germinal center B cell initiation, GC maturation, and the coevolution of its stromal cell niches. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:10-27. [PMID: 30874342 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the developing GC response, B cell survival and fate choices made at the single cell level are dependent on signals received largely through interactions with other cells, often with cognate T cells. The type of signals that a given B cell can encounter is dictated by its location within tissue microarchitecture. The focus of this review is on the initiation and evolution of the GC response at the earliest time points. Here, we review the key factors influencing the progression of GC B cell differentiation that are both stage and context dependent. Finally, we describe the coevolution of niches within and surrounding the GC that influence the outcome of the GC response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Haberman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David G Gonzalez
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Patrick Wong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Steven M Kerfoot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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26
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Chen Z, Wholey WY, Hassani Najafabadi A, Moon JJ, Grigorova I, Chackerian B, Cheng W. Self-Antigens Displayed on Liposomal Nanoparticles above a Threshold of Epitope Density Elicit Class-Switched Autoreactive Antibodies Independent of T Cell Help. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:335-347. [PMID: 31836655 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epitope density has a profound impact on B cell responses to particulate Ags, the molecular mechanisms of which remain to be explored. To dissect the role of epitope density in this process, we have synthesized a series of liposomal particles, similar to the size of viruses, that display a model self-antigen peptide at defined surface densities. Immunization of C57BL/6J mice using these particles elicited both IgM and class-switched IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG3 autoreactive Abs that depended on the epitope density. In C57BL/6 gene knockout mice lacking either functional TCRs or MHC class II molecules on B cells, the liposomal particles also elicited IgM, IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG3 responses that were comparable in magnitudes to wild-type mice, suggesting that this B cell response was independent of cognate T cell help. Notably, the titer of the IgG in wild-type animals could be increased by more than 200-fold upon replacement of liposomes with bacteriophage Qβ virus-like particles that displayed the same self-antigen peptide at comparable epitope densities. This enhancement was lost almost completely in gene knockout mice lacking either TCRs or MHC class II molecules on B cells. In conclusion, epitope density above a threshold on particulate Ags can serve as a stand-alone signal to trigger secretion of autoreactive and class-switched IgG in vivo in the absence of cognate T cell help or any adjuvants. The extraordinary immunogenicity of Qβ viral-like particles relies, in large part, on their ability to effectively recruit T cell help after B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Wei-Yun Wholey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - James J Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Irina Grigorova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Bryce Chackerian
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131; and
| | - Wei Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; .,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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27
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Turner JS, Ke F, Grigorova IL. B Cell Receptor Crosslinking Augments Germinal Center B Cell Selection when T Cell Help Is Limiting. Cell Rep 2019; 25:1395-1403.e4. [PMID: 30403996 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-dependent engagement of germinal center (GC) B cell receptors (BCRs) promotes antigen internalization and presentation for follicular helper T cells. However, whether BCR signaling is critical or synergistic with T cell help for GC B cell selection or differentiation is unclear. Here, by adapting an experimental approach that enables independent delivery of BCR-crosslinking antigen or T cell help to GC B cells in vivo, we showed that T cell help was sufficient to induce GC B cell expansion and plasmablast formation. However, although BCR crosslinking could not by itself promote GC B cell selection or differentiation, it could synergize with T cell help to enhance the GC and plasmablast responses when T cell help was limiting. These findings indicate that GC B cells can integrate variable inputs from T cell help and BCR signaling in vivo for an optimal process of selection and differentiation, critical for potent long-term humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Steed Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michigan Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Fang Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michigan Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Irina Leonidovna Grigorova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michigan Medicine University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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28
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Tan C, Noviski M, Huizar J, Zikherman J. Self-reactivity on a spectrum: A sliding scale of peripheral B cell tolerance. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:37-60. [PMID: 31631352 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Efficient mechanisms of central tolerance, including receptor editing and deletion, prevent highly self-reactive B cell receptors (BCRs) from populating the periphery. Despite this, modest self-reactivity persists in (and may even be actively selected into) the mature B cell repertoire. In this review, we discuss new insights into mechanisms of peripheral B cell tolerance that restrain mature B cells from mounting inappropriate responses to endogenous antigens, and place recent work into historical context. In particular, we discuss new findings that have arisen from application of a novel in vivo reporter of BCR signaling, Nur77-eGFP, expression of which scales with the degree of self-reactivity in both monoclonal and polyclonal B cell repertoires. We discuss new and historical evidence that self-reactivity is not just tolerated, but actively selected into the peripheral repertoire. We review recent progress in understanding how dual expression of the IgM and IgD BCR isotypes on mature naive follicular B cells tunes responsiveness to endogenous antigen recognition, and discuss how this may be integrated with other features of clonal anergy. Finally, we discuss how expression of Nur77 itself couples chronic antigen stimulation with B cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Tan
- Biomedical Sciences (BMS) Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Noviski
- Biomedical Sciences (BMS) Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Huizar
- School of Medicine, HHMI Medical Fellows Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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29
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Kwak K, Akkaya M, Pierce SK. B cell signaling in context. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:963-969. [PMID: 31285625 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0427-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, B cell antigen receptor (BCR)-induced signaling pathways have been described in extraordinary molecular detail, mainly from studies of B cell responses to antigens in vitro. BCR signaling has been shown to govern the initiation of transcriptional programs associated with B cell activation and fate decisions, as well as the BCR-dependent processing of antigen and presentation of antigen to T cells. However, although the potential of the BCR to orchestrate B cell behavior was known, there was no clear appreciation of the context in which B cells signal in secondary lymphoid organs in vivo or how that context influences signaling. In this Review, we describe the current view of the cellular consequences of BCR signaling and advances in the understanding of B cell signaling in context in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihyuck Kwak
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Munir Akkaya
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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30
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Wilhelm I, Levit-Zerdoun E, Jakob J, Villringer S, Frensch M, Übelhart R, Landi A, Müller P, Imberty A, Thuenauer R, Claudinon J, Jumaa H, Reth M, Eibel H, Hobeika E, Römer W. Carbohydrate-dependent B cell activation by fucose-binding bacterial lectins. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/571/eaao7194. [PMID: 30837305 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao7194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial lectins are typically multivalent and bind noncovalently to specific carbohydrates on host tissues to facilitate bacterial adhesion. Here, we analyzed the effects of two fucose-binding lectins, BambL from Burkholderia ambifaria and LecB from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, on specific signaling pathways in B cells. We found that these bacterial lectins induced B cell activation, which, in vitro, was dependent on the cell surface expression of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) and its co-receptor CD19, as well as on spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) activity. The resulting release of intracellular Ca2+ was followed by an increase in the cell surface abundance of the activation marker CD86, augmented cytokine secretion, and subsequent cell death, replicating all of the events that are observed in vitro upon canonical and antigen-mediated B cell activation. Moreover, injection of BambL in mice resulted in a substantial, BCR-independent loss of B cells in the bone marrow with simultaneous, transient enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly), as well as an increase in the numbers of splenic B cells and myeloid cells. Together, these data suggest that bacterial lectins can initiate polyclonal activation of B cells through their sole capacity to bind to fucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Wilhelm
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ella Levit-Zerdoun
- Max Planck Institute of Immunology and Epigenetics Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS), Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) partner site Freiburg, German Cancer Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Jakob
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Centre Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah Villringer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Frensch
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS), Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Übelhart
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Centre Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Alessia Landi
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Müller
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Imberty
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Roland Thuenauer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julie Claudinon
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Centre Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Reth
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunology and Epigenetics Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Eibel
- CCI-Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Centre, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elias Hobeika
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Centre Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Winfried Römer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany. .,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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31
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Yeh CH, Nojima T, Kuraoka M, Kelsoe G. Germinal center entry not selection of B cells is controlled by peptide-MHCII complex density. Nat Commun 2018; 9:928. [PMID: 29500348 PMCID: PMC5834622 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells expressing high affinity antigen receptors are advantaged in germinal centers (GC), perhaps by increased acquisition of antigen for presentation to follicular helper T cells and improved T-cell help. In this model for affinity-dependent selection, the density of peptide/MHCII (pMHCII) complexes on GC B cells is the primary determinant of selection. Here we show in chimeric mice populated by B cells differing only in their capacity to express MHCII (MHCII+/+ and MHCII+/-) that GC selection is insensitive to halving pMHCII density. Alone, both B cell types generate identical humoral responses; in competition, MHCII+/+ B cells are preferentially recruited to early GCs but this advantage does not persist once GCs are established. During GC responses, competing MHCII+/+ and MHCII+/- GC B cells comparably accumulate mutations and have indistinguishable rates of affinity maturation. We conclude that B-cell selection by pMHCII density is stringent in the establishment of GCs, but relaxed during GC responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hao Yeh
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Takuya Nojima
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Masayuki Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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32
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33
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Li H, Kong D, Xu Y, Li X, Yao G, Chen K, You Q, Shi Q, Zhang L, Wang X, Yuan D, Miao S, Geng J, Jin X, Meng H. Tripterygium Wilfordii inhibits tonsillar IgA production by downregulating IgA class switching in IgA nephropathy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:109027-109042. [PMID: 29312588 PMCID: PMC5752501 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is characterized by high serum IgA levels and IgA deposition in the renal mesangium. Recent research has indicated that pathogenic IgA may originate from affected tonsils, where present enhancement of IgA production by IgA class switching and immuno-activation. Tripterygium Wilfordii (TW) was found to be especially effective in IgAN by its’ immunosuppression effect. Given this background, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the role of TW in the generation of IgA and IgA class switching in tonsillar GCs of IgAN patients. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR revealed that the expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and IgA inducing cytokines were decreased in the tonsils of IgAN patients with TW treatment compared with those without treatment, followed by significantly decreased of IgA-bearing cells. The location of TSLP and IgA inducing cytokines in tonsillar tissue was confirmed by double immunofluorescence. Importantly, TW inhibit TSLP and IgA production in isolated FDC-associated clusters. Serum TSLP levels were decreased and correlated with IgA downregulation in the tonsils and serum of IgAN patients. These data indicated that TW may be involved in IgA production in the tonsils of IgAN patients, inhibiting IgA class switching in IgAN patients through the cooperative roles of AID, TGF-β1, BAFF, and APRIL, highlighting a promising strategy for therapeutic intervention in IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huining Li
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China.,Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hei Longjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Dan Kong
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yangyang Xu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Guodong Yao
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Kexin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Qi You
- Department of Gastroenterology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Qingtao Shi
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Second Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | | | - Shusheng Miao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Jingshu Geng
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoming Jin
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongxue Meng
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
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34
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Hipp N, Symington H, Pastoret C, Caron G, Monvoisin C, Tarte K, Fest T, Delaloy C. IL-2 imprints human naive B cell fate towards plasma cell through ERK/ELK1-mediated BACH2 repression. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1443. [PMID: 29129929 PMCID: PMC5682283 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma cell differentiation is a tightly regulated process that requires appropriate T cell helps to reach the induction threshold. To further understand mechanisms by which T cell inputs regulate B cell fate decision, we investigate the minimal IL-2 stimulation for triggering human plasma cell differentiation in vitro. Here we show that the timed repression of BACH2 through IL-2-mediated ERK/ELK1 signalling pathway directs plasma cell lineage commitment. Enforced BACH2 repression in activated B cells unlocks the plasma cell transcriptional program and induces their differentiation into immunoglobulin M-secreting cells. RNA-seq and ChIP-seq results further identify BACH2 target genes involved in this process. An active regulatory region within the BACH2 super-enhancer, under ELK1 control and differentially regulated upon B-cell activation and cellular divisions, helps integrate IL-2 signal. Our study thus provides insights into the temporal regulation of BACH2 and its targets for controlling the differentiation of human naive B cells. T cells help B cells to differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells. Here the authors show that T cells produce interleukin-2 to activate ERK/ELK1 and suppress BACH2 expression by modulating the BACH2 super-enhancer, thereby altering BACH2 downstream transcription programs for plasma cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Hipp
- UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) de Bretagne, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Labex IGO, 2 Av du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France
| | - Hannah Symington
- UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) de Bretagne, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Labex IGO, 2 Av du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France
| | - Cédric Pastoret
- UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) de Bretagne, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Labex IGO, 2 Av du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France.,Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Rennes, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes Cedex 9, France
| | - Gersende Caron
- UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) de Bretagne, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Labex IGO, 2 Av du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France.,Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Rennes, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes Cedex 9, France
| | - Céline Monvoisin
- UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) de Bretagne, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Labex IGO, 2 Av du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France
| | - Karin Tarte
- UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) de Bretagne, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Labex IGO, 2 Av du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Thérapie Cellulaire et Hématopoïèse (ITeCH), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Rennes, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes Cedex 9, France
| | - Thierry Fest
- UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) de Bretagne, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Labex IGO, 2 Av du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France. .,Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Rennes, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes Cedex 9, France.
| | - Céline Delaloy
- UMR U1236, Université de Rennes 1, INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) de Bretagne, Equipe labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Labex IGO, 2 Av du Pr Léon Bernard, 35043, Rennes, France.
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35
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Turner JS, Benet ZL, Grigorova I. Transiently antigen primed B cells can generate multiple subsets of memory cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183877. [PMID: 28850584 PMCID: PMC5574538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells are long-lived cells that generate a more vigorous response upon recognition of antigen (Ag) and T cell help than naïve B cells and ensure maintenance of durable humoral immunity. Functionally distinct subsets of murine memory B cells have been identified based on isotype switching of BCRs and surface expression of the co-stimulatory molecule CD80 and co-inhibitory molecule PD-L2. Memory B cells in a subpopulation with low surface expression of CD80 and PD-L2 are predominantly non-isotype switched and can be efficiently recruited into germinal centers (GCs) in secondary responses. In contrast, a CD80 and PD-L2 positive subset arises predominantly from GCs and can quickly differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells (PCs). Here we demonstrate that single transient acquisition of Ag by B cells may be sufficient for their long-term participation in GC responses and for development of various memory B cell subsets including CD80 and PD-L2 positive effector-like memory cells that rapidly differentiate into class-switched PCs during recall responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson S. Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zachary L. Benet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Irina Grigorova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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36
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Turner JS, Benet ZL, Grigorova IL. Antigen Acquisition Enables Newly Arriving B Cells To Enter Ongoing Immunization-Induced Germinal Centers. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1301-1307. [PMID: 28687657 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Modern vaccines must be designed to generate long-lasting, high-affinity, and broadly neutralizing Ab responses against pathogens. The diversity of B cell clones recruited into germinal center (GC) responses is likely to be important for the Ag-neutralization potential of the Ab-secreting cells and memory cells generated upon immunization. However, the factors that influence the diversity of B cell clones recruited into GCs are unclear. As recirculating naive Ag-specific B cells arrive in Ag-draining secondary lymphoid organs, they may join the ongoing GC response. However, the factors that limit their entry are not well understood, and it is not known how that depends on the stage of the ongoing follicular T cell and GC B cell response. In this article, we show that, in mice, naive B cells have a limited window of time during which they can undergo Ag-driven activation and join ongoing immunization-induced GC responses. However, preloading naive B cells with even a threshold-activating amount of Ag is sufficient to rescue their entry into the GC response during its initiation, peak, and contraction. Based on these results, we suggest that productive acquisition of Ag may be one of the main factors limiting entry of new B cell clones into ongoing immunization-triggered GC responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson S Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5620
| | - Zachary L Benet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5620
| | - Irina L Grigorova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5620
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