1
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Swindell WR. Meta-analysis of differential gene expression in lower motor neurons isolated by laser capture microdissection from post-mortem ALS spinal cords. Front Genet 2024; 15:1385114. [PMID: 38689650 PMCID: PMC11059082 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1385114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction ALS is a fatal neurodegenerative disease for which underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. The motor neuron is a central player in ALS pathogenesis but different transcriptome signatures have been derived from bulk analysis of post-mortem tissue and iPSC-derived motor neurons (iPSC-MNs). Methods This study performed a meta-analysis of six gene expression studies (microarray and RNA-seq) in which laser capture microdissection (LCM) was used to isolate lower motor neurons from post-mortem spinal cords of ALS and control (CTL) subjects. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with consistent ALS versus CTL expression differences across studies were identified. Results The analysis identified 222 ALS-increased DEGs (FDR <0.10, SMD >0.80) and 278 ALS-decreased DEGs (FDR <0.10, SMD < -0.80). ALS-increased DEGs were linked to PI3K-AKT signaling, innate immunity, inflammation, motor neuron differentiation and extracellular matrix. ALS-decreased DEGs were associated with the ubiquitin-proteosome system, microtubules, axon growth, RNA-binding proteins and synaptic membrane. ALS-decreased DEG mRNAs frequently interacted with RNA-binding proteins (e.g., FUS, HuR). The complete set of DEGs (increased and decreased) overlapped significantly with genes near ALS-associated SNP loci (p < 0.01). Transcription factor target motifs with increased proximity to ALS-increased DEGs were identified, most notably DNA elements predicted to interact with forkhead transcription factors (e.g., FOXP1) and motor neuron and pancreas homeobox 1 (MNX1). Some of these DNA elements overlie ALS-associated SNPs within known enhancers and are predicted to have genotype-dependent MNX1 interactions. DEGs were compared to those identified from SOD1-G93A mice and bulk spinal cord segments or iPSC-MNs from ALS patients. There was good correspondence with transcriptome changes from SOD1-G93A mice (r ≤ 0.408) but most DEGs were not differentially expressed in bulk spinal cords or iPSC-MNs and transcriptome-wide effect size correlations were weak (bulk tissue: r ≤ 0.207, iPSC-MN: r ≤ 0.037). Conclusion This study defines a robust transcriptome signature from LCM-based motor neuron studies of post-mortem tissue from ALS and CTL subjects. This signature differs from those obtained from analysis of bulk spinal cord segments and iPSC-MNs. Results provide insight into mechanisms underlying gene dysregulation in ALS and highlight connections between these mechanisms, ALS genetics, and motor neuron biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Swindell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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2
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Benvenuto M, Palumbo P, Di Muro E, Perrotta CS, Mazza T, Mandarà GML, Palumbo O, Carella M. Identification of a Novel FOXP1 Variant in a Patient with Hypotonia, Intellectual Disability, and Severe Speech Impairment. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1958. [PMID: 37895307 PMCID: PMC10606110 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The FOXP subfamily includes four different transcription factors: FOXP1, FOXP2, FOXP3, and FOXP4, all with important roles in regulating gene expression from early development through adulthood. Haploinsufficiency of FOXP1, due to deleterious variants (point mutations, copy number variants) disrupting the gene, leads to an emerging disorder known as "FOXP1 syndrome", mainly characterized by intellectual disability, language impairment, dysmorphic features, and multiple congenital abnormalities with or without autistic features in some affected individuals (MIM 613670). Here we describe a 10-year-old female patient, born to unrelated parents, showing hypotonia, intellectual disability, and severe language delay. Targeted resequencing analysis allowed us to identify a heterozygous de novo FOXP1 variant c.1030C>T, p.(Gln344Ter) classified as likely pathogenetic according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. To the best of our knowledge, our patient is the first to date to report carrying this stop mutation, which is, for this reason, useful for broadening the molecular spectrum of FOXP1 clinically relevant variants. In addition, our results highlight the utility of next-generation sequencing in establishing an etiological basis for heterogeneous conditions such as neurodevelopmental disorders and providing additional insight into the phenotypic features of FOXP1-related syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Benvenuto
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy; (M.B.); (P.P.); (E.D.M.); (O.P.)
- Dipartimento Degli Studi Umanistici, Università Degli Studi di Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Pietro Palumbo
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy; (M.B.); (P.P.); (E.D.M.); (O.P.)
| | - Ester Di Muro
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy; (M.B.); (P.P.); (E.D.M.); (O.P.)
| | | | - Tommaso Mazza
- Unit of Bioinformatics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy;
| | | | - Orazio Palumbo
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy; (M.B.); (P.P.); (E.D.M.); (O.P.)
| | - Massimo Carella
- Division of Medical Genetics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy; (M.B.); (P.P.); (E.D.M.); (O.P.)
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3
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Siddiq MM, Toro CA, Johnson NP, Hansen J, Xiong Y, Mellado W, Tolentino RE, Johnson K, Jayaraman G, Suhail Z, Harlow L, Dai J, Beaumont KG, Sebra R, Willis DE, Cardozo CP, Iyengar R. Spinal cord injury regulates circular RNA expression in axons. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1183315. [PMID: 37692100 PMCID: PMC10483835 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1183315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neurons transport mRNA and translational machinery to axons for local translation. After spinal cord injury (SCI), de novo translation is assumed to enable neurorepair. Knowledge of the identity of axonal mRNAs that participate in neurorepair after SCI is limited. We sought to identify and understand how axonal RNAs play a role in axonal regeneration. Methods We obtained preparations enriched in axonal mRNAs from control and SCI rats by digesting spinal cord tissue with cold-active protease (CAP). The digested samples were then centrifuged to obtain a supernatant that was used to identify mRNA expression. We identified differentially expressed genes (DEGS) after SCI and mapped them to various biological processes. We validated the DEGs by RT-qPCR and RNA-scope. Results The supernatant fraction was highly enriched for mRNA from axons. Using Gene Ontology, the second most significant pathway for all DEGs was axonogenesis. Among the DEGs was Rims2, which is predominately a circular RNA (circRNA) in the CNS. We show that Rims2 RNA within spinal cord axons is circular. We found an additional 200 putative circRNAs in the axonal-enriched fraction. Knockdown in primary rat cortical neurons of the RNA editing enzyme ADAR1, which inhibits formation of circRNAs, significantly increased axonal outgrowth and increased the expression of circRims2. Using Rims2 as a prototype we used Circular RNA Interactome to predict miRNAs that bind to circRims2 also bind to the 3'UTR of GAP-43, PTEN or CREB1, all known regulators of axonal outgrowth. Axonally-translated GAP-43 supports axonal elongation and we detect GAP-43 mRNA in the rat axons by RNAscope. Discussion By enriching for axonal RNA, we detect SCI induced DEGs, including circRNA such as Rims2. Ablation of ADAR1, the enzyme that regulates circRNA formation, promotes axonal outgrowth of cortical neurons. We developed a pathway model using Circular RNA Interactome that indicates that Rims2 through miRNAs can regulate the axonal translation GAP-43 to regulate axonal regeneration. We conclude that axonal regulatory pathways will play a role in neurorepair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa M. Siddiq
- Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Carlos A. Toro
- Spinal Cord Damage Research Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nicholas P. Johnson
- Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jens Hansen
- Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yuguang Xiong
- Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Rosa E. Tolentino
- Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kaitlin Johnson
- Spinal Cord Damage Research Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Gomathi Jayaraman
- Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zaara Suhail
- Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lauren Harlow
- Spinal Cord Damage Research Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jinye Dai
- Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kristin G. Beaumont
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Studies, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Studies, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dianna E. Willis
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, United States
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christopher P. Cardozo
- Spinal Cord Damage Research Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ravi Iyengar
- Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Kataoka M, Sahashi K, Tsujikawa K, Takeda JI, Hirunagi T, Iida M, Katsunoa M. Dysregulation of Aldh1a2 underlies motor neuron degeneration in spinal muscular atrophy. Neurosci Res 2023:S0168-0102(23)00090-1. [PMID: 37146794 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Lower motor neuron degeneration is the pathological hallmark of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a hereditary motor neuron disease caused by loss of the SMN1 gene and the resulting deficiency of ubiquitously expressed SMN protein. The molecular mechanisms underlying motor neuron degeneration, however, remain elusive. To clarify the cell-autonomous defect in developmental processes, we here performed transcriptome analyses of isolated embryonic motor neurons of SMA model mice to explore mechanisms of dysregulation of cell-type-specific gene expression. Of 12 identified genes that were differentially expressed between the SMA and control motor neurons, we focused on Aldh1a2, an essential gene for lower motor neuron development. In primary spinal motor neuron cultures, knockdown of Aldh1a2 led to the formation of axonal spheroids and neurodegeneration, reminiscent of the histopathological changes observed in human and animal cellular models. Conversely, Aldh1a2 rescued these pathological features in spinal motor neurons derived from SMA mouse embryos. Our findings suggest that developmental defects due to Aldh1a2 dysregulation enhances lower motor neuron vulnerability in SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Kataoka
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Kentaro Sahashi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan.
| | - Koyo Tsujikawa
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Takeda
- Division of Neurogenetics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Tomoki Hirunagi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Madoka Iida
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan
| | - Masahisa Katsunoa
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan; Department of Clinical Research Education, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550 Japan.
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5
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Genomic insights into the secondary aquatic transition of penguins. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3912. [PMID: 35853876 PMCID: PMC9296559 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31508-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Penguins lost the ability to fly more than 60 million years ago, subsequently evolving a hyper-specialized marine body plan. Within the framework of a genome-scale, fossil-inclusive phylogeny, we identify key geological events that shaped penguin diversification and genomic signatures consistent with widespread refugia/recolonization during major climate oscillations. We further identify a suite of genes potentially underpinning adaptations related to thermoregulation, oxygenation, diving, vision, diet, immunity and body size, which might have facilitated their remarkable secondary transition to an aquatic ecology. Our analyses indicate that penguins and their sister group (Procellariiformes) have the lowest evolutionary rates yet detected in birds. Together, these findings help improve our understanding of how penguins have transitioned to the marine environment, successfully colonizing some of the most extreme environments on Earth. This study examines the tempo and drivers of penguin diversification by combining genomes from all extant and recently extinct penguin lineages, stratigraphic data from fossil penguins and morphological and biogeographic data from all extant and extinct species. Together, these datasets provide new insights into the genetic basis and evolution of adaptations in penguins.
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6
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Li LK, Huang WC, Hsueh YY, Yamauchi K, Olivares N, Davila R, Fang J, Ding X, Zhao W, Soto J, Hasani M, Novitch B, Li S. Intramuscular delivery of neural crest stem cell spheroids enhances neuromuscular regeneration after denervation injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:205. [PMID: 35578348 PMCID: PMC9109326 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle denervation from trauma and motor neuron disease causes disabling morbidities. A limiting step in functional recovery is the regeneration of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) for reinnervation. Stem cells have the potential to promote these regenerative processes, but current approaches have limited success, and the optimal types of stem cells remain to be determined. Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs), as the developmental precursors of the peripheral nervous system, are uniquely advantageous, but the role of NCSCs in neuromuscular regeneration is not clear. Furthermore, a cell delivery approach that can maintain NCSC survival upon transplantation is critical. METHODS We established a streamlined protocol to derive, isolate, and characterize functional p75+ NCSCs from human iPSCs without genome integration of reprogramming factors. To enhance survival rate upon delivery in vivo, NCSCs were centrifuged in microwell plates to form spheroids of desirable size by controlling suspension cell density. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were also studied for comparison. NCSC or MSC spheroids were injected into the gastrocnemius muscle with denervation injury, and the effects on NMJ formation and functional recovery were investigated. The spheroids were also co-cultured with engineered neuromuscular tissue to assess effects on NMJ formation in vitro. RESULTS NCSCs cultured in spheroids displayed enhanced secretion of soluble factors involved in neuromuscular regeneration. Intramuscular transplantation of spheroids enabled long-term survival and retention of NCSCs, in contrast to the transplantation of single-cell suspensions. Furthermore, NCSC spheroids significantly improved functional recovery after four weeks as shown by gait analysis, electrophysiology, and the rate of NMJ innervation. MSC spheroids, on the other hand, had insignificant effect. In vitro co-culture of NCSC or MSC spheroids with engineered myotubes and motor neurons further evidenced improved innervated NMJ formation with NCSC spheroids. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that stem cell type is critical for neuromuscular regeneration and that NCSCs have a distinct advantage and therapeutic potential to promote reinnervation following peripheral nerve injury. Biophysical effects of spheroidal culture, in particular, enable long-term NCSC survival following in vivo delivery. Furthermore, synthetic neuromuscular tissue, or "tissues-on-a-chip," may offer a platform to evaluate stem cells for neuromuscular regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeeAnn K Li
- Departments of Bioengineering and Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Wen-Chin Huang
- Departments of Bioengineering and Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yuan-Yu Hsueh
- Departments of Bioengineering and Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ken Yamauchi
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Natalie Olivares
- Departments of Bioengineering and Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Raul Davila
- Departments of Bioengineering and Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jun Fang
- Departments of Bioengineering and Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Xili Ding
- Departments of Bioengineering and Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Weikang Zhao
- Departments of Bioengineering and Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jennifer Soto
- Departments of Bioengineering and Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Mahdi Hasani
- Departments of Bioengineering and Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Bennett Novitch
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Song Li
- Departments of Bioengineering and Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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7
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Bazarek S, Johnston BR, Sten M, Mandeville R, Eggan K, Wainger BJ, Brown JM. Spinal motor neuron transplantation to enhance nerve reconstruction strategies: Towards a cell therapy. Exp Neurol 2022; 353:114054. [PMID: 35341748 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nerve transfers have become a powerful intervention to restore function following devastating paralyzing injuries. A major limitation to peripheral nerve repair and reconstructive strategies is the progressive, fibrotic degeneration of the distal nerve and denervated muscle, eventually precluding recovery of these targets and thus defining a time window within which reinnervation must occur. One proven strategy in the clinic has been the sacrifice and transfer of an adjacent distal motor nerve to provide axons to occupy, and thus preserve (or "babysit"), the target muscle. However, available nearby nerves are limited in severe brachial plexus or spinal cord injury. An alternative and novel proposition is the transplantation of spinal motor neurons (SMNs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into the target nerve to extend their axons to occupy and preserve the targets. These cells could potentially be delivered through minimally invasive or percutaneous techniques. Several reports have demonstrated survival, functional innervation, and muscular preservation following transplantation of SMNs into rodent nerves. Advances in the generation, culture, and differentiation of human iPSCs now offer the possibility for an unlimited supply of clinical grade SMNs. This review will discuss the previous reports of peripheral SMN transplantation, outline key considerations, and propose next steps towards advancing this approach to clinic. Stem cells have garnered great enthusiasm for their potential to revolutionize medicine. However, this excitement has often led to premature clinical studies with ill-defined cell products and mechanisms of action, particularly in spinal cord injury. We believe the peripheral transplantation of a defined SMN population to address neuromuscular degeneration will be transformative in augmenting current reconstructive strategies. By thus removing the current barriers of time and distance, this strategy would dramatically enhance the potential for reconstruction and functional recovery in otherwise hopeless paralyzing injuries. Furthermore, this strategy may be used as a permanent axon replacement following destruction of lower motor neurons and would enable exogenous stimulation options, such as pacing of transplanted SMN axons in the phrenic nerve to avoid mechanical ventilation in high cervical cord injury or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Bazarek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America; Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Benjamin R Johnston
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America; Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Margaret Sten
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Ross Mandeville
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Kevin Eggan
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., San Rafael, CA, United States of America
| | - Brian J Wainger
- Departments of Neurology and Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America.
| | - Justin M Brown
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America.
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8
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Gupta S, Butler SJ. Getting in touch with your senses: Mechanisms specifying sensory interneurons in the dorsal spinal cord. WIREs Mech Dis 2021; 13:e1520. [PMID: 34730293 PMCID: PMC8459260 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The spinal cord is functionally and anatomically divided into ventrally derived motor circuits and dorsally derived somatosensory circuits. Sensory stimuli originating either at the periphery of the body, or internally, are relayed to the dorsal spinal cord where they are processed by distinct classes of sensory dorsal interneurons (dIs). dIs convey sensory information, such as pain, heat or itch, either to the brain, and/or to the motor circuits to initiate the appropriate response. They also regulate the intensity of sensory information and are the major target for the opioid analgesics. While the developmental mechanisms directing ventral and dorsal cell fates have been hypothesized to be similar, more recent research has suggested that dI fates are specified by novel mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss the molecular events that specify dorsal neuronal patterning in the spinal cord, thereby generating diverse dI identities. We will then discuss how this molecular understanding has led to the development of robust stem cell methods to derive multiple spinal cell types, including the dIs, and the implication of these studies for treating spinal cord injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. This article is categorized under: Neurological Diseases > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Gupta
- Department of NeurobiologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Samantha J. Butler
- Department of NeurobiologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell ResearchUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research CenterUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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9
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Zhao A, Pan Y, Cai S. Patient-Specific Cells for Modeling and Decoding Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Advances and Challenges. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 16:482-502. [PMID: 31916190 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09946-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Motor neuron loss or degeneration is the typical characteristic of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which often leads to weakness, paralysis, or even death. The underlying mechanisms of motor neuron degeneration and ALS progression remain elusive, and there is no effective treatment for ALS. The advances of stem cells and reprogramming techniques has made it possible to generate patient-specific motor neurons as cell models for studying disease mechanisms and drug discovery. This review comprehensively discusses recent approaches to generate motor neurons from stem cells and somatic cells and highlights the application of induced motor neurons to modeling ALS diseases, dissecting the pathogenesis, and screening new drugs. New perspectives are also discussed on generating patient-specific motor neuron subtypes that are affected by ALS or creating 3D spinal cord organoid models for better recapitulating and understanding ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andong Zhao
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yu Pan
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, The Affiliated Baoan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518101, China.
| | - Sa Cai
- Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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10
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Neyroud D, Nosacka RL, Callaway CS, Trevino JG, Hu H, Judge SM, Judge AR. FoxP1 is a transcriptional repressor associated with cancer cachexia that induces skeletal muscle wasting and weakness. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:421-442. [PMID: 33527776 PMCID: PMC8061399 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle wasting is a devastating consequence of cancer that affects up to 80% of cancer patients and associates with reduced survival. Herein, we investigated the biological significance of Forkhead box P1 (FoxP1), a transcriptional repressor that we demonstrate is up-regulated in skeletal muscle in multiple models of cancer cachexia and in cachectic cancer patients. METHODS Inducible, skeletal muscle-specific FoxP1 over-expressing (FoxP1iSkmTg/Tg ) mice were generated through crossing conditional Foxp1a transgenic mice with HSA-MCM mice that express tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase under control of the skeletal muscle actin promoter. To determine the requirement of FoxP1 for cancer-induced skeletal muscle wasting, FoxP1-shRNA was packaged and targeted to muscles using AAV9 delivery prior to inoculation of mice with Colon-26 Adenocarcinoma (C26) cells. RESULTS Up-regulation of FoxP1 in adult skeletal muscle was sufficient to induce features of cachexia, including 15% reduction in body mass (P < 0.05), and a 16-27% reduction in skeletal muscle mass (P < 0.05) that was characterized by a 20% reduction in muscle fibre cross-sectional area of type IIX/B muscle fibres (P = 0.020). Skeletal muscles from FoxP1iSkmTg/Tg mice also showed significant damage and myopathy characterized by the presence of centrally nucleated myofibres, extracellular matrix expansion, and were 19-26% weaker than controls (P < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis revealed FoxP1 as a potent transcriptional repressor of skeletal muscle gene expression, with enrichment of pathways related to skeletal muscle structure and function, growth signalling, and cell quality control. Because FoxP1 functions, at least in part, as a transcriptional repressor through its interaction with histone deacetylase proteins, we treated FoxP1iSkmTg/Tg mice with Trichostatin A, and found that this completely prevented the loss of muscle mass (p = 0.007) and fibre atrophy (P < 0.001) in the tibialis anterior. In the context of cancer, FoxP1 knockdown blocked the cancer-induced repression of myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2)-target genes critical to muscle differentiation and repair, improved muscle ultrastructure, and attenuated muscle fibre atrophy by 50% (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In summary, we identify FoxP1 as a novel repressor of skeletal muscle gene expression that is increased in cancer cachexia, whose up-regulation is sufficient to induce skeletal muscle wasting and weakness, and required for the normal wasting response to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Neyroud
- Department of Physical TherapyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | | | | | | | - Hui Hu
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Sarah M. Judge
- Department of Physical TherapyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Andrew R. Judge
- Department of Physical TherapyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
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11
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Pearson CA, Moore DM, Tucker HO, Dekker JD, Hu H, Miquelajáuregui A, Novitch BG. Foxp1 Regulates Neural Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Bias Toward Deep Layer Cortical Fates. Cell Rep 2021; 30:1964-1981.e3. [PMID: 32049024 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The laminar architecture of the mammalian neocortex depends on the orderly generation of distinct neuronal subtypes by apical radial glia (aRG) during embryogenesis. Here, we identify critical roles for the autism risk gene Foxp1 in maintaining aRG identity and gating the temporal competency for deep-layer neurogenesis. Early in development, aRG express high levels of Foxp1 mRNA and protein, which promote self-renewing cell divisions and deep-layer neuron production. Foxp1 levels subsequently decline during the transition to superficial-layer neurogenesis. Sustained Foxp1 expression impedes this transition, preserving a population of cells with aRG identity throughout development and extending the early neurogenic period into postnatal life. FOXP1 expression is further associated with the initial formation and expansion of basal RG (bRG) during human corticogenesis and can promote the formation of cells exhibiting characteristics of bRG when misexpressed in the mouse cortex. Together, these findings reveal broad functions for Foxp1 in cortical neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Alayne Pearson
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Destaye M Moore
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Haley O Tucker
- Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Joseph D Dekker
- Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Amaya Miquelajáuregui
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00911, USA
| | - Bennett G Novitch
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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12
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Fannon OM, Bithell A, Whalley BJ, Delivopoulos E. A Fiber Alginate Co-culture Platform for the Differentiation of mESC and Modeling of the Neural Tube. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:524346. [PMID: 33510605 PMCID: PMC7835723 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.524346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alginate hydrogels are a commonly used substrate for in vitro 3D cell culture. These naturally derived biomaterials are highly tunable, biocompatible, and can be designed to mimic the elastic modulus of the adult brain at 1% w/v solution. Recent studies show that the molecular weight of the alginate can affect cell viability and differentiation. The relationship between the molecular weight, viscosity and ratio of G:M monomers of alginate hydrogels is complex, and the balance between these factors must be carefully considered when deciding on a suitable alginate hydrogel for stem cell research. This study investigates the formation of embryoid bodies (EB) from mouse embryonic stem cells, using low molecular weight (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW) alginates. The cells are differentiated using a retinoic acid-based protocol, and the resulting aggregates are sectioned and stained for the presence of stem cells and the three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm). The results highlight that aggregates within LMW and HMW alginate are true EBs, as demonstrated by positive staining for markers of the three germ layers. Using tubular alginate scaffolds, formed with an adapted gradient maker protocol, we also propose a novel 3D platform for the patterned differentiation of mESCs, based on gradients of retinoic acid produced in situ by lateral motor column (LMC) motor neurons. The end product of our platform will be of great interest as it can be further developed into a powerful model of neural tube development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla M Fannon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Bithell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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13
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Klochkov S, Neganova M. Unique indolizidine alkaloid securinine is a promising scaffold for the development of neuroprotective and antitumor drugs. RSC Adv 2021; 11:19185-19195. [PMID: 35478659 PMCID: PMC9033663 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02558a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids, secondary plant metabolites, are used in traditional medicine in many countries to treat various pathological conditions. Securinine, a unique indolizidine alkaloid combining four cycles, “6-azobicyclo[3.2.1]octane” as a key structure fused with α,β-unsaturated-γ-lactone and piperidine ring, has a broad spectrum of actions including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, neuroprotective and antitumor, and has been previously used in medical practice. It has several reactive centers, which are double bonds at positions 12–13 and 14–15, and this is a challenging scaffold for the synthesis of biologically active compounds. In this review, works on the production of modified securinine derivatives and their biological activity are addressed. Both monovalent and bivalent derivatives that are most promising in our opinion, and have potential for further research, are considered. Derivatives of unique indolizidine alkaloid securinine used for neuroprotection and as antitumor agents.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Klochkov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences
- Chernogolovka
- Russia
| | - Margarita Neganova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences
- Chernogolovka
- Russia
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14
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Zhao AD, Qin H, Sun ML, Ma K, Fu XB. Efficient and rapid conversion of human astrocytes and ALS mouse model spinal cord astrocytes into motor neuron-like cells by defined small molecules. Mil Med Res 2020; 7:42. [PMID: 32892745 PMCID: PMC7487818 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-020-00271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor neuron degeneration or loss in the spinal cord is the characteristic phenotype of motor neuron diseases or spinal cord injuries. Being proliferative and located near neurons, astrocytes are considered ideal cell sources for regenerating neurons. METHODS We selected and tested different combinations of the small molecules for inducing the conversion of human and mouse astrocytes into neurons. Microscopic imaging and immunocytochemistry analyses were used to characterize the morphology and phenotype of the induced neurons while RT-qPCR was utilized to analyze changes in gene expression. In addition, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were measured to examine the electrophysiological properties of induced neurons. RESULTS The results showed that human astrocytes could be rapidly and efficiently converted into motor neuron-like cells by treatment with defined small molecules, with a yield of over 85% motor neuron-like cells attained. The induced motor neuron-like cells expressed the pan-neuronal markers TUJ1, MAP2, NeuN, and Synapsin 1 and motor neuron markers HB9, ISL1, CHAT, and VAChT. During the conversion process, the cells did not pass through a proliferative neural progenitor cell intermediate. The induced motor neurons were functional, showing the electrophysiological properties of neurons. The same chemical cocktail could induce spinal cord astrocytes from an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mouse model carrying a SOD1 mutation to become motor neuron-like cells that exhibited a decrease in cell survival and an increase in oxidative stress compared to that observed in wild-type MNs derived from healthy mice. Moreover, the chemical induction reduced oxidative stress in the mutant astrocytes. CONCLUSION The results of the present study demonstrated the feasibility of chemically converting human and mouse astrocytes into motor neuron-like cells that are useful for neurodegenerative disease modeling and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Dong Zhao
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, 28 Fu Xing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China
| | - Hua Qin
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, 28 Fu Xing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China.,PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Meng-Li Sun
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, 28 Fu Xing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China.,PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Kui Ma
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, 28 Fu Xing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China.,PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Fu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Division and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College, 28 Fu Xing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, P. R. China. .,PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, Beijing, 100048, China. .,Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100048, China.
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15
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Kaneda-Ikeda E, Iwata T, Mizuno N, Nagahara T, Kajiya M, Ouhara K, Yoshioka M, Ishida S, Kawaguchi H, Kurihara H. Regulation of osteogenesis via miR-101-3p in mesenchymal stem cells by human gingival fibroblasts. J Bone Miner Metab 2020; 38:442-455. [PMID: 31970478 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-019-01080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into various types of cells and can thus be used for periodontal regenerative therapy. However, the mechanism of differentiation is still unclear. Transplanted MSCs are, via their transcription factors or microRNAs (miRNAs), affected by periodontal cells with direct contact or secretion of humoral factors. Therefore, transplanted MSCs are regulated by humoral factors from human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). Moreover, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 is secreted from HGF and regulates periodontal regeneration. To clarify the regulatory mechanism for MSC differentiation by humoral factors from HGF, we identified key genes, specifically miRNAs, involved in this process, and determined their function in MSC differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mesenchymal stem cells were indirectly co-cultured with HGF in osteogenic or growth conditions and then evaluated for osteogenesis, undifferentiated MSC markers, and characteristic miRNAs. MSCs had their miRNA expression levels adjusted or were challenged with IGF-1 during osteogenesis, or both of which were performed, and then, MSCs were evaluated for osteogenesis or undifferentiated MSC markers. RESULTS Mesenchymal stem cells co-cultured with HGF showed suppression of osteogenesis and characteristic expression of ETV1, an undifferentiated MSC marker, as well as miR-101-3p. Over-expression of miR-101-3p regulated osteogenesis and ETV1 expression as well as indirect co-culture with HGF. IGF-1 induced miR-101-3p and ETV1 expression. However, IGF-1 did not suppress osteogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Humoral factors from HGF suppressed osteogenesis in MSCs. The effect was regulated by miRNAs and undifferentiated MSC markers. miR-101-3p and ETV1 were the key factors and were regulated by IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Kaneda-Ikeda
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Iwata
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Noriyoshi Mizuno
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Nagahara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Mikihito Kajiya
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ouhara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Minami Yoshioka
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shu Ishida
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawaguchi
- Department of Department of General Dentistry, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hidemi Kurihara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
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16
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Zhu Q, Lu P. Stem Cell Transplantation for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1266:71-97. [PMID: 33105496 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4370-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a motor neuronal degeneration disease, in which the death of motor neurons causes lost control of voluntary muscles. The consequence is weakness of muscles with a wide range of disabilities and eventually death. Most patients died within 5 years after diagnosis, and there is no cure for this devastating neurodegenerative disease up to date. Stem cells, including non-neural stem cells and neural stem cells (NSCs) or neural progenitor cells (NPCs), are very attractive cell sources for potential neuroprotection and motor neuron replacement therapy which bases on the idea that transplant-derived and newly differentiated motor neurons can replace lost motor neurons to re-establish voluntary motor control of muscles in ALS. Our recent studies show that transplanted NSCs or NPCs not only survive well in injured spinal cord, but also function as neuronal relays to receive regenerated host axonal connection and extend their own axons to host for connectivity, including motor axons in ventral root. This reciprocal connection between host neurons and transplanted neurons provides a strong rationale for neuronal replacement therapy for ALS to re-establish voluntary motor control of muscles. In addition, a variety of new stem cell resources and the new methodologies to generate NSCs or motor neuron-specific progenitor cells have been discovered and developed. Together, it provides the basis for motor neuron replacement therapy with NSCs or NPCs in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhu
- Ludwig Institute, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul Lu
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA. .,Department of Neurosciences, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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17
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Wang J, Zhang M, Guo Y, Hu H, Chen K. Quantification of surviving neurons after contusion, dislocation, and distraction spinal cord injuries using automated methods. J Exp Neurosci 2019; 13:1179069519869617. [PMID: 31456647 PMCID: PMC6702772 DOI: 10.1177/1179069519869617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study proposes and validates an automated method for counting neurons in spinal cord injury (SCI) and then uses it to examine and compare the surviving cells in common types of SCI mechanisms. Moderate contusion, dislocation, and distraction SCIs were surgically induced in Sprague Dawley male rats (n = 6 for each type of injury). Their spinal cords were harvested 8 weeks post injury with 5 normal weight-matched rats. The spinal cords were cut, stained with anti-NeuN antibody and fluorescent Nissl, and imaged in the dorsal and ventral horns at various distances to the epicenter. Neurons in the images were automatically counted using an algorithm that was designed to filter non-soma-like objects based on morphological characteristics (size, solidity, circular pattern) and check the remaining objects for the double-stained nucleus/cell body features (brightness variation, brightness distribution, color). To validate the automated method, some of the images were randomly selected for manual counting. The number of surviving cells that were automatically measured by the algorithm was found to be correlated with the values that were manually measured by 2 observers (P < .001) with similar differences (P > .05). Neurons in the dorsal and ventral horns were reduced after the SCIs (P < .05). Dislocation and distraction, respectively, caused the most severe damage to the ventral horn neurons especially near the epicenter and the most extensive and uniform damage to the dorsal horn neurons (P < .05). Our method was proved to be reliable, which is suitable for studying different types of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Wang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University (BUAA)-Yifu Science Hall, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing, China
| | - Meiyan Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University (BUAA)-Yifu Science Hall, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing, China
| | - Yue Guo
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University (BUAA)-Yifu Science Hall, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing, China
| | - Hai Hu
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University (BUAA)-Yifu Science Hall, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing, China
| | - Kinon Chen
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University (BUAA)-Yifu Science Hall, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing, China.,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
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18
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Jay K, Mitra A, Harding T, Matthes D, Van Ness B. Identification of a de novo FOXP1 mutation and incidental discovery of inherited genetic variants contributing to a case of autism spectrum disorder and epilepsy. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00751. [PMID: 31111659 PMCID: PMC6625142 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorder is commonly co‐diagnosed intellectual disability, language disorder, anxiety, and epilepsy, however, symptom management is difficult due to the complex genetic nature of ASD. Methods We present a next‐generation sequencing‐based case study with both de novo and inherited genetic variants and highlight the impact of structural variants on post‐translational regulation of protein expression. Since management of symptoms has classically been through pharmaceutical therapies, a pharmacogenomics screen was also utilized to determine possible drug/gene interactions. Results A de novo variant was identified within the FOXP1 3′ untranslated regulatory region using exome sequencing. Additionally, inherited variants that likely contribute to the current and potential future traits were identified within the COMT, SLC6A4, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 genes. Conclusion This study aims to elucidate how a collection of variant genotypes could potentially impact neural development resulting in a unique phenotype including ASD and epilepsy. Each gene's contribution to neural development is assessed, and the interplay of these genotypes is discussed. The results highlight the utility of exome sequencing in conjunction with pharmacogenomics screening when evaluating possible causes of and therapeutic treatments for ASD‐related symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Jay
- College of Biological Sciences, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Amit Mitra
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Taylor Harding
- College of Biological Sciences, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - David Matthes
- College of Biological Sciences, Department of Biology, Teaching, and Learning, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Brian Van Ness
- College of Biological Sciences, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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19
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Karagiannis P, Takahashi K, Saito M, Yoshida Y, Okita K, Watanabe A, Inoue H, Yamashita JK, Todani M, Nakagawa M, Osawa M, Yashiro Y, Yamanaka S, Osafune K. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Use in Human Models of Disease and Development. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:79-114. [PMID: 30328784 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of somatic cell nuclear transfer proved that somatic cells can carry the same genetic code as the zygote, and that activating parts of this code are sufficient to reprogram the cell to an early developmental state. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) nearly half a century later provided a molecular mechanism for the reprogramming. The initial creation of iPSCs was accomplished by the ectopic expression of four specific genes (OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, and c-Myc; OSKM). iPSCs have since been acquired from a wide range of cell types and a wide range of species, suggesting a universal molecular mechanism. Furthermore, cells have been reprogrammed to iPSCs using a myriad of methods, although OSKM remains the gold standard. The sources for iPSCs are abundant compared with those for other pluripotent stem cells; thus the use of iPSCs to model the development of tissues, organs, and other systems of the body is increasing. iPSCs also, through the reprogramming of patient samples, are being used to model diseases. Moreover, in the 10 years since the first report, human iPSCs are already the basis for new cell therapies and drug discovery that have reached clinical application. In this review, we examine the generation of iPSCs and their application to disease and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Karagiannis
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Takahashi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Megumu Saito
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yoshida
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Keisuke Okita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Jun K Yamashita
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Masaya Todani
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Masato Nakagawa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Mitsujiro Osawa
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yoshimi Yashiro
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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20
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Fu NY, Pal B, Chen Y, Jackling FC, Milevskiy M, Vaillant F, Capaldo BD, Guo F, Liu KH, Rios AC, Lim N, Kueh AJ, Virshup DM, Herold MJ, Tucker HO, Smyth GK, Lindeman GJ, Visvader JE. Foxp1 Is Indispensable for Ductal Morphogenesis and Controls the Exit of Mammary Stem Cells from Quiescence. Dev Cell 2018; 47:629-644.e8. [PMID: 30523786 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Long-lived quiescent mammary stem cells (MaSCs) are presumed to coordinate the dramatic expansion of ductal epithelium that occurs through the different phases of postnatal development, but little is known about the molecular regulators that underpin their activation. We show that ablation of the transcription factor Foxp1 in the mammary gland profoundly impairs ductal morphogenesis, resulting in a rudimentary tree throughout life. Foxp1-deficient glands were highly enriched for quiescent Tspan8hi MaSCs, which failed to become activated even in competitive transplantation assays, thus highlighting a cell-intrinsic defect. Foxp1 deletion also resulted in aberrant expression of basal genes in luminal cells, inferring a role in cell-fate decisions. Notably, Foxp1 was uncovered as a direct repressor of Tspan8 in basal cells, and deletion of Tspan8 rescued the defects in ductal morphogenesis elicited by Foxp1 loss. Thus, a single transcriptional regulator Foxp1 can control the exit of MaSCs from dormancy to orchestrate differentiation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai Yang Fu
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| | - Bhupinder Pal
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Yunshun Chen
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Felicity C Jackling
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Michael Milevskiy
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - François Vaillant
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Bianca D Capaldo
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Fusheng Guo
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Kevin H Liu
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Anne C Rios
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Prinses Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Hubrecht Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CT, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas Lim
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Andrew J Kueh
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David M Virshup
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Marco J Herold
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Division of Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Haley O Tucker
- Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Gordon K Smyth
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Geoffrey J Lindeman
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; The Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia; Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jane E Visvader
- Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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21
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Jiang J, Hu Y, Zhang B, Shi Y, Zhang J, Wu X, Yao P. MicroRNA-9 regulates mammalian axon regeneration in peripheral nerve injury. Mol Pain 2018; 13:1744806917711612. [PMID: 28480796 PMCID: PMC5464514 DOI: 10.1177/1744806917711612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective axon regeneration is achieved mainly by precise regulation of gene expression after peripheral nerve injury. MicroRNAs play an important role in controlling axon regeneration owe to its key epigenetic function in regulating gene expression. Here, we reveal that microRNA-9 (miR-9) may be a new suppressor of axon regeneration and FoxP1 is the functional target of miR-9. High level of endogenous miR-9 in sensory neurons inhibited axon regeneration in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the regulatory effect of miR-9 was mediated by changes in FoxP1 levels. Full rescuing effect of axon regeneration was achieved by FoxP1 up-regulation. Most importantly, we showed that miR-9-FoxP1 might be a new signaling pathway to regulate mammalian axon regrowth. Moreover, we provided the first evidence that maintaining a higher level of FoxP1 in sensory neurons by the microRNA is necessary for efficient axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiang
- 1Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang,China
| | - Yiwen Hu
- Department of OrthopedicSurgery,The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang,China
| | - Boyin Zhang
- 3Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yao Shi
- 4Department of Pain Management, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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22
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Chemical conversion of human and mouse fibroblasts into motor neurons. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:1151-1167. [PMID: 30159682 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of motor neurons can provide long-term functional benefits in animal models of neurodegenerative motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and traumatic spinal cord injury. Although embryonic stem cells can differentiate into motor neurons, alternative sources of motor neurons may be controllable for disease modeling and transplantation. Here, we show that human and mouse fibroblasts can be efficiently and directly converted into motor neurons by a cocktail of five small molecules, without the involvement of the neural progenitor stage. The chemically-induced motor neurons display the distinct neuronal morphology and express motor neuron markers. Interestingly, when the same chemical compounds were soaked in beads and implanted in the hypodermis of the back skins of mice, surrounding cells begin to express motor neuron markers, indicating in vivo motor neuron reprogramming. Taken together, we provide an efficient approach for chemically converting human and mouse fibroblasts into motor neurons suitable for cell replacement therapy and neurodegenerative disease modeling.
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23
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Guidance of motor axons: where do we stand? CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Watanabe M, Buth JE, Vishlaghi N, de la Torre-Ubieta L, Taxidis J, Khakh BS, Coppola G, Pearson CA, Yamauchi K, Gong D, Dai X, Damoiseaux R, Aliyari R, Liebscher S, Schenke-Layland K, Caneda C, Huang EJ, Zhang Y, Cheng G, Geschwind DH, Golshani P, Sun R, Novitch BG. Self-Organized Cerebral Organoids with Human-Specific Features Predict Effective Drugs to Combat Zika Virus Infection. Cell Rep 2018; 21:517-532. [PMID: 29020636 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cerebral cortex possesses distinct structural and functional features that are not found in the lower species traditionally used to model brain development and disease. Accordingly, considerable attention has been placed on the development of methods to direct pluripotent stem cells to form human brain-like structures termed organoids. However, many organoid differentiation protocols are inefficient and display marked variability in their ability to recapitulate the three-dimensional architecture and course of neurogenesis in the developing human brain. Here, we describe optimized organoid culture methods that efficiently and reliably produce cortical and basal ganglia structures similar to those in the human fetal brain in vivo. Neurons within the organoids are functional and exhibit network-like activities. We further demonstrate the utility of this organoid system for modeling the teratogenic effects of Zika virus on the developing brain and identifying more susceptibility receptors and therapeutic compounds that can mitigate its destructive actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Watanabe
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jessie E Buth
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Neda Vishlaghi
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Luis de la Torre-Ubieta
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Autism Research and Treatment and Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jiannis Taxidis
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Baljit S Khakh
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Autism Research and Treatment and Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Caroline A Pearson
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ken Yamauchi
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Danyang Gong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xinghong Dai
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Roghiyh Aliyari
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Simone Liebscher
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christine Caneda
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ye Zhang
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Autism Research and Treatment and Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peyman Golshani
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Center for Autism Research and Treatment and Program in Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ren Sun
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bennett G Novitch
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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25
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Liao Y, Zhuang X, Huang X, Peng Y, Ma X, Huang ZX, Liu F, Xu J, Wang Y, Chen WM, Ye WC, Shi L. A Bivalent Securinine Compound SN3-L6 Induces Neuronal Differentiation via Translational Upregulation of Neurogenic Transcription Factors. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:290. [PMID: 29674963 PMCID: PMC5895701 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing therapeutic approaches that target neuronal differentiation will be greatly beneficial for the regeneration of neurons and synaptic networks in neurological diseases. Protein synthesis (mRNA translation) has recently been shown to regulate neurogenesis of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs). However, it has remained unknown whether engineering translational machinery is a valid approach for manipulating neuronal differentiation. The present study identifies that a bivalent securinine compound SN3-L6, previously designed and synthesized by our group, induces potent neuronal differentiation through a novel translation-dependent mechanism. An isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based proteomic analysis in Neuro-2a progenitor cells revealed that SN3-L6 upregulated a group of neurogenic transcription regulators, and also upregulated proteins involved in RNA processing, translation, and protein metabolism. Notably, puromycylation and metabolic labeling of newly synthesized proteins demonstrated that SN3-L6 induced rapid and robust activation of general mRNA translation. Importantly, mRNAs of the proneural transcription factors Foxp1, Foxp4, Hsf1, and Erf were among the targets that were translationally upregulated by SN3-L6. Either inhibition of translation or knockdown of these transcription factors blocked SN3-L6 activity. We finally confirmed that protein synthesis of a same set of transcription factors was upregulated in primary cortical NPCs. These findings together identify a new compound for translational activation and neuronal differentiation, and provide compelling evidence that reprogramming transcriptional regulation network at translational levels is a promising strategy for engineering NSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Liao
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoji Zhuang
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Huang
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinghui Peng
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuanyue Ma
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyu Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Shi
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Molecular specification of facial branchial motor neurons in vertebrates. Dev Biol 2018; 436:5-13. [PMID: 29391164 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Orofacial muscles are critical for life-sustaining behaviors, such as feeding and breathing. Centuries of work by neuroanatomists and surgeons resulted in the mapping of bulbar motor neurons in the brainstem and the course of the cranial nerves that carry their axons. Despite the sophisticated understanding of the anatomy of the region, the molecular mechanisms that dictate the development and maturation of facial motor neurons remain poorly understood. This fundamental problem has been recently revisited by physiologists with novel techniques of studying the rhythmic contraction of orofacial muscles in relationship to breathing. The molecular understanding of facial motor neuron development will not only lead to the comprehension of the neural basis of facial expression but may also unlock new avenues to generate stem cell-derived replacements. This review summarizes the current understanding of molecular programs involved in facial motor neuron generation, migration, and maturation, including neural circuit assembly.
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27
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Abstract
Motor neurons of the spinal cord are responsible for the assembly of neuromuscular connections indispensable for basic locomotion and skilled movements. A precise spatial relationship exists between the position of motor neuron cell bodies in the spinal cord and the course of their axonal projections to peripheral muscle targets. Motor neuron innervation of the vertebrate limb is a prime example of this topographic organization and by virtue of its accessibility and predictability has provided access to fundamental principles of motor system development and neuronal guidance. The seemingly basic binary map established by genetically defined motor neuron subtypes that target muscles in the limb is directed by a surprisingly large number of directional cues. Rather than being simply redundant, these converging signaling pathways are hierarchically linked and cooperate to increase the fidelity of axon pathfinding decisions. A current priority is to determine how multiple guidance signals are integrated by individual growth cones and how they synergize to delineate class-specific axonal trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Bonanomi
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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28
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Andrews MG, Del Castillo LM, Ochoa-Bolton E, Yamauchi K, Smogorzewski J, Butler SJ. BMPs direct sensory interneuron identity in the developing spinal cord using signal-specific not morphogenic activities. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28925352 PMCID: PMC5605194 DOI: 10.7554/elife.30647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) family reiteratively signals to direct disparate cellular fates throughout embryogenesis. In the developing dorsal spinal cord, multiple BMPs are required to specify sensory interneurons (INs). Previous studies suggested that the BMPs act as concentration-dependent morphogens to direct IN identity, analogous to the manner in which sonic hedgehog patterns the ventral spinal cord. However, it remains unresolved how multiple BMPs would cooperate to establish a unified morphogen gradient. Our studies support an alternative model: BMPs have signal-specific activities directing particular IN fates. Using chicken and mouse models, we show that the identity, not concentration, of the BMP ligand directs distinct dorsal identities. Individual BMPs promote progenitor patterning or neuronal differentiation by their activation of different type I BMP receptors and distinct modulations of the cell cycle. Together, this study shows that a 'mix and match' code of BMP signaling results in distinct classes of sensory INs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline G Andrews
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Lorenzo M Del Castillo
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.,CIRM Bridges to Research Program, California State University, Northridge, United States
| | - Eliana Ochoa-Bolton
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.,CIRM Bridges to Research Program, California State University, Northridge, United States
| | - Ken Yamauchi
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jan Smogorzewski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern California, California, United States
| | - Samantha J Butler
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
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29
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Pepper JP, Wang TV, Hennes V, Sun SY, Ichida JK. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Motor Neuron Transplant for Neuromuscular Atrophy in a Mouse Model of Sciatic Nerve Injury. JAMA FACIAL PLAST SU 2017; 19:197-205. [PMID: 27978547 DOI: 10.1001/jamafacial.2016.1544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Human motor neurons may be reliably derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In vivo transplant studies of human iPSCs and their cellular derivatives are essential to gauging their clinical utility. Objective To determine whether human iPSC-derived motor neurons can engraft in an immunodeficient mouse model of sciatic nerve injury. Design, Setting, and Subjects This nonblinded interventional study with negative controls was performed at a biomedical research institute using an immunodeficient, transgenic mouse model. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived motor neurons were cultured and differentiated. Cells were transplanted into 32 immunodeficient mice with sciatic nerve injury aged 6 to 15 weeks. Tissue analysis was performed at predetermined points after the mice were killed humanely. Animal experiments were performed from February 24, 2015, to May 2, 2016, and data were analyzed from April 7, 2015, to May 27, 2016. Interventions Human iPSCs were used to derive motor neurons in vitro before transplant. Main Outcomes and Measures Evidence of engraftment based on immunohistochemical analysis (primary outcome measure); evidence of neurite outgrowth and neuromuscular junction formation (secondary outcome measure); therapeutic effect based on wet muscle mass preservation and/or electrophysiological evidence of nerve and muscle function (exploratory end point). Results In 13 of the 32 mice undergoing the experiment, human iPSC-derived motor neurons successfully engrafted and extended neurites to target denervated muscle. Human iPSC-derived motor neurons reduced denervation-induced muscular atrophy (mean [SD] muscle mass preservation, 54.2% [4.0%]) compared with negative controls (mean [SD] muscle mass preservation, 33.4% [2.3%]) (P = .04). No electrophysiological evidence of muscle recovery was found. Conclusions and Relevance Human iPSC-derived motor neurons may have future use in the treatment of peripheral motor nerve injury, including facial paralysis. Level of Evidence NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Paul Pepper
- USC (University of Southern California) Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles
| | - Tiffany V Wang
- USC (University of Southern California) Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles
| | - Valerie Hennes
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Broad CIRM (California Institute for Regenerative Medicine) Center, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles
| | - Soo Yeon Sun
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, USC, Los Angeles
| | - Justin K Ichida
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, Broad CIRM (California Institute for Regenerative Medicine) Center, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles
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30
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Kim SJ, Ka S, Ha JW, Kim J, Yoo D, Kim K, Lee HK, Lim D, Cho S, Hanotte O, Mwai OA, Dessie T, Kemp S, Oh SJ, Kim H. Cattle genome-wide analysis reveals genetic signatures in trypanotolerant N'Dama. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:371. [PMID: 28499406 PMCID: PMC5427609 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indigenous cattle in Africa have adapted to various local environments to acquire superior phenotypes that enhance their survival under harsh conditions. While many studies investigated the adaptation of overall African cattle, genetic characteristics of each breed have been poorly studied. RESULTS We performed the comparative genome-wide analysis to assess evidence for subspeciation within species at the genetic level in trypanotolerant N'Dama cattle. We analysed genetic variation patterns in N'Dama from the genomes of 101 cattle breeds including 48 samples of five indigenous African cattle breeds and 53 samples of various commercial breeds. Analysis of SNP variances between cattle breeds using wMI, XP-CLR, and XP-EHH detected genes containing N'Dama-specific genetic variants and their potential associations. Functional annotation analysis revealed that these genes are associated with ossification, neurological and immune system. Particularly, the genes involved in bone formation indicate that local adaptation of N'Dama may engage in skeletal growth as well as immune systems. CONCLUSIONS Our results imply that N'Dama might have acquired distinct genotypes associated with growth and regulation of regional diseases including trypanosomiasis. Moreover, this study offers significant insights into identifying genetic signatures for natural and artificial selection of diverse African cattle breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,C&K Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sojeong Ka
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Ha
- Clova, NAVER Corp., Seongnam, 13561, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Kim
- C&K Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - DongAhn Yoo
- C&K Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwondo Kim
- C&K Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Kyo Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 66414, Republic of Korea
| | - Dajeong Lim
- Division of Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Jeonju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoae Cho
- C&K Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Olivier Hanotte
- University of Nottingham, School of Life Sciences, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.,International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Okeyo Ally Mwai
- International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tadelle Dessie
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Stephen Kemp
- International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,The Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Sung Jong Oh
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Heebal Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,C&K Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea. .,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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31
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FOXtrotting with PUMILIOs. Blood 2017; 129:2459-2460. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-03-771469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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32
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Li H, Liu P, Xu S, Li Y, Dekker JD, Li B, Fan Y, Zhang Z, Hong Y, Yang G, Tang T, Ren Y, Tucker HO, Yao Z, Guo X. FOXP1 controls mesenchymal stem cell commitment and senescence during skeletal aging. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1241-1253. [PMID: 28240601 DOI: 10.1172/jci89511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of aged mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSCs) in bone marrow is the pivot of differentiation potency from osteoblast to adipocyte coupled with a decrease in self-renewal capacity. However, how these cellular events are orchestrated in the aging progress is not fully understood. In this study, we have used molecular and genetic approaches to investigate the role of forkhead box P1 (FOXP1) in transcriptional control of MSC senescence. In bone marrow MSCs, FOXP1 expression levels declined with age in an inverse manner with those of the senescence marker p16INK4A. Conditional depletion of Foxp1 in bone marrow MSCs led to premature aging characteristics, including increased bone marrow adiposity, decreased bone mass, and impaired MSC self-renewal capacity in mice. At the molecular level, FOXP1 regulated cell-fate choice of MSCs through interactions with the CEBPβ/δ complex and recombination signal binding protein for immunoglobulin κ J region (RBPjκ), key modulators of adipogenesis and osteogenesis, respectively. Loss of p16INK4A in Foxp1-deficient MSCs partially rescued the defects in replication capacity and bone mass accrual. Promoter occupancy analyses revealed that FOXP1 directly represses transcription of p16INK4A. These results indicate that FOXP1 attenuates MSC senescence by orchestrating their cell-fate switch while maintaining their replicative capacity in a dose- and age-dependent manner.
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33
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Ahfeldt T, Litterman NK, Rubin LL. Studying human disease using human neurons. Brain Res 2017; 1656:40-48. [PMID: 27060768 PMCID: PMC5053850 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing patient derived cells has enormous promise for discovering new drugs for diseases of the nervous system, a goal that has been historically quite challenging. In this review, we will outline the potential of human stem cell derived neuron models for assessing therapeutics and high-throughput screening and compare to more traditional drug discovery strategies. We summarize recent successes of the approach and discuss special considerations for developing human stem cell based assays. New technologies, such as genome editing, offer improvements to help overcome the challenges that remain. Finally, human neurons derived from patient cells have advantages for translational research beyond drug screening as they can also be used to identify individual efficacy and safety prior to clinical testing and for dissecting disease mechanisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Exploiting human neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Ahfeldt
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA , USA, , Fax: 617-495-3961
| | - Nadia K. Litterman
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA , USA, , Fax: 617-495-3961
| | - Lee L. Rubin
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA , USA, , Fax: 617-495-3961
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34
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Modeling ALS with motor neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:542-53. [PMID: 27021939 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Directing the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into motor neurons has allowed investigators to develop new models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, techniques vary between laboratories and the cells do not appear to mature into fully functional adult motor neurons. Here we discuss common developmental principles of both lower and upper motor neuron development that have led to specific derivation techniques. We then suggest how these motor neurons may be matured further either through direct expression or administration of specific factors or coculture approaches with other tissues. Ultimately, through a greater understanding of motor neuron biology, it will be possible to establish more reliable models of ALS. These in turn will have a greater chance of validating new drugs that may be effective for the disease.
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35
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Miyake T, Kumamoto M, Iwata M, Sato R, Okabe M, Koie H, Kumai N, Fujii K, Matsuzaki K, Nakamura C, Yamauchi S, Yoshida K, Yoshimura K, Komoda A, Uyeno T, Abe Y. The pectoral fin muscles of the coelacanthLatimeria chalumnae: Functional and evolutionary implications for the fin-to-limb transition and subsequent evolution of tetrapods. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1203-23. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Miyake
- The Graduate School of Science and Technology; Keio University; Tokyo Japan
- Department of Anatomy; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | | | | | - Ryuichi Sato
- Institute of Biomechanical Control Systems; Kanazawa Institute of Technology; Hakusan Japan
| | - Masataka Okabe
- Department of Anatomy; The Jikei University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koie
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; Nihon University; Fujisawa Japan
| | - Nori Kumai
- Research Center of Computational Mechanics (RCCM), Inc; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kenichi Fujii
- Aquamarine Fukushima; Marine Science Museum; Iwaki Japan
| | - Koji Matsuzaki
- Aquamarine Fukushima; Marine Science Museum; Iwaki Japan
| | - Chiho Nakamura
- Aquamarine Fukushima; Marine Science Museum; Iwaki Japan
| | | | - Kosuke Yoshida
- Aquamarine Fukushima; Marine Science Museum; Iwaki Japan
| | | | - Akira Komoda
- Aquamarine Fukushima; Marine Science Museum; Iwaki Japan
| | - Teruya Uyeno
- National Museum of Nature and Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Abe
- Aquamarine Fukushima; Marine Science Museum; Iwaki Japan
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36
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Panchision DM. Concise Review: Progress and Challenges in Using Human Stem Cells for Biological and Therapeutics Discovery: Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Stem Cells 2016; 34:523-36. [PMID: 26840228 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In facing the daunting challenge of using human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells to study complex neural circuit disorders such as schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders, and autism spectrum disorders, a 2012 National Institute of Mental Health workshop produced a set of recommendations to advance basic research and engage industry in cell-based studies of neuropsychiatric disorders. This review describes progress in meeting these recommendations, including the development of novel tools, strides in recapitulating relevant cell and tissue types, insights into the genetic basis of these disorders that permit integration of risk-associated gene regulatory networks with cell/circuit phenotypes, and promising findings of patient-control differences using cell-based assays. However, numerous challenges are still being addressed, requiring further technological development, approaches to resolve disease heterogeneity, and collaborative structures for investigators of different disciplines. Additionally, since data obtained so far is on small sample sizes, replication in larger sample sets is needed. A number of individual success stories point to a path forward in developing assays to translate discovery science to therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Panchision
- Division of Neuroscience and Basic Behavioral Science, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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37
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Peng IC, Yeh CC, Lu YT, Muduli S, Ling QD, Alarfaj AA, Munusamy MA, Kumar SS, Murugan K, Lee HC, Chang Y, Higuchi A. Continuous harvest of stem cells via partial detachment from thermoresponsive nanobrush surfaces. Biomaterials 2016; 76:76-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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38
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Linares AJ, Lin CH, Damianov A, Adams KL, Novitch BG, Black DL. The splicing regulator PTBP1 controls the activity of the transcription factor Pbx1 during neuronal differentiation. eLife 2015; 4:e09268. [PMID: 26705333 PMCID: PMC4755740 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA-binding proteins PTBP1 and PTBP2 control programs of alternative splicing during neuronal development. PTBP2 was found to maintain embryonic splicing patterns of many synaptic and cytoskeletal proteins during differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) into early neurons. However, the role of the earlier PTBP1 program in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and NPCs was not clear. We show that PTBP1 controls a program of neuronal gene expression that includes the transcription factor Pbx1. We identify exons specifically regulated by PTBP1 and not PTBP2 as mouse ESCs differentiate into NPCs. We find that PTBP1 represses Pbx1 exon 7 and the expression of the neuronal Pbx1a isoform in ESCs. Using CRISPR-Cas9 to delete regulatory elements for exon 7, we induce Pbx1a expression in ESCs, finding that this activates transcription of neuronal genes. Thus, PTBP1 controls the activity of Pbx1 to suppress its neuronal transcriptional program prior to induction of NPC development. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09268.001 The neurons that transmit information around the nervous system develop in several stages. Embryonic stem cells specialize to form neuronal progenitor cells, which then develop into neurons. These cell types have different characteristics, in part because they make different proteins or different versions of the same proteins. To make a protein, the DNA sequence of a gene is used to build a molecule of ribonucleic acid (RNA) that acts as a template for the protein. However, not all of this sequence codes for the protein. The non-coding regions must be removed from the RNA, and the remaining “exons” joined together to form the final “mRNA” template. Not all of the exons are necessarily included in the final mRNA molecule. By joining together different combinations of exons, several different versions of a protein can be produced from a single gene. This process is known as alternative splicing. One way that alternative splicing is controlled is through proteins that bind to RNA and determine which exons are included or excluded from the final mRNA molecule. PTBP1 is an RNA-binding protein that controls alternative splicing in embryonic stem cells and neuronal progenitor cells. Embryonic stem cells have the ability to develop into all the cells of the body. In contrast, neuronal progenitor cells are restricted in their development and only give rise to specialized cells of the nervous system. The role of PTBP1 in these properties was not clear. Linares et al. have now used a range of techniques to study the RNA molecules produced in these two cell types and how these RNAs change when PTBP1 is removed. This identified many RNAs whose splicing is regulated by PTBP1, including mRNAs of the gene that produces a protein called Pbx1, which is an important regulator of neuronal development. Further investigation revealed that PTBP1 prevents a particular exon being included in the mRNA template for Pbx1. This creates an embryonic stem cell form of Pbx1 that does not affect neuronal genes. Removal of PTBP1 allows splicing of the Pbx1 exon and produces a version of Pbx1 that is found in neuronal progenitor cells and which turns on neuronal genes. Thus, through its action on Pbx1, one role of PTBP1 is to enable stem cells to maintain their non-neuronal properties and prevent their premature development into neuronal progenitor cells. The gene for Pbx1 is only one of many genes controlled by PTBP1 at the level of splicing. One challenge for the future will be to understand how these genes work together in a common program that determines the properties of stem cells. Another question regards how the different Pbx1 proteins in stem cells and in neuronal progenitors can exert different effects in the cells where they are made. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09268.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Linares
- Molecular Biology Institute Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Chia-Ho Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Andrey Damianov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Katrina L Adams
- Molecular Biology Institute Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Bennett G Novitch
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Douglas L Black
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
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