1
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Volek TS, Verkamp MA, Ruiz GN, Staat AJ, Li BC, Rose MJ, Eaves JD, Roberts ST. Slowed Singlet Exciton Fission Enhances Triplet Exciton Transport in Select Perylenediimide Crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39422542 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c09923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) materials used in light-harvesting devices must not only efficiently produce spin-triplet excitons but also transport them to an energy acceptor. N,N'-Bis(2-phenylethyl)-3,4,9,10-perylenedicarboximide (EP-PDI) is a promising SF chromophore due to its photostability, large extinction coefficient, and high triplet yield, but the energy transport mechanisms in EP-PDI solids are minimally understood. Herein, we use transient absorption microscopy to directly characterize exciton transport in EP-PDI crystals. We find evidence for singlet-mediated transport in which pairs of triplet excitons undergo triplet fusion (TF), producing spin-singlet excitons that rapidly diffuse. This interchange of singlet and triplet excitons shuttles triplets as far as 205 nm within the first 500 ps after photoexcitation. This enhanced transport comes at a cost, however, as it necessitates favoring triplet recombination and thus requires fine-tuning of SF dynamics to balance triplet yields with triplet transport lengths. Through numerical modeling, we predict tuning the ratio of SF and TF rate constants, kSF/kTF, to between 1.9 and 3.8 allows for an optimized triplet transport length (425-563 nm) with minimal loss (7-10%) in triplet yield. Interestingly, by adjusting the size of EP-PDI crystals, we find that we can subtly tune their crystal structure and thereby alter their SF and TF rates. By slowing SF within small EP-PDI crystals, we are able to boost their triplet transport length by ∼20%. Although counterintuitive, our work suggests slowing SF by introducing moderate structural distortions can be preferential when optimizing triplet exciton transport, provided singlet exciton transport is not significantly hindered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner S Volek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Max A Verkamp
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Hanover College, Hanover, Indiana 47243, United States
| | - Gabriella N Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Alexander J Staat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Boxi Cam Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Michael J Rose
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Joel D Eaves
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Sean T Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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2
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Riley DB, Meredith P, Armin A. Exciton diffusion in organic semiconductors: precision and pitfalls. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:17761-17777. [PMID: 39171513 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02467b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Nanometer exciton diffusion is a fundamental process important in virtually all applications of organic semiconductors. Many measurement techniques have been developed to measure exciton diffusion length (LD) at the nanometer scale; however, these techniques have common challenges that the community has worked for decades to overcome. In this perspective, we lay out the principal challenges researchers need to overcome to obtain an accurate measurement of LD. We then examine the most common techniques used to measure LD with respect to these challenges and describe solutions developed to overcome them. This analysis leads to the suggestion that static quenching techniques underestimate LD due to uncertainties in the quenching behavior, while time-resolved exciton-exciton annihilation (EEA) techniques overestimate LD based on experimental conditions, we advance steady-state EEA techniques as an alternative that overcome many of the challenges of these other techniques while preserving accuracy. We support this hypothesis with a meta-analysis of LD measured across various organic semiconductors and measurement techniques. We intend this investigation to provide a framework for researchers to interpret and compare findings across measurement techniques and to guide researchers on how to obtain the most accurate results for each technique in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew B Riley
- Sustainable Advanced Materials (Sêr-SAM), Centre for Integrative Semiconductor Materials (CISM), Department of Physics, Swansea University Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK.
| | - Paul Meredith
- Sustainable Advanced Materials (Sêr-SAM), Centre for Integrative Semiconductor Materials (CISM), Department of Physics, Swansea University Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK.
| | - Ardalan Armin
- Sustainable Advanced Materials (Sêr-SAM), Centre for Integrative Semiconductor Materials (CISM), Department of Physics, Swansea University Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK.
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3
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Papadopoulos I, Hui JKH, Morikawa MA, Kawahara Y, Kaneko K, Miyata K, Onda K, Kimizuka N. Chirality in Singlet Fission: Controlling Singlet Fission in Aqueous Nanoparticles of Tetracenedicarboxylic Acid Ion Pairs. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2405864. [PMID: 39135542 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202405864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
The singlet fission characteristics of aqueous nanoparticles, self-assembled from ion pairs of tetracene dicarboxylic acid and various amines with or without chirality, are thoroughly investigated. The structure of the ammonium molecule, the counterion, is found to play a decisive role in determining the molecular orientation of the ion pairs and its regularity, spectroscopic properties, the strength of the intermolecular coupling between the tetracene chromophores, and the consequent singlet fission process. Using chiral amines has led to the formation of crystalline nanosheets and efficient singlet fission with a triplet quantum yield as high as 133% ±20% and a rate constant of 6.99 × 109 s-1. The chiral ion pairs also provide a separation channel to free triplets with yields as high as 33% ±10%. In contrast, nanoparticles with achiral counterions do not show singlet fission, which gave low or high fluorescence quantum yields depending on the size of the counterions. The racemic ion pair produces a correlated triplet pair intermediate by singlet fission, but no decorrelation into two free triplets is observed, as triplet-triplet annihilation dominates. The introduction of chirality enables higher control over orientation and singlet fission in self-assembled chromophores. It provides new design guidelines for singlet fission materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Joseph Ka-Ho Hui
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masa-Aki Morikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Kawahara
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kenji Kaneko
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Miyata
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ken Onda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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4
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Sandik G, Feist J, García-Vidal FJ, Schwartz T. Cavity-enhanced energy transport in molecular systems. NATURE MATERIALS 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01962-5. [PMID: 39122930 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01962-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Molecules are the building blocks of all of nature's functional components, serving as the machinery that captures, stores and releases energy or converts it into useful work. However, molecules interact with each other over extremely short distances, which hinders the spread of energy across molecular systems. Conversely, photons are inert, but they are fast and can traverse large distances very efficiently. Using optical resonators, these distinct entities can be mixed with each other, opening a path to new architectures that benefit from both the active nature of molecules and the long-range transport obtained by the coupling with light. In this Review, we present the physics underlying the enhancement of energy transfer and energy transport in molecular systems, and highlight the experimental and theoretical advances in this field over the past decade. Finally, we identify several key questions and theoretical challenges that remain to be resolved via future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Sandik
- School of Chemistry, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco J García-Vidal
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Tal Schwartz
- School of Chemistry, Raymond & Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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5
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Matsumoto N, Nakagawa S, Morisato K, Kanamori K, Nakanishi K, Yanai N. Crystalline organic monoliths with bicontinuous porosity. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11500-11506. [PMID: 39055017 PMCID: PMC11268461 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01650e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic crystals are a promising class of materials for various optical applications. However, it has been challenging to make macroscopic organic crystals with bicontinuous porosity that are applicable to flow chemistry. In this study, a new class of porous materials, cm-scale crystalline organic monoliths (COMs) with bicontinuous porosity, are synthesized by replicating the porous structure of silica monolith templates. The COMs composed of p-terphenyl can take up more than 30 wt% of an aqueous solution, and the photophysical properties of the p-terphenyl crystals are well maintained in the COMs. The relatively high surface area of the COMs can be exploited for efficient Dexter energy transfer from triplet sensitizers on the pore surface. The resulting triplet excitons in the COMs encounter and annihilate, generating upconverted UV emission. The COMs would open a new avenue toward applications of organic crystals in flow photoreaction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Sakura Nakagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Kei Morisato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kanamori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
- PRESTO, JST Honcho 4-1-8 Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakanishi
- Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya Aichi 464-8601 Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- FOREST, JST Honcho 4-1-8 Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
- CREST, JST Honcho 4-1-8 Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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6
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Muth D, Anhäuser S, Bischof D, Krüger A, Witte G, Gerhard M. Transport, trapping, triplet fusion: thermally retarded exciton migration in tetracene single crystals. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:13471-13482. [PMID: 38938080 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01086h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Efficient exciton migration is crucial for optoelectronic organic devices. While the transport of triplet excitons is generally slow compared to singlet excitons, triplet exciton migration in certain molecular semiconductors with endothermic singlet fission appears to be enhanced by a time-delayed regeneration of the more mobile singlet species via triplet fusion. This combined transport mechanism could be exploited for devices, but the interplay between singlet fission and triplet fusion, as well as the role of trap states is not yet well understood. Here, we study the spatiotemporal exciton dynamics in the singlet fission material tetracene by means of time resolved photoluminescence micro-spectroscopy on crystalline samples of different quality. Varying the temperature allows us to modify the dynamic equilibrium between singlet, triplet and trapped excitons. Supported by a kinetic model, we find that thermally activated dissociation of triplet pairs into free triplet excitons can account for an increase of the diffusion length below room temperature. Moreover, we demonstrate that trapping competes efficiently with exciton migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Muth
- Department of Physics and Material Sciences Center, Semiconductor Spectroscopy Group, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 7a, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Anhäuser
- Department of Physics and Material Sciences Center, Molecular Solids Group, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 7, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Daniel Bischof
- Department of Physics and Material Sciences Center, Molecular Solids Group, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 7, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Anton Krüger
- Department of Physics and Material Sciences Center, Semiconductor Spectroscopy Group, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 7a, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Gregor Witte
- Department of Physics and Material Sciences Center, Molecular Solids Group, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 7, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Marina Gerhard
- Department of Physics and Material Sciences Center, Semiconductor Spectroscopy Group, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 7a, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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7
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Rossi A, Zipfel J, Maity I, Lorenzon M, Dandu M, Barré E, Francaviglia L, Regan EC, Zhang Z, Nie JH, Barnard ES, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Rotenberg E, Wang F, Lischner J, Raja A, Weber-Bargioni A. Anomalous Interlayer Exciton Diffusion in WS 2/WSe 2 Moiré Heterostructure. ACS NANO 2024; 18:18202-18210. [PMID: 38950893 PMCID: PMC11256890 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Stacking van der Waals crystals allows for the on-demand creation of a periodic potential landscape to tailor the transport of quasiparticle excitations. We investigate the diffusion of photoexcited electron-hole pairs, or excitons, at the interface of WS2/WSe2 van der Waals heterostructure over a wide range of temperatures. We observe the appearance of distinct interlayer excitons for parallel and antiparallel stacking and track their diffusion through spatially and temporally resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy from 30 to 250 K. While the measured exciton diffusivity decreases with temperature, it surprisingly plateaus below 90 K. Our observations cannot be explained by classical models like hopping in the moiré potential. A combination of ab initio theory and molecular dynamics simulations suggests that low-energy phonons arising from the mismatched lattices of moiré heterostructures, also known as phasons, play a key role in describing and understanding this anomalous behavior of exciton diffusion. Our observations indicate that the moiré potential landscape is dynamic down to very low temperatures and that the phason modes can enable efficient transport of energy in the form of excitons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rossi
- The
Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Center
for Nanotechnology Innovation @ NEST, Instituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jonas Zipfel
- The
Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Indrajit Maity
- Imperial
College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Monica Lorenzon
- The
Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Medha Dandu
- The
Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Elyse Barré
- The
Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Luca Francaviglia
- The
Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Emma C. Regan
- Department
of Physics, University of California at
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zuocheng Zhang
- Department
of Physics, University of California at
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jacob H. Nie
- Department
of Physics, University of California at
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Physics, University of California at
Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Edward S. Barnard
- The
Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research
Center for Functional Materials, National
Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Eli Rotenberg
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Feng Wang
- Department
of Physics, University of California at
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Johannes Lischner
- Imperial
College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Archana Raja
- The
Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander Weber-Bargioni
- The
Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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8
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Guo H, Guo J, Wang Y, Wang H, Cheng S, Wang Z, Miao Q, Xu X. An Organic Optoelectronic Synapse with Multilevel Memory Enabled by Gate Modulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38573883 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Artificial synaptic devices are emerging as contenders for next-generation computing systems due to their combined advantages of self-adaptive learning mechanisms, high parallel computation capabilities, adjustable memory level, and energy efficiency. Optoelectronic devices are particularly notable for their responsiveness to both voltage inputs and light exposure, making them attractive for dynamic modulation. However, engineering devices with reconfigurable synaptic plasticity and multilevel memory within a singular configuration present a fundamental challenge. Here, we have established an organic transistor-based synaptic device that exhibits both volatile and nonvolatile memory characteristics, modulated through gate voltage together with light stimuli. Our device demonstrates a range of synaptic behaviors, including both short/long-term plasticity (STP and LTP) as well as STP-LTP transitions. Further, as an encoding unit, it delivers exceptional read current levels, achieving a program/erase current ratio exceeding 105, with excellent repeatability. Additionally, a prototype 4 × 4 matrix demonstrates potential in practical neuromorphic systems, showing capabilities in the perception, processing, and memory retention of image inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Guo
- Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yujing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hezhen Wang
- Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Simin Cheng
- Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zehao Wang
- Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xiaomin Xu
- Institute of Materials Research, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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9
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Thiebes JJ, Grumstrup EM. Quantifying noise effects in optical measures of excited state transport. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:124201. [PMID: 38516971 DOI: 10.1063/5.0190347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Time-resolved microscopy is a widely used approach for imaging and quantifying charge and energy transport in functional materials. While it is generally recognized that resolving small diffusion lengths is limited by measurement noise, the impacts of noise have not been systematically assessed or quantified. This article reports modeling efforts to elucidate the impact of noise on optical probes of transport. Excited state population distributions, modeled as Gaussians with additive white noise typical of experimental conditions, are subject to decay and diffusive evolution. Using a conventional composite least-squares fitting algorithm, the resulting diffusion constant estimates are compared with the model input parameter. The results show that heteroscedasticity (i.e., time-varying noise levels), insufficient spatial and/or temporal resolution, and small diffusion lengths relative to the magnitude of noise lead to a surprising degree of imprecision under moderate experimental parameters. Moreover, the compounding influence of low initial contrast and small diffusion length leads to systematic overestimation of diffusion coefficients. Each of these issues is quantitatively analyzed herein, and experimental approaches to mitigate them are proposed. General guidelines for experimentalists to rapidly assess measurement precision are provided, as is an open-source tool for customizable evaluation of noise effects on time-resolved microscopy transport measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Thiebes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
| | - Erik M Grumstrup
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
- Montana Materials Science Program, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
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10
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Jin L, Mora Perez C, Gao Y, Ma K, Park JY, Li S, Guo P, Dou L, Prezhdo O, Huang L. Superior Phonon-Limited Exciton Mobility in Lead-Free Two-Dimensional Perovskites. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:3638-3646. [PMID: 38498912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Tin-based two-dimensional (2D) perovskites are emerging as lead-free alternatives in halide perovskite materials, yet their exciton dynamics and transport remain less understood due to defect scattering. Addressing this, we employed temperature-dependent transient photoluminescence (PL) microscopy to investigate intrinsic exciton transport in three structurally analogous Sn- and Pb-based 2D perovskites. Employing conjugated ligands, we synthesized high-quality crystals with enhanced phase stability at various temperatures. Our results revealed phonon-limited exciton transport in Sn perovskites, with diffusion constants increasing from 0.2 cm2 s-1 at room temperature to 0.6 cm2 s-1 at 40 K, and a narrowing PL line width. Notably, Sn-based perovskites exhibited greater exciton mobility than their Pb-based equivalents, which is attributed to lighter effective masses. Thermally activated optical phonon scattering was observed in Sn-based compounds but was absent in Pb-based materials. These findings, supported by molecular dynamics simulations, demonstrate that the phonon scattering mechanism in Sn-based halide perovskites can be distinct from their Pb counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linrui Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Carlos Mora Perez
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Yao Gao
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ke Ma
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jee Yung Park
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Shunran Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Peijun Guo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Letian Dou
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Oleg Prezhdo
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Libai Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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11
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Cohen G, Haber JB, Neaton JB, Qiu DY, Refaely-Abramson S. Phonon-Driven Femtosecond Dynamics of Excitons in Crystalline Pentacene from First Principles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:126902. [PMID: 38579218 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.126902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Nonradiative exciton relaxation processes are critical for energy transduction and transport in optoelectronic materials, but how these processes are connected to the underlying crystal structure and the associated electron, exciton, and phonon band structures, as well as the interactions of all these particles, is challenging to understand. Here, we present a first-principles study of exciton-phonon relaxation pathways in pentacene, a paradigmatic molecular crystal and optoelectronic semiconductor. We compute the momentum- and band-resolved exciton-phonon interactions, and use them to analyze key scattering channels. We find that both exciton intraband scattering and interband scattering to parity-forbidden dark states occur on the same ∼100 fs timescale as a direct consequence of the longitudinal-transverse splitting of the bright exciton band. Consequently, exciton-phonon scattering exists as a dominant nonradiative relaxation channel in pentacene. We further show how the propagation of an exciton wave packet is connected with crystal anisotropy, which gives rise to the longitudinal-transverse exciton splitting and concomitant anisotropic exciton and phonon dispersions. Our results provide a framework for understanding the role of exciton-phonon interactions in exciton nonradiative lifetimes in molecular crystals and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit Cohen
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Jonah B Haber
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Neaton
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Diana Y Qiu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Sivan Refaely-Abramson
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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12
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Banappanavar G, Saxena R, Bässler H, Köhler A, Kabra D. Impact of Photoluminescence Imaging Methodology on Transport Parameters in Semiconductors. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:3109-3117. [PMID: 38470078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation-induced delayed emission provides a pathway for investigating triplets via emission spectroscopy. This bimolecular annihilation depends directly on the transport properties of triplet excitons in disordered organic semiconductors. Photoluminescence (PL) imaging is a direct method for studying exciton and charge-carrier diffusivity. However, most of these studies neglect dispersive transport. Early time scale measurements using this technique can lead to an overestimation of the diffusion coefficient (DT) or diffusion length (Ld). In this study, we investigated the time-dependent triplet DT using PL imaging. We observed an overestimation of Ld in classical delayed PL imaging, often 1 order of magnitude higher than the actual Ld value. We compared various thicknesses of polymeric thin films to study the dispersive nature of triplet excitons. Transient analysis of delayed PL imaging and steady state imaging reveals the importance of considering the time-dependent nature of DT for the triplet excitons in disordered electronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangadhar Banappanavar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Rishabh Saxena
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPS), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Heinz Bässler
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anna Köhler
- Soft Matter Optoelectronics and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPS), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BIMF), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Dinesh Kabra
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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13
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Brinatti Vazquez GD, Lo Gerfo Morganti G, Vasilev C, Hunter CN, van Hulst NF. Structured Excitation Energy Transfer: Tracking Exciton Diffusion below Sunlight Intensity. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:1318-1326. [PMID: 38523751 PMCID: PMC10958594 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.4c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
With the increasing demand for new materials for light-harvesting applications, spatiotemporal microscopy techniques are receiving increasing attention as they allow direct observation of the nanoscale diffusion of excitons. However, the use of pulsed and tightly focused laser beams generates light intensities far above those expected under sunlight illumination, leading to photodamage and nonlinear effects that seriously limit the accuracy and applicability of these techniques, especially in biological or atomically thin materials. In this work, we present a novel spatiotemporal microscopy technique that exploits structured excitation in order to dramatically decrease the excitation intensity, up to 10,000-fold when compared with previously reported spatiotemporal photoluminescence microscopy experiments. We tested our method in two different systems, reporting the first exciton diffusion measurement at illumination conditions below sunlight, both considering average power and peak exciton densities in an organic photovoltaic sample (Y6), where we tracked the excitons for up to five recombination lifetimes. Next, nanometer-scale energy transport was directly observed for the first time in both space and time in a printed monolayer of the light-harvesting complex 2 from purple bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo D. Brinatti Vazquez
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Giulia Lo Gerfo Morganti
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Cvetelin Vasilev
- School
of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K.
| | - C. Neil Hunter
- School
of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K.
| | - Niek F. van Hulst
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
- ICREA-Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
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14
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Xiao Y, Sun Q, Leng J, Jin S. Time-Resolved Spectroscopy for Dynamic Investigation of Photoresponsive Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:3390-3403. [PMID: 38501970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Photoresponsive MOFs with precise and adjustable reticular structures are attractive for light conversion applications. Uncovering the photoinduced carrier dynamics lays the essential foundation for the further development and optimization of the MOF material. With the application of time-resolved spectroscopy, photophysical processes including excimer formation, energy transfer/migration, and charge transfer/separation have been widely investigated. However, the identification of distinct photophysical processes in real experimental MOF spectra still remains difficult due to the spectral and dynamic complexity of MOFs. In this Perspective, we summarize the typical spectral features of these photophysical processes and the related analysis methods for dynamic studies performed by time-resolved photoluminescence (TR-PL) and transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy. Based on the recent understanding of excited-state properties of photoresponsive MOFs and the discussion of challenges and future outlooks, this Perspective aims to provide convenience for MOF kinetic analysis and contribute to the further development of photoresponsive MOF material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jing Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shengye Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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15
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Shcherbakov-Wu W, Saris S, Sheehan TJ, Wong NN, Powers ER, Krieg F, Kovalenko MV, Willard AP, Tisdale WA. Persistent enhancement of exciton diffusivity in CsPbBr 3 nanocrystal solids. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj2630. [PMID: 38381813 PMCID: PMC10881049 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj2630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
In semiconductors, exciton or charge carrier diffusivity is typically described as an inherent material property. Here, we show that the transport of excitons among CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) depends markedly on how recently those NCs were occupied by a previous exciton. Using transient photoluminescence microscopy, we observe a striking dependence of the apparent exciton diffusivity on excitation laser power that does not arise from nonlinear exciton-exciton interactions or thermal heating. We interpret our observations with a model in which excitons cause NCs to transition to a long-lived metastable configuration that markedly increases exciton transport. The exciton diffusivity observed here (>0.15 square centimeters per second) is considerably higher than that observed in other NC systems, revealing unusually strong excitonic coupling between NCs. The finding of a persistent enhancement in excitonic coupling may help explain other photophysical behaviors observed in CsPbBr3 NCs, such as superfluorescence, and inform the design of optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbi Shcherbakov-Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Seryio Saris
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Thomas John Sheehan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Narumi Nagaya Wong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric R. Powers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Franziska Krieg
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics and Laboratory for Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Maksym V. Kovalenko
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics and Laboratory for Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Adam P. Willard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William A. Tisdale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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16
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Strain JM, Ruiz GN, Roberts ST, Rose MJ. Methylation of Si(111) Modulates Molecular Orientation in Perylenediimide Thin Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:2519-2530. [PMID: 38284168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Singlet fission produces a pair of low-energy spin-triplet excitons from a single high-energy spin-singlet exciton. While this process offers the potential to enhance the efficiency of silicon solar cells by ∼30%, meeting this goal requires overlayer materials that can efficiently transport triplet excitons to an underlying silicon substrate. Herein, we demonstrate that the chemical functionalization of silicon surfaces controls the structure of vapor-deposited thin films of perylenediimide (PDI) dyes, which are prototypical singlet fission materials. Using a combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), we find terminating Si(111) with either a thin, polar oxide layer (SiOx) or with hydrophobic methyl groups (Si-CH3) alters the structures of the resulting PDI films. While PDI films grown on SiOx are comprised of small crystalline grains that largely adopt an "edge-on" orientation with respect to the silicon surface, films grown on Si-CH3 contain large grains that prefer to align in a "face-on" manner with respect to the substrate. This "face-on" orientation is expected to enhance exciton transport to silicon. Interestingly, we find that the preferred mode of growth for different PDIs correlates with the space group associated with bulk crystals of these compounds. While PDIs that inhabit a monoclinic (P21/c) space group nucleate films by forming tall and sparse crystalline columns, PDIs that inhabit triclinic (P1̅) space groups afford films comprised of uniform, lamellar PDI domains. The results highlight that silicon surface functionalization profoundly impacts PDI thin film growth, and rational selection of a hydrophobic surface that promotes "face-on" adsorption may improve energy transfer to silicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Strain
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Gabriella N Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sean T Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Michael J Rose
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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17
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Unger F, Lepple D, Asbach M, Craciunescu L, Zeiser C, Kandolf AF, Fišer Z, Hagara J, Hagenlocher J, Hiller S, Haug S, Deutsch M, Grüninger P, Novák J, Bettinger HF, Broch K, Engels B, Schreiber F. Optical Absorption Properties in Pentacene/Tetracene Solid Solutions. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:747-760. [PMID: 38232326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Modifying the optical and electronic properties of crystalline organic thin films is of great interest for improving the performance of modern organic semiconductor devices. Therein, the statistical mixing of molecules to form a solid solution provides an opportunity to fine-tune optical and electronic properties. Unfortunately, the diversity of intermolecular interactions renders mixed organic crystals highly complex, and a holistic picture is still lacking. Here, we report a study of the optical absorption properties in solid solutions of pentacene and tetracene, two prototypical organic semiconductors. In the mixtures, the optical properties can be continuously modified by statistical mixing at the molecular level. Comparison with time-dependent density functional theory calculations on occupationally disordered clusters unravels the electronic origin of the low energy optical transitions. The disorder partially relaxes the selection rules, leading to additional optical transitions that manifest as optical broadening. Furthermore, the contribution of diabatic charge-transfer states is modified in the mixtures, reducing the observed splitting in the 0-0 vibronic transition. Additional comparisons with other blended systems generalize our results and indicate that changes in the polarizability of the molecular environment in organic thin-film blends induce shifts in the absorption spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Unger
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Lepple
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Asbach
- Julius-Maximilian University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Luca Craciunescu
- Julius-Maximilian University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland, U.K
| | - Clemens Zeiser
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas F Kandolf
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zbyněk Fišer
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics (UFKL), Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hagara
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Hagenlocher
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hiller
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Haug
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marian Deutsch
- Julius-Maximilian University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Grüninger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jiří Novák
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics (UFKL), Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Holger F Bettinger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Broch
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Julius-Maximilian University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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18
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Hudson RJ, MacDonald TSC, Cole JH, Schmidt TW, Smith TA, McCamey DR. A framework for multiexcitonic logic. Nat Rev Chem 2024:10.1038/s41570-023-00566-y. [PMID: 38273177 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Exciton science sits at the intersection of chemical, optical and spin-based implementations of information processing, but using excitons to conduct logical operations remains relatively unexplored. Excitons encoding information could be read optically (photoexcitation-photoemission) or electrically (charge recombination-separation), travel through materials via exciton energy transfer, and interact with one another in stimuli-responsive molecular excitonic devices. Excitonic logic offers the potential to mediate electrical, optical and chemical information. Additionally, high-spin triplet and quintet (multi)excitons offer access to well defined spin states of relevance to magnetic field effects, classical spintronics and spin-based quantum information science. In this Roadmap, we propose a framework for developing excitonic computing based on singlet fission (SF) and triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA). Various molecular components capable of modulating SF/TTA for logical operations are suggested, including molecular photo-switching and multi-colour photoexcitation. We then outline a pathway for constructing excitonic logic devices, considering aspects of circuit assembly, logical operation synchronization, and exciton transport and amplification. Promising future directions and challenges are identified, and the potential for realizing excitonic computing in the near future is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan J Hudson
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science
| | - Thomas S C MacDonald
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science
- School of Physics, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jared H Cole
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy W Schmidt
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Trevor A Smith
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science
| | - Dane R McCamey
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, .
- School of Physics, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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19
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Li B, Xu J, Kocoj CA, Li S, Li Y, Chen D, Zhang S, Dou L, Guo P. Dual-Hyperspectral Optical Pump-Probe Microscopy with Single-Nanosecond Time Resolution. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2187-2195. [PMID: 38216555 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, optical pump-probe microscopy (PPM) has become a vital technique for spatiotemporally imaging electronic excitations and charge-carrier transport in metals and semiconductors. However, existing methods are limited by mechanical delay lines with a probe time window up to several nanoseconds (ns) or monochromatic pump and probe sources with restricted spectral coverage and temporal resolution, hindering their amenability in studying relatively slow processes. To bridge these gaps, we introduce a dual-hyperspectral PPM setup with a time window spanning from nanoseconds to milliseconds and single-nanosecond resolution. Our method features a wide-field probe tunable from 370 to 1000 nm and a pump spanning from 330 nm to 16 μm. We apply this PPM technique to study various two-dimensional metal-halide perovskites (2D-MHPs) as representative semiconductors by imaging their transient responses near the exciton resonances under both above-band gap electronic pump excitation and below-band gap vibrational pump excitation. The resulting spatially and temporally resolved images reveal insights into heat dissipation, film uniformity, distribution of impurity phases, and film-substrate interfaces. In addition, the single-nanosecond temporal resolution enables the imaging of in-plane strain wave propagation in 2D-MHP single crystals. Our method, which offers extensive spectral tunability and significantly improved time resolution, opens new possibilities for the imaging of charge carriers, heat, and transient phase transformation processes, particularly in materials with spatially varying composition, strain, crystalline structure, and interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Joy Xu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Conrad A Kocoj
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Shunran Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Du Chen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Shuchen Zhang
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Letian Dou
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Peijun Guo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
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20
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Kurilovich AA, Mantsevich VN, Chechkin AV, Palyulin VV. Negative diffusion of excitons in quasi-two-dimensional systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:922-935. [PMID: 38088027 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03521b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
We show how two different mobile-immobile type models explain the observation of negative diffusion of excitons reported in experimental studies in quasi-two-dimensional semiconductor systems. The main reason for the effect is the initial trapping and a delayed release of free excitons in the area close to the original excitation spot. The density of trapped excitons is not registered experimentally. Hence, the signal from the free excitons alone includes the delayed release of not diffusing trapped particles. This is seen as the narrowing of the exciton density profile or decrease of mean-squared displacement which is then interpreted as a negative diffusion. The effect is enhanced with the increase of recombination intensity as well as the rate of the exciton-exciton binary interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr A Kurilovich
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, 121205, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Mantsevich
- Chair of Semiconductors and Cryoelectronics, Physics department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksei V Chechkin
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Hugo Steinhaus Center, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
- Institute for Physics & Astronomy, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Akhiezer Institute for Theoretical Physics National Science Center "Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology", 61108, Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir V Palyulin
- Applied AI centre, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, Moscow, 121205, Russia.
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21
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Tutunnikov I, Chuang C, Cao J. Coherent Spatial Control of Wave Packet Dynamics on Quantum Lattices. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:11632-11639. [PMID: 38100722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Quantum lattices are pivotal in the burgeoning fields of quantum materials and information science. Novel experimental techniques allow the preparation and monitoring of wave packet dynamics on quantum lattices with high spatiotemporal resolution. We present an analytical study of wave packet diffusivity and diffusion length on tight-binding quantum lattices subject to stochastic noise. Our analysis reveals the crucial role of spatial coherence and predicts a set of novel phenomena: (1) noise can enhance the transient diffusivity and diffusion length of spatially extended initial states; (2) standing or traveling initial states, with large momentum, spread faster than a localized initial state and exhibit a noise-induced peak in the transient diffusivity; (3) the differences in the diffusivity or diffusion length of extended and localized initial states have a universal dependence on initial width. These predictions suggest the possibility of controlling the wave packet dynamics by spatial manipulations, which will have implications for materials science and quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Tutunnikov
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chern Chuang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, 4505 S Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Jianshu Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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22
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Scott RJ, Valencia-Acuna P, Zhao H. Spatiotemporal Observation of Quasi-Ballistic Transport of Electrons in Graphene. ACS NANO 2023; 17:25368-25376. [PMID: 38091261 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
We report spatiotemporal observations of room-temperature quasi-ballistic electron transport in graphene, which is achieved by utilizing a four-layer van der Waals heterostructure to generate free charge carriers. The heterostructure is formed by sandwiching a MoS2 and MoSe2 heterobilayer between two graphene monolayers. Transient absorption measurements reveal that the electrons and holes separated by the type-II interface between MoS2 and MoSe2 can transfer to the two graphene layers, respectively. Transient absorption microscopy measurements, with high spatial and temporal resolution, reveal that while the holes in one graphene layer undergo a classical diffusion process with a large diffusion coefficient of 65 cm2 s-1 and a charge mobility of 5000 cm2 V-1 s-1, the electrons in the other graphene layer exhibit a quasi-ballistic transport feature, with a ballistic transport time of 20 ps and a speed of 22 km s-1, respectively. The different in-plane transport properties confirm that electrons and holes move independently of each other as charge carriers. The optical generation of ballistic charge carriers suggests potential applications for such van der Waals heterostructures as optoelectronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Scott
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Pavel Valencia-Acuna
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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23
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Li Z, Florian M, Datta K, Jiang Z, Borsch M, Wen Q, Kira M, Deotare PB. Enhanced Exciton Drift Transport through Suppressed Diffusion in One-Dimensional Guides. ACS NANO 2023; 17:22410-22417. [PMID: 37874891 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Drift-diffusion dynamics is investigated in a one-dimensional (1D) exciton guide at room temperature. Spatial engineering of the exciton energy in a WSe2 monolayer is achieved using local strain to confine and direct exciton transport. An unexpected and massive deviation from the Einstein relation is observed and correlated to exciton capture by defects. We find that the capture reduces exciton temperature and diffusion so much that drift transport visibility improves to 38% as excitons traverse asymmetrically over regions with occupied defect states. Based on measurements over multiple potential gradients, we estimate the exciton mobility to be 169 ± 39 cm2/(eV s) at room temperature. Experiments at elevated exciton densities reveal that the exciton drift velocity monotonically increases with exciton density, unlike exciton mobility, due to contributions from nonequilibrium many-body effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidong Li
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Matthias Florian
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kanak Datta
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zhaohan Jiang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Markus Borsch
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Qiannan Wen
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mack Kira
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Parag B Deotare
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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24
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Baxter JM, Koay CS, Xu D, Cheng SW, Tulyagankhodjaev JA, Shih P, Roy X, Delor M. Coexistence of Incoherent and Ultrafast Coherent Exciton Transport in a Two-Dimensional Superatomic Semiconductor. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10249-10256. [PMID: 37938804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Fully leveraging the remarkable properties of low-dimensional semiconductors requires developing a deep understanding of how their structure and disorder affect the flow of electronic energy. Here, we study exciton transport in single crystals of the two-dimensional superatomic semiconductor CsRe6Se8I3, which straddles a photophysically rich yet elusive intermediate electronic-coupling regime. Using femtosecond scattering microscopy to directly image exciton transport in CsRe6Se8I3, we reveal the rare coexistence of coherent and incoherent exciton transport, leading to either persistent or transient electronic delocalization depending on temperature. Notably, coherent excitons exhibit ballistic transport at speeds approaching an extraordinary 1600 km/s over 300 fs. Such fast transport is mediated by J-aggregate-like superradiance, owing to the anisotropic structure and long-range order of CsRe6Se8I3. Our results establish superatomic crystals as ideal platforms for studying the intermediate electronic-coupling regime in highly ordered environments, in this case displaying long-range electronic delocalization, ultrafast energy flow, and a tunable dual transport regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Baxter
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Christie S Koay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Shan-Wen Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | - Petra Shih
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Milan Delor
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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25
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Tulyagankhodjaev JA, Shih P, Yu J, Russell JC, Chica DG, Reynoso ME, Su H, Stenor AC, Roy X, Berkelbach TC, Delor M. Room-temperature wavelike exciton transport in a van der Waals superatomic semiconductor. Science 2023; 382:438-442. [PMID: 37883547 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf2698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The transport of energy and information in semiconductors is limited by scattering between electronic carriers and lattice phonons, resulting in diffusive and lossy transport that curtails all semiconductor technologies. Using Re6Se8Cl2, a van der Waals (vdW) superatomic semiconductor, we demonstrate the formation of acoustic exciton-polarons, an electronic quasiparticle shielded from phonon scattering. We directly imaged polaron transport in Re6Se8Cl2 at room temperature, revealing quasi-ballistic, wavelike propagation sustained for a nanosecond and several micrometers. Shielded polaron transport leads to electronic energy propagation lengths orders of magnitude greater than in other vdW semiconductors, exceeding even silicon over a nanosecond. We propose that, counterintuitively, quasi-flat electronic bands and strong exciton-acoustic phonon coupling are together responsible for the transport properties of Re6Se8Cl2, establishing a path to ballistic room-temperature semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petra Shih
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jessica Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jake C Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Daniel G Chica
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | | | - Haowen Su
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Athena C Stenor
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | | | - Milan Delor
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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26
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Sokolovskii I, Tichauer RH, Morozov D, Feist J, Groenhof G. Multi-scale molecular dynamics simulations of enhanced energy transfer in organic molecules under strong coupling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6613. [PMID: 37857599 PMCID: PMC10587084 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42067-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Exciton transport can be enhanced in the strong coupling regime where excitons hybridize with confined light modes to form polaritons. Because polaritons have group velocity, their propagation should be ballistic and long-ranged. However, experiments indicate that organic polaritons propagate in a diffusive manner and more slowly than their group velocity. Here, we resolve this controversy by means of molecular dynamics simulations of Rhodamine molecules in a Fabry-Pérot cavity. Our results suggest that polariton propagation is limited by the cavity lifetime and appears diffusive due to reversible population transfers between polaritonic states that propagate ballistically at their group velocity, and dark states that are stationary. Furthermore, because long-lived dark states transiently trap the excitation, propagation is observed on timescales beyond the intrinsic polariton lifetime. These insights not only help to better understand and interpret experimental observations, but also pave the way towards rational design of molecule-cavity systems for coherent exciton transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Sokolovskii
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
| | - Ruth H Tichauer
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dmitry Morozov
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland.
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27
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Magdaleno AJ, Cutler MM, Suurmond JJ, Meléndez M, Delgado-Buscalioni R, Seitz M, Prins F. Boosting the efficiency of transient photoluminescence microscopy using cylindrical lenses. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:14831-14836. [PMID: 37664969 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03587e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Transient Photoluminescence Microscopy (TPLM) allows for the direct visualization of carrier transport in semiconductor materials with sub nanosecond and few nanometer resolution. The technique is based on measuring changes in the spatial distribution of a diffraction limited population of carriers using spatiotemporal detection of the radiative decay of the carriers. The spatial resolution of TPLM is therefore primarily determined by the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR). Here we present a method using cylindrical lenses to boost the signal acquisition in TPLM experiments. The resulting asymmetric magnification of the photoluminescence emission of the diffraction limited spot can increase the collection efficiency by more than a factor of 10, significantly reducing acquisition times and further boosting spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro J Magdaleno
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mercy M Cutler
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jesse J Suurmond
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marc Meléndez
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Department of Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Delgado-Buscalioni
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Department of Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Seitz
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ferry Prins
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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28
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Yuan L, Zheng B, Zhao Q, Kempt R, Brumme T, Kuc AB, Ma C, Deng S, Pan A, Huang L. Strong Dipolar Repulsion of One-Dimensional Interfacial Excitons in Monolayer Lateral Heterojunctions. ACS NANO 2023; 17:15379-15387. [PMID: 37540827 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Repulsive and long-range exciton-exciton interactions are crucial for the exploration of one-dimensional (1D) correlated quantum phases in the solid state. However, the experimental realization of nanoscale confinement of a 1D dipolar exciton has thus far been limited. Here, we demonstrate atomically precise lateral heterojunctions based at transitional-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) as a platform for 1D dipolar excitons. The dynamics and transport of the interfacial charge transfer excitons in a type II WSe2-WS1.16Se0.84 lateral heterostructure were spatially and temporally imaged using ultrafast transient reflection microscopy. The expansion of the exciton cloud driven by dipolar repulsion was found to be strongly density dependent and highly anisotropic. The interaction strength between the 1D excitons was determined to be ∼3.9 × 10-14 eV cm-2, corresponding to a dipolar length of 310 nm, which is a factor of 2-3 larger than the interlayer excitons at two-dimensional van der Waals vertical interfaces. These results suggest 1D dipolar excitons with large static in-plane dipole moments in lateral TMDC heterojunctions as an exciting system for investigating quantum many-body physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230052, China
| | - Biyuan Zheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Qiuchen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Roman Kempt
- Technische Universitat Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Brumme
- Technische Universitat Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Agnieszka B Kuc
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Abteilung Ressourcenökologie, Forschungsstelle Leipzig, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chao Ma
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Shibin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Anlian Pan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
- Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Libai Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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29
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Kumar S, Dunn IS, Deng S, Zhu T, Zhao Q, Williams OF, Tempelaar R, Huang L. Exciton annihilation in molecular aggregates suppressed through qu antum interference. Nat Chem 2023:10.1038/s41557-023-01233-x. [PMID: 37337112 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Exciton-exciton annihilation (EEA), an important loss channel in optoelectronic devices and photosynthetic complexes, has conventionally been assumed to be an incoherent, diffusion-limited process. Here we challenge this assumption by experimentally demonstrating the ability to control EEA in molecular aggregates using the quantum phase relationships of excitons. We employed time-resolved photoluminescence microscopy to independently determine exciton diffusion constants and annihilation rates in two substituted perylene diimide aggregates featuring contrasting excitonic phase envelopes. Low-temperature EEA rates were found to differ by more than two orders of magnitude for the two compounds, despite comparable diffusion constants. Simulated rates based on a microscopic theory, in excellent agreement with experiments, rationalize this EEA behaviour based on quantum interference arising from the presence or absence of spatial phase oscillations of delocalized excitons. These results offer an approach for designing molecular materials using quantum interference where low annihilation can coexist with high exciton concentrations and mobilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarath Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ian S Dunn
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shibin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tong Zhu
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuchen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Roel Tempelaar
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Libai Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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30
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Hansen T, Bezriadina T, Popova-Gorelova D. Theoretical Description of Attosecond X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Frenkel Exciton Dynamics. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114502. [PMID: 37298978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Frenkel excitons are responsible for the transport of light energy in many molecular systems. Coherent electron dynamics govern the initial stage of Frenkel-exciton transfer. Capability to follow coherent exciton dynamics in real time will help to reveal their actual contribution to the efficiency of light-harvesting. Attosecond X-ray pulses are the tool with the necessary temporal resolution to resolve pure electronic processes with atomic sensitivity. We describe how attosecond X-ray pulses can probe coherent electronic processes during Frenkel-exciton transport in molecular aggregates. We analyze time-resolved absorption cross section taking broad spectral bandwidth of an attosecond pulse into account. We demonstrate that attosecond X-ray absorption spectra can reveal delocalization degree of coherent exciton transfer dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hansen
- I. Institute for Theoretical Physics, Universität Hamburg, Notkestr. 9, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tatiana Bezriadina
- I. Institute for Theoretical Physics, Universität Hamburg, Notkestr. 9, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22671 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daria Popova-Gorelova
- I. Institute for Theoretical Physics, Universität Hamburg, Notkestr. 9, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22671 Hamburg, Germany
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31
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Tagarelli F, Lopriore E, Erkensten D, Perea-Causín R, Brem S, Hagel J, Sun Z, Pasquale G, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Malic E, Kis A. Electrical control of hybrid exciton transport in a van der Waals heterostructure. NATURE PHOTONICS 2023; 17:615-621. [PMID: 37426431 PMCID: PMC10322698 DOI: 10.1038/s41566-023-01198-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between out-of-plane dipoles in bosonic gases enable the long-range propagation of excitons. The lack of direct control over collective dipolar properties has so far limited the degrees of tunability and the microscopic understanding of exciton transport. In this work we modulate the layer hybridization and interplay between many-body interactions of excitons in a van der Waals heterostructure with an applied vertical electric field. By performing spatiotemporally resolved measurements supported by microscopic theory, we uncover the dipole-dependent properties and transport of excitons with different degrees of hybridization. Moreover, we find constant emission quantum yields of the transporting species as a function of excitation power with radiative decay mechanisms dominating over nonradiative ones, a fundamental requirement for efficient excitonic devices. Our findings provide a complete picture of the many-body effects in the transport of dilute exciton gases, and have crucial implications for studying emerging states of matter such as Bose-Einstein condensation and optoelectronic applications based on exciton propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedele Tagarelli
- Institute of Electrical and Microengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Lopriore
- Institute of Electrical and Microengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Erkensten
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Raül Perea-Causín
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Samuel Brem
- Department of Physics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Joakim Hagel
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Electrical and Microengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Pasquale
- Institute of Electrical and Microengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ermin Malic
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andras Kis
- Institute of Electrical and Microengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Balasubrahmaniyam M, Simkhovich A, Golombek A, Sandik G, Ankonina G, Schwartz T. From enhanced diffusion to ultrafast ballistic motion of hybrid light-matter excitations. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:338-344. [PMID: 36646793 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01463-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Transport of excitons and charge carriers in molecular systems can be enhanced by coherent coupling to photons, giving rise to the formation of hybrid excitations known as polaritons. Such enhancement has far-reaching technological implications; however, the enhancement mechanism and the transport nature of these hybrid excitations remain elusive. Here we map the ultrafast spatiotemporal dynamics of polaritons formed by mixing surface-bound optical waves with Frenkel excitons in a self-assembled molecular layer, resolving polariton dynamics in energy/momentum space. We find that the interplay between the molecular disorder and long-range correlations induced by coherent mixing with light leads to a mobility transition between diffusive and ballistic transport, which can be controlled by varying the light-matter composition of the polaritons. Furthermore, we show that coupling to light enhances the diffusion coefficient of molecular excitons by six orders of magnitude and even leads to ballistic flow at two-thirds the speed of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukundakumar Balasubrahmaniyam
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and Tel Aviv University Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Arie Simkhovich
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and Tel Aviv University Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adina Golombek
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and Tel Aviv University Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gal Sandik
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and Tel Aviv University Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Guy Ankonina
- Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tal Schwartz
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and Tel Aviv University Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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33
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Schloemer T, Narayanan P, Zhou Q, Belliveau E, Seitz M, Congreve DN. Nanoengineering Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion: From Materials to Real-World Applications. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3259-3288. [PMID: 36800310 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Using light to control matter has captured the imagination of scientists for generations, as there is an abundance of photons at our disposal. Yet delivering photons beyond the surface to many photoresponsive systems has proven challenging, particularly at scale, due to light attenuation via absorption and scattering losses. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC), a process which allows for low energy photons to be converted to high energy photons, is poised to overcome these challenges by allowing for precise spatial generation of high energy photons due to its nonlinear nature. With a wide range of sensitizer and annihilator motifs available for TTA-UC, many researchers seek to integrate these materials in solution or solid-state applications. In this Review, we discuss nanoengineering deployment strategies and highlight their uses in recent state-of-the-art examples of TTA-UC integrated in both solution and solid-state applications. Considering both implementation tactics and application-specific requirements, we identify critical needs to push TTA-UC-based applications from an academic curiosity to a scalable technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Schloemer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Pournima Narayanan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Emma Belliveau
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michael Seitz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daniel N Congreve
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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34
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Lo Gerfo
M. G, Bolzonello L, Bernal-Texca F, Martorell J, van Hulst NF. Spatiotemporal Mapping Uncouples Exciton Diffusion from Singlet-Singlet Annihilation in the Electron Acceptor Y6. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1999-2005. [PMID: 36794828 PMCID: PMC9940293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the spatial dynamics of nanoscale exciton transport beyond the temporal decay is essential for further improvements of nanostructured optoelectronic devices, such as solar cells. The diffusion coefficient (D) of the nonfullerene electron acceptor Y6 has so far only been determined indirectly, from singlet-singlet annihilation (SSA) experiments. Here, we present the full picture of the exciton dynamics, adding the spatial domain to the temporal one, by spatiotemporally resolved photoluminescence microscopy. In this way, we directly track diffusion and we are able to decouple the real spatial broadening from its overestimation given by SSA. We measured the diffusion coefficient, D = 0.017 ± 0.003 cm2/s, which gives a Y6 film diffusion length of L=Dτ≈35 nm. Thus, we provide an essential tool that enables a direct and free-of-artifacts determination of diffusion coefficients, which we expect to be pivotal for further studies on exciton dynamics in energy materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lo Gerfo
M.
- ICFO
- Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luca Bolzonello
- ICFO
- Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Bernal-Texca
- ICFO
- Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Martorell
- ICFO
- Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament
de Física, Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya, Terrassa08222, Spain
| | - Niek F. van Hulst
- ICFO
- Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona08010, Spain
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35
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Goudarzi H, Koutsokeras L, Balawi AH, Sun C, Manolis GK, Gasparini N, Peisen Y, Antoniou G, Athanasopoulos S, Tselios CC, Falaras P, Varotsis C, Laquai F, Cabanillas-González J, Keivanidis PE. Microstructure-driven annihilation effects and dispersive excited state dynamics in solid-state films of a model sensitizer for photon energy up-conversion applications. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2009-2023. [PMID: 36845913 PMCID: PMC9945257 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06426j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bimolecular processes involving exciton spin-state interactions gain attention for their deployment as wavelength-shifting tools. Particularly triplet-triplet annihilation induced photon energy up-conversion (TTA-UC) holds promise to enhance the performance of solar cell and photodetection technologies. Despite the progress noted, a correlation between the solid-state microstructure of photoactuating TTA-UC organic composites and their photophysical properties is missing. This lack of knowledge impedes the effective integration of functional TTA-UC interlayers as ancillary components in operating devices. We here investigate a solution-processed model green-to-blue TTA-UC binary composite. Solid-state films of a 9,10 diphenyl anthracene (DPA) blue-emitting activator blended with a (2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-porphyrinato) PtII (PtOEP) green-absorbing sensitizer are prepared with a range of compositions and examined by a set of complementary characterization techniques. Grazing incidence X-ray diffractometry (GIXRD) measurements identify three PtOEP composition regions wherein the DPA:PtOEP composite microstructure varies due to changes in the packing motifs of the DPA and PtOEP phases. In Region 1 (≤2 wt%) DPA is semicrystalline and PtOEP is amorphous, in Region 2 (between 2 and 10 wt%) both DPA and PtOEP phases are amorphous, and in Region 3 (≥10 wt%) DPA remains amorphous and PtOEP is semicrystalline. GIXRD further reveals the metastable DPA-β polymorph species as the dominant DPA phase in Region 1. Composition dependent UV-vis and FT-IR measurements identify physical PtOEP dimers, irrespective of the structural order in the PtOEP phase. Time-gated photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy imaging confirm the presence of PtOEP aggregates, even after dispersing DPA:PtOEP in amorphous poly(styrene). When arrested in Regions 1 and 2, DPA:PtOEP exhibits delayed PtOEP fluorescence at 580 nm that follows a power-law decay on the ns time scale. The origin of PtOEP delayed fluorescence is unraveled by temperature- and fluence-dependent PL experiments. Triplet PtOEP excitations undergo dispersive diffusion and enable TTA reactions that activate the first singlet-excited (S1) PtOEP state. The effect is reproduced when PtOEP is mixed with a poly(fluorene-2-octyl) (PFO) derivative. Transient absorption measurements on PFO:PtOEP films find that selective PtOEP photoexcitation activates the S1 of PFO within ∼100 fs through an up-converted 3(d, d*) PtII-centered state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Goudarzi
- Centre for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Loukas Koutsokeras
- Device Technology and Chemical Physics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology 3041 Limassol Cyprus
| | - Ahmed H Balawi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE) 23955-6900 Thuwal Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chen Sun
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco Calle Faraday 9 ES 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Giorgos K Manolis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos" 15341 Agia Paraskevi Athens Greece
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE) 23955-6900 Thuwal Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London W120BZ UK
| | - Yuan Peisen
- Device Technology and Chemical Physics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology 3041 Limassol Cyprus
| | - Giannis Antoniou
- Device Technology and Chemical Physics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology 3041 Limassol Cyprus
| | | | - Charalampos C Tselios
- Environmental Biocatalysis and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology 3603 Limassol Cyprus
| | - Polycarpos Falaras
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos" 15341 Agia Paraskevi Athens Greece
| | - Constantinos Varotsis
- Environmental Biocatalysis and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology 3603 Limassol Cyprus
| | - Frédéric Laquai
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE) 23955-6900 Thuwal Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Panagiotis E Keivanidis
- Device Technology and Chemical Physics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology 3041 Limassol Cyprus
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36
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Nagaya Wong N, Ha SK, Williams K, Shcherbakov-Wu W, Swan JW, Tisdale WA. Robust estimation of charge carrier diffusivity using transient photoluminescence microscopy. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:104201. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient microscopy has emerged as a powerful tool for imaging the diffusion of excitons and free charge carriers in optoelectronic materials. In many excitonic materials, extraction of diffusion coefficients can be simplified because of the linear relationship between signal intensity and local excited state population. However, in materials where transport is dominated by free charge carriers, extracting diffusivities accurately from multidimensional data is complicated by the nonlinear dependence of the measured signal on the local charge carrier density. To obtain accurate estimates of charge carrier diffusivity from transient microscopy data, statistically robust fitting algorithms coupled to efficient 3D numerical solvers that faithfully relate local carrier dynamics to raw experimental measurables are sometimes needed. Here, we provide a detailed numerical framework for modeling the spatiotemporal dynamics of free charge carriers in bulk semiconductors with significant solving speed reduction and for simulating the corresponding transient photoluminescence microscopy data. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we apply a fitting algorithm using a Markov chain Monte Carlo sampler to experimental data on bulk CdS and methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) crystals. Parameter analyses reveal that transient photoluminescence microscopy can be used to obtain robust estimates of charge carrier diffusivities in optoelectronic materials of interest, but that other experimental approaches should be used for obtaining carrier recombination constants. Additionally, simplifications can be made to the fitting model depending on the experimental conditions and material systems studied. Our open-source simulation code and fitting algorithm are made freely available to the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumi Nagaya Wong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Seung Kyun Ha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kristopher Williams
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Wenbi Shcherbakov-Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - James W. Swan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - William A. Tisdale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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37
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Sharma A, Zhu Y, Halbich R, Sun X, Zhang L, Wang B, Lu Y. Engineering the Dynamics and Transport of Excitons, Trions, and Biexcitons in Monolayer WS 2. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:41165-41177. [PMID: 36048513 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study of transport and diffusion dynamics of quasi-particles such as excitons, trions, and biexcitons in two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors has opened avenues for their application in high-speed excitonic and optoelectronic devices. However, long-range transport and fast diffusion of these quasi-particles have not been reported for 2D systems such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). The reported diffusion coefficients from TMDCs are low, limiting their use in high-speed excitonic devices and other optoelectronic applications. Here, we report the highest exciton diffusion coefficient value in monolayer WS2 achieved via engineering the radiative lifetime and diffusion lengths using static back-gate voltage and substrate engineering. Electrostatic doping is observed to modulate the radiative lifetime and in turn the diffusion coefficient of excitons by ∼three times at room temperature. By combining electrostatic doping and substrate engineering, we push the diffusion coefficient to an extremely high value of 86.5 cm2/s, which has not been reported before in TMDCs and is even higher than the values in some 1D systems. At low temperatures, we further report the control of dynamic and spatial diffusion of excitons, trions, and biexcitons from WS2. The electrostatic control of dynamics and transport of these quasi-particles in monolayers establishes monolayer TMDCs as ideal candidates for high-speed excitonic circuits, optoelectronic, and photonic device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Sharma
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yi Zhu
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Halbich
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Xueqian Sun
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Linglong Zhang
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Bowen Wang
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yuerui Lu
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Quantum Computation and Communication Technology ANU Node, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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38
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Behera T, Pathoor N, Mukherjee R, Chowdhury A. Deciphering modes of long-range energy transfer in perovskite crystals using confocal excitation and wide-field fluorescence spectral imaging. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2022; 10. [PMID: 36063814 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ac8f85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Excitation energy migration beyond mesoscale is of contemporary interest for both solar photovoltaic and light-emissive devices, especially in context of organometal halide perovskites (OMHPs) which have been shown to have very long (charge carrier) diffusion lengths. While understanding the energy propagation pathways in OMHPs is crucial for further advancement of material design and improvement of opto-electronic features, the simultaneous existence of multiple processes like carrier diffusion, photon recycling, and photon transport makes it often complex to differentiate them. In this study, we unravel the diverse yet dominant excitation energy transfer mode(s) in crystalline MAPbBr3 micron-sized 1-D rods and plates by localized (confocal) laser excitation coupled with spectrally-resolved wide-field fluorescence imaging. While rarely used, this technique can efficiently probe excitation migration beyond the diffraction limit and can be realized by simple modification of existing epifluorescence microscopy setups. We find that in rods of length below ~2 microns, carrier diffusion dominates amongst the various energy transfer processes. However, the transient non-radiative defects severely inhibit the extent of carrier migration and also temporarily affect the radiative recombination dynamics of the photo-carriers. For MAPbBr3 plates of several tens of micrometers, we find that the photoluminescence (PL) spectral characteristics remain unaltered at short distances (< ~3 μm) whilst at a larger distance, the spectral profile is gradually red-shifted. This implies that carrier diffusion dominates over small distances, while photon recycling, i.e., repeated re-absorption and re-emission of photons propagates excitation energy transfer over extended length scales with assistance from wave-guided photon transport. Our findings can potentially be used for future studies on the characterization of energy transport mechanisms in semiconductor solids as well as for organic (molecular) self-assembled microstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejmani Behera
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Department of Chemistry, IIT-Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, INDIA
| | - Nithin Pathoor
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Department of Chemistry, IIT-Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, INDIA
| | - Rajat Mukherjee
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Department of Chemistry, IIT-Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, INDIA
| | - Arindam Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Department of Chemistry, IIT-Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, INDIA
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39
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Li XZ, Aihemaiti N, Fang HH, Huang GY, Zhou YK, Wang XJ, Zhang Y, Xing R, Peng S, Bai B, Sun HB. Optical Visualization of Photoexcitation Diffusion in All-Inorganic Perovskite at High Temperature. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7645-7652. [PMID: 35959945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
All-inorganic halide perovskites are promising candidates for optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices because of their good thermal stability and remarkable optoelectronic properties. Among those properties, carrier transport properties are critical as they inherently dominate the device performance. The transport properties of perovskites have been widely studied at room and lower temperatures, but their high-temperature (i.e., tens of degrees above room temperature) characteristics are not fully understood. Here, the photoexcitation diffusion is optically visualized by transient photoluminescence microscopy (TPLM), through which the temperature-dependent transport characteristics from room temperature to 80 °C are studied in all-inorganic CsPbBr3 single-crystalline microplates. We reveal the decreasing trend of diffusion coefficient and the almost unchanged trend of diffusion length when heating the sample to high temperature. The phonon scattering in combination with the variation of effective mass is proposed for the explanation of the temperature-dependent diffusion behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | | | - Hong-Hua Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guan-Yao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yun-Ke Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Renhao Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | | | - Benfeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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40
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Lyu PT, Li QY, Wu P, Sun C, Kang B, Chen HY, Xu JJ. Decrypting Material Performance by Wide-field Femtosecond Interferometric Imaging of Energy Carrier Evolution. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13928-13937. [PMID: 35866699 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Energy carrier evolution is crucial for material performance. Ultrafast microscopy has been widely applied to visualize the spatiotemporal evolution of energy carriers. However, direct imaging of a small amount of energy carriers on the nanoscale remains difficult due to extremely weak transient signals. Here, we present a method for ultrasensitive and high-throughput imaging of energy carrier evolution in space and time. This method combines femtosecond pump-probe techniques with interferometric scattering microscopy (iSCAT), named Femto-iSCAT. The interferometric principle and unique spatially modulated contrast enhancement enable the exploration of new science. We address three important and challenging problems: transport of different energy carriers at various interfaces, heterogeneous hot-electron distribution and relaxation in single plasmonic resonators, and distinct structure-dependent edge-state dynamics of carriers and excitons in optoelectronic semiconductors. Femto-iSCAT holds great potential as a universal tool for ultrasensitive imaging of energy carrier evolution in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Tian Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qing-Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Pei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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41
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Berghuis AM, Tichauer RH, de Jong LMA, Sokolovskii I, Bai P, Ramezani M, Murai S, Groenhof G, Gómez Rivas J. Controlling Exciton Propagation in Organic Crystals through Strong Coupling to Plasmonic Nanoparticle Arrays. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:2263-2272. [PMID: 35880071 PMCID: PMC9306002 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Exciton transport in most organic materials is based on an incoherent hopping process between neighboring molecules. This process is very slow, setting a limit to the performance of organic optoelectronic devices. In this Article, we overcome the incoherent exciton transport by strongly coupling localized singlet excitations in a tetracene crystal to confined light modes in an array of plasmonic nanoparticles. We image the transport of the resulting exciton-polaritons in Fourier space at various distances from the excitation to directly probe their propagation length as a function of the exciton to photon fraction. Exciton-polaritons with an exciton fraction of 50% show a propagation length of 4.4 μm, which is an increase by 2 orders of magnitude compared to the singlet exciton diffusion length. This remarkable increase has been qualitatively confirmed with both finite-difference time-domain simulations and atomistic multiscale molecular dynamics simulations. Furthermore, we observe that the propagation length is modified when the dipole moment of the exciton transition is either parallel or perpendicular to the cavity field, which opens a new avenue for controlling the anisotropy of the exciton flow in organic crystals. The enhanced exciton-polariton transport reported here may contribute to the development of organic devices with lower recombination losses and improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Matthijs Berghuis
- Department
of Applied Physics and Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth H. Tichauer
- Nanoscience
Center and Department of Chemistry, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Lianne M. A. de Jong
- Department
of Applied Physics and Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ilia Sokolovskii
- Nanoscience
Center and Department of Chemistry, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ping Bai
- Department
of Applied Physics and Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Department
of Applied Physics and Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shunsuke Murai
- Department
of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, 6158510, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Nanoscience
Center and Department of Chemistry, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jaime Gómez Rivas
- Department
of Applied Physics and Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems ICMS, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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42
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Kurilovich AA, Mantsevich VN, Mardoukhi Y, Stevenson KJ, Chechkin AV, Palyulin VV. Non-Markovian diffusion of excitons in layered perovskites and transition metal dichalcogenides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:13941-13950. [PMID: 35621272 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00557c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The diffusion of excitons in perovskites and transition metal dichalcogenides shows clear anomalous, subdiffusive behaviour in experiments. In this paper we develop a non-Markovian mobile-immobile model which provides an explanation of this behaviour through paired theoretical and simulation approaches. The simulation model is based on a random walk on a 2D lattice with randomly distributed deep traps such that the trapping time distribution involves slowly decaying power-law asymptotics. The theoretical model uses coupled diffusion and rate equations for free and trapped excitons, respectively, with an integral term responsible for trapping. The model provides a good fitting of the experimental data, thus, showing a way for quantifying the exciton diffusion dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr A Kurilovich
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Mantsevich
- Chair of Semiconductors and Cryoelectronics & Quantum Technology Center, Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yousof Mardoukhi
- Institute for Physics & Astronomy, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Keith J Stevenson
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksei V Chechkin
- Institute for Physics & Astronomy, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.,Faculty of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Hugo Steinhaus Center, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.,Akhiezer Institute for Theoretical Physics National Science Center "Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology", 61108, Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir V Palyulin
- RAIC Center, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205, Moscow, Russia.
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43
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Uddin SZ, Higashitarumizu N, Kim H, Yi J, Zhang X, Chrzan D, Javey A. Enhanced Neutral Exciton Diffusion in Monolayer WS 2 by Exciton-Exciton Annihilation. ACS NANO 2022; 16:8005-8011. [PMID: 35467828 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dominant recombination pathways in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) depend primarily on background carrier concentration, generation rate, and applied strain. Charged excitons formed in the presence of background carriers mainly recombine nonradiatively. Neutral excitons recombine completely radiatively at low generation rates, but experience nonradiative exciton-exciton annihilation (EEA) at high generation rates. Strain can suppress EEA, resulting in near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield (PL QY) at all exciton densities. Although exciton diffusion is the primary channel of energy transport in excitonic materials and a critical optoelectronic design consideration, the combined effects of these factors on exciton diffusion are not clearly understood. In this work, we decouple the diffusion of neutral and charged excitons with chemical counterdoping and explore the effect of strain and generation rate on exciton diffusion. According to the standard semiconductor paradigm, a shorter carrier recombination lifetime should lead to a smaller diffusion length. Surprisingly, we find that increasing generation rate shortens the exciton lifetime but increases the diffusion length in unstrained monolayers of TMDCs. When we suppress EEA by strain, both lifetime and diffusion length become independent of generation rate. During EEA one exciton nonradiatively recombines and kinetically energizes another exciton, which then diffuses fast. Our results probe concentration-dependent diffusion of pure neutral excitons by counterdoping and elucidate how strain controls exciton transport and many-body interactions in TMDC monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiekh Zia Uddin
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Naoki Higashitarumizu
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hyungjin Kim
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jun Yi
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xiang Zhang
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Faculties of Sciences and Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daryl Chrzan
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ali Javey
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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44
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Zhang Z, Sung J, Toolan DTW, Han S, Pandya R, Weir MP, Xiao J, Dowland S, Liu M, Ryan AJ, Jones RAL, Huang S, Rao A. Ultrafast exciton transport at early times in quantum dot solids. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:533-539. [PMID: 35256791 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dot (QD) solids are an emerging platform for developing a range of optoelectronic devices. Thus, understanding exciton dynamics is essential towards developing and optimizing QD devices. Here, using transient absorption microscopy, we reveal the initial exciton dynamics in QDs with femtosecond timescales. We observe high exciton diffusivity (~102 cm2 s-1) in lead chalcogenide QDs within the first few hundred femtoseconds after photoexcitation followed by a transition to a slower regime (~10-1-1 cm2 s-1). QD solids with larger interdot distances exhibit higher initial diffusivity and a delayed transition to the slower regime, while higher QD packing density and heterogeneity accelerate this transition. The fast transport regime occurs only in materials with exciton Bohr radii much larger than the QD sizes, suggesting the transport of delocalized excitons in this regime and a transition to slower transport governed by exciton localization. These findings suggest routes to control the optoelectronic properties of QD solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Zhang
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jooyoung Sung
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Sanyang Han
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Raj Pandya
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, École Normale Superiéure-Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, College de France, Paris, France
| | - Michael P Weir
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - James Xiao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Dowland
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mengxia Liu
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony J Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Richard A L Jones
- Department of Materials Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Shujuan Huang
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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45
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Carreras A, Casanova D. Simple evaluation of dynamic disorder effects on exciton transport. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:044112. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0078406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abel Carreras
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - David Casanova
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
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46
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Wan Q, Li D, Zou J, Yan T, Zhu R, Xiao K, Yue S, Cui X, Weng Y, Che C. Efficient Long‐Range Triplet Exciton Transport by Metal–Metal Interaction at Room Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Wan
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Dian Li
- Department of Physics The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Jiading Zou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Tengfei Yan
- Graduate School of China Academy of Engineering Physics Beijing 100193 P.R. China
| | - Ruidan Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Ke Xiao
- Department of Physics The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Shuai Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Cui
- Department of Physics The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
| | - Yuxiang Weng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Chi‐Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research & Innovation Shenzhen 518057 China
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47
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Seitz M, Meléndez M, York P, Kurtz DA, Magdaleno AJ, Alcázar-Cano N, Kshirsagar AS, Gangishetty MK, Delgado-Buscalioni R, Congreve DN, Prins F. Halide Mixing Inhibits Exciton Transport in Two-dimensional Perovskites Despite Phase Purity. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2022; 7:358-365. [PMID: 35059502 PMCID: PMC8762701 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.1c02403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Halide mixing is one of the most powerful techniques to tune the optical bandgap of metal-halide perovskites. However, halide mixing has commonly been observed to result in phase segregation, which reduces excited-state transport and limits device performance. While the current emphasis lies on the development of strategies to prevent phase segregation, it remains unclear how halide mixing may affect excited-state transport even if phase purity is maintained. Here, we study exciton transport in phase pure mixed-halide 2D perovskites of (PEA)2Pb(I1-x Br x )4. Using transient photoluminescence microscopy, we show that, despite phase purity, halide mixing inhibits exciton transport. We find a significant reduction even for relatively low alloying concentrations. By performing Brownian dynamics simulations, we are able to reproduce our experimental results and attribute the decrease in diffusivity to the energetically disordered potential landscape that arises due to the intrinsic random distribution of alloying sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Seitz
- Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Autonomous
University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Autonomous
University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Rowland
Institute at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Marc Meléndez
- Department
of Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Peyton York
- Department
of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Daniel A. Kurtz
- Rowland
Institute at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Alvaro J. Magdaleno
- Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Autonomous
University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Autonomous
University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Alcázar-Cano
- Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Autonomous
University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department
of Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anuraj S. Kshirsagar
- Department
of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Mahesh K. Gangishetty
- Rowland
Institute at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Rafael Delgado-Buscalioni
- Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Autonomous
University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department
of Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel N. Congreve
- Rowland
Institute at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ferry Prins
- Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Autonomous
University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Autonomous
University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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48
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Sun Z, Ciarrocchi A, Tagarelli F, Marin JFG, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kis A. Excitonic transport driven by repulsive dipolar interaction in a van der Waals heterostructure. NATURE PHOTONICS 2022; 16:79-85. [PMID: 34992677 PMCID: PMC7612161 DOI: 10.1038/s41566-021-00908-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Dipolar bosonic gases are currently the focus of intensive research due to their interesting many-body physics in the quantum regime. Their experimental embodiments range from Rydberg atoms to GaAs double quantum wells and van der Waals heterostructures built from transition metal dichalcogenides. Although quantum gases are very dilute, mutual interactions between particles could lead to exotic many-body phenomena such as Bose-Einstein condensation and high-temperature superfluidity. Here, we report the effect of repulsive dipolar interactions on the dynamics of interlayer excitons in the dilute regime. By using spatial and time-resolved photoluminescence imaging, we observe the dynamics of exciton transport, enabling a direct estimation of the exciton mobility. The presence of interactions significantly modifies the diffusive transport of excitons, effectively acting as a source of drift force and enhancing the diffusion coefficient by one order of magnitude. The repulsive dipolar interactions combined with the electrical control of interlayer excitons opens up appealing new perspectives for excitonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- Institute of Electrical and Microengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Zhe Sun () and Andras Kis ()
| | - Alberto Ciarrocchi
- Institute of Electrical and Microengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fedele Tagarelli
- Institute of Electrical and Microengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juan Francisco Gonzalez Marin
- Institute of Electrical and Microengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Andras Kis
- Institute of Electrical and Microengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Zhe Sun () and Andras Kis ()
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49
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Che CM, Wan Q, Li D, Zou J, Yan T, Zhu R, Xiao K, Yue S, Cui X, Weng Y. Efficient long-range triplet exciton transport by metal-metal interaction at room temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114323. [PMID: 34941015 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and long-range exciton transport is critical for photosynthesis and opto-electronic devices, and for triplet-harvesting materials, triplet exciton diffusion length ( [[EQUATION]] ) and coefficient ( [[EQUATION]] ) are key parameters in determining their performances. Herein, we observed that PtII and PdII organometallic nanowires exhibit long-range anisotropic triplet exciton LD of 5-7 μm along the M-M direction using direct photoluminescence (PL) imaging technique by low-power continuous wave (CW) laser excitation. At room temperature, via a combined triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) analysis and spatial PL imaging, an efficient triplet exciton diffusion was observed for the PtII and PdII nanowires with extended close M-M contact, while is absent in nanowires without close M-M contact. Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) and calculations revealed a significant contribution of the delocalized 1/3[dσ*(M-M)→π*] excited state during the exciton diffusion modulated by the M-M distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ming Che
- The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, -, Hong Kong, HONG KONG
| | - Qingyun Wan
- the University of Hong Kong, Chemistry, HONG KONG
| | - Dian Li
- the University of Hong Kong, physics, HONG KONG
| | | | - Tengfei Yan
- China Academy of Engineering Physics, Physics, CHINA
| | - Ruidan Zhu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Physics, CHINA
| | - Ke Xiao
- the University of Hong Kong, Physics, HONG KONG
| | - Shuai Yue
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Physics, CHINA
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50
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Enomoto R, Hoshi M, Oyama H, Agata H, Kurokawa S, Kuma H, Uekusa H, Murakami Y. van der Waals solid solution crystals for highly efficient in-air photon upconversion under subsolar irradiance. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:3449-3456. [PMID: 34751288 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01542g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-sensitized photon upconversion (UC) has been proposed for broad applications. However, the quest for superior solid materials has been challenged by the poor exciton transport often caused by low crystallinity, a small crystal domain, and aggregation of triplet sensitizers. Here, we demonstrate substantial advantages of the van der Waals solid solution concept to yield molecular crystals with extraordinary performance. A 0.001%-order porphyrin sensitizer is dissolved during recrystallization into the molecular crystals of a blue-fluorescent hydrocarbon annihilator, 9-(2-naphthyl)-10-[4-(1-naphthyl)phenyl]anthracene (ANNP), which contains bulky side groups. This attempt yields millimeter-sized, uniformly colored, transparent solid solution crystals, which resolves the long-standing problem of sensitizer aggregation. After annealing, the crystals exhibit unprecedented UC performance (UC quantum yield reaching 16% out of a maximum of 50% by definition; excitation intensity threshold of 0.175 sun; and high photostability of over 150 000 s) in air, which proves that this concept is highly effective in the quest for superior UC solid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riku Enomoto
- School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Megumi Hoshi
- School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Hironaga Oyama
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Hideki Agata
- Nissan Motor Co., Ltd., 2 Takaracho, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 220-8623, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kurokawa
- Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd., 1-2-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8321, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kuma
- Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd., 1-2-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8321, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Uekusa
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Yoichi Murakami
- School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.
- PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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