1
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Demko V, Belova T, Messerer M, Hvidsten TR, Perroud PF, Ako AE, Johansen W, Mayer KFX, Olsen OA, Lang D. Regulation of developmental gatekeeping and cell fate transition by the calpain protease DEK1 in Physcomitrium patens. Commun Biol 2024; 7:261. [PMID: 38438476 PMCID: PMC10912778 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05933-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Calpains are cysteine proteases that control cell fate transitions whose loss of function causes severe, pleiotropic phenotypes in eukaryotes. Although mainly considered as modulatory proteases, human calpain targets are directed to the N-end rule degradation pathway. Several such targets are transcription factors, hinting at a gene-regulatory role. Here, we analyze the gene-regulatory networks of the moss Physcomitrium patens and characterize the regulons that are misregulated in mutants of the calpain DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (DEK1). Predicted cleavage patterns of the regulatory hierarchies in five DEK1-controlled subnetworks are consistent with a pleiotropic and regulatory role during cell fate transitions targeting multiple functions. Network structure suggests DEK1-gated sequential transitions between cell fates in 2D-to-3D development. Our method combines comprehensive phenotyping, transcriptomics and data science to dissect phenotypic traits, and our model explains the protease function as a switch gatekeeping cell fate transitions potentially also beyond plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Demko
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, 84104, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84104, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tatiana Belova
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maxim Messerer
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich-Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Torgeir R Hvidsten
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Pierre-François Perroud
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Ako Eugene Ako
- Department of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Holsetgata 31, 2318, Hamar, Norway
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Southwell, Nottinghamshire, NG25 0QF, UK
| | - Wenche Johansen
- Department of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Holsetgata 31, 2318, Hamar, Norway
| | - Klaus F X Mayer
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich-Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Odd-Arne Olsen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Daniel Lang
- Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich-Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Genomics and Bioforensics, 80937, Munich, Germany.
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2
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Jing W, Gong F, Liu G, Deng Y, Liu J, Yang W, Sun X, Li Y, Gao J, Zhou X, Ma N. Petal size is controlled by the MYB73/TPL/HDA19-miR159-CKX6 module regulating cytokinin catabolism in Rosa hybrida. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7106. [PMID: 37925502 PMCID: PMC10625627 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42914-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The size of plant lateral organs is determined by well-coordinated cell proliferation and cell expansion. Here, we report that miR159, an evolutionarily conserved microRNA, plays an essential role in regulating cell division in rose (Rosa hybrida) petals by modulating cytokinin catabolism. We uncover that Cytokinin Oxidase/Dehydrogenase6 (CKX6) is a target of miR159 in petals. Knocking down miR159 levels results in the accumulation of CKX6 transcripts and earlier cytokinin clearance, leading to a shortened cell division period and smaller petals. Conversely, knocking down CKX6 causes cytokinin accumulation and a prolonged developmental cell division period, mimicking the effects of exogenous cytokinin application. MYB73, a R2R3-type MYB transcription repressor, recruits a co-repressor (TOPLESS) and a histone deacetylase (HDA19) to form a suppression complex, which regulates MIR159 expression by modulating histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation levels at the MIR159 promoter. Our work sheds light on mechanisms for ensuring the correct timing of the exit from the cell division phase and thus organ size regulation by controlling cytokinin catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikun Jing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650205, China
- School of Food and Medicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Feifei Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guoqin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yinglong Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yonghong Li
- School of Food and Medicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Junping Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Nan Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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3
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Hsieh KT, Wu CC, Lee SJ, Chen YH, Shiue SY, Liao YC, Liu SH, Wang IW, Tseng CS, Li WH, Wang CS, Chen LJ. Rice GA3ox1 modulates pollen starch granule accumulation and pollen wall development. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292400. [PMID: 37812600 PMCID: PMC10561864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The rice GA biosynthetic gene OsGA3ox1 has been proposed to regulate pollen development through the gametophytic manner, but cellular characterization of its mutant pollen is lacking. In this study, three heterozygotic biallelic variants, "-3/-19", "-3/-2" and "-3/-10", each containing one null and one 3bp-deletion allele, were obtained by the CRISPR/Cas9 technique for the functional study of OsGA3ox1. The three homozygotes, "-19/-19", "-2/-2" and "-10/-10", derived from heterozygotic variants, did not affect the development of most vegetative and floral organs but showed a significant reduction in seed-setting rate and in pollen viability. Anatomic characterizations of these mutated osga3ox1 pollens revealed defects in starch granule accumulation and pollen wall development. Additional molecular characterization suggests that abnormal pollen development in the osga3ox1 mutants might be linked to the regulation of transcription factors OsGAMYB, OsTDR and OsbHLH142 during late pollen development. In brief, the rice GA3ox1 is a crucial gene that modulates pollen starch granule accumulation and pollen wall development at the gametophytic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ting Hsieh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chih Wu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jie Lee
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Heng Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shiau-Yu Shiue
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Liao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Su-Hui Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I.-Wen Wang
- Division of Biotechnology, Taiwan Agriculture Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Shan Tseng
- Division of Biotechnology, Taiwan Agriculture Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsiung Li
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Chang-Sheng Wang
- Department of Agronomy, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Innovation Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Jwu Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Innovation Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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4
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Simmons CR, Herman RA. Non-seed plants are emerging gene sources for agriculture and insect control proteins. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:23-37. [PMID: 37309832 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The non-seed plants (e.g., charophyte algae, bryophytes, and ferns) have multiple human uses, but their contributions to agriculture and research have lagged behind seed plants. While sharing broadly conserved biology with seed plants and the major crops, non-seed plants sometimes possess alternative molecular and physiological adaptations. These adaptations may guide crop improvements. One such area is the presence of multiple classes of insecticidal proteins found in non-seed plant genomes which are either absent or widely diverged in seed plants. There are documented uses of non-seed plants, and ferns for example have been used in human diets. Among the occasional identifiable toxins or antinutritive components present in non-seed plants, none include these insecticidal proteins. Apart from these discrete risk factors which can be addressed in the safety assessment, there should be no general safety concern about sourcing genes from non-seed plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl R Simmons
- Corteva Agriscience, Trait Discovery, Johnston, Iowa, 50131, USA
| | - Rod A Herman
- Corteva Agriscience, Regulatory and Stewardship, Johnston, Iowa, 50131, USA
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5
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Phokas A, Meyberg R, Briones‐Moreno A, Hernandez‐Garcia J, Wadsworth PT, Vesty EF, Blazquez MA, Rensing SA, Coates JC. DELLA proteins regulate spore germination and reproductive development in Physcomitrium patens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:654-672. [PMID: 36683399 PMCID: PMC10952515 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Proteins of the DELLA family integrate environmental signals to regulate growth and development throughout the plant kingdom. Plants expressing non-degradable DELLA proteins underpinned the development of high-yielding 'Green Revolution' dwarf crop varieties in the 1960s. In vascular plants, DELLAs are regulated by gibberellins, diterpenoid plant hormones. How DELLA protein function has changed during land plant evolution is not fully understood. We have examined the function and interactions of DELLA proteins in the moss Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens, in the sister group of vascular plants (Bryophytes). PpDELLAs do not undergo the same regulation as flowering plant DELLAs. PpDELLAs are not degraded by diterpenes, do not interact with GID1 gibberellin receptor proteins and do not participate in responses to abiotic stress. PpDELLAs do share a function with vascular plant DELLAs during reproductive development. PpDELLAs also regulate spore germination. PpDELLAs interact with moss-specific photoreceptors although a function for PpDELLAs in light responses was not detected. PpDELLAs likely act as 'hubs' for transcriptional regulation similarly to their homologues across the plant kingdom. Taken together, these data demonstrate that PpDELLA proteins share some biological functions with DELLAs in flowering plants, but other DELLA functions and regulation evolved independently in both plant lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Phokas
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastinBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Rabea Meyberg
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of MarburgKarl‐von‐Frisch‐Straße 8Marburg35043Germany
| | - Asier Briones‐Moreno
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC‐Universitat Politècnica de València)C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/nValencia46022Spain
| | - Jorge Hernandez‐Garcia
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC‐Universitat Politècnica de València)C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/nValencia46022Spain
| | | | - Eleanor F. Vesty
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastinBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Miguel A. Blazquez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC‐Universitat Politècnica de València)C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/nValencia46022Spain
| | - Stefan A. Rensing
- Faculty of Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of FreiburgStefan‐Meier‐Straße 19Freiburg79104Germany
| | - Juliet C. Coates
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastinBirminghamB15 2TTUK
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6
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Sekimoto H, Komiya A, Tsuyuki N, Kawai J, Kanda N, Ootsuki R, Suzuki Y, Toyoda A, Fujiyama A, Kasahara M, Abe J, Tsuchikane Y, Nishiyama T. A divergent RWP-RK transcription factor determines mating type in heterothallic Closterium. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1636-1651. [PMID: 36533897 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Closterium peracerosum-strigosum-littorale complex (Closterium, Zygnematophyceae) has an isogamous mating system. Members of the Zygnematophyceae are the closest relatives to extant land plants and are distantly related to chlorophytic models, for which a genetic basis of mating type (MT) determination has been reported. We thus investigated MT determination in Closterium. We sequenced genomes representing the two MTs, mt+ and mt-, in Closterium and identified CpMinus1, a gene linked to the mt- phenotype. We analyzed its function using reverse genetics methods. CpMinus1 encodes a divergent RWP-RK domain-containing-like transcription factor and is specifically expressed during gamete differentiation. Introduction of CpMinus1 into an mt+ strain was sufficient to convert it to a phenotypically mt- strain, while CpMinus1-knockout mt- strains were phenotypically mt+. We propose that CpMinus1 is the major MT determinant that acts by evoking the mt- phenotype and suppressing the mt+ phenotype in heterothallic Closterium. CpMinus1 likely evolved independently in the Zygnematophyceae lineage, which lost an egg-sperm anisogamous mating system. mt- specific regions possibly constitute an MT locus flanked by common sequences that undergo some recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sekimoto
- Division of Material and Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Ayumi Komiya
- Division of Material and Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Natsumi Tsuyuki
- Division of Material and Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Junko Kawai
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Naho Kanda
- Division of Material and Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Ryo Ootsuki
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8568, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Asao Fujiyama
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kasahara
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8568, Japan
| | - Jun Abe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
| | - Yuki Tsuchikane
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Nishiyama
- Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Kakumacho, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
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7
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Renzaglia KS, Ashton NW, Suh DY. Sporogenesis in Physcomitrium patens: Intergenerational collaboration and the development of the spore wall and aperture. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1165293. [PMID: 37123413 PMCID: PMC10133578 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1165293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the evolution of spores was critical to the diversification of plants on land, sporogenesis is incompletely characterized for model plants such as Physcomitrium patens. In this study, the complete process of P. patens sporogenesis is detailed from capsule expansion to mature spore formation, with emphasis on the construction of the complex spore wall and proximal aperture. Both diploid (sporophytic) and haploid (spores) cells contribute to the development and maturation of spores. During capsule expansion, the diploid cells of the capsule, including spore mother cells (SMCs), inner capsule wall layer (spore sac), and columella, contribute a locular fibrillar matrix that contains the machinery and nutrients for spore ontogeny. Nascent spores are enclosed in a second matrix that is surrounded by a thin SMC wall and suspended in the locular material. As they expand and separate, a band of exine is produced external to a thin foundation layer of tripartite lamellae. Dense globules assemble evenly throughout the locule, and these are incorporated progressively onto the spore surface to form the perine external to the exine. On the distal spore surface, the intine forms internally, while the spiny perine ornamentation is assembled. The exine is at least partially extrasporal in origin, while the perine is derived exclusively from outside the spore. Across the proximal surface of the polar spores, an aperture begins formation at the onset of spore development and consists of an expanded intine, an annulus, and a central pad with radiating fibers. This complex aperture is elastic and enables the proximal spore surface to cycle between being compressed (concave) and expanded (rounded). In addition to providing a site for water intake and germination, the elastic aperture is likely involved in desiccation tolerance. Based on the current phylogenies, the ancestral plant spore contained an aperture, exine, intine, and perine. The reductive evolution of liverwort and hornwort spores entailed the loss of perine in both groups and the aperture in liverworts. This research serves as the foundation for comparisons with other plant groups and for future studies of the developmental genetics and evolution of spores across plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S. Renzaglia
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Karen S. Renzaglia,
| | - Neil W. Ashton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Dae-Yeon Suh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
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8
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Reboledo G, Agorio A, Ponce De León I. Moss transcription factors regulating development and defense responses to stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4546-4561. [PMID: 35167679 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors control gene expression, leading to regulation of biological processes that determine plant development and adaptation to the environment. Land colonization by plants occurred 450-470 million years ago and was accompanied by an increase in the complexity of transcriptional regulation associated to transcription factor gene expansions. AP2/ERF, bHLH, MYB, NAC, GRAS, and WRKY transcription factor families increased in land plants compared with algae. In angiosperms, they play crucial roles in regulating plant growth and responses to environmental stressors. However, less information is available in bryophytes and only in a few cases is the functional role of moss transcription factors in stress mechanisms known. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the transcription factor families involved in development and defense responses to stress in mosses and other bryophytes. By exploring and analysing the Physcomitrium patens public database and published transcriptional profiles, we show that a high number of AP2/ERF, bHLH, MYB, NAC, GRAS, and WRKY genes are differentially expressed in response to abiotic stresses and during biotic interactions. Expression profiles together with a comprehensive analysis provide insights into relevant transcription factors involved in moss defenses, and hint at distinct and conserved biological roles between bryophytes and angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Reboledo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Astrid Agorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Inés Ponce De León
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
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9
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Lopez‐Obando M, Landberg K, Sundberg E, Thelander M. Dependence on clade II bHLH transcription factors for nursing of haploid products by tapetal-like cells is conserved between moss sporangia and angiosperm anthers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:718-731. [PMID: 35037245 PMCID: PMC9306660 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Clade II basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors (bHLH TFs) are essential for pollen production and tapetal nursing functions in angiosperm anthers. As pollen has been suggested to be related to bryophyte spores by descent, we characterized two Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens clade II bHLH TFs (PpbHLH092 and PpbHLH098), to test if regulation of sporogenous cells and the nursing cells surrounding them is conserved between angiosperm anthers and bryophyte sporangia. We made CRISPR-Cas9 reporter and loss-of-function lines to address the function of PpbHLH092/098. We sectioned and analyzed WT and mutant sporophytes for a comprehensive stage-by-stage comparison of sporangium development. Spore precursors in the P. patens sporangium are surrounded by nursing cells showing striking similarities to tapetal cells in angiosperms. Moss clade II bHLH TFs are essential for the differentiation of these tapetal-like cells and for the production of functional spores. Clade II bHLH TFs provide a conserved role in controlling the sporophytic somatic cells surrounding and nursing the sporogenous cells in both moss sporangia and angiosperm anthers. This supports the hypothesis that such nursing functions in mosses and angiosperms, lineages separated by c. 450 million years, are related by descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Lopez‐Obando
- Department of Plant BiologyThe Linnean Centre of Plant Biology in UppsalaSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesPO Box 7080UppsalaSE‐75007Sweden
- VEDAS Corporación de Investigación e Innovación (VEDASCII)Cl 8 B 65‐261 050024MedellínColombia
| | - Katarina Landberg
- Department of Plant BiologyThe Linnean Centre of Plant Biology in UppsalaSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesPO Box 7080UppsalaSE‐75007Sweden
| | - Eva Sundberg
- Department of Plant BiologyThe Linnean Centre of Plant Biology in UppsalaSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesPO Box 7080UppsalaSE‐75007Sweden
| | - Mattias Thelander
- Department of Plant BiologyThe Linnean Centre of Plant Biology in UppsalaSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesPO Box 7080UppsalaSE‐75007Sweden
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10
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Wu Y, Wen J, Xia Y, Zhang L, Du H. Evolution and functional diversification of R2R3-MYB transcription factors in plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac058. [PMID: 35591925 PMCID: PMC9113232 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
R2R3-MYB genes (R2R3-MYBs) form one of the largest transcription factor gene families in the plant kingdom, with substantial structural and functional diversity. However, the evolutionary processes leading to this amazing functional diversity have not yet been clearly established. Recently developed genomic and classical molecular technologies have provided detailed insights into the evolutionary relationships and functions of plant R2R3-MYBs. Here, we review recent genome-level and functional analyses of plant R2R3-MYBs, with an emphasis on their evolution and functional diversification. In land plants, this gene family underwent a large expansion by whole genome duplications and small-scale duplications. Along with this population explosion, a series of functionally conserved or lineage-specific subfamilies/groups arose with roles in three major plant-specific biological processes: development and cell differentiation, specialized metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses. The rapid expansion and functional diversification of plant R2R3-MYBs are highly consistent with the increasing complexity of angiosperms. In particular, recently derived R2R3-MYBs with three highly homologous intron patterns (a, b, and c) are disproportionately related to specialized metabolism and have become the predominant subfamilies in land plant genomes. The evolution of plant R2R3-MYBs is an active area of research, and further studies are expected to improve our understanding of the evolution and functional diversification of this gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wu
- Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jing Wen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yiping Xia
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Liangsheng Zhang
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hai Du
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
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Zhang JX, Liu HM, Yang BN, Wang HL, Niu SH, El-Kassaby YA, Li W. Phytohormone profiles and related gene expressions after endodormancy release in developing Pinus tabuliformis male strobili. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 316:111167. [PMID: 35151451 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Development after endo-dormancy release ensures perennial plants, such as forest trees, proper response to environmental changes and enhances their adaptability. In northern hemisphere, megasporophore and microsporophore of conifers undergo dormancy to complete their development. Here combined with transcriptome data, we used high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-HPLC-MS/MS) to quantitatively analyse the various hormones (Abscisic Acid (ABA), 3-Indoleacetic acid (IAA), Gibberellins (GAs), Cytokinin (CTK), Jasmonic acid (JA) and Salicylic acid (SA)) of Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis Carr.) male strobili after endo-dormancy release. More specifically, we analysed endogenous hormones and their related-genes and verified the important role of ABA in plants growth and development. We observed rapid decrease in ABA content after dormancy release, resulting in reducing the inhibitory effect on male strobili growth. Similarly, rapid drop in ABA/GA ratio was observed and was associated with the start of male strobili growth and development. Combined with transcriptome data, we found that HAB2-SnRK2.10 played a central role in the ABA pathway in the entire network of hormones regulating male strobili development. Due to external environment warming, the differentially expressed HAB2-SnRK gene led to ABA content rapid decline, thus initiating male strobili growth. We constructed a network of hormone-regulated development to understand the interactions between hormones after male strobili dormancy release of male strobili. This study provided essential foundations for studying megasporophore and microsporophore growth mechanism after endo-dormancy and offered new ideas for flower development in gymnosperms and angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xing Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Mei Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Ning Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Li Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Hui Niu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yousry A El-Kassaby
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wei Li
- National Engineering Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Mittal L, Tayyeba S, Sinha AK. Finding a breather for Oryza sativa: Understanding hormone signalling pathways involved in rice plants to submergence stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:279-295. [PMID: 34971465 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During the course of evolution, different ecotypes of rice (Oryza sativa L.) have evolved distinct strategies to cope with submergence stress. Such contrasting responses are mediated by plant hormones that are principle regulators of growth, development and responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses. These hormones act cooperatively and show extensive crosstalk which is mediated by key regulatory genes that serve as nodes of molecular communication. The presence or absence of such genes leads to significant changes in hormone signalling pathways and hence, governs the type of response that the plant will exhibit. As flooding is one of the leading causes of crop loss across all the major rice-producing countries, it is crucial to deeply understand the molecular nexus governing the response to submergence to produce flood resilient varieties. This review focuses on the hormonal signalling pathways that mediate two contrasting responses of the rice plant to submergence stress namely, rapid internode elongation to escape flood waters and quiescence response that enables the plant to survive under complete submergence. The significance of several key genes such as Sub1A-1, SLR1, SD1 and SK1/SK2, in defining the ultimate response to submergence has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Mittal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumaira Tayyeba
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok K Sinha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
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Seetharam AS, Yu Y, Bélanger S, Clark LG, Meyers BC, Kellogg EA, Hufford MB. The Streptochaeta Genome and the Evolution of the Grasses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:710383. [PMID: 34671369 PMCID: PMC8521107 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.710383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we sequenced and annotated the genome of Streptochaeta angustifolia, one of two genera in the grass subfamily Anomochlooideae, a lineage sister to all other grasses. The final assembly size is over 99% of the estimated genome size. We find good collinearity with the rice genome and have captured most of the gene space. Streptochaeta is similar to other grasses in the structure of its fruit (a caryopsis or grain) but has peculiar flowers and inflorescences that are distinct from those in the outgroups and in other grasses. To provide tools for investigations of floral structure, we analyzed two large families of transcription factors, AP2-like and R2R3 MYBs, that are known to control floral and spikelet development in rice and maize among other grasses. Many of these are also regulated by small RNAs. Structure of the gene trees showed that the well documented whole genome duplication at the origin of the grasses (ρ) occurred before the divergence of the Anomochlooideae lineage from the lineage leading to the rest of the grasses (the spikelet clade) and thus that the common ancestor of all grasses probably had two copies of the developmental genes. However, Streptochaeta (and by inference other members of Anomochlooideae) has lost one copy of many genes. The peculiar floral morphology of Streptochaeta may thus have derived from an ancestral plant that was morphologically similar to the spikelet-bearing grasses. We further identify 114 loci producing microRNAs and 89 loci generating phased, secondary siRNAs, classes of small RNAs known to be influential in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of several plant functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun S. Seetharam
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Yunqing Yu
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | | | - Lynn G. Clark
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Blake C. Meyers
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | | | - Matthew B. Hufford
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Qian Q, Yang Y, Zhang W, Hu Y, Li Y, Yu H, Hou X. A novel Arabidopsis gene RGAT1 is required for GA-mediated tapetum and pollen development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:137-151. [PMID: 33660280 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone gibberellin (GA) is critical for anther development. RGA, a member of the DELLA family of proteins that are central GA signalling repressors, is a key regulator of male fertility in plants. However, the downstream genes in GA-RGA-mediated anther development remain to be characterised. We identified RGA Target 1 (RGAT1), a novel Arabidopsis gene, that functions as an important RGA-regulated target in pollen development. RGAT1 is predominantly expressed in the tapetum and microspores during anther stages 8-11, and can be directly activated by RGA and suppressed by GA in inflorescence apices. Both loss of function and gain of function of RGAT1 led to abnormal tapetum development, resulting in abortive pollen and short siliques. In RGAT1-knockdown and overexpression lines, pollen abortion occurred at stage 10. Loss of RGAT1 function induced the premature degeneration of tapetal cells with defective ER-derived tapetosomes, while RGAT1 overexpression delayed tapetum degeneration. TUNEL assay confirmed that RGAT1 participates in timely tapetal programmed cell death. Moreover, reducing RGAT1 expression partially rescued the tapetal developmental defects in GA-deficient ga1-3 mutant. Our findings revealed that RGAT1 is a direct target of RGA and plays an essential role in GA-mediated tapetum and pollen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qian
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Yuhua Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yilong Hu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Yuge Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xingliang Hou
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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15
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Romani F, Moreno JE. Molecular mechanisms involved in functional macroevolution of plant transcription factors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1345-1353. [PMID: 33368298 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are key components of the transcriptional regulation machinery. In plants, they accompanied the evolution from unicellular aquatic algae to complex flowering plants that dominate the land environment. The adaptations of the body plan and physiological responses required changes in the biological functions of TFs. Some ancestral gene regulatory networks are highly conserved, while others evolved more recently and only exist in particular lineages. The recent emergence of novel model organisms provided the opportunity for comparative studies, producing new insights to infer these evolutionary trajectories. In this review, we comprehensively revisit the recent literature on TFs of nonseed plants and algae, focusing on the molecular mechanisms driving their functional evolution. We discuss the particular contribution of changes in DNA-binding specificity, protein-protein interactions and cis-regulatory elements to gene regulatory networks. Current advances have shown that these evolutionary processes were shaped by changes in TF expression pattern, not through great innovation in TF protein sequences. We propose that the role of TFs associated with environmental and developmental regulation was unevenly conserved during land plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facundo Romani
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - CONICET, Colectora RN 168 km. 0, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
| | - Javier E Moreno
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Universidad Nacional del Litoral - CONICET, Colectora RN 168 km. 0, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
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16
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Phokas A, Coates JC. Evolution of DELLA function and signaling in land plants. Evol Dev 2021; 23:137-154. [PMID: 33428269 PMCID: PMC9285615 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
DELLA proteins are master growth regulators that repress responses to a group of plant growth hormones called gibberellins (GAs). Manipulation of DELLA function and signaling was instrumental in the development of high‐yielding crop varieties that saved millions from starvation during the “Green Revolution.” Despite decades of extensive research, it is still unclear how DELLA function and signaling mechanisms evolved within the land plant lineage. Here, we review current knowledge on DELLA protein function with reference to structure, posttranslational modifications, downstream transcriptional targets, and protein–protein interactions. Furthermore, we discuss older and recent findings regarding the evolution of DELLA signaling within the land plant lineage, with an emphasis on bryophytes, and identify future avenues of research that would enable us to shed more light on the evolution of DELLA signaling. Unraveling how DELLA function and signaling mechanisms have evolved could enable us to engineer better crops in an attempt to contribute to mitigating the effects of global warming and achieving global food security. DELLA genes first appeared in the common ancestor of land plants and underwent two major duplications during land plant evolution. DELLAs repress gibberellin responses in vascular plants but their function in nonvascular plants remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Phokas
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Juliet C Coates
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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Zhou F, Chen Y, Wu H, Yin T. Genome-Wide Comparative Analysis of R2R3 MYB Gene Family in Populus and Salix and Identification of Male Flower Bud Development-Related Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:721558. [PMID: 34594352 PMCID: PMC8477045 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.721558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The MYB transcription factor (TF) family is one of the largest plant transcription factor gene family playing vital roles in plant growth and development, including defense, cell differentiation, secondary metabolism, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. As a model tree species of woody plants, in recent years, the identification and functional prediction of certain MYB family members in the poplar genome have been reported. However, to date, the characterization of the gene family in the genome of the poplar's sister species willow has not been done, nor are the differences and similarities between the poplar and willow genomes understood. In this study, we conducted the first genome-wide investigation of the R2R3 MYB subfamily in the willow, identifying 216 R2R3 MYB gene members, and combined with the poplar R2R3 MYB genes, performed the first comparative analysis of R2R3 MYB genes between the poplar and willow. We identified 81 and 86 pairs of R2R3 MYB paralogs in the poplar and willow, respectively. There were 17 pairs of tandem repeat genes in the willow, indicating active duplication of willow R2R3 MYB genes. A further 166 pairs of poplar and willow orthologs were identified by collinear and synonymous analysis. The findings support the duplication of R2R3 MYB genes in the ancestral species, with most of the R2R3 MYB genes being retained during the evolutionary process. The phylogenetic trees of the R2R3 MYB genes of 10 different species were drawn. The functions of the poplar and willow R2R3 MYB genes were predicted using reported functional groupings and clustering by OrthoFinder. Identified 5 subgroups in general expanded in woody species, three subgroups were predicted to be related to lignin synthesis, and we further speculate that the other two subgroups also play a role in wood formation. We analyzed the expression patterns of the GAMYB gene of subgroup 18 (S18) related to pollen development in the male flower buds of poplar and willow at different developmental stages by qRT-PCR. The results showed that the GAMYB gene was specifically expressed in the male flower bud from pollen formation to maturity, and that the expression first increased and then decreased. Both the specificity of tissue expression specificity and conservation indicated that GAMYB played an important role in pollen development in both poplar and willow and was an ideal candidate gene for the analysis of male flower development-related functions of the two species.
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18
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Dijkhuizen LW, Tabatabaei BES, Brouwer P, Rijken N, Buijs VA, Güngör E, Schluepmann H. Far-Red Light-Induced Azolla filiculoides Symbiosis Sexual Reproduction: Responsive Transcripts of Symbiont Nostoc azollae Encode Transporters Whilst Those of the Fern Relate to the Angiosperm Floral Transition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:693039. [PMID: 34456937 PMCID: PMC8386757 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.693039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Water ferns of the genus Azolla and the filamentous cyanobacteria Nostoc azollae constitute a model symbiosis that enabled the colonization of the water surface with traits highly desirable for the development of more sustainable crops: their floating mats capture CO2 and fix N2 at high rates using light energy. Their mode of sexual reproduction is heterosporous. The regulation of the transition from the vegetative phase to the spore forming phase in ferns is largely unknown, yet a prerequisite for Azolla domestication, and of particular interest as ferns represent the sister lineage of seed plants. Sporocarps induced with far red light could be crossed so as to verify species attribution of strains from the Netherlands but not of the strain from the Anzali lagoon in Iran; the latter strain was assigned to a novel species cluster from South America. Red-dominated light suppresses the formation of dissemination stages in both gametophyte- and sporophyte-dominated lineages of plants, the response likely is a convergent ecological strategy to open fields. FR-responsive transcripts included those from MIKCC homologues of CMADS1 and miR319-controlled GAMYB transcription factors in the fern, transporters in N. azollae, and ycf2 in chloroplasts. Loci of conserved microRNA (miRNA) in the fern lineage included miR172, yet FR only induced miR529 and miR535, and reduced miR319 and miR159. Phylogenomic analyses of MIKCC TFs suggested that the control of flowering and flower organ specification may have originated from the diploid to haploid phase transition in the homosporous common ancestor of ferns and seed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura W. Dijkhuizen
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Brouwer
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Niels Rijken
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Valerie A. Buijs
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Erbil Güngör
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Henriette Schluepmann
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Henriette Schluepmann
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Yu S, Wang JW. The Crosstalk between MicroRNAs and Gibberellin Signaling in Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1880-1890. [PMID: 32845336 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellin (GA) is an integral phytohormone that plays prominent roles in controlling seed germination, stem elongation, leaf development and floral induction. It has been shown that GA regulates these diverse biological processes mainly through overcoming the suppressive effects of the DELLA proteins, a family of nuclear repressors of GA response. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which have been identified as master regulators of gene expression in eukaryotes, are also involved in a wide range of plant developmental events through the repression of their target genes. The pathways of GA biosynthesis and signaling, as well as the pathways of miRNA biogenesis and regulation, have been profoundly delineated in the past several decades. Growing evidence has shown that miRNAs and GAs are coordinated in regulating plant development, as several components in GA pathways are targeted by miRNAs, and GAs also regulate the expression of miRNAs or their target genes vice versa. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of the molecular connections between miRNAs and GA, with an emphasis on the two miRNAs, miR156 and miR159.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Yu
- Center for RNA research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 00826, South Korea
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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20
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Biswal DP, Panigrahi KCS. Light- and hormone-mediated development in non-flowering plants: An overview. PLANTA 2020; 253:1. [PMID: 33245411 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light, hormones and their interaction regulate different aspects of development in non-flowering plants. They might have played a role in the evolution of different plant groups by conferring specific adaptive evolutionary changes. Plants are sessile organisms. Unlike animals, they lack the opportunity to abandon their habitat in unfavorable conditions. They respond to different environmental cues and adapt accordingly to control their growth and developmental pattern. While phytohormones are known to be internal regulators of plant development, light is a major environmental signal that shapes plant processes. It is plausible that light-hormone crosstalk might have played an important role in plant evolution. But how the crosstalk between light and phytohormone signaling pathways might have shaped the plant evolution is unclear. One of the possible reasons is that flowering plants have been studied extensively in context of plant development, which cannot serve the purpose of evolutionary comparisons. In order to elucidate the role of light, hormone and their crosstalk in the evolutionary adaptation in plant kingdom, one needs to understand various light- and hormone-mediated processes in diverse non-flowering plants. This review is an attempt to outline major light- and phytohormone-mediated responses in non-flowering plant groups such as algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Prasad Biswal
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Kishore Chandra Sekhar Panigrahi
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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Zheng X, He L, Liu Y, Mao Y, Wang C, Zhao B, Li Y, He H, Guo S, Zhang L, Schneider H, Tadege M, Chang F, Chen J. A study of male fertility control in Medicago truncatula uncovers an evolutionarily conserved recruitment of two tapetal bHLH subfamilies in plant sexual reproduction. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1115-1133. [PMID: 32594537 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Male sterility is an important tool for plant breeding and hybrid seed production. Male-sterile mutants are largely due to an abnormal development of either the sporophytic or gametophytic anther tissues. Tapetum, a key sporophytic tissue, provides nutrients for pollen development, and its delayed degeneration induces pollen abortion. Numerous bHLH proteins have been documented to participate in the degeneration of the tapetum in angiosperms, but relatively little attention has been given to the evolution of the involved developmental pathways across the phylogeny of land plants. A combination of cellular, molecular, biochemical and evolutionary analyses was used to investigate the male fertility control in Medicago truncatula. We characterized the male-sterile mutant empty anther1 (ean1) and identified EAN1 as a tapetum-specific bHLH transcription factor necessary for tapetum degeneration. Our study uncovered an evolutionarily conserved recruitment of bHLH subfamily II and III(a + c)1 in the regulation of tapetum degeneration. EAN1 belongs to the subfamily II and specifically forms heterodimers with the subfamily III(a + c)1 members, which suggests a heterodimerization mechanism conserved in angiosperms. Our work suggested that the pathway of two tapetal-bHLH subfamilies is conserved in all land plants, and likely was established before the divergence of the spore-producing land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liangliang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ye Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yawen Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Baolin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Youhan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Hua He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Shiqi Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liangsheng Zhang
- Genomics and Genetic Engineering Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Harald Schneider
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Million Tadege
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Fang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
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Nakajima M, Miyazaki S, Kawaide H. Hormonal Diterpenoids Distinct to Gibberellins Regulate Protonema Differentiation in the Moss Physcomitrium patens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 61:1861-1868. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Plants synthesize gibberellin (GA), a diterpenoid hormone, via ent-kaurenoic acid (KA) oxidation. GA has not been detected in the moss Physcomitrium patens despite its ability to synthesize KA. It was recently shown that a KA metabolite, 3OH-KA, was identified as an active regulator of protonema differentiation in P. patens. An inactive KA metabolite, 2OH-KA, was also identified in the moss, as was KA2ox, which is responsible for converting KA to 2OH-KA. In this review, we mainly discuss the GA biosynthetic gene homologs identified and characterized in bryophytes. We show the similarities and differences between the OH-KA control of moss and GA control of flowering plants. We also discuss using recent genomic studies; mosses do not contain KAO, even though other bryophytes do. This absence of KAO in mosses corresponds to the presence of KA2ox, which is absent in other vascular plants. Thus, given that 2OH-KA and 3OH-KA were isolated from ferns and flowering plants, respectively, vascular plants may have evolved from ancestral bryophytes that originally produced 3OH-KA and GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakajima
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Sho Miyazaki
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaide
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509 Japan
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Yoshida H, Takehara S, Mori M, Ordonio RL, Matsuoka M. Evolution of GA Metabolic Enzymes in Land Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 61:1919-1934. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Gibberellins (GAs) play key roles in various developmental processes in land plants. We studied the evolutionary trends of GA metabolic enzymes through a comprehensive homology search and phylogenetic analyses from bryophytes to angiosperms. Our analyses suggest that, in the process of evolution, plants were able to acquire GA metabolic enzymes in a stepwise manner and that the enzymes had rapidly diversified in angiosperms. As a good example of their rapid diversification, we focused on the GA-deactivating enzyme, GA 2-oxidase (GA2ox). Although the establishment of a GA system first occurred in lycophytes, its inactivation system mediated by GA2oxs was established at a much later time: the rise of gymnosperms and the rise of angiosperms through C19-GA2ox and C20-GA2ox development, respectively, as supported by the results of our direct examination of their enzymatic activities in vitro. Based on these comprehensive studies of GA metabolic enzymes, we discuss here that angiosperms rapidly developed a sophisticated system to delicately control the level of active GAs by increasing their copy numbers for their survival under different challenging environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Yoshida
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601 Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0006 Japan
- Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0006 Japan
| | - Sayaka Takehara
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Reynante Lacsamana Ordonio
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Division, Philippine Rice Research Institute, Science City of Munoz, Maligaya 3119, The Philippines
| | - Makoto Matsuoka
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601 Japan
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Spencer V, Nemec Venza Z, Harrison CJ. What can lycophytes teach us about plant evolution and development? Modern perspectives on an ancient lineage. Evol Dev 2020; 23:174-196. [PMID: 32906211 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
All Evo-Devo studies rely on representative sampling across the tree of interest to elucidate evolutionary trajectories through time. In land plants, genetic resources are well established in model species representing lineages including bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts), monilophytes (ferns and allies), and seed plants (gymnosperms and flowering plants), but few resources are available for lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts). Living lycophytes are a sister group to the euphyllophytes (the fern and seed plant clade), and have retained several ancestral morphological traits despite divergence from a common ancestor of vascular plants around 420 million years ago. This sister relationship offers a unique opportunity to study the conservation of traits such as sporophyte branching, vasculature, and indeterminacy, as well as the convergent evolution of traits such as leaves and roots which have evolved independently in each vascular plant lineage. To elucidate the evolution of vascular development and leaf formation, molecular studies using RNA Seq, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridisation and phylogenetics have revealed the diversification and expression patterns of KNOX, ARP, HD-ZIP, KANADI, and WOX gene families in lycophytes. However, the molecular basis of further trait evolution is not known. Here we describe morphological traits of living lycophytes and their extinct relatives, consider the molecular underpinnings of trait evolution and discuss future research required in lycophytes to understand the key evolutionary innovations enabling the growth and development of all vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Spencer
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Zoe Nemec Venza
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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25
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Meyberg R, Perroud PF, Haas FB, Schneider L, Heimerl T, Renzaglia KS, Rensing SA. Characterisation of evolutionarily conserved key players affecting eukaryotic flagellar motility and fertility using a moss model. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:440-454. [PMID: 32064607 PMCID: PMC8224819 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Defects in flagella/cilia are often associated with infertility and disease. Motile male gametes (sperm cells) are an ancestral eukaryotic trait that has been lost in several lineages like flowering plants. Here, we made use of a phenotypic male fertility difference between two moss (Physcomitrella patens) ecotypes to explore spermatozoid function. We compare genetic and epigenetic variation as well as expression profiles between the Gransden and Reute ecotype to identify a set of candidate genes associated with moss male infertility. We generated a loss-of-function mutant of a coiled-coil domain containing 39 (ccdc39) gene that is part of the flagellar hydin network. Defects in mammal and algal homologues of this gene coincide with a loss of fertility, demonstrating the evolutionary conservation of flagellar function related to male fertility across kingdoms. The Ppccdc39 mutant resembles the Gransden phenotype in terms of male fertility. Potentially, several somatic (epi-)mutations occurred during prolonged vegetative propagation of Gransden, causing regulatory differences of for example the homeodomain transcription factor BELL1. Probably these somatic changes are causative for the observed male fertility defect. We propose that moss spermatozoids might be employed as an easily accessible system to study male infertility of humans and animals in terms of flagellar structure and movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabea Meyberg
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Pierre-François Perroud
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Fabian B. Haas
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lucas Schneider
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Heimerl
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Karen S. Renzaglia
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Mail Code 6509, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Stefan A. Rensing
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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26
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Transcriptome Analysis in Male Strobilus Induction by Gibberellin Treatment in Cryptomeria japonica D. Don. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11060633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The plant hormone gibberellin (GA) is known to regulate elongating growth, seed germination, and the initiation of flower bud formation, and it has been postulated that GAs originally had functions in reproductive processes. Studies on the mechanism of induction of flowering by GA have been performed in Arabidopsis and other model plants. In coniferous trees, reproductive organ induction by GAs is known to occur, but there are few reports on the molecular mechanism in this system. To clarify the gene expression dynamics of the GA induction of the male strobilus in Cryptomeria japonica, we performed comprehensive gene expression analysis using a microarray. A GA-treated group and a nontreated group were allowed to set, and individual trees were sampled over a 6-week time course. A total of 881 genes exhibiting changed expression was identified. In the GA-treated group, genes related to ‘stress response’ and to ‘cell wall’ were initially enriched, and genes related to ‘transcription’ and ‘transcription factor activity’ were enriched at later stages. This analysis also clarified the dynamics of the expression of genes related to GA signaling transduction following GA treatment, permitting us to compare and contrast with the expression dynamics of genes implicated in signal transduction responses to other plant hormones. These results suggested that various plant hormones have complex influences on the male strobilus induction. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) using expression patterns of the genes that exhibited sequence similarity with flower bud or floral organ formation-related genes of Arabidopsis was performed. PCA suggested that gene expression leading to male strobilus formation in C. japonica became conspicuous within one week of GA treatment. Together, these findings help to clarify the evolution of the mechanism of induction of reproductive organs by GA.
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27
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Shi C, Luo P, Du YT, Chen H, Huang X, Cheng TH, Luo A, Li HJ, Yang WC, Zhao P, Sun MX. Maternal control of suspensor programmed cell death via gibberellin signaling. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3484. [PMID: 31375676 PMCID: PMC6677759 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant embryos are generated and develop in a stable and well-protected microenvironment surrounded by maternal tissue, which is vital for embryogenesis. However, the signaling mechanisms responsible for maternal tissue-to-proembryo communication are not well understood. Here, we report a pathway for maternal tissue-to-proembryo communication. We identify a DELLA protein, NtCRF1 (NtCYS regulative factor 1), which regulates suspensor programmed cell death (PCD). NtCRF1 can bind to the promoter of NtCYS and regulate the suspensor PCD-switch module NtCYS-NtCP14 in response to gibberellin (GA). We confirm that GA4, as a primary signal triggering suspensor PCD, is generated in the micropylar endothelium by the transient activation of NtGA3oxs in the maternal tissue. Thus, we propose that GA is a maternal-to-proembryo communication signal that is decoded in the proembryo by a GID1-CRF1-CYS-CP14 signaling cascade. Using this mode of communication, maternal tissue precisely controls the embryonic suspensor PCD and is able to nurse the proembryo in a stage-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Ting Du
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaorong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian-He Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - An Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Ju Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Cai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China.
| | - Meng-Xiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China.
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28
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Millar AA, Lohe A, Wong G. Biology and Function of miR159 in Plants. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8080255. [PMID: 31366066 PMCID: PMC6724108 DOI: 10.3390/plants8080255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
MicroR159 (miR159) is ancient, being present in the majority of land plants where it targets a class of regulatory genes called GAMYB or GAMYB-like via highly conserved miR159-binding sites. These GAMYB genes encode R2R3 MYB domain transcription factors that transduce the gibberellin (GA) signal in the seed aleurone and the anther tapetum. Here, GAMYB plays a conserved role in promoting the programmed cell death of these tissues, where miR159 function appears weak. By contrast, GAMYB is not involved in GA-signaling in vegetative tissues, but rather its expression is deleterious, leading to the inhibition of growth and development. Here, the major function of miR159 is to mediate strong silencing of GAMYB to enable normal growth. Highlighting this requirement of strong silencing are conserved RNA secondary structures associated with the miR159-binding site in GAMYB mRNA that promotes miR159-mediated repression. Although the miR159-GAMYB pathway in vegetative tissues has been implicated in a number of different functions, presently no conserved role for this pathway has emerged. We will review the current knowledge of the different proposed functions of miR159, and how this ancient pathway has been used as a model to help form our understanding of miRNA biology in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Millar
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Allan Lohe
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Gigi Wong
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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29
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Comprehensive analysis of Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility-related genes in turnip (Brassica rapa ssp. rapifera) using RNA sequencing analysis and bioinformatics. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218029. [PMID: 31199816 PMCID: PMC6568414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ogura-type cytoplasmic male sterility (Ogura-CMS) has been widely used in the hybrid breeding industry for cruciferous vegetables. Turnip (Brassica rapa ssp. rapifera) is one of the most important local cruciferous vegetables in China, cultivated for its fleshy root as a flat disc. Here, morphological characteristics of an Ogura-CMS line ‘BY10-2A’ and its maintainer fertile (MF) line ‘BY10-2B’ of turnip were investigated. Ogura-CMS turnip showed a reduction in the size of the fleshy root, and had distinct defects in microspore development and tapetum degeneration during the transition from microspore mother cells to tetrads. Defective microspore production and premature tapetum degeneration during microgametogenesis resulted in short filaments and withered white anthers, leading to complete male sterility of the Ogura-CMS line. Additionally, the mechanism regulating Ogura-CMS in turnip was investigated using inflorescence transcriptome analyses of the Ogura-CMS and MF lines. The de novo assembly resulted in a total of 84,132 unigenes. Among them, 5,117 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 1,339 up- and 3,778 down-regulated genes in the Ogura-CMS line compared to the MF line. A number of functionally known members involved in anther development and microspore formation were addressed in our DEG pool, particularly genes regulating tapetum programmed cell death (PCD), and associated with pollen wall formation. Additionally, 185 novel genes were proposed to function in male organ development based on GO analyses, of which 26 DEGs were genotype-specifically expressed. Our research provides a comprehensive foundation for understanding anther development and the CMS mechanism in turnip.
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Karunanithi PS, Zerbe P. Terpene Synthases as Metabolic Gatekeepers in the Evolution of Plant Terpenoid Chemical Diversity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1166. [PMID: 31632418 PMCID: PMC6779861 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids comprise tens of thousands of small molecule natural products that are widely distributed across all domains of life. Plants produce by far the largest array of terpenoids with various roles in development and chemical ecology. Driven by selective pressure to adapt to their specific ecological niche, individual species form only a fraction of the myriad plant terpenoids, typically representing unique metabolite blends. Terpene synthase (TPS) enzymes are the gatekeepers in generating terpenoid diversity by catalyzing complex carbocation-driven cyclization, rearrangement, and elimination reactions that enable the transformation of a few acyclic prenyl diphosphate substrates into a vast chemical library of hydrocarbon and, for a few enzymes, oxygenated terpene scaffolds. The seven currently defined clades (a-h) forming the plant TPS family evolved from ancestral triterpene synthase- and prenyl transferase-type enzymes through repeated events of gene duplication and subsequent loss, gain, or fusion of protein domains and further functional diversification. Lineage-specific expansion of these TPS clades led to variable family sizes that may range from a single TPS gene to families of more than 100 members that may further function as part of modular metabolic networks to maximize the number of possible products. Accompanying gene family expansion, the TPS family shows a profound functional plasticity, where minor active site alterations can dramatically impact product outcome, thus enabling the emergence of new functions with minimal investment in evolving new enzymes. This article reviews current knowledge on the functional diversity and molecular evolution of the plant TPS family that underlies the chemical diversity of bioactive terpenoids across the plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prema S Karunanithi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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31
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Liu B, Mo WJ, Zhang D, De Storme N, Geelen D. Cold Influences Male Reproductive Development in Plants: A Hazard to Fertility, but a Window for Evolution. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:7-18. [PMID: 30602022 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Being sessile organisms, plants suffer from various abiotic stresses including low temperature. In particular, male reproductive development of plants is extremely sensitive to cold which may dramatically reduce viable pollen shed and plant fertility. Cold stress disrupts stamen development and prominently interferes with the tapetum, with the stress-responsive hormones ABA and gibberellic acid being greatly involved. In particular, low temperature stress delays and/or inhibits programmed cell death of the tapetal cells which consequently damages pollen development and causes male sterility. On the other hand, studies in Arabidopsis and crops have revealed that ectopically decreased temperature has an impact on recombination and cytokinesis during meiotic cell division, implying a putative role for temperature in manipulating plant genomic diversity and architecture during the evolution of plants. Here, we review the current understanding of the physiological impact of cold stress on the main male reproductive development processes including tapetum development, male meiosis and gametogenesis. Moreover, we provide insights into the genetic factors and signaling pathways that are involved, with putative mechanisms being discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Wen-Juan Mo
- Experiment Center of Forestry in North China, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Dabing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nico De Storme
- Department of Plants and Crops, unit HortiCell, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Danny Geelen
- Department of Plants and Crops, unit HortiCell, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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32
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Abstract
The reproductive adaptations of land plants have played a key role in their terrestrial colonization and radiation. This encompasses mechanisms used for the production, dispersal and union of gametes to support sexual reproduction. The production of small motile male gametes and larger immotile female gametes (oogamy) in specialized multicellular gametangia evolved in the charophyte algae, the closest extant relatives of land plants. Reliance on water and motile male gametes for sexual reproduction was retained by bryophytes and basal vascular plants, but was overcome in seed plants by the dispersal of pollen and the guided delivery of non-motile sperm to the female gametes. Here we discuss the evolutionary history of male gametogenesis in streptophytes (green plants) and the underlying developmental biology, including recent advances in bryophyte and angiosperm models. We conclude with a perspective on research trends that promise to deliver a deeper understanding of the evolutionary and developmental mechanisms of male gametogenesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Hackenberg
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
| | - David Twell
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
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Kubo H, Nozawa S, Hiwatashi T, Kondou Y, Nakabayashi R, Mori T, Saito K, Takanashi K, Kohchi T, Ishizaki K. Biosynthesis of riccionidins and marchantins is regulated by R2R3-MYB transcription factors in Marchantia polymorpha. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:849-864. [PMID: 29845372 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-1044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
R2R3-MYB transcription factors constitute the largest gene family among plant transcription factor families. They became largely divergent during the evolution of land plants and regulate various biological processes. The functions of R2R3-MYBs are mostly characterized in seed plants but are poorly understood in non-seed plants. Here, we examined the function of two R2R3-MYB genes of Marchantia polymorpha (Mapoly0073s0038 and Mapoly0006s0226) that are closely related to subgroup 4 of the R2R3-MYB family. We performed LC/MS/MS metabolomics, RNA-seq analysis and expression analysis in overexpressors and knockout mutants of MpMYB14 and MpMYB02. Overexpression of MpMYB14 remarkably increased the amount of riccionidins, which are specific anthocyanins in liverworts and a few flowering plants. In contrast, overexpression of MpMYB02 increased the amount of several marchantins, which are characteristic cyclic bis (bibenzyl ether) compounds in M. polymorpha and related liverworts. Knockouts of MpMYB14 and MpMYB02 abolished the accumulation of riccionidins and marchantins, respectively. The expression of MpMYB14 was up-regulated by UV-B irradiation, N deficiency, and NaCl treatment, whereas the expression of MpMYB02 was down-regulated by NaCl treatment. Our results suggest that the regulatory framework of phenolic metabolism by R2R3-MYB was already established in early land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Kubo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Nozawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takuma Hiwatashi
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Youichi Kondou
- College of Science and Engineering, Kanto Gakuin University, Yokohama, 236-8501, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakabayashi
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mori
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kojiro Takanashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
- Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Sex Determination in Ceratopteris richardii Is Accompanied by Transcriptome Changes That Drive Epigenetic Reprogramming of the Young Gametophyte. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:2205-2214. [PMID: 29720393 PMCID: PMC6027899 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The fern Ceratopteris richardii is an important model for studies of sex determination and gamete differentiation in homosporous plants. Here we use RNA-seq to de novo assemble a transcriptome and identify genes differentially expressed in young gametophytes as their sex is determined by the presence or absence of the male-inducing pheromone called antheridiogen. Of the 1,163 consensus differentially expressed genes identified, the vast majority (1,030) are up-regulated in gametophytes treated with antheridiogen. GO term enrichment analyses of these DEGs reveals that a large number of genes involved in epigenetic reprogramming of the gametophyte genome are up-regulated by the pheromone. Additional hormone response and development genes are also up-regulated by the pheromone. This C. richardii gametophyte transcriptome and gene expression dataset will prove useful for studies focusing on sex determination and differentiation in plants.
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Wu D, Liang Y, Huang K, Jing X, Li B, Liang H. Leveraging plant exine capsules as pH-responsive delivery vehicles for hydrophobic nutraceutical encapsulation. Food Funct 2018; 9:5436-5442. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01665h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant exine capsules are natural microscale capsules that are highly physically robust and chemically resilient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- PR China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University)
| | - Youyan Liang
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- PR China
| | - Kai Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- PR China
| | - Xinyi Jing
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- PR China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- PR China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University)
| | - Hongshan Liang
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan 430070
- PR China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University)
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da Silva EM, Silva GFFE, Bidoia DB, da Silva Azevedo M, de Jesus FA, Pino LE, Peres LEP, Carrera E, López-Díaz I, Nogueira FTS. microRNA159-targeted SlGAMYB transcription factors are required for fruit set in tomato. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:95-109. [PMID: 28715118 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The transition from flowering to fruit production, namely fruit set, is crucial to ensure successful sexual plant reproduction. Although studies have described the importance of hormones (i.e. auxin and gibberellins) in controlling fruit set after pollination and fertilization, the role of microRNA-based regulation during ovary development and fruit set is still poorly understood. Here we show that the microRNA159/GAMYB1 and -2 pathway (the miR159/GAMYB1/2 module) is crucial for tomato ovule development and fruit set. MiR159 and SlGAMYBs were expressed in preanthesis ovaries, mainly in meristematic tissues, including developing ovules. SlMIR159-overexpressing tomato cv. Micro-Tom plants exhibited precocious fruit initiation and obligatory parthenocarpy, without modifying fruit shape. Histological analysis showed abnormal ovule development in such plants, which led to the formation of seedless fruits. SlGAMYB1/2 silencing in SlMIR159-overexpressing plants resulted in misregulation of pathways associated with ovule and female gametophyte development and auxin signalling, including AINTEGUMENTA-like genes and the miR167/SlARF8a module. Similarly to SlMIR159-overexpressing plants, SlGAMYB1 was downregulated in ovaries of parthenocarpic mutants with altered responses to gibberellins and auxin. SlGAMYBs likely contribute to fruit initiation by modulating auxin and gibberellin responses, rather than their levels, during ovule and ovary development. Altogether, our results unveil a novel function for the miR159-targeted SlGAMYBs in regulating an agronomically important trait, namely fruit set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder Marques da Silva
- Bioscience Institute, State University of Sao Paulo, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Felipe Ferreira E Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Débora Brussolo Bidoia
- Bioscience Institute, State University of Sao Paulo, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana da Silva Azevedo
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences (LCB), Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz' (ESALQ), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Frederico Almeida de Jesus
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences (LCB), Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz' (ESALQ), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Lilian Ellen Pino
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences (LCB), Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz' (ESALQ), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Lázaro Eustáquio Pereira Peres
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences (LCB), Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz' (ESALQ), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Esther Carrera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ingeniero Fausto Elío s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Isabel López-Díaz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ingeniero Fausto Elío s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Fabio Tebaldi Silveira Nogueira
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
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Jill Harrison C. Development and genetics in the evolution of land plant body plans. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20150490. [PMID: 27994131 PMCID: PMC5182422 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The colonization of land by plants shaped the terrestrial biosphere, the geosphere and global climates. The nature of morphological and molecular innovation driving land plant evolution has been an enigma for over 200 years. Recent phylogenetic and palaeobotanical advances jointly demonstrate that land plants evolved from freshwater algae and pinpoint key morphological innovations in plant evolution. In the haploid gametophyte phase of the plant life cycle, these include the innovation of mulitcellular forms with apical growth and multiple growth axes. In the diploid phase of the life cycle, multicellular axial sporophytes were an early innovation priming subsequent diversification of indeterminate branched forms with leaves and roots. Reverse and forward genetic approaches in newly emerging model systems are starting to identify the genetic basis of such innovations. The data place plant evo-devo research at the cusp of discovering the developmental and genetic changes driving the radiation of land plant body plans.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jill Harrison
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
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Khosa JS, Lee R, Bräuning S, Lord J, Pither-Joyce M, McCallum J, Macknight RC. Doubled Haploid 'CUDH2107' as a Reference for Bulb Onion (Allium cepa L.) Research: Development of a Transcriptome Catalogue and Identification of Transcripts Associated with Male Fertility. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166568. [PMID: 27861615 PMCID: PMC5115759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers working on model plants have derived great benefit from developing genomic and genetic resources using ‘reference’ genotypes. Onion has a large and highly heterozygous genome making the sharing of germplasm and analysis of sequencing data complicated. To simplify the discovery and analysis of genes underlying important onion traits, we are promoting the use of the homozygous double haploid line ‘CUDH2107’ by the onion research community. In the present investigation, we performed transcriptome sequencing on vegetative and reproductive tissues of CUDH2107 to develop a multi-organ reference transcriptome catalogue. A total of 396 million 100 base pair paired reads was assembled using the Trinity pipeline, resulting in 271,665 transcript contigs. This dataset was analysed for gene ontology and transcripts were classified on the basis of putative biological processes, molecular function and cellular localization. Significant differences were observed in transcript expression profiles between different tissues. To demonstrate the utility of our CUDH2107 transcriptome catalogue for understanding the genetic and molecular basis of various traits, we identified orthologues of rice genes involved in male fertility and flower development. These genes provide an excellent starting point for studying the molecular regulation, and the engineering of reproductive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robyn Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sophia Bräuning
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Janice Lord
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - John McCallum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Richard C. Macknight
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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Vesty EF, Saidi Y, Moody LA, Holloway D, Whitbread A, Needs S, Choudhary A, Burns B, McLeod D, Bradshaw SJ, Bae H, King BC, Bassel GW, Simonsen HT, Coates JC. The decision to germinate is regulated by divergent molecular networks in spores and seeds. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:952-66. [PMID: 27257104 PMCID: PMC4950004 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Dispersal is a key step in land plant life cycles, usually via formation of spores or seeds. Regulation of spore- or seed-germination allows control over the timing of transition from one generation to the next, enabling plant dispersal. A combination of environmental and genetic factors determines when seed germination occurs. Endogenous hormones mediate this decision in response to the environment. Less is known about how spore germination is controlled in earlier-evolving nonseed plants. Here, we present an in-depth analysis of the environmental and hormonal regulation of spore germination in the model bryophyte Physcomitrella patens (Aphanoregma patens). Our data suggest that the environmental signals regulating germination are conserved, but also that downstream hormone integration pathways mediating these responses in seeds were acquired after the evolution of the bryophyte lineage. Moreover, the role of abscisic acid and diterpenes (gibberellins) in germination assumed much greater importance as land plant evolution progressed. We conclude that the endogenous hormone signalling networks mediating germination in response to the environment may have evolved independently in spores and seeds. This paves the way for future research about how the mechanisms of plant dispersal on land evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor F. Vesty
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Younousse Saidi
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Laura A. Moody
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Daniel Holloway
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Amy Whitbread
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Sarah Needs
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Anushree Choudhary
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Bethany Burns
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Daniel McLeod
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Susan J. Bradshaw
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Hansol Bae
- Department of Systems BiologyTechnical University of DenmarkSøltofts Plads, 2800 KgsLyngbyDenmark
| | - Brian Christopher King
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenThorvaldsensvej 40Frederiksberg C1871Denmark
| | - George W. Bassel
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Henrik Toft Simonsen
- Department of Systems BiologyTechnical University of DenmarkSøltofts Plads, 2800 KgsLyngbyDenmark
| | - Juliet C. Coates
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
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Mundargi RC, Potroz MG, Park S, Shirahama H, Lee JH, Seo J, Cho NJ. Natural Sunflower Pollen as a Drug Delivery Vehicle. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:1167-1173. [PMID: 26516033 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In nature, pollen grains play a vital role for encapsulation. Many pollen species exist which are often used as human food supplements. Dynamic image particle analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy analysis confirmed the size, structural uniformity, and macromolecular encapsulation in sunflower pollen, paving the way to explore natural pollen grains for the encapsulation of therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra C Mundargi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore
| | - Michael G Potroz
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore
| | - Soohyun Park
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore
| | - Hitomi Shirahama
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore
| | - Jeongeun Seo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, 637553, Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459, Singapore
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Daku RM, Rabbi F, Buttigieg J, Coulson IM, Horne D, Martens G, Ashton NW, Suh DY. PpASCL, the Physcomitrella patens Anther-Specific Chalcone Synthase-Like Enzyme Implicated in Sporopollenin Biosynthesis, Is Needed for Integrity of the Moss Spore Wall and Spore Viability. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146817. [PMID: 26752629 PMCID: PMC4709238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporopollenin is the main constituent of the exine layer of spore and pollen walls. The anther-specific chalcone synthase-like (ASCL) enzyme of Physcomitrella patens, PpASCL, has previously been implicated in the biosynthesis of sporopollenin, the main constituent of exine and perine, the two outermost layers of the moss spore cell wall. We made targeted knockouts of the corresponding gene, PpASCL, and phenotypically characterized ascl sporophytes and spores at different developmental stages. Ascl plants developed normally until late in sporophytic development, when the spores produced were structurally aberrant and inviable. The development of the ascl spore cell wall appeared to be arrested early in microspore development, resulting in small, collapsed spores with altered surface morphology. The typical stratification of the spore cell wall was absent with only an abnormal perine recognisable above an amorphous layer possibly representing remnants of compromised intine and/or exine. Equivalent resistance of the spore walls of ascl mutants and the control strain to acetolysis suggests the presence of chemically inert, defective sporopollenin in the mutants. Anatomical abnormalities of late-stage ascl sporophytes include a persistent large columella and an air space incompletely filled with spores. Our results indicate that the evolutionarily conserved PpASCL gene is needed for proper construction of the spore wall and for normal maturation and viability of moss spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys M. Daku
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Fazle Rabbi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Josef Buttigieg
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ian M. Coulson
- Department of Geology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Derrick Horne
- BioImaging Facility, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Garnet Martens
- BioImaging Facility, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Neil W. Ashton
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail: (DYS); (NWA)
| | - Dae-Yeon Suh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail: (DYS); (NWA)
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Shi J, Cui M, Yang L, Kim YJ, Zhang D. Genetic and Biochemical Mechanisms of Pollen Wall Development. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:741-753. [PMID: 26442683 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The pollen wall is a specialized extracellular cell wall matrix that surrounds male gametophytes and plays an essential role in plant reproduction. Uncovering the mechanisms that control the synthesis and polymerization of the precursors of pollen wall components has been a major research focus in plant biology. We review current knowledge on the genetic and biochemical mechanisms underlying pollen wall development in eudicot model Arabidopsis thaliana and monocot model rice (Oryza sativa), focusing on the genes involved in the biosynthesis, transport, and assembly of various precursors of pollen wall components. The conserved and divergent aspects of the genes involved as well as their regulation are addressed. Current challenges and future perspectives are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU)-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Meihua Cui
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU)-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Li Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU)-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU)-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Youngin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU)-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia.
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Fischer MJC, Rustenhloz C, Leh-Louis V, Perrière G. Molecular and functional evolution of the fungal diterpene synthase genes. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:221. [PMID: 26483054 PMCID: PMC4617483 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0564-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Terpenes represent one of the largest and most diversified families of natural compounds and are used in numerous industrial applications. Terpene synthase (TPS) genes originated in bacteria as diterpene synthase (di-TPS) genes. They are also found in plant and fungal genomes. The recent availability of a large number of fungal genomes represents an opportunity to investigate how genes involved in diterpene synthesis were acquired by fungi, and to assess the consequences of this process on the fungal metabolism. Results In order to investigate the origin of fungal di-TPS, we implemented a search for potential fungal di-TPS genes and identified their presence in several unrelated Ascomycota and Basidiomycota species. The fungal di-TPS phylogenetic tree is function-related but is not associated with the phylogeny based on housekeeping genes. The lack of agreement between fungal and di-TPS-based phylogenies suggests the presence of Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGTs) events. Further evidence for HGT was provided by conservation of synteny of di-TPS and neighbouring genes in distantly related fungi. Conclusions The results obtained here suggest that fungal di-TPSs originated from an ancient HGT event of a single di-TPS gene from a plant to a fungus in Ascomycota. In fungi, these di-TPSs allowed for the formation of clusters consisting in di-TPS, GGPPS and P450 genes to create functional clusters that were transferred between fungal species, producing diterpenes acting as hormones or toxins, thus affecting fungal development and pathogenicity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-015-0564-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J C Fischer
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, Inst Natl Recherche Agron, Métab Second Vigne, Unit Mixte Recherche Santé Vigne & Qual Vins, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, F-68021, Colmar, France.
| | - Camille Rustenhloz
- Université de Strasbourg, INRA, Inst Natl Recherche Agron, Métab Second Vigne, Unit Mixte Recherche Santé Vigne & Qual Vins, 28 rue de Herrlisheim, F-68021, Colmar, France.
| | - Véronique Leh-Louis
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, FRE 2326, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, UPR 9002, 15 rue René Descartes, F-67084, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Guy Perrière
- Universite Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, 43 bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, Laboratoire de Biometrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 5558, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
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Hedden P, Sponsel V. A Century of Gibberellin Research. JOURNAL OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION 2015; 34:740-60. [PMID: 26523085 PMCID: PMC4622167 DOI: 10.1007/s00344-015-9546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Gibberellin research has its origins in Japan in the 19th century, when a disease of rice was shown to be due to a fungal infection. The symptoms of the disease including overgrowth of the seedling and sterility were later shown to be due to secretions of the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi (now reclassified as Fusarium fujikuroi), from which the name gibberellin was derived for the active component. The profound effect of gibberellins on plant growth and development, particularly growth recovery in dwarf mutants and induction of bolting and flowering in some rosette species, prompted speculation that these fungal metabolites were endogenous plant growth regulators and this was confirmed by chemical characterisation in the late 1950s. Gibberellins are now known to be present in vascular plants, and some fungal and bacterial species. The biosynthesis of gibberellins in plants and the fungus has been largely resolved in terms of the pathways, enzymes, genes and their regulation. The proposal that gibberellins act in plants by removing growth limitation was confirmed by the demonstration that they induce the degradation of the growth-inhibiting DELLA proteins. The mechanism by which this is achieved was clarified by the identification of the gibberellin receptor from rice in 2005. Current research on gibberellin action is focussed particularly on the function of DELLA proteins as regulators of gene expression. This review traces the history of gibberellin research with emphasis on the early discoveries that enabled the more recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hedden
- />Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ Hertfordshire UK
| | - Valerie Sponsel
- />Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA
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Wallace S, Chater CC, Kamisugi Y, Cuming AC, Wellman CH, Beerling DJ, Fleming AJ. Conservation of Male Sterility 2 function during spore and pollen wall development supports an evolutionarily early recruitment of a core component in the sporopollenin biosynthetic pathway. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:390-401. [PMID: 25195943 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The early evolution of plants required the acquisition of a number of key adaptations to overcome physiological difficulties associated with survival on land. One of these was a tough sporopollenin wall that enclosed reproductive propagules and provided protection from desiccation and UV-B radiation. All land plants possess such walled spores (or their derived homologue, pollen). We took a reverse genetics approach, consisting of knock-out and complementation experiments to test the functional conservation of the sporopollenin-associated gene MALE STERILTY 2 (which is essential for pollen wall development in Arabidopsis thaliana) in the bryophyte Physcomitrella patens. Knock-outs of a putative moss homologue of the A. thaliana MS2 gene, which is highly expressed in the moss sporophyte, led to spores with highly defective walls comparable to that observed in the A. thaliana ms2 mutant, and extremely compromised germination. Conversely, the moss MS2 gene could not rescue the A. thaliana ms2 phenotype. The results presented here suggest that a core component of the biochemical and developmental pathway required for angiosperm pollen wall development was recruited early in land plant evolution but the continued increase in pollen wall complexity observed in angiosperms has been accompanied by divergence in MS2 gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wallace
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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Plackett ARG, Di Stilio VS, Langdale JA. Ferns: the missing link in shoot evolution and development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:972. [PMID: 26594222 PMCID: PMC4635223 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Shoot development in land plants is a remarkably complex process that gives rise to an extreme diversity of forms. Our current understanding of shoot developmental mechanisms comes almost entirely from studies of angiosperms (flowering plants), the most recently diverged plant lineage. Shoot development in angiosperms is based around a layered multicellular apical meristem that produces lateral organs and/or secondary meristems from populations of founder cells at its periphery. In contrast, non-seed plant shoots develop from either single apical initials or from a small population of morphologically distinct apical cells. Although developmental and molecular information is becoming available for non-flowering plants, such as the model moss Physcomitrella patens, making valid comparisons between highly divergent lineages is extremely challenging. As sister group to the seed plants, the monilophytes (ferns and relatives) represent an excellent phylogenetic midpoint of comparison for unlocking the evolution of shoot developmental mechanisms, and recent technical advances have finally made transgenic analysis possible in the emerging model fern Ceratopteris richardii. This review compares and contrasts our current understanding of shoot development in different land plant lineages with the aim of highlighting the potential role that the fern C. richardii could play in shedding light on the evolution of underlying genetic regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. G. Plackett
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of OxfordOxford, UK
- *Correspondence: Andrew R. G. Plackett,
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47
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Molecular evolution of the substrate specificity of ent-kaurene synthases to adapt to gibberellin biosynthesis in land plants. Biochem J 2014; 462:539-46. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20140134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We analysed the function of monofunctional diterpene cyclases in Selaginella moellendorffii. Investigation of the substrate specificity of ent-kaurene synthases of non-flowering and flowering plants suggests that monofunctional diterpene cyclases involved in ent-kaurene biosynthesis may have co-evolved with gibberellin biosynthesis.
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Bach SS, King BC, Zhan X, Simonsen HT, Hamberger B. Heterologous stable expression of terpenoid biosynthetic genes using the moss Physcomitrella patens. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1153:257-271. [PMID: 24777804 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0606-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Heterologous and stable expression of genes encoding terpenoid biosynthetic enzymes in planta is an important tool for functional characterization and is an attractive alternative to expression in microbial hosts for biotechnological production. Despite improvements to the procedure, such as streamlining of large scale Agrobacterium infiltration and upregulation of the upstream pathways, transient in planta heterologous expression quickly reaches limitations when used for production of terpenoids. Stable integration of transgenes into the nuclear genome of the moss Physcomitrella patens has already been widely recognized as a viable alternative for industrial-scale production of biopharmaceuticals. For expression of terpenoid biosynthetic genes, and reconstruction of heterologous pathways, Physcomitrella has unique attributes that makes it a very promising biotechnological host. These features include a high native tolerance to terpenoids, a simple endogenous terpenoid profile, convenient genome editing using homologous recombination, and cultivation techniques that allow up-scaling from single cells in microtiter plates to industrial photo-bioreactors. Beyond its use for functional characterization of terpenoid biosynthetic genes, engineered Physcomitrella can be a green biotechnological platform for production of terpenoids. Here, we describe two complementary and simple procedures for stable nuclear transformation of Physcomitrella with terpenoid biosynthetic genes, selection and cultivation of transgenic lines, and metabolite analysis of terpenoids produced in transgenic moss lines. We also provide tools for metabolic engineering through genome editing using homologous recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Spanner Bach
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Niu BX, He FR, He M, Ren D, Chen LT, Liu YG. The ATP-binding cassette transporter OsABCG15 is required for anther development and pollen fertility in rice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 55:710-20. [PMID: 23570336 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant male reproductive development is a complex biological process, but the underlying mechanism is not well understood. Here, we characterized a rice (Oryza sativa L.) male sterile mutant. Based on map-based cloning and sequence analysis, we identified a 1,459-bp deletion in an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporter gene, OsABCG15, causing abnormal anthers and male sterility. Therefore, we named this mutant osabcg15. Expression analysis showed that OsABCG15 is expressed specifically in developmental anthers from stage 8 (meiosis II stage) to stage 10 (late microspore stage). Two genes CYP704B2 and WDA1, involved in the biosynthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids for the establishment of the anther cuticle and pollen exine, were downregulated in osabcg15 mutant, suggesting that OsABCG15 may play a key function in the processes related to sporopollenin biosynthesis or sporopollenin transfer from tapetal cells to anther locules. Consistently, histological analysis showed that osabcg15 mutants developed obvious abnormality in postmeiotic tapetum degeneration, leading to rapid degredation of young microspores. The results suggest that OsABCG15 plays a critical role in exine formation and pollen development, similar to the homologous gene of AtABCG26 in Arabidopsis. This work is helpful to understand the regulatory network in rice anther development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Xiao Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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