1
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Zhang W, Golynker I, Brosh R, Fajardo A, Zhu Y, Wudzinska AM, Ordoñez R, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos AM, Carrau L, Damani-Yokota P, Yeung ST, Khairallah C, Vela Gartner A, Chalhoub N, Huang E, Ashe HJ, Khanna KM, Maurano MT, Kim SY, tenOever BR, Boeke JD. Mouse genome rewriting and tailoring of three important disease loci. Nature 2023; 623:423-431. [PMID: 37914927 PMCID: PMC10632133 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06675-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) help us to understand human pathologies and develop new therapies, yet faithfully recapitulating human diseases in mice is challenging. Advances in genomics have highlighted the importance of non-coding regulatory genome sequences, which control spatiotemporal gene expression patterns and splicing in many human diseases1,2. Including regulatory extensive genomic regions, which requires large-scale genome engineering, should enhance the quality of disease modelling. Existing methods set limits on the size and efficiency of DNA delivery, hampering the routine creation of highly informative models that we call genomically rewritten and tailored GEMMs (GREAT-GEMMs). Here we describe 'mammalian switching antibiotic resistance markers progressively for integration' (mSwAP-In), a method for efficient genome rewriting in mouse embryonic stem cells. We demonstrate the use of mSwAP-In for iterative genome rewriting of up to 115 kb of a tailored Trp53 locus, as well as for humanization of mice using 116 kb and 180 kb human ACE2 loci. The ACE2 model recapitulated human ACE2 expression patterns and splicing, and notably, presented milder symptoms when challenged with SARS-CoV-2 compared with the existing K18-hACE2 model, thus representing a more human-like model of infection. Finally, we demonstrated serial genome writing by humanizing mouse Tmprss2 biallelically in the ACE2 GREAT-GEMM, highlighting the versatility of mSwAP-In in genome writing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Zhang
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ilona Golynker
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ran Brosh
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alvaro Fajardo
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yinan Zhu
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aleksandra M Wudzinska
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raquel Ordoñez
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - André M Ribeiro-Dos-Santos
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lucia Carrau
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Stephen T Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Antonio Vela Gartner
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Noor Chalhoub
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily Huang
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hannah J Ashe
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kamal M Khanna
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew T Maurano
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sang Yong Kim
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin R tenOever
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jef D Boeke
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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2
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Pan X, López Acevedo SN, Cuziol C, De Tavernier E, Fahad AS, Longjam PS, Rao SP, Aguilera-Rodríguez D, Rezé M, Bricault CA, Gutiérrez-González MF, de Souza MO, DiNapoli JM, Vigne E, Shahsavarian MA, DeKosky BJ. Large-scale antibody immune response mapping of splenic B cells and bone marrow plasma cells in a transgenic mouse model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1137069. [PMID: 37346047 PMCID: PMC10280637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1137069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterization of antibody immunity and human antibody discovery is mainly carried out using peripheral memory B cells, and occasionally plasmablasts, that express B cell receptors (BCRs) on their cell surface. Despite the importance of plasma cells (PCs) as the dominant source of circulating antibodies in serum, PCs are rarely utilized because they do not express surface BCRs and cannot be analyzed using antigen-based fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Here, we studied the antibodies encoded by the entire mature B cell populations, including PCs, and compared the antibody repertoires of bone marrow and spleen compartments elicited by immunization in a human immunoglobulin transgenic mouse strain. To circumvent prior technical limitations for analysis of plasma cells, we applied single-cell antibody heavy and light chain gene capture from the entire mature B cell repertoires followed by yeast display functional analysis using a cytokine as a model immunogen. We performed affinity-based sorting of antibody yeast display libraries and large-scale next-generation sequencing analyses to follow antibody lineage performance, with experimental validation of 76 monoclonal antibodies against the cytokine antigen that identified three antibodies with exquisite double-digit picomolar binding affinity. We observed that spleen B cell populations generated higher affinity antibodies compared to bone marrow PCs and that antigen-specific splenic B cells had higher average levels of somatic hypermutation. A degree of clonal overlap was also observed between bone marrow and spleen antibody repertoires, indicating common origins of certain clones across lymphoid compartments. These data demonstrate a new capacity to functionally analyze antigen-specific B cell populations of different lymphoid organs, including PCs, for high-affinity antibody discovery and detailed fundamental studies of antibody immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Sheila N. López Acevedo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Camille Cuziol
- Large Molecule Research, Sanofi, Vitry sur Seine, France
| | | | - Ahmed S. Fahad
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Mathilde Rezé
- Large Molecule Research, Sanofi, Vitry sur Seine, France
| | | | - Matías F. Gutiérrez-González
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Matheus Oliveira de Souza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Brandon J. DeKosky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
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3
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Wang Y, Yan A, Song D, Dong C, Rao M, Gao Y, Qi R, Ma X, Wang Q, Xu H, Liu H, Han J, Duan M, Liu S, Yu X, Zong M, Feng J, Jiao J, Zhang H, Li M, Yu B, Wang Y, Meng F, Ni X, Li Y, Shen Z, Sun B, Shao X, Zhao H, Zhao Y, Li R, Zhang Y, Du G, Lu J, You C, Jiang H, Zhang L, Wang L, Dou C, Liu Z, Zhao J. Biparatopic antibody BA7208/7125 effectively neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants including Omicron BA.1-BA.5. Cell Discov 2023; 9:3. [PMID: 36609558 PMCID: PMC9822811 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00509-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants have demonstrated extensive evasion from monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) developed for clinical use, which raises an urgent need to develop new broad-spectrum mAbs. Here, we report the isolation and analysis of two anti-RBD neutralizing antibodies BA7208 and BA7125 from mice engineered to produce human antibodies. While BA7125 showed broadly neutralizing activity against all variants except the Omicron sublineages, BA7208 was potently neutralizing against all tested SARS-CoV-2 variants (including Omicron BA.1-BA.5) except Mu. By combining BA7208 and BA7125 through the knobs-into-holes technology, we generated a biparatopic antibody BA7208/7125 that was able to neutralize all tested circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants. Cryo-electron microscopy structure of these broad-spectrum antibodies in complex with trimeric Delta and Omicron spike indicated that the contact residues are highly conserved and had minimal interactions with mutational residues in RBD of current variants. In addition, we showed that administration of BA7208/7125 via the intraperitoneal, intranasal, or aerosol inhalation route showed potent therapeutic efficacy against Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 in hACE2-transgenic and wild-type mice and, separately, effective prophylaxis. BA7208/7125 thus has the potential to be an effective candidate as an intervention against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqun Wang
- grid.470124.4State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China ,grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - An Yan
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Cryo-electron Microscopy Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Deyong Song
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Chuangchuang Dong
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Muding Rao
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanzhu Gao
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Cryo-electron Microscopy Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Ruxi Qi
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Cryo-electron Microscopy Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Xiaomin Ma
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Cryo-electron Microscopy Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Qiaoping Wang
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hongguang Xu
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Han
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Maoqin Duan
- grid.410749.f0000 0004 0577 6238Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- grid.410749.f0000 0004 0577 6238Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Mengqi Zong
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jianxia Feng
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Jiao
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Min Li
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Beibei Yu
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | | | | | | | - Ying Li
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenduo Shen
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Baiping Sun
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Shao
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Haifeng Zhao
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Rui Li
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Guangying Du
- State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Chunna You
- State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Shandong Luye Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Health and Quarantine Laboratory, Guangzhou Customs District Technology Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lan Wang
- grid.410749.f0000 0004 0577 6238Division of Monoclonal Antibodies, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Changlin Dou
- Antibody Research and Development Center, Shandong Boan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Cryo-electron Microscopy Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- grid.470124.4State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China ,Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China ,grid.413419.a0000 0004 1757 6778Institute of Infectious disease, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China ,grid.440637.20000 0004 4657 8879Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China ,grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital; The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong China
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4
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Raeisi H, Azimirad M, Nabavi-Rad A, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Yadegar A, Zali MR. Application of recombinant antibodies for treatment of Clostridioides difficile infection: Current status and future perspective. Front Immunol 2022; 13:972930. [PMID: 36081500 PMCID: PMC9445313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.972930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile), known as the major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, is regarded as one of the most common healthcare-associated bacterial infections worldwide. Due to the emergence of hypervirulent strains, development of new therapeutic methods for C. difficile infection (CDI) has become crucially important. In this context, antibodies have been introduced as valuable tools in the research and clinical environments, as far as the effectiveness of antibody therapy for CDI was reported in several clinical investigations. Hence, production of high-performance antibodies for treatment of CDI would be precious. Traditional approaches of antibody generation are based on hybridoma technology. Today, application of in vitro technologies for generating recombinant antibodies, like phage display, is considered as an appropriate alternative to hybridoma technology. These techniques can circumvent the limitations of the immune system and they can be exploited for production of antibodies against different types of biomolecules in particular active toxins. Additionally, DNA encoding antibodies is directly accessible in in vitro technologies, which enables the application of antibody engineering in order to increase their sensitivity and specificity. Here, we review the application of antibodies for CDI treatment with an emphasis on recombinant fragment antibodies. Also, this review highlights the current and future prospects of the aforementioned approaches for antibody-mediated therapy of CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Raeisi
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Azimirad
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Nabavi-Rad
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Yélamos J. Current innovative engineered antibodies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 369:1-43. [PMID: 35777861 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antibody engineering has developed very intensively since the invention of the hybridoma technology in 1975, and it now can generate therapeutic agents with high specificity and reduced adverse effects. Indeed, antibodies have become one of the most innovative therapeutic agents in recent years, with some landing in the top 10 bestselling pharmaceutical drugs. New antibodies are being approved every year, in different formats and for treating various illnesses, including cancer, autoimmune inflammatory diseases, metabolic diseases and infectious diseases. In this review, I summarize current progress in innovative engineered antibodies. Overall, this progress has led to the approval by regulatory authorities of more than 100 antibody-based molecules, with many others at various stages of clinical development, indicating the high growth potential of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Yélamos
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Unidad Asociada IIBB-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain; Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
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6
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James BH, Papakyriacou P, Gardener MJ, Gliddon L, Weston CJ, Lalor PF. The Contribution of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells to Clearance of Therapeutic Antibody. Front Physiol 2022; 12:753833. [PMID: 35095549 PMCID: PMC8795706 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.753833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many chronic inflammatory diseases are treated by administration of “biological” therapies in terms of fully human and humanized monoclonal antibodies or Fc fusion proteins. These tools have widespread efficacy and are favored because they generally exhibit high specificity for target with a low toxicity. However, the design of clinically applicable humanized antibodies is complicated by the need to circumvent normal antibody clearance mechanisms to maintain therapeutic dosing, whilst avoiding development of off target antibody dependent cellular toxicity. Classically, professional phagocytic immune cells are responsible for scavenging and clearance of antibody via interactions with the Fc portion. Immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils express Fc receptor subsets, such as the FcγR that can then clear immune complexes. Another, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is key to clearance of IgG in vivo and serum half-life of antibody is explicitly linked to function of this receptor. The liver is a site of significant expression of FcRn and indeed several hepatic cell populations including Kupffer cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC), play key roles in antibody clearance. This combined with the fact that the liver is a highly perfused organ with a relatively permissive microcirculation means that hepatic binding of antibody has a significant effect on pharmacokinetics of clearance. Liver disease can alter systemic distribution or pharmacokinetics of antibody-based therapies and impact on clinical effectiveness, however, few studies document the changes in key membrane receptors involved in antibody clearance across the spectrum of liver disease. Similarly, the individual contribution of LSEC scavenger receptors to antibody clearance in a healthy or chronically diseased organ is not well characterized. This is an important omission since pharmacokinetic studies of antibody distribution are often based on studies in healthy individuals and thus may not reflect the picture in an aging or chronically diseased population. Therefore, in this review we consider the expression and function of key antibody-binding receptors on LSEC, and the features of therapeutic antibodies which may accentuate clearance by the liver. We then discuss the implications of this for the design and utility of monoclonal antibody-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany H. James
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pantelitsa Papakyriacou
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Gardener
- Antibody Pharmacology, Biopharm Discovery, Glaxo Smith Kline Research and Development, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Gliddon
- Antibody Pharmacology, Biopharm Discovery, Glaxo Smith Kline Research and Development, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Weston
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia F. Lalor
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Patricia F. Lalor,
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7
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Lu J, Ding J, Liu Z, Chen T. Retrospective analysis of the preparation and application of immunotherapy in cancer treatment (Review). Int J Oncol 2022; 60:12. [PMID: 34981814 PMCID: PMC8759346 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody technology plays a vital role in biomedical and immunotherapy, which greatly promotes the study of the structure and function of genes and proteins. To date, monoclonal antibodies have gone through four stages: murine monoclonal antibody, chimeric monoclonal antibody, humanised monoclonal antibody and fully human monoclonal antibody; thousands of monoclonal antibodies have been used in the fields of biology and medicine, playing a special role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of disease. In this review, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of hybridoma technology, phage display technology, ribosome display technology, transgenic mouse technology, single B cell monoclonal antibody generation technologies, and forecast the promising applications of these technologies in clinical medicine, disease diagnosis and tumour treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jianing Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoxia Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Tingtao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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8
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Yoshihara T, Shinzaki S, Amano T, Iijima H, Takehara T, Inoue N, Uchino M, Esaki M, Kobayashi T, Saruta M, Sugimoto K, Nakamura S, Hata K, Hirai F, Hiraoka S, Fujii T, Matsuura M, Matsuoka K, Watanabe K, Nakase H, Watanabe M. Concomitant use of an immunomodulator with ustekinumab as an induction therapy for Crohn's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36:1744-1753. [PMID: 33450096 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Ustekinumab (UST), a fully humanized monoclonal antibody against the p40 subunit of interleukin-12/23, is effective for the treatment of Crohn's disease (CD). The benefit of concomitant use of an immunomodulator (IM) with UST, however, is unclear. This study aimed to provide a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the efficacy and safety of concomitant use of an IM with UST as an induction therapy for CD patients. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed/MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, and the Japana Centra Revuo Medicina from inception to October 31, 2019. The main outcome measure was achievement of clinical efficacy (remission, response, and clinical benefit) at 6-12 weeks. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the risk of bias in non-randomized studies of interventions (ROBINS-I) tools. The fixed-effects model was used to calculate the pooled odds ratios. RESULTS From 189 yielded articles, six including a total of 1507 patients were considered in this meta-analysis. Concomitant use of an IM with UST was significantly effective than UST monotherapy as an induction therapy (pooled odds ratio in the fixed-effects model: 1.35, 95% confidence interval [1.06-1.71], P = 0.015). The heterogeneity among studies was low (I2 = 2.6%). No statistical comparisons of the occurrence of adverse events between UST monotherapy and concomitant use of an IM with UST were performed. CONCLUSION The efficacy of concomitant use of an IM with UST as an induction therapy for CD was significantly superior to that of monotherapy with UST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Yoshihara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Shinzaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Amano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Iijima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nagamu Inoue
- Center for Preventive Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoi Uchino
- Department of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Division of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Motohiro Esaki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Taku Kobayashi
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saruta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Sugimoto
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shiro Nakamura
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hata
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihito Hirai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sakiko Hiraoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Fujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Matsuura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Matsuoka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Division of Internal Medicine, Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakase
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Therapeutic Antibodies Targeting Potassium Ion Channels. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 267:507-545. [PMID: 33963460 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies combine specificity and high affinity binding with excellent pharmacokinetic properties and are rapidly being developed for a wide range of drug targets including clinically important potassium ion channels. Nonetheless, while therapeutic antibodies come with great promise, K+ channels represent particularly difficult targets for biologics development for a variety of reasons that include their dynamic structures and relatively small extracellular loops, their high degree of sequence conservation (leading to immune tolerance), and their generally low-level expression in vivo. The process is made all the more difficult when large numbers of antibody candidates must be screened for a given target, or when lead candidates fail to cross-react with orthologous channels in animal disease models due to their highly selective binding properties. While the number of antibodies targeting potassium channels in preclinical or clinical development is still modest, significant advances in the areas of protein expression and antibody screening are converging to open the field to an avalanche of new drugs. Here, the opportunities and constraints associated with the discovery of antibodies against K+ channels are discussed, with an emphasis on novel technologies that are opening the field to exciting new possibilities for biologics development.
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10
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Kumar D, Gauthami S, Bayry J, Kaveri SV, Hegde NR. Antibody Therapy: From Diphtheria to Cancer, COVID-19, and Beyond. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2021; 40:36-49. [PMID: 33900819 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2021.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The dawn of the 20th century saw the formative years of developments in immunology. In particular, immunochemistry, specifically pertaining to antibodies, was extensively studied. These studies laid the foundations for employing antibodies in a variety of ways. Not surprisingly, antibodies have been used for applications ranging from biomedical research to disease diagnostics and therapeutics to evaluation of immune responses during natural infection and those elicited by vaccines. Despite recent advancements in cellular immunology and the excitement of T cell therapy, use of antibodies represents a large proportion of immunotherapeutic approaches as well as clinical interventions. Polyclonal antibodies in the form of plasma or sera continue to be used to treat a number of diseases, including autoimmune disorders, cancers, and infectious diseases. Historically, antisera to toxins have been the longest serving biotherapeutics. In addition, intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) have been extensively used to treat not only immunodeficiency conditions but also autoimmune disorders. Beyond the simplistic suppositions of their action, the IVIg have also unraveled the immune regulatory and homeostatic ramifications of their use. The advent of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), on the other hand, has provided a clear pathway for their development as drug molecules. MAbs have found a clear place in the treatment of cancers and extending lives and have been used in a variety of other conditions. In this review, we capture the important developments in the therapeutic applications of antibodies to alleviate disease, with a focus on some of the recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sulgey Gauthami
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Srinivas V Kaveri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Bureau India, IFI, New Delhi, India
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11
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Garces F, Mohr C, Zhang L, Huang CS, Chen Q, King C, Xu C, Wang Z. Molecular Insight into Recognition of the CGRPR Complex by Migraine Prevention Therapy Aimovig (Erenumab). Cell Rep 2021; 30:1714-1723.e6. [PMID: 32049005 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a key role in migraine pathophysiology. Aimovig (erenumab; erenumab-aooe in the United States) is the only US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy against the CGRP receptor (CGRPR) for the prevention of migraine. Aimovig is also the first FDA-approved mAb against a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Here, we report the architecture and functional attributes of erenumab critical for its potent antagonism against CGRPR. The crystal structure of erenumab in complex with CGRPR reveals a direct ligand-blocking mechanism, enabled by a remarkable 21-residue-long complementary determining region (CDR)-H3 loop, which adopts a tyrosine-rich helix-turn tip and projects into the deep interface of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and RAMP1 subunits of CGRPR. Furthermore, erenumab engages with residues specific to CLR and RAMP1, providing the molecular basis for its exquisite selectivity. Such structural insights reveal the drug action mechanism of erenumab and shed light on developing antibody therapeutics targeting GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Garces
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Christopher Mohr
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Research, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Ching-Shin Huang
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Chadwick King
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen, Burnaby, BC V5A 1V7, Canada
| | - Cen Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Research, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
| | - Zhulun Wang
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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12
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Ellwanger DC, Wang S, Brioschi S, Shao Z, Green L, Case R, Yoo D, Weishuhn D, Rathanaswami P, Bradley J, Rao S, Cha D, Luan P, Sambashivan S, Gilfillan S, Hasson SA, Foltz IN, van Lookeren Campagne M, Colonna M. Prior activation state shapes the microglia response to antihuman TREM2 in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2017742118. [PMID: 33446504 PMCID: PMC7826333 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017742118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) sustains microglia response to brain injury stimuli including apoptotic cells, myelin damage, and amyloid β (Aβ). Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk is associated with the TREM2R47H variant, which impairs ligand binding and consequently microglia responses to Aβ pathology. Here, we show that TREM2 engagement by the mAb hT2AB as surrogate ligand activates microglia in 5XFAD transgenic mice that accumulate Aβ and express either the common TREM2 variant (TREM2CV) or TREM2R47H scRNA-seq of microglia from TREM2CV-5XFAD mice treated once with control hIgG1 exposed four distinct trajectories of microglia activation leading to disease-associated (DAM), interferon-responsive (IFN-R), cycling (Cyc-M), and MHC-II expressing (MHC-II) microglia types. All of these were underrepresented in TREM2R47H-5XFAD mice, suggesting that TREM2 ligand engagement is required for microglia activation trajectories. Moreover, Cyc-M and IFN-R microglia were more abundant in female than male TREM2CV-5XFAD mice, likely due to greater Aβ load in female 5XFAD mice. A single systemic injection of hT2AB replenished Cyc-M, IFN-R, and MHC-II pools in TREM2R47H-5XFAD mice. In TREM2CV-5XFAD mice, however, hT2AB brought the representation of male Cyc-M and IFN-R microglia closer to that of females, in which these trajectories had already reached maximum capacity. Moreover, hT2AB induced shifts in gene expression patterns in all microglial pools without affecting representation. Repeated treatment with a murinized hT2AB version over 10 d increased chemokines brain content in TREM2R47H-5XFAD mice, consistent with microglia expansion. Thus, the impact of hT2AB on microglia is shaped by the extent of TREM2 endogenous ligand engagement and basal microglia activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Ellwanger
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Shoutang Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Simone Brioschi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Zhifei Shao
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Lydia Green
- Department of Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Burnaby, BC, V5A1V7 Canada
| | - Ryan Case
- Discovery Attribute Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Daniel Yoo
- Department of Biologics Optimization, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
| | - Dawn Weishuhn
- Department of Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Burnaby, BC, V5A1V7 Canada
| | | | - Jodi Bradley
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Sara Rao
- Department of Inflammation and Oncology, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Diana Cha
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Peng Luan
- Department of Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
| | - Shilpa Sambashivan
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Susan Gilfillan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Samuel A Hasson
- Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Ian N Foltz
- Department of Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Burnaby, BC, V5A1V7 Canada
| | | | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110;
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13
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Transgenic Animals for the Generation of Human Antibodies. LEARNING MATERIALS IN BIOSCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-54630-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Megha KB, Mohanan PV. Role of immunoglobulin and antibodies in disease management. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 169:28-38. [PMID: 33340621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a highly advanced and coordinated mechanism that allows a living organism to distinguish between "self" and "non-self". The host uses both innate and adaptive immune response mechanisms to identify and eliminate pathogenic microorganisms. Human immunoglobulin is the prominently used blood product in the clinical practice. Immunoglobulin applications have improved rapidly due to the exploration of its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. This made this blood product into a precious and advanced tool in the treatment of numerous disease conditions which are linked with humoral immune deficiency or that cause immune system dysfunction. Human immunoglobulin (Ig) is used for Ig replacement therapy in both primary and secondary immunodeficiency conditions, for prevention and treatment of certain infections. It also acts as an immunomodulatory agent for autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Therapeutic antibodies have been successfully used for the treatment of diverse pathological conditions. Drug development programs exclusively select highly specific antibodies that recognize a single disease-associated target. Hopefully this review will give an insight towards the immune system, the involvement of the specialized immune cells, their products and involvement in various immune disorders and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Megha
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695 012, Kerala, India
| | - P V Mohanan
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695 012, Kerala, India.
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15
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Biteghe FAN, Mungra N, Chalomie NET, Ndong JDLC, Engohang-Ndong J, Vignaux G, Padayachee E, Naran K, Barth S. Advances in epidermal growth factor receptor specific immunotherapy: lessons to be learned from armed antibodies. Oncotarget 2020; 11:3531-3557. [PMID: 33014289 PMCID: PMC7517958 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been recognized as an important therapeutic target in oncology. It is commonly overexpressed in a variety of solid tumors and is critically involved in cell survival, proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis. This multi-dimensional role of EGFR in the progression and aggressiveness of cancer, has evolved from conventional to more targeted therapeutic approaches. With the advent of hybridoma technology and phage display techniques, the first anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (Cetuximab and Panitumumab) were developed. Due to major limitations including host immune reactions and poor tumor penetration, these antibodies were modified and used as guiding mechanisms for the specific delivery of readily available chemotherapeutic agents or plants/bacterial toxins, giving rise to antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and immunotoxins (ITs), respectively. Continued refinement of ITs led to deimmunization strategies based on depletion of B and T-cell epitopes or substitution of non-human toxins leading to a growing repertoire of human enzymes capable of inducing cell death. Similarly, the modification of classical ADCs has resulted in the first, fully recombinant versions. In this review, we discuss significant advancements in EGFR-targeting immunoconjugates, including ITs and recombinant photoactivable ADCs, which serve as a blueprint for further developments in the evolving domain of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleury Augustin Nsole Biteghe
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Neelakshi Mungra
- Medical Biotechnology & Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Jean De La Croix Ndong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean Engohang-Ndong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University at Tuscarawas, New Philadelphia, OH, USA
| | | | - Eden Padayachee
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Krupa Naran
- Medical Biotechnology & Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Stefan Barth
- Medical Biotechnology & Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- These authors contributed equally to this work
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16
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Antibody-Based Immunotherapy: Alternative Approaches for the Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090327. [PMID: 32899183 PMCID: PMC7555584 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the least common form of skin cancer and is associated with the highest mortality. Where melanoma is mostly unresponsive to conventional therapies (e.g., chemotherapy), BRAF inhibitor treatment has shown improved therapeutic outcomes. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) relies on a light-activated compound to produce death-inducing amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Their capacity to selectively accumulate in tumor cells has been confirmed in melanoma treatment with some encouraging results. However, this treatment approach has not reached clinical fruition for melanoma due to major limitations associated with the development of resistance and subsequent side effects. These adverse effects might be bypassed by immunotherapy in the form of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) relying on the ability of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to target specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and to be used as carriers to specifically deliver cytotoxic warheads into corresponding tumor cells. Of late, the continued refinement of ADC therapeutic efficacy has given rise to photoimmunotherapy (PIT) (a light-sensitive compound conjugated to mAbs), which by virtue of requiring light activation only exerts its toxic effect on light-irradiated cells. As such, this review aims to highlight the potential clinical benefits of various armed antibody-based immunotherapies, including PDT, as alternative approaches for the treatment of metastatic melanoma.
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17
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Alfaleh MA, Alsaab HO, Mahmoud AB, Alkayyal AA, Jones ML, Mahler SM, Hashem AM. Phage Display Derived Monoclonal Antibodies: From Bench to Bedside. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1986. [PMID: 32983137 PMCID: PMC7485114 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become one of the most important classes of biopharmaceutical products, and they continue to dominate the universe of biopharmaceutical markets in terms of approval and sales. They are the most profitable single product class, where they represent six of the top ten selling drugs. At the beginning of the 1990s, an in vitro antibody selection technology known as antibody phage display was developed by John McCafferty and Sir. Gregory Winter that enabled the discovery of human antibodies for diverse applications, particularly antibody-based drugs. They created combinatorial antibody libraries on filamentous phage to be utilized for generating antigen specific antibodies in a matter of weeks. Since then, more than 70 phage–derived antibodies entered clinical studies and 14 of them have been approved. These antibodies are indicated for cancer, and non-cancer medical conditions, such as inflammatory, optical, infectious, or immunological diseases. This review will illustrate the utility of phage display as a powerful platform for therapeutic antibodies discovery and describe in detail all the approved mAbs derived from phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Alfaleh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hashem O Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Almohanad A Alkayyal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martina L Jones
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen M Mahler
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anwar M Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Wang Z, Xu Q, Zhang N, Du X, Xu G, Yan X. CD146, from a melanoma cell adhesion molecule to a signaling receptor. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:148. [PMID: 32782280 PMCID: PMC7421905 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD146 was originally identified as a melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM) and highly expressed in many tumors and endothelial cells. However, the evidence that CD146 acts as an adhesion molecule to mediate a homophilic adhesion through the direct interactions between CD146 and itself is still lacking. Recent evidence revealed that CD146 is not merely an adhesion molecule, but also a cellular surface receptor of miscellaneous ligands, including some growth factors and extracellular matrixes. Through the bidirectional interactions with its ligands, CD146 is actively involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes of cells. Overexpression of CD146 can be observed in most of malignancies and is implicated in nearly every step of the development and progression of cancers, especially vascular and lymphatic metastasis. Thus, immunotherapy against CD146 would provide a promising strategy to inhibit metastasis, which accounts for the majority of cancer-associated deaths. Therefore, to deepen the understanding of CD146, we review the reports describing the newly identified ligands of CD146 and discuss the implications of these findings in establishing novel strategies for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
| | - Qingji Xu
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Nengwei Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Hepatobiliary Tumor Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100038, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Du
- Departments of Pathology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100038, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhong Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Hepatobiliary Tumor Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100038, Beijing, China
| | - Xiyun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
- Nanozyme Medical Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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19
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Harnessing the Complete Repertoire of Conventional Dendritic Cell Functions for Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070663. [PMID: 32674488 PMCID: PMC7408110 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset of checkpoint inhibition revolutionized the treatment of cancer. However, studies from the last decade suggested that the sole enhancement of T cell functionality might not suffice to fight malignancies in all individuals. Dendritic cells (DCs) are not only part of the innate immune system, but also generals of adaptive immunity and they orchestrate the de novo induction of tolerogenic and immunogenic T cell responses. Thus, combinatorial approaches addressing DCs and T cells in parallel represent an attractive strategy to achieve higher response rates across patients. However, this requires profound knowledge about the dynamic interplay of DCs, T cells, other immune and tumor cells. Here, we summarize the DC subsets present in mice and men and highlight conserved and divergent characteristics between different subsets and species. Thereby, we supply a resource of the molecular players involved in key functional features of DCs ranging from their sentinel function, the translation of the sensed environment at the DC:T cell interface to the resulting specialized T cell effector modules, as well as the influence of the tumor microenvironment on the DC function. As of today, mostly monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs) are used in autologous cell therapies after tumor antigen loading. While showing encouraging results in a fraction of patients, the overall clinical response rate is still not optimal. By disentangling the general aspects of DC biology, we provide rationales for the design of next generation DC vaccines enabling to exploit and manipulate the described pathways for the purpose of cancer immunotherapy in vivo. Finally, we discuss how DC-based vaccines might synergize with checkpoint inhibition in the treatment of malignant diseases.
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Lu RM, Hwang YC, Liu IJ, Lee CC, Tsai HZ, Li HJ, Wu HC. Development of therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of diseases. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:1. [PMID: 31894001 PMCID: PMC6939334 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1075] [Impact Index Per Article: 268.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been more than three decades since the first monoclonal antibody was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) in 1986, and during this time, antibody engineering has dramatically evolved. Current antibody drugs have increasingly fewer adverse effects due to their high specificity. As a result, therapeutic antibodies have become the predominant class of new drugs developed in recent years. Over the past five years, antibodies have become the best-selling drugs in the pharmaceutical market, and in 2018, eight of the top ten bestselling drugs worldwide were biologics. The global therapeutic monoclonal antibody market was valued at approximately US$115.2 billion in 2018 and is expected to generate revenue of $150 billion by the end of 2019 and $300 billion by 2025. Thus, the market for therapeutic antibody drugs has experienced explosive growth as new drugs have been approved for treating various human diseases, including many cancers, autoimmune, metabolic and infectious diseases. As of December 2019, 79 therapeutic mAbs have been approved by the US FDA, but there is still significant growth potential. This review summarizes the latest market trends and outlines the preeminent antibody engineering technologies used in the development of therapeutic antibody drugs, such as humanization of monoclonal antibodies, phage display, the human antibody mouse, single B cell antibody technology, and affinity maturation. Finally, future applications and perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Min Lu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chyi Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - I-Ju Liu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chiu Lee
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Han-Zen Tsai
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Jung Li
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chung Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan. .,, 128 Academia Rd., Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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Alfaleh MA, Alsaab HO, Mahmoud AB, Alkayyal AA, Jones ML, Mahler SM, Hashem AM. Phage Display Derived Monoclonal Antibodies: From Bench to Bedside. Front Immunol 2020. [PMID: 32983137 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01986/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become one of the most important classes of biopharmaceutical products, and they continue to dominate the universe of biopharmaceutical markets in terms of approval and sales. They are the most profitable single product class, where they represent six of the top ten selling drugs. At the beginning of the 1990s, an in vitro antibody selection technology known as antibody phage display was developed by John McCafferty and Sir. Gregory Winter that enabled the discovery of human antibodies for diverse applications, particularly antibody-based drugs. They created combinatorial antibody libraries on filamentous phage to be utilized for generating antigen specific antibodies in a matter of weeks. Since then, more than 70 phage-derived antibodies entered clinical studies and 14 of them have been approved. These antibodies are indicated for cancer, and non-cancer medical conditions, such as inflammatory, optical, infectious, or immunological diseases. This review will illustrate the utility of phage display as a powerful platform for therapeutic antibodies discovery and describe in detail all the approved mAbs derived from phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Alfaleh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hashem O Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Almohanad A Alkayyal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martina L Jones
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen M Mahler
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anwar M Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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King CT, Gegg CV, Hu SNY, Sen Lu H, Chan BM, Berry KA, Brankow DW, Boone TJ, Kezunovic N, Kelley MR, Shi L, Xu C. Discovery of the Migraine Prevention Therapeutic Aimovig (Erenumab), the First FDA-Approved Antibody against a G-Protein-Coupled Receptor. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:485-490. [PMID: 32259079 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In 2018, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Aimovig (erenumab) for the prevention of migraine. Erenumab is the first FDA approved antibody therapeutic against a G-protein-coupled receptor, the canonical receptor of calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP-R). A novel, epitope-focused antigen was created to reconstruct the extracellular domains of the CGRP-R in a stable conformation. Successful inoculation of XenoMouse animals and careful screening yielded multiple candidate molecules for high potency and exquisite selectivity toward the CGRP-R over related receptors. These efforts led to the discovery of erenumab which has demonstrated the desired efficacy and safety profiles in multiple clinical studies for the prevention of migraine. The innovation developed in the discovery of erenumab furthers the ability to target G-coupled protein receptors using antibody approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadwick Terence King
- Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Colin V Gegg
- Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Sylvia Nai-Yu Hu
- Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Hsieng Sen Lu
- Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Brian M Chan
- Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Kelly A Berry
- Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - David W Brankow
- Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Tom J Boone
- Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Nebojsa Kezunovic
- Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Matt R Kelley
- Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Licheng Shi
- Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
| | - Cen Xu
- Amgen Research, 1 Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1799, United States
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Vásquez M, Krauland E, Walker L, Wittrup D, Gerngross T. Connecting the sequence dots: shedding light on the genesis of antibodies reported to be designed in silico. MAbs 2019; 11:803-808. [PMID: 31107637 PMCID: PMC6601546 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1611172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two recent publications out of the same research laboratory report on structure-based in silico design of antibodies against viral targets without sequence disclosure. Cross-referencing the published data to patent databases, we established the sequence identity of said computationally designed antibodies. In both cases, the antibodies align with high sequence identity to previously reported antibodies of the same specificity. This clear underlying sequence relationship, which is far closer than the antibody templates reported to seed the computational design, suggests an alternative origin of the computationally designed antibodies. The lack of both reproducible computational algorithms and of output sequences in the initial publications obscures the relationship to previously reported antibodies, and sows doubt as to the genesis narrative described therein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dane Wittrup
- a Adimab LLC , Lebanon , NH , USA.,b Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Tillman Gerngross
- a Adimab LLC , Lebanon , NH , USA.,c Thayer School of Engineering , Dartmouth College , Hanover , NH , USA
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24
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Mompó SM, González-Fernández Á. Antigen-Specific Human Monoclonal Antibodies from Transgenic Mice. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1904:253-291. [PMID: 30539474 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8958-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to the difficulties found when generating fully human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by the traditional method, several efforts have attempted to overcome these problems, with varying levels of success. One approach has been the development of transgenic mice carrying immunoglobulin (Ig) genes in germline configuration. The engineered mouse genome can undergo productive rearrangement in the B-cell population, with the generation of mouse B lymphocytes expressing human Ig (hIg) chains. To avoid the expression of mouse heavy or light chains, the endogenous mouse Ig (mIg) loci must be silenced by gene-targeting techniques. Subsequently, to obtain antigen-specific mAbs, conventional immunization protocols can be followed and the mAb technique used (fusion of activated B cells with mouse myeloma cells, screening, cloning, freezing, and testing) with these animThis chapter summarizes the most common chromatographic mAb andals expressing human Ig genes. This chapter describes the type of transgenic-knockout mice generated for various research groups, provides examples of human mAbs developed by research groups and companies, and includes protocols of immunization, generation, production, and purification of human mAbs from such mice. In addition, it also addresses the problems detected, and includes some of the methods that can be used to analyze functional activities with human mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Magadán Mompó
- Immunology, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO), Centro de Investigación Singular de Galicia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- Immunology, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO), Centro de Investigación Singular de Galicia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo, Spain.
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Santos MLD, Quintilio W, Manieri TM, Tsuruta LR, Moro AM. Advances and challenges in therapeutic monoclonal antibodies drug development. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902018000001007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ana Maria Moro
- Butantan Institute, Brazil; National Institute for Science and Technology, Brazil
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27
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Zheng H, Bae Y, Kasimir-Bauer S, Tang R, Chen J, Ren G, Yuan M, Esposito M, Li W, Wei Y, Shen M, Zhang L, Tupitsyn N, Pantel K, King C, Sun J, Moriguchi J, Jun HT, Coxon A, Lee B, Kang Y. Therapeutic Antibody Targeting Tumor- and Osteoblastic Niche-Derived Jagged1 Sensitizes Bone Metastasis to Chemotherapy. Cancer Cell 2017; 32:731-747.e6. [PMID: 29232552 PMCID: PMC5729937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastasis is a major health threat to breast cancer patients. Tumor-derived Jagged1 represents a central node in mediating tumor-stromal interactions that promote osteolytic bone metastasis. Here, we report the development of a highly effective fully human monoclonal antibody against Jagged1 (clone 15D11). In addition to its inhibitory effect on bone metastasis of Jagged1-expressing tumor cells, 15D11 dramatically sensitizes bone metastasis to chemotherapy, which induces Jagged1 expression in osteoblasts to provide a survival niche for cancer cells. We further confirm the bone metastasis-promoting function of osteoblast-derived Jagged1 using osteoblast-specific Jagged1 transgenic mouse model. These findings establish 15D11 as a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention or treatment of bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqiu Zheng
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, LTL 255, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Yangjin Bae
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Room R814 BCM225, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sabine Kasimir-Bauer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Tang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, LTL 255, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, LTL 255, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Guangwen Ren
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, LTL 255, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Min Yuan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, LTL 255, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Mark Esposito
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, LTL 255, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Wenyang Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, LTL 255, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Yong Wei
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, LTL 255, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Minhong Shen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, LTL 255, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Lanjing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center of Princeton, Plainsboro, NJ, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Nikolai Tupitsyn
- Laboratory of Hematopoiesis Immunology, Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Klaus Pantel
- Department of Tumor Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center of Experimental Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chadwick King
- Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Jan Sun
- Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Jodi Moriguchi
- Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Helen Toni Jun
- MabVax Therapeutics Holdings, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Angela Coxon
- Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Brendan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Room R814 BCM225, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, LTL 255, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Cancer Metabolism and Growth Program, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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Ross SL, Biswas K, Rottman J, Allen JR, Long J, Miranda LP, Winters A, Arvedson TL. Identification of Antibody and Small Molecule Antagonists of Ferroportin-Hepcidin Interaction. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:838. [PMID: 29209212 PMCID: PMC5702341 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The iron exporter ferroportin and its ligand, the hormone hepcidin, control fluxes of stored and recycled iron for use in a variety of essential biochemical processes. Inflammatory disorders and malignancies are often associated with high hepcidin levels, leading to ferroportin down-regulation, iron sequestration in tissue macrophages and subsequent anemia. The objective of this research was to develop reagents to characterize the expression of ferroportin, the interaction between ferroportin and hepcidin, as well as to identify novel ferroportin antagonists capable of maintaining iron export in the presence of hepcidin. Development of investigative tools that enabled cell-based screening assays is described in detail, including specific and sensitive monoclonal antibodies that detect endogenously-expressed human and mouse ferroportin and fluorescently-labeled chemically-synthesized human hepcidin. Large and small molecule antagonists inhibiting hepcidin-mediated ferroportin internalization were identified, and unique insights into the requirements for interaction between these two key iron homeostasis molecules are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Ross
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Kaustav Biswas
- Department of Hybrid Modality Engineering, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - James Rottman
- Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer R Allen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Jason Long
- Department of Hybrid Modality Engineering, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Les P Miranda
- Department of Hybrid Modality Engineering, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Aaron Winters
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
| | - Tara L Arvedson
- Department of Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, United States
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29
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Strategies to Obtain Diverse and Specific Human Monoclonal Antibodies From Transgenic Animals. Transplantation 2017; 101:1770-1776. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Longo NS, Rogosch T, Zemlin M, Zouali M, Lipsky PE. Mechanisms That Shape Human Antibody Repertoire Development in Mice Transgenic for Human Ig H and L Chain Loci. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3963-3977. [PMID: 28438896 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To determine the impact of the milieu on the development of the human B cell repertoire, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of productive and nonproductive Ig gene rearrangements from transgenic mice engineered to express single copies of the unrearranged human H chain and L chain Ig gene loci. By examining the nonproductive repertoire as an indication of the immediate product of the rearrangement machinery without an impact of selection, we discovered that the distribution of human rearrangements arising in the mouse was generally comparable to that seen in humans. However, differences between the distribution of nonproductive and productive rearrangements that reflect the impact of selection suggested species-specific selection played a role in shaping the respective repertoires. Although expression of some VH genes was similar in mouse and human (IGHV3-23, IGHV3-30, and IGHV4-59), other genes behaved differently (IGHV3-33, IGHV3-48, IGHV4-31, IGHV4-34, and IGHV1-18). Gene selection differences were also noted in L chains. Notably, nonproductive human VH rearrangements in the transgenic mice expressed shorter CDRH3 with less N addition. Even the CDRH3s in the productive rearrangements were shorter in length than those of the normal human productive repertoire. Amino acids in the CDRH3s in both species showed positive selection of tyrosines and glycines, and negative selection of leucines. The data indicate that the environment in which B cells develop can affect the expressed Ig repertoire by exerting influences on the distribution of expressed VH and VL genes and by influencing the amino acid composition of the Ag binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy S Longo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tobias Rogosch
- Pediatric Immunology and Allergology, Department of Pediatrics, Philipps-University Marburg, D-35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Zemlin
- Klinik für Kinder-und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg GmbH, Standort Marburg, D-35033 Marburg, Germany.,Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Saarland University Medical School, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Moncef Zouali
- INSERM & Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Centre Viggo Petersen, Hôpital Lariboisière, 75475 Paris, France; and
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Alanazi IO, Khan Z. Understanding EGFR Signaling in Breast Cancer and Breast Cancer Stem Cells: Overexpression and Therapeutic Implications. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 17:445-53. [PMID: 26925626 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.2.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs/HERs) and downstream signaling pathways have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several malignancies including breast cancer and its resistance to treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs. Consequently, several monoclonal antibodies as well as small molecule inhibitors targeting these pathways have emerged as therapeutic tools in the recent past. However, studies have shown that utilizing these molecules in combination with chemotherapy has yielded only limited success. This review describes the current understanding of EGFRs/HERs and associated signaling pathways in relation to development of breast cancer and responses to various cancer treatments in the hope of pointing to improved prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Also, we review the role of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) in disease and the potential to target these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim O Alanazi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Genome Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia E-mail :
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32
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Foltz IN, Gunasekaran K, King CT. Discovery and bio-optimization of human antibody therapeutics using the XenoMouse® transgenic mouse platform. Immunol Rev 2016; 270:51-64. [PMID: 26864104 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since the late 1990s, the use of transgenic animal platforms has transformed the discovery of fully human therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. The first approved therapy derived from a transgenic platform--the epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist panitumumab to treat advanced colorectal cancer--was developed using XenoMouse(®) technology. Since its approval in 2006, the science of discovering and developing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies derived from the XenoMouse(®) platform has advanced considerably. The emerging array of antibody therapeutics developed using transgenic technologies is expected to include antibodies and antibody fragments with novel mechanisms of action and extreme potencies. In addition to these impressive functional properties, these antibodies will be designed to have superior biophysical properties that enable highly efficient large-scale manufacturing methods. Achieving these new heights in antibody drug discovery will ultimately bring better medicines to patients. Here, we review best practices for the discovery and bio-optimization of monoclonal antibodies that fit functional design goals and meet high manufacturing standards.
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33
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Zhou B, Eubanks LM, Jacob NT, Ellis B, Roberts AJ, Janda KD. Studies towards the improvement of an anti-cocaine monoclonal antibody for treatment of acute overdose. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5078-5081. [PMID: 27599743 PMCID: PMC5050165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There is currently no clinically-approved antidote for cocaine overdose. Efforts to develop a therapy via passive immunization have resulted in a human monoclonal antibody, GNCgzk, with a high affinity for cocaine (Kd=0.18nM). Efforts to improve the production of antibody manifolds based on this antibody are disclosed. The engineering of an HRV 3C protease cleavage site into the GNCgzk IgG has allowed for increased production of a F(ab')2 with a 20% superior capacity to reduce mortality for cocaine overdose in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lisa M Eubanks
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicholas T Jacob
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Beverly Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- Committee on Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Worm Institute of Medical Research (WIRM), The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Jones TD, Carter PJ, Plückthun A, Vásquez M, Holgate RGE, Hötzel I, Popplewell AG, Parren PWHI, Enzelberger M, Rademaker HJ, Clark MR, Lowe DC, Dahiyat BI, Smith V, Lambert JM, Wu H, Reilly M, Haurum JS, Dübel S, Huston JS, Schirrmann T, Janssen RAJ, Steegmaier M, Gross JA, Bradbury ARM, Burton DR, Dimitrov DS, Chester KA, Glennie MJ, Davies J, Walker A, Martin S, McCafferty J, Baker MP. The INNs and outs of antibody nonproprietary names. MAbs 2016; 8:1-9. [PMID: 26716992 PMCID: PMC4966553 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1114320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An important step in drug development is the assignment of an International Nonproprietary Name (INN) by the World Health Organization (WHO) that provides healthcare professionals with a unique and universally available designated name to identify each pharmaceutical substance. Monoclonal antibody INNs comprise a –mab suffix preceded by a substem indicating the antibody type, e.g., chimeric (-xi-), humanized (-zu-), or human (-u-). The WHO publishes INN definitions that specify how new monoclonal antibody therapeutics are categorized and adapts the definitions to new technologies. However, rapid progress in antibody technologies has blurred the boundaries between existing antibody categories and created a burgeoning array of new antibody formats. Thus, revising the INN system for antibodies is akin to aiming for a rapidly moving target. The WHO recently revised INN definitions for antibodies now to be based on amino acid sequence identity. These new definitions, however, are critically flawed as they are ambiguous and go against decades of scientific literature. A key concern is the imposition of an arbitrary threshold for identity against human germline antibody variable region sequences. This leads to inconsistent classification of somatically mutated human antibodies, humanized antibodies as well as antibodies derived from semi-synthetic/synthetic libraries and transgenic animals. Such sequence-based classification implies clear functional distinction between categories (e.g., immunogenicity). However, there is no scientific evidence to support this. Dialog between the WHO INN Expert Group and key stakeholders is needed to develop a new INN system for antibodies and to avoid confusion and miscommunication between researchers and clinicians prescribing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim D Jones
- a Antitope Ltd. (part of Abzena Plc.), Babraham Research Campus , Cambridge CB22 3AT , UK
| | - Paul J Carter
- b Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , CA 94080 , USA
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- c Department of Biochemistry , University of Zurich , Zurich CH-8057 , Switzerland
| | - Max Vásquez
- d Adimab LLC., 7 Lucent Drive , Lebanon , NH 03766 , USA
| | - Robert G E Holgate
- a Antitope Ltd. (part of Abzena Plc.), Babraham Research Campus , Cambridge CB22 3AT , UK
| | - Isidro Hötzel
- b Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , CA 94080 , USA
| | | | - Paul W H I Parren
- f Genmab, PO Box 85199, 3508 AD , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,g Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion , Leiden University Medical Center , Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Markus Enzelberger
- h MorphoSys AG., Lena-Christ-Str. 48, 82152 Martinsried/Planegg , Germany
| | | | - Michael R Clark
- i Clark Antibodies Ltd., 11 Wellington Street , Cambridge CB1 1HW , UK
| | - David C Lowe
- j MedImmune Ltd., Milstein Building, Granta Park , Cambridge CB21 6GH , UK
| | | | | | - John M Lambert
- m ImmunoGen Inc., 830 Winter Street , Waltham , MA 02451-1477 , USA
| | - Herren Wu
- n MedImmune., One MedImmune Way , Gaithersburg , MD 20878 , USA
| | - Mary Reilly
- o Opsona Therapeutics Ltd., 2nd Floor, Ashford House , Tara Street , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - John S Haurum
- p F-Star Biotechnology Ltd., Babraham Research Campus , Cambridge CB22 3AT , UK
| | - Stefan Dübel
- q Technische Universität Braunschweig., Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Spielmannstr. 7 , 38106 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - James S Huston
- r The Antibody Society & Huston BioConsulting LLC. , 270 Pleasant Street #A206, Watertown , MA 02472 , USA
| | | | | | - Martin Steegmaier
- u Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development,. Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg , 82377 Penzberg , Germany
| | - Jane A Gross
- v Emergent BioSolutions. , 2401 4th Avenue, Suite 1050, Seattle , WA 98121 , USA
| | - Andrew R M Bradbury
- w Biosciences Division., MS-M888, TA-43, HRL-1, Building 1, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , NM 87545 , USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- x The Scripps Research Institute., 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , CA 92037 , USA
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- y Protein Interactions Section., Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Frederick , MD 21702 , USA
| | - Kerry A Chester
- z UCL Cancer Institute., 72 Huntley Street , London WC1E 6BT , UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- aa Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital , Southampton , Hampshire SO16 6YD , UK
| | - Julian Davies
- ab Lilly Biotechnology Center San Diego , CA 92121 , USA
| | - Adam Walker
- ac GSK., Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road , Cambridge , CB2 2GG , UK
| | - Steve Martin
- ad GSK, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road , Stevenage , Herts , SG1 2NY , UK
| | - John McCafferty
- ae Iontas Ltd., Babraham Research Campus , Cambridge CB22 3AT , UK
| | - Matthew P Baker
- a Antitope Ltd. (part of Abzena Plc.), Babraham Research Campus , Cambridge CB22 3AT , UK
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35
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Thomas LJ, Vitale L, O'Neill T, Dolnick RY, Wallace PK, Minderman H, Gergel LE, Forsberg EM, Boyer JM, Storey JR, Pilsmaker CD, Hammond RA, Widger J, Sundarapandiyan K, Crocker A, Marsh HC, Keler T. Development of a Novel Antibody-Drug Conjugate for the Potential Treatment of Ovarian, Lung, and Renal Cell Carcinoma Expressing TIM-1. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2946-2954. [PMID: 27671527 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) is a type I transmembrane protein that was originally described as kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) due to its elevated expression in kidney and urine after renal injury. TIM-1 expression is also upregulated in several human cancers, most notably in renal and ovarian carcinomas, but has very restricted expression in healthy tissues, thus representing a promising target for antibody-mediated therapy. To this end, we have developed a fully human monoclonal IgG1 antibody specific for the extracellular domain of TIM-1. This antibody was shown to bind purified recombinant chimeric TIM-1-Fc protein and TIM-1 expressed on a variety of transformed cell lines, including Caki-1 (human renal clear cell carcinoma), IGROV-1 (human ovarian adenocarcinoma), and A549 (human lung carcinoma). Internalization studies using confocal microscopy revealed the antibody was rapidly internalized by cells in vitro, and internalization was confirmed by quantitative imaging flow cytometry. An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) was produced with the anti-TIM-1 antibody covalently linked to the potent cytotoxin, monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), and designated CDX-014. The ADC was shown to exhibit in vitro cytostatic or cytotoxic activity against a variety of TIM-1-expressing cell lines, but not on TIM-1-negative cell lines. Using the Caki-1, IGROV-1, and A549 xenograft mouse models, CDX-014 showed significant antitumor activity in a clinically relevant dose range. Safety evaluation in nonhuman primates has demonstrated a good profile and led to the initiation of clinical studies of CDX-014 in renal cell carcinoma and potentially other TIM-1-expressing tumors. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(12); 2946-54. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ree Y Dolnick
- Flow and Image Cytometry Facility, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Paul K Wallace
- Flow and Image Cytometry Facility, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Hans Minderman
- Flow and Image Cytometry Facility, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tibor Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Hampton, New Jersey
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36
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Moody G, Belmontes B, Masterman S, Wang W, King C, Murawsky C, Tsuruda T, Liu S, Radinsky R, Beltran PJ. Antibody-mediated neutralization of autocrine Gas6 inhibits the growth of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tumors in vivo. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:1340-9. [PMID: 27170265 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Gas6 and its receptors Axl, Mer and Tyro-3 (TAM) are highly expressed in human malignancy suggesting that signaling through this axis may be tumor-promoting. In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), Gas6 and the TAM receptor Axl are frequently co-expressed and their co-expression correlates with poor survival. A strategy was devised to generate fully human neutralizing antibodies against Gas6 using XenoMouse® technology. Hybridoma supernatants were selected based on their ability to inhibit Gas6 binding to the receptor Axl and block Gas6-induced Axl phosphorylation in human cells. Two purified antibodies isolated from the screened hybridomas, GMAB1 and GMAB2, displayed optimal cellular potency which was comparable to that of the soluble extracellular domain of the receptor Axl (Axl-Fc). In vivo characterization of GMAB1 was conducted using a pharmacodynamic assay that measured inhibition of Gas6-induced Akt activation in the mouse spleen. Treatment of mice with a single dose (100-1000 µg) of GMAB1 led to greater than 90% inhibition of Gas6-induced phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) for up to 72 hr. Based on the target coverage observed in the PD assay, the efficacy of GMAB1 was tested against human pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenografts. At doses of 50 µg and 150 µg, twice weekly, GMAB1 was able to inhibit 55% and 76% of tumor growth, respectively (p < 0.001 for both treatments vs. control Ig). When combined with gemcitabine, GMAB1 significantly inhibited tumor growth compared to either agent alone (p < 0.001). Together, the data suggest that Gas6 neutralization may be important as a potential strategy for the treatment of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Moody
- Oncology Research Therapeutic Area, Thousand Oaks, CA
| | | | | | - Wei Wang
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA
| | - Chadwick King
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA
| | | | - Trace Tsuruda
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA
| | - Shuying Liu
- Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA
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Klarenbeek A, Blanchetot C, Schragel G, Sadi AS, Ongenae N, Hemrika W, Wijdenes J, Spinelli S, Desmyter A, Cambillau C, Hultberg A, Kretz-Rommel A, Dreier T, De Haard HJW, Roovers RC. Combining somatic mutations present in different in vivo affinity-matured antibodies isolated from immunized Lama glama yields ultra-potent antibody therapeutics. Protein Eng Des Sel 2016; 29:123-33. [PMID: 26945588 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzw003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly potent human antibodies are required to therapeutically neutralize cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) that is involved in many inflammatory diseases and malignancies. Although a number of mutagenesis approaches exist to perform antibody affinity maturation, these may cause antibody instability and production issues. Thus, a robust and easy antibody affinity maturation strategy to increase antibody potency remains highly desirable. By immunizing llama, cloning the 'immune' antibody repertoire and using phage display, we selected a diverse set of IL-6 antagonistic Fabs. Heavy chain shuffling was performed on the Fab with lowest off-rate, resulting in a panel of variants with even lower off-rate. Structural analysis of the Fab:IL-6 complex suggests that the increased affinity was partly due to a serine to tyrosine switch in HCDR2. This translated into neutralizing capacity in an in vivo model of IL-6 induced SAA production. Finally, a novel Fab library was designed, encoding all variations found in the natural repertoire of VH genes identified after heavy chain shuffling. High stringency selections resulted in identification of a Fab with 250-fold increased potency when re-formatted into IgG1. Compared with a heavily engineered anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody currently in clinical development, this IgG was at least equally potent, showing the engineering process to have had led to a highly potent anti-IL-6 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Klarenbeek
- arGEN-X BVBA, Technologiepark 30, Zwijnaarde 9052, Belgium Department of Cell Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht CH 3584, The Netherlands
| | | | - Georg Schragel
- Department of Cell Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht CH 3584, The Netherlands
| | - Ava S Sadi
- Department of Cell Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht CH 3584, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Ongenae
- arGEN-X BVBA, Technologiepark 30, Zwijnaarde 9052, Belgium
| | - Wieger Hemrika
- U-Protein Express BV, Padualaan 8, Utrecht CH 3584, The Netherlands
| | - John Wijdenes
- INSERM, Unité 1098, University of Franche-Comté, 1 bd A. Fleming, Besançon 25020, France
| | - Silvia Spinelli
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7257 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille Cedex 09 13288, France
| | - Aline Desmyter
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7257 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille Cedex 09 13288, France
| | - Christian Cambillau
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7257 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille Cedex 09 13288, France
| | - Anna Hultberg
- arGEN-X BVBA, Technologiepark 30, Zwijnaarde 9052, Belgium
| | | | - Torsten Dreier
- arGEN-X BVBA, Technologiepark 30, Zwijnaarde 9052, Belgium
| | - Hans J W De Haard
- arGEN-X BVBA, Technologiepark 30, Zwijnaarde 9052, Belgium Department of Cell Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht CH 3584, The Netherlands
| | - Rob C Roovers
- Department of Cell Biology, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht CH 3584, The Netherlands
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38
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Margreitter C, Mayrhofer P, Kunert R, Oostenbrink C. Antibody humanization by molecular dynamics simulations-in-silico guided selection of critical backmutations. J Mol Recognit 2016; 29:266-75. [PMID: 26748949 PMCID: PMC4948679 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies represent the fastest growing class of biotherapeutic proteins. However, as they are often initially derived from rodent organisms, there is a severe risk of immunogenic reactions, hampering their applicability. The humanization of these antibodies remains a challenging task in the context of rational drug design. "Superhumanization" describes the direct transfer of the complementarity determining regions to a human germline framework, but this humanization approach often results in loss of binding affinity. In this study, we present a new approach for predicting promising backmutation sites using molecular dynamics simulations of the model antibody Ab2/3H6. The simulation method was developed in close conjunction with novel specificity experiments. Binding properties of mAb variants were evaluated directly from crude supernatants and confirmed using established binding affinity assays for purified antibodies. Our approach provides access to the dynamical features of the actual binding sites of an antibody, based solely on the antibody sequence. Thus we do not need structural data on the antibody-antigen complex and circumvent cumbersome methods to assess binding affinities. © 2016 The Authors Journal of Molecular Recognition Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Margreitter
- Institute of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Patrick Mayrhofer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Institute of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
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Abstract
Since the development of therapeutic antibodies the demand of recombinant human antibodies is steadily increasing. Traditionally, therapeutic antibodies were generated by immunization of rat or mice, the generation of hybridoma clones, cloning of the antibody genes and subsequent humanization and engineering of the lead candidates. In the last few years, techniques were developed that use transgenic animals with a human antibody gene repertoire. Here, modern recombinant DNA technologies can be combined with well established immunization and hybridoma technologies to generate already affinity maturated human antibodies. An alternative are in vitro technologies which enabled the generation of fully human antibodies from antibody gene libraries that even exceed the human antibody repertoire. Specific antibodies can be isolated from these libraries in a very short time and therefore reduce the development time of an antibody drug at a very early stage.In this review, we describe different technologies that are currently used for the in vitro and in vivo generation of human antibodies.
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40
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Lo L, Patel D, Townsend AR, Price TJ. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of panitumumab in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1907-24. [PMID: 26572750 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1112787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Integration of targeted therapy and additional chemotherapy options has improved median overall survival (OS) in patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Cetuximab and panitumumab are examples of targeted therapies, specifically against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). This review focuses on Panitumumab, a fully human IgG2 monoclonal antibody, which inhibits key oncogenic downstream cell signalling pathways. Panitumumab and cetuximab have improved tumour response rate, progression-free survival, and OS in mCRC patients in whom the RAS (Rat Sarcoma) gene is of Wild Type (WT) status. AREAS COVERED The EGFR signalling pathway and preclinical, Phase I and Phase II clinical studies on the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety evaluation of panitumumab are presented. Phase III studies utilising panitumumab in the first, second and third line setting in mCRC are also described. EXPERT OPINION Panitumumab exhibits excellent pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics by way of uncomplicated dosing, non-existent drug interactions, minimal infusion reactions and manageable side effects, making it a suitable target for combination treatments. However, innate and acquired resistances are still obstacles. To overcome this, experimented strategies are ongoing, particularly in patients with Her-2 and BRAF gene alterations. Novel biomarkers to improve patient selection and second-generation targeted antibodies are in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Lo
- a Department of Medical Oncology , The Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Woodville , 5011 , SA , Australia
| | - Dainik Patel
- a Department of Medical Oncology , The Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Woodville , 5011 , SA , Australia
| | - Amanda R Townsend
- a Department of Medical Oncology , The Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Woodville , 5011 , SA , Australia.,b School of Medicine , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , 5000 , SA , Australia
| | - Timothy J Price
- a Department of Medical Oncology , The Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Woodville , 5011 , SA , Australia.,b School of Medicine , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , 5000 , SA , Australia
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41
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Taylor K, Howard CB, Jones ML, Sedliarou I, MacDiarmid J, Brahmbhatt H, Munro TP, Mahler SM. Nanocell targeting using engineered bispecific antibodies. MAbs 2015; 7:53-65. [PMID: 25523746 PMCID: PMC4622061 DOI: 10.4161/19420862.2014.985952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many design formats for bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), and the best design choice is highly dependent on the final application. Our aim was to engineer BsAbs to target a novel nanocell (EnGeneIC Delivery Vehicle or EDVTMnanocell) to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EDVTMnanocells are coated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and BsAb designs incorporated single chain Fv (scFv) fragments derived from an anti-LPS antibody (1H10) and an anti-EGFR antibody, ABX-EGF. We engineered various BsAb formats with monovalent or bivalent binding arms and linked scFv fragments via either glycine-serine (G4S) or Fc-linkers. Binding analyses utilizing ELISA, surface plasmon resonance, bio-layer interferometry, flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy showed that binding to LPS and to either soluble recombinant EGFR or MDA-MB-468 cells expressing EGFR, was conserved for all construct designs. However, the Fc-linked BsAbs led to nanocell clumping upon binding to EDVTMnanocells. Clumping was eliminated when additional disulfide bonds were incorporated into the scFv components of the BsAbs, but this resulted in lower BsAb expression. The G4S-linked tandem scFv BsAb format was the optimal design with respect to EDV binding and expression yield. Doxorubicin-loaded EDVTMnanocells actively targeted with tandem scFv BsAb in vivo to MDA-MB-468-derived tumors in mouse xenograft models enhanced tumor regression by 40% compared to passively targeted EDVTMnanocells. BsAbs therefore provide a functional means to deliver EDVTMnanocells to target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Taylor
- a Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) ; University of Queensland, St Lucia ; Queensland , Australia
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42
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Beerli RR, Bauer M, Fritzer A, Rosen LB, Buser RB, Hanner M, Maudrich M, Nebenfuehr M, Toepfer JAS, Mangold S, Bauer A, Holland SM, Browne SK, Meinke A. Mining the human autoantibody repertoire: isolation of potent IL17A-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies from a patient with thymoma. MAbs 2015; 6:1608-20. [PMID: 25484038 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.36292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-cytokine autoantibodies have been widely reported to be present in human plasma, both in healthy subjects and in patients with underlying autoimmune conditions, such as autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) or thymic epithelial neoplasms. While often asymptomatic, they can cause or facilitate a wide range of diseases including opportunistic infections. The potential therapeutic value of specific neutralizing anti-cytokine autoantibodies has not been thoroughly investigated. Here we used mammalian cell display to isolate IL17A-specific antibodies from a thymoma patient with proven high-titer autoantibodies against the same. We identified 3 distinct clonotypes that efficiently neutralized IL17A in a cell-based in vitro assay. Their potencies were comparable to those of known neutralizing antibodies, including 2, AIN457 (secukinumab) and ixekizumab that are currently in clinical development for the treatment of various inflammatory disorders. These data clearly demonstrate that the human autoantibody repertoire can be mined for antibodies with high therapeutic potential for clinical development.
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Key Words
- AIN457
- APECED, autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy
- CDR, complementary-determining region
- CMC, Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- HFF-1, Human Foreskin Fibroblasts
- IL17
- IL17A, Interleukin 17A
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- RT-PCR, Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- Sindbis virus
- huFc-γ1, human Fc-gamma 1
- human autoantibodies
- ixekizumab
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- mammalian cell display
- monoclonal antibodies
- scFv-Fc
- scFvs, single chain variable fragments
- secukinumab
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger R Beerli
- a Valneva Austria GmbH ; Campus Vienna Biocenter 3; Vienna , Austria
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43
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Matsushita H, Sano A, Wu H, Wang Z, Jiao JA, Kasinathan P, Sullivan EJ, Kuroiwa Y. Species-Specific Chromosome Engineering Greatly Improves Fully Human Polyclonal Antibody Production Profile in Cattle. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130699. [PMID: 26107496 PMCID: PMC4479556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale production of fully human IgG (hIgG) or human polyclonal antibodies (hpAbs) by transgenic animals could be useful for human therapy. However, production level of hpAbs in transgenic animals is generally very low, probably due to the fact that evolutionarily unique interspecies-incompatible genomic sequences between human and non-human host species may impede high production of fully hIgG in the non-human environment. To address this issue, we performed species-specific human artificial chromosome (HAC) engineering and tested these engineered HAC in cattle. Our previous study has demonstrated that site-specific genomic chimerization of pre-B cell receptor/B cell receptor (pre-BCR/BCR) components on HAC vectors significantly improves human IgG expression in cattle where the endogenous bovine immunoglobulin genes were knocked out. In this report, hIgG1 class switch regulatory elements were subjected to site-specific genomic chimerization on HAC vectors to further enhance hIgG expression and improve hIgG subclass distribution in cattle. These species-specific modifications in a chromosome scale resulted in much higher production levels of fully hIgG of up to 15 g/L in sera or plasma, the highest ever reported for a transgenic animal system. Transchromosomic (Tc) cattle containing engineered HAC vectors generated hpAbs with high titers against human-origin antigens following immunization. This study clearly demonstrates that species-specific sequence differences in pre-BCR/BCR components and IgG1 class switch regulatory elements between human and bovine are indeed functionally distinct across the two species, and therefore, are responsible for low production of fully hIgG in our early versions of Tc cattle. The high production levels of fully hIgG with hIgG1 subclass dominancy in a large farm animal species achieved here is an important milestone towards broad therapeutic applications of hpAbs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antigens/chemistry
- Antigens/immunology
- Cattle
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chickens
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Human/chemistry
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Human/immunology
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- Genetic Engineering
- Genetic Vectors/chemistry
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Lymphocytes/cytology
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Pre-B Cell Receptors/genetics
- Pre-B Cell Receptors/immunology
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Matsushita
- SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- Hematech, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Akiko Sano
- Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Co., Ltd., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Hematech, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Hua Wu
- SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- Hematech, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Zhongde Wang
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
- Hematech, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jin-an Jiao
- SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- Hematech, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Poothappillai Kasinathan
- Trans Ova Genetics, Sioux Center, Iowa, United States of America
- Hematech, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Eddie J. Sullivan
- SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- Hematech, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yoshimi Kuroiwa
- Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Co., Ltd., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Hematech, Inc., Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
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Vaklavas C, Forero A. Management of metastatic breast cancer with second-generation antibody-drug conjugates: focus on glembatumumab vedotin (CDX-011, CR011-vcMMAE). BioDrugs 2015; 28:253-63. [PMID: 24496926 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-014-0085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Exploiting the highly targeted nature of monoclonal antibodies to deliver selectively to tumor cells a cytotoxic payload is an attractive concept and the successful precedents of the recent past set the stage for broader applications in the future. Antibody-drug conjugates may currently hold an unprecedented potential; however, there are multiple unique challenges in their development, and the recent successes have come hand in hand with significant technologic advances in their chemistry and manufacturing. Over the years, multiple factors have been identified to affect the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of an antibody-drug conjugate, but many important details remain to be further investigated. These factors pertain to the target antigen, antibody, conjugate, linker, as well as the nature of the malignancy under treatment. Glembatumumab vedotin is an antibody-drug conjugate targeting glycoprotein non-metastatic B (GPNMB) expressed in multiple malignancies, including breast cancer. The expression of this protein has been associated with an aggressive malignant phenotype, invasive growth, angiogenesis, and generation of skeletal metastases. Glembatumumab vedotin is currently in early stages of clinical development in melanoma and breast cancer. Although in unselected patients with metastatic breast cancer glembatumumab vedotin was not superior to other agents, by virtue of its target being frequently and highly expressed in triple-negative breast cancer, its activity was particularly promising in this subset of patients. Results from the clinical studies in breast cancer as well as companion studies in melanoma indicate that a biomarker-informed approach is the optimal pathway for the future development of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Vaklavas
- Division of Hematology/Clinical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, NP 2540M, 1802 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294-3300, USA,
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Hamblett KJ, Kozlosky CJ, Siu S, Chang WS, Liu H, Foltz IN, Trueblood ES, Meininger D, Arora T, Twomey B, Vonderfecht SL, Chen Q, Hill JS, Fanslow WC. AMG 595, an Anti-EGFRvIII Antibody–Drug Conjugate, Induces Potent Antitumor Activity against EGFRvIII-Expressing Glioblastoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1614-24. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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The Immunogenicity of Antibody Aggregates in a Novel Transgenic Mouse Model. Pharm Res 2015; 32:2344-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Selecting an Optimal Antibody for Antibody- Drug Conjugate Therapy. ANTIBODY-DRUG CONJUGATES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13081-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Brüggemann M, Osborn MJ, Ma B, Hayre J, Avis S, Lundstrom B, Buelow R. Human antibody production in transgenic animals. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 63:101-8. [PMID: 25467949 PMCID: PMC4359279 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fully human antibodies from transgenic animals account for an increasing number of new therapeutics. After immunization, diverse human monoclonal antibodies of high affinity can be obtained from transgenic rodents, while large animals, such as transchromosomic cattle, have produced respectable amounts of specific human immunoglobulin (Ig) in serum. Several strategies to derive animals expressing human antibody repertoires have been successful. In rodents, gene loci on bacterial artificial chromosomes or yeast artificial chromosomes were integrated by oocyte microinjection or transfection of embryonic stem (ES) cells, while ruminants were derived from manipulated fibroblasts with integrated human chromosome fragments or human artificial chromosomes. In all strains, the endogenous Ig loci have been silenced by gene targeting, either in ES or fibroblast cells, or by zinc finger technology via DNA microinjection; this was essential for optimal production. However, comparisons showed that fully human antibodies were not as efficiently produced as wild-type Ig. This suboptimal performance, with respect to immune response and antibody yield, was attributed to imperfect interaction of the human constant region with endogenous signaling components such as the Igα/β in mouse, rat or cattle. Significant improvements were obtained when the human V-region genes were linked to the endogenous CH-region, either on large constructs or, separately, by site-specific integration, which could also silence the endogenous Ig locus by gene replacement or inversion. In animals with knocked-out endogenous Ig loci and integrated large IgH loci, containing many human Vs, all D and all J segments linked to endogenous C genes, highly diverse human antibody production similar to normal animals was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Brüggemann
- Recombinant Antibody Technology Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT UK
- Open Monoclonal Technology, Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA
| | - Michael J. Osborn
- Recombinant Antibody Technology Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT UK
| | - Biao Ma
- Recombinant Antibody Technology Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT UK
| | - Jasvinder Hayre
- Recombinant Antibody Technology Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT UK
| | - Suzanne Avis
- Recombinant Antibody Technology Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT UK
| | | | - Roland Buelow
- Open Monoclonal Technology, Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA
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Chan CEZ, Lim APC, MacAry PA, Hanson BJ. The role of phage display in therapeutic antibody discovery. Int Immunol 2014; 26:649-57. [PMID: 25135889 PMCID: PMC7185696 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage display involves the expression of selected proteins on the surface of filamentous phage through fusion with phage coat protein, with the genetic sequence packaged within, linking phenotype to genotype selection. When combined with antibody libraries, phage display allows for rapid in vitro selection of antigen-specific antibodies and recovery of their corresponding coding sequence. Large non-immune and synthetic human libraries have been constructed as well as smaller immune libraries based on capturing a single individual’s immune repertoire. This completely in vitro process allows for isolation of antibodies against poorly immunogenic targets as well as those that cannot be obtained by animal immunization, thus further expanding the utility of the approach. Phage antibody display represents the first developed methodology for high throughput screening for human therapeutic antibody candidates. Recently, other methods have been developed for generation of fully human therapeutic antibodies, such as single B-cell screening, next-generation genome sequencing and transgenic mice with human germline B-cell genes. While each of these have their particular advantages, phage display has remained a key methodology for human antibody discovery due its in vitro process. Here, we review the continuing role of this technique alongside other developing technologies for therapeutic antibody discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad E Z Chan
- Biological Defence Program, Defense Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore
| | - Angeline P C Lim
- Biological Defence Program, Defense Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore
| | - Paul A MacAry
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore Immunology Program, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Brendon J Hanson
- Biological Defence Program, Defense Medical and Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510, Singapore Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117545, Singapore
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Mice with megabase humanization of their immunoglobulin genes generate antibodies as efficiently as normal mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:5153-8. [PMID: 24706856 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1324022111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice genetically engineered to be humanized for their Ig genes allow for human antibody responses within a mouse background (HumAb mice), providing a valuable platform for the generation of fully human therapeutic antibodies. Unfortunately, existing HumAb mice do not have fully functional immune systems, perhaps because of the manner in which their genetic humanization was carried out. Heretofore, HumAb mice have been generated by disrupting the endogenous mouse Ig genes and simultaneously introducing human Ig transgenes at a different and random location; KO-plus-transgenic humanization. As we describe in the companion paper, we attempted to make mice that more efficiently use human variable region segments in their humoral responses by precisely replacing 6 Mb of mouse Ig heavy and kappa light variable region germ-line gene segments with their human counterparts while leaving the mouse constant regions intact, using a unique in situ humanization approach. We reasoned the introduced human variable region gene segments would function indistinguishably in their new genetic location, whereas the retained mouse constant regions would allow for optimal interactions and selection of the resulting antibodies within the mouse environment. We show that these mice, termed VelocImmune mice because they were generated using VelociGene technology, efficiently produce human:mouse hybrid antibodies (that are rapidly convertible to fully human antibodies) and have fully functional humoral immune systems indistinguishable from those of WT mice. The efficiency of the VelocImmune approach is confirmed by the rapid progression of 10 different fully human antibodies into human clinical trials.
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