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Jiang K, Wang S, Sun H, Peng C, Li N, Li S, Gao R, Zhang J. Novel mutation in the NDP gene associated with Norrie disease in a Chinese pedigree. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2024; 12:e2345. [PMID: 38146894 PMCID: PMC10767683 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Norrie disease (ND) is a rare X-linked recessive disorder characteristic of early childhood blindness. While several mutations in the NDP gene have been reported as causative for ND, the genetic etiology remains unknown for many patients. This study aims to describe a novel mutation and explore the clinical manifestations in a Chinese family with two affected males. METHODS Exome sequencing (ES) was employed to identify the causative gene in a four-generation pedigree. Sanger sequencing was subsequently utilized to validate the mutation detected by ES in additional family members. Ophthalmologic examination and diagnostic imaging relevant to ND were conducted. RESULTS The proband (IV:2), an 8-month-old male infant, presented with binocular retinal detachment. DNA sequencing revealed a novel heterozygous missense mutation (c.174G>C) within the NDP gene in the proband. This mutation affected highly conserved residues and was predicted to disrupt the normal protein structure. Furthermore, the variant co-segregated with the disease phenotypes within the family. CONCLUSIONS Our findings identified a novel missense mutation in the NDP gene associated with Norrie disease in China, expanding the mutation spectrum associated with ND. This discovery holds diagnostic, prognostic, and genetic counseling implications for affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhengda Guangming Ophthalmology GroupWeifang Eye HospitalWeifangChina
| | - Shuying Wang
- Department of OphthalmologyGaomi People's HospitalWeifangChina
| | - Huixin Sun
- Department of OphthalmologyWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Chuanzhi Peng
- Department of OphthalmologyWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhengda Guangming Ophthalmology GroupWeifang Eye HospitalWeifangChina
| | - Shuchan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhengda Guangming Ophthalmology GroupWeifang Eye HospitalWeifangChina
| | - Rongyu Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhengda Guangming Ophthalmology GroupWeifang Eye HospitalWeifangChina
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhengda Guangming Ophthalmology GroupWeifang Eye HospitalWeifangChina
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2
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Pauzuolyte V, Patel A, Wawrzynski JR, Ingham NJ, Leong YC, Karda R, Bitner‐Glindzicz M, Berger W, Waddington SN, Steel KP, Sowden JC. Systemic gene therapy rescues retinal dysfunction and hearing loss in a model of Norrie disease. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e17393. [PMID: 37642150 PMCID: PMC10565640 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202317393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Deafness affects 5% of the world's population, yet there is a lack of treatments to prevent hearing loss due to genetic causes. Norrie disease is a recessive X-linked disorder, caused by NDP gene mutation. It manifests as blindness at birth and progressive sensorineural hearing loss, leading to debilitating dual sensory deprivation. To develop a gene therapy, we used a Norrie disease mouse model (Ndptm1Wbrg ), which recapitulates abnormal retinal vascularisation and progressive hearing loss. We delivered human NDP cDNA by intravenous injection of adeno-associated viral vector (AAV)9 at neonatal, juvenile and young adult pathological stages and investigated its therapeutic effects on the retina and cochlea. Neonatal treatment prevented the death of the sensory cochlear hair cells and rescued cochlear disease biomarkers as demonstrated by RNAseq and physiological measurements of auditory function. Retinal vascularisation and electroretinograms were restored to normal by neonatal treatment. Delivery of NDP gene therapy after the onset of the degenerative inner ear disease also ameliorated the cochlear pathology, supporting the feasibility of a clinical treatment for progressive hearing loss in people with Norrie disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valda Pauzuolyte
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College LondonLondonUK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research CentreLondonUK
| | - Aara Patel
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College LondonLondonUK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research CentreLondonUK
| | - James R Wawrzynski
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College LondonLondonUK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research CentreLondonUK
| | - Neil J Ingham
- Wolfson Centre for Age‐Related Diseases, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Yeh Chwan Leong
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College LondonLondonUK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research CentreLondonUK
| | - Rajvinder Karda
- EGA Institute for Woman's Health, University College LondonLondonUK
| | - Maria Bitner‐Glindzicz
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College LondonLondonUK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research CentreLondonUK
| | - Wolfgang Berger
- Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Simon N Waddington
- EGA Institute for Woman's Health, University College LondonLondonUK
- MRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitswatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Karen P Steel
- Wolfson Centre for Age‐Related Diseases, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jane C Sowden
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College LondonLondonUK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research CentreLondonUK
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3
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Rada CC, Yuki K, Ding J, Kuo CJ. Regulation of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Health and Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2023; 13:a041191. [PMID: 36987582 PMCID: PMC10691497 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit is a dynamic microenvironment with tightly controlled signaling and transport coordinated by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). A properly functioning BBB allows sufficient movement of ions and macromolecules to meet the high metabolic demand of the central nervous system (CNS), while protecting the brain from pathogenic and noxious insults. This review describes the main cell types comprising the BBB and unique molecular signatures of these cells. Additionally, major signaling pathways for BBB development and maintenance are highlighted. Finally, we describe the pathophysiology of BBB diseases, their relationship to barrier dysfunction, and identify avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara C Rada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Kanako Yuki
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Calvin J Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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4
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Zhao X, Gao C, Li L, Jiang L, Wei Y, Che F, Liu Q. Clinical Exome Sequencing Identifies NDP Gene Variants in Two Chinese Families with X-Linked Norrie Disease. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2022; 26:589-594. [PMID: 36577125 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2022.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To explore the genetic defects in two Chinese families with X-linked Norrie disease (ND). Methods: We analyzed two Chinese families with ND at molecular level through clinical exome sequencing and the variations were identified by Sanger sequencing. Results: Two genetic variations were found in the NDP gene by clinical exome sequencing, a partial deletion of 801 bp contained the whole exon 2 and a missense variant (164G>A) within codon 55 that resulted in the interchange of cysteine by phenylalanine. Clinical findings were more severe in the patients who presented the missense variant. Conclusion: We report two genetic variations in the NDP gene in Chinese that extend the mutational and phenotypic spectra of NDP gene, and also demonstrate the feasibility of clinical exome sequencing in application of molecular diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong University, Linyi, China.,Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine of Linyi City, Linyi, China
| | - Chunhai Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong University, Linyi, China.,Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine of Linyi City, Linyi, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong University, Linyi, China.,Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine of Linyi City, Linyi, China
| | - Liangqian Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong University, Linyi, China.,Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine of Linyi City, Linyi, China
| | - Yuda Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong University, Linyi, China.,Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine of Linyi City, Linyi, China
| | - Fengyuan Che
- Department of Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong University, Linyi, China.,Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong University, Linyi, China
| | - Qiji Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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5
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Ben-Zvi A, Liebner S. Developmental regulation of barrier- and non-barrier blood vessels in the CNS. J Intern Med 2022; 292:31-46. [PMID: 33665890 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential for creating and maintaining tissue homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS), which is key for proper neuronal function. In most vertebrates, the BBB is localized to microvascular endothelial cells that acquire barrier properties during angiogenesis of the neuroectoderm. Complex and continuous tight junctions, and the lack of fenestrae combined with low pinocytotic activity render the BBB endothelium a tight barrier for water-soluble molecules that may only enter the CNS via specific transporters. The differentiation of these unique endothelial properties during embryonic development is initiated by endothelial-specific flavours of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in a precise spatiotemporal manner. In this review, we summarize the currently known cellular (neural precursor and endothelial cells) and molecular (VEGF and Wnt/β-catenin) mechanisms mediating brain angiogenesis and barrier formation. Moreover, we introduce more recently discovered crosstalk with cellular and acellular elements within the developing CNS such as the extracellular matrix. We discuss recent insights into the downstream molecular mechanisms of Wnt/β-catenin in particular, the recently identified target genes like Foxf2, Foxl2, Foxq1, Lef1, Ppard, Zfp551, Zic3, Sox17, Apcdd1 and Fgfbp1 that are involved in refining and maintaining barrier characteristics in the mature BBB endothelium. Additionally, we elute to recent insight into barrier heterogeneity and differential endothelial barrier properties within the CNS, focussing on the circumventricular organs as well as on the neurogenic niches in the subventricular zone and the hippocampus. Finally, open questions and future BBB research directions are highlighted in the context of taking benefit from understanding BBB development for strategies to modulate BBB function under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ben-Zvi
- From the, The Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - S Liebner
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Systems (ECCPS), Partner Site Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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6
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Dysregulated genomic and coding-transcriptomic factors in retinopathy of prematurity. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Wang H, Liu Z, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Tao D. A novel frameshift c.22_25dupGCAT mutation of the NDP gene in a Chinese infant with Norrie disease: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e28523. [PMID: 35029917 PMCID: PMC8735801 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Norrie disease (ND) is a rare X-linked recessive disease characterized by bilateral congenital blindness and auditory impairments. According to the previous studies, Norrin cystine knot growth factor (NDP) gene have been found to be responsible for ND. Herein, we report a case of ND with a novel mutation in NDP and elucidate the clinical and molecular characteristics of this patient. PATIENT CONCERNS A 2-month-old Chinese male infant presented with gray-white opacification in the bilateral cornea. Vitreous opacity and retinal detachment were observed on ocular ultrasound. Furthermore, a novel de novo hemizygous mutation (c.22_25dupGCAT, p.S9Cfs∗18) in exon 2 of the NDP gene was identified by next-generation sequencing. SWISS-MODEL predicted that the c.22_25dupGCAT mutation truncated the NDP protein. DIAGNOSIS Based on the above clinical and genetic evidence, this patient was eventually diagnosed with ND. INTERVENTIONS Currently, no clinical therapy is available for ND. OUTCOMES In addition to the typical ocular symptoms, no other abnormalities were observed. The patient's vital signs remained stable and normal. LESSON A novel causative mutation of NDP was identified using next-generation sequencing. Our report expands the pathogenic mutation spectrum of NDP and facilitates genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of molecular genetic testing in the diagnosis of ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zeyuan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuantao Zhou
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Children Infection and Immunity, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, Yunnan Medical Center for Pediatric Diseases, Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dan Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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8
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Rodríguez-Muñoz A, García-García G, Menor F, Millán JM, Tomás-Vila M, Jaijo T. The importance of biochemical and genetic findings in the diagnosis of atypical Norrie disease. Clin Chem Lab Med 2019; 56:229-235. [PMID: 28742514 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2017-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norrie disease (ND) is a rare X-linked disorder characterized by bilateral congenital blindness. ND is caused by a mutation in the Norrie disease pseudoglioma (NDP) gene, which encodes a 133-amino acid protein called norrin. Intragenic deletions including NDP and adjacent genes have been identified in ND patients with a more severe neurologic phenotype. We report the biochemical, molecular, clinical and radiological features of two unrelated affected males with a deletion including NDP and MAO genes. METHODS Biochemical and genetic analyses were performed to understand the atypical phenotype and radiological findings. Biogenic amines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The coding exons of NDP gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and chromosomal microarray were carried out on both affected males. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were performed on the two patients. RESULTS In one patient, the serotonin and catecholamine metabolite levels in CSF were virtually undetectable. In both patients, genetic studies revealed microdeletions in the Xp11.3 region, involving the NDP, MAOA and MAOB genes. Radiological examination demonstrated brain and cerebellar atrophy. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that alterations caused by MAO deficit may remain during the first years of life. Clinical phenotype, biochemical findings and neuroimaging can guide the genetic study in patients with atypical ND and help us to a better understanding of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rodríguez-Muñoz
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular, Celular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gema García-García
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular, Celular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Menor
- Radiología Infantil, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - José M Millán
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular, Celular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Tomás-Vila
- Neuropediatría, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Jaijo
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomedicina Molecular, Celular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain.,Unidad de Genética y Diagnóstico Prenatal, Hospital Universitari i Politecnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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9
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Carpena NT, Lee MY. Genetic Hearing Loss and Gene Therapy. Genomics Inform 2018; 16:e20. [PMID: 30602081 PMCID: PMC6440668 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2018.16.4.e20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic hearing loss crosses almost all the categories of hearing loss which includes the following: conductive, sensory, and neural; syndromic and nonsyndromic; congenital, progressive, and adult onset; high-frequency, low-frequency, or mixed frequency; mild or profound; and recessive, dominant, or sex-linked. Genes play a role in almost half of all cases of hearing loss but effective treatment options are very limited. Genetic hearing loss is considered to be extremely genetically heterogeneous. The advancements in genomics have been instrumental to the identification of more than 6,000 causative variants in more than 150 genes causing hearing loss. Identification of genes for hearing impairment provides an increased insight into the normal development and function of cells in the auditory system. These defective genes will ultimately be important therapeutic targets. However, the auditory system is extremely complex which requires tremendous advances in gene therapy including gene vectors, routes of administration, and therapeutic approaches. This review summarizes and discusses recent advances in elucidating the genomics of genetic hearing loss and technologies aimed at developing a gene therapy that may become a treatment option for in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanial T Carpena
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Min Young Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31116, Korea.,Beckman Laser Institute Korea, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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10
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Wang Z, Liu CH, Huang S, Chen J. Wnt Signaling in vascular eye diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 70:110-133. [PMID: 30513356 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in vascular morphogenesis in various organs including the eye. Wnt ligands and receptors are key regulators of ocular angiogenesis both during the eye development and in vascular eye diseases. Wnt signaling participates in regulating multiple vascular beds in the eye including regression of the hyaloid vessels, and development of structured layers of vasculature in the retina. Loss-of-function mutations in Wnt signaling components cause rare genetic eye diseases in humans such as Norrie disease, and familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) with defective ocular vasculature. On the other hand, experimental studies in more prevalent vascular eye diseases, such as wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy (DR), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and corneal neovascularization, suggest that aberrantly increased Wnt signaling is one of the causations for pathological ocular neovascularization, indicating the potential of modulating Wnt signaling to ameliorate pathological angiogenesis in eye diseases. This review recapitulates the key roles of the Wnt signaling pathway during ocular vascular development and in vascular eye diseases, and pharmaceutical approaches targeting the Wnt signaling as potential treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Chi-Hsiu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States.
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11
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Vickrey AI, Bruders R, Kronenberg Z, Mackey E, Bohlender RJ, Maclary ET, Maynez R, Osborne EJ, Johnson KP, Huff CD, Yandell M, Shapiro MD. Introgression of regulatory alleles and a missense coding mutation drive plumage pattern diversity in the rock pigeon. eLife 2018; 7:e34803. [PMID: 30014848 PMCID: PMC6050045 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds and other vertebrates display stunning variation in pigmentation patterning, yet the genes controlling this diversity remain largely unknown. Rock pigeons (Columba livia) are fundamentally one of four color pattern phenotypes, in decreasing order of melanism: T-check, checker, bar (ancestral), or barless. Using whole-genome scans, we identified NDP as a candidate gene for this variation. Allele-specific expression differences in NDP indicate cis-regulatory divergence between ancestral and melanistic alleles. Sequence comparisons suggest that derived alleles originated in the speckled pigeon (Columba guinea), providing a striking example of introgression. In contrast, barless rock pigeons have an increased incidence of vision defects and, like human families with hereditary blindness, carry start-codon mutations in NDP. In summary, we find that both coding and regulatory variation in the same gene drives wing pattern diversity, and post-domestication introgression supplied potentially advantageous melanistic alleles to feral populations of this ubiquitous urban bird.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I Vickrey
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Rebecca Bruders
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Zev Kronenberg
- Department of Human GeneticsUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Emma Mackey
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Ryan J Bohlender
- Department of Epidemiology, MD Anderson Cancer CenterUniversity of TexasHoustonUnited States
| | - Emily T Maclary
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Raquel Maynez
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Edward J Osborne
- Department of Human GeneticsUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Kevin P Johnson
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research InstituteUniversity of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignChampaignUnited States
| | - Chad D Huff
- Department of Epidemiology, MD Anderson Cancer CenterUniversity of TexasHoustonUnited States
| | - Mark Yandell
- Department of Human GeneticsUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Michael D Shapiro
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
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12
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Andarva M, Jamshidi J, Ghaedi H, Daftarian N, Emamalizadeh B, Alehabib E, Taghavi S, Pouriran R, Darvish H. A novel c.240_241insGG mutation in NDP gene in a family with Norrie disease. Clin Exp Optom 2017; 101:255-259. [PMID: 28922694 DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norrie disease (ND) is a rare, X-linked recessive disorder with the main characteristic of early childhood blindness. The aim of the present study was to identify the genetic cause of the disease and the phenotypic characteristics of the patients in an Iranian family with four affected males with ND. METHODS Norrie disease pseudoglioma (NDP) gene was sequenced and clinical examination was performed on patients. RESULTS A GG dinucleotide insertion in exon 3 (c.240_241insGG) of NDP was detected in all patients. The mutation caused a frameshift and an early stop codon (p.Phe81Glyfs*23). CONCLUSIONS A novel mutation was found in the NDP gene in the affected males of the family. As the mutation was absent in the normal male members of the family, it should be the genetic cause of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monavvar Andarva
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Jamshidi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Hamid Ghaedi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narsis Daftarian
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Emamalizadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Alehabib
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghyegh Taghavi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Pouriran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Darvish
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Tortelote GG, Reis RR, de Almeida Mendes F, Abreu JG. Complexity of the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway: Searching for an activation model. Cell Signal 2017; 40:30-43. [PMID: 28844868 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling refers to a conserved signaling pathway, widely studied due to its roles in cellular communication, cell fate decisions, development and cancer. However, the exact mechanism underlying inhibition of the GSK phosphorylation towards β-catenin and activation of the pathway after biding of Wnt ligand to its cognate receptors at the plasma membrane remains unclear. Wnt target genes are widely spread over several animal phyla. They participate in a plethora of functions during the development of an organism, from axial specification, gastrulation and organogenesis all the way to regeneration and repair in adults. Temporal and spatial oncogenetic re-activation of Wnt signaling almost certainly leads to cancer. Wnt signaling components have been extensively studied as possible targets in anti-cancer therapies. In this review we will discuss one of the most intriguing questions in this field, that is how β-catenin, a major component in this pathway, escapes the destruction complex, gets stabilized in the cytosol and it is translocated to the nucleus where it acts as a co-transcription factor. Four major models have evolved during the past 20years. We dissected each of them along with current views and future perspectives on this pathway. This review will focus on the molecular mechanisms by which Wnt proteins modulate β-catenin cytoplasmic levels and the relevance of this pathway for the development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovane G Tortelote
- Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Renata R Reis
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio de Almeida Mendes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose Garcia Abreu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Wu LH, Chen LH, Xie H, Xie YJ. Prenatal Diagnosis of a Case of Norrie Disease with Late Development of Bilateral Ocular Malformation. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2017; 36:240-245. [PMID: 28394646 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2017.1307474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of Norrie disease, diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound, confirmed by Sanger sequencing of the DNP gene from the aborted fetal cord blood and histologically. Prenatal ultrasound revealed no abnormality in either eye at 22+1 and 31+4 gestational weeks, but at 36+5 gestational weeks both eyes had massive vitreous cavity opacities with complete retinal detachment. Norrie disease was initially suspected because of an older male sibling with the disease. To our knowledge, prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of Norrie disease has been previously described only one case in 1993 in a 34-week-old fetus. The normal eye development until after 31 + 4 gestational weeks provides insight into the first manifestation and then the rapid progression of the eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hong Wu
- a Ultrasonic Medicine Department , First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Li-Hong Chen
- b Pathology Department , Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Hongning Xie
- a Ultrasonic Medicine Department , First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Ying-Jun Xie
- c The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes , Guangzhou , China
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15
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Ngo MH, Borowska-Fielding J, Heathcote G, Nejat S, Kelly ME, McMaster CR, Robitaille JM. Fzd4 Haploinsufficiency Delays Retinal Revascularization in the Mouse Model of Oxygen Induced Retinopathy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158320. [PMID: 27489958 PMCID: PMC4973993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes that code for components of the Norrin-FZD4 ligand-receptor complex cause the inherited childhood blinding disorder familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR). Statistical evidence from studies of patients at risk for the acquired disease retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) suggest that rare polymorphisms in these same genes increase the risk of developing severe ROP, implying that decreased Norrin-FZD4 activity predisposes patients to more severe ROP. To test this hypothesis, we measured the development and recovery of retinopathy in wild type and Fzd4 heterozygous mice in the absence or presence of ocular ischemic retinopathy (OIR) treatment. Avascular and total retinal vascular areas and patterning were determined, and vessel number and caliber were quantified. In room air, there was a small delay in retinal vascularization in Fzd4 heterozygous mice that resolved as mice reached maturity suggestive of a slight defect in retinal vascular development. Subsequent to OIR treatment there was no difference between wild type and Fzd4 heterozygous mice in the vaso-obliterated area following exposure to high oxygen. Importantly, after return of Fzd4 heterozygous mice to room air subsequent to OIR treatment, there was a substantial delay in retinal revascularization of the avascular area surrounding the optic nerve, as well as delayed vascularization toward the periphery of the retina. Our study demonstrates that a small decrease in Norrin-Fzd4 dependent retinal vascular development lengthens the period during which complications from OIR could occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Ngo
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Godfrey Heathcote
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University and the IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Sara Nejat
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Melanie E. Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University and the IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Johane M. Robitaille
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University and the IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
- * E-mail:
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16
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Moran EP, Wang Z, Chen J, Sapieha P, Smith LEH, Ma JX. Neurovascular cross talk in diabetic retinopathy: Pathophysiological roles and therapeutic implications. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H738-49. [PMID: 27473938 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00005.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness in the working-age population in developed countries, and its prevalence will increase as the global incidence of diabetes grows exponentially. DR begins with an early nonproliferative stage in which retinal blood vessels and neurons degenerate as a consequence of chronic hyperglycemia, resulting in vasoregression and persistent retinal ischemia, metabolic disequilibrium, and inflammation. This is conducive to overcompensatory pathological neovascularization associated with advanced proliferative DR. Although DR is considered a microvascular complication, the retinal microvasculature is intimately associated with and governed by neurons and glia; neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and dysregulation of neurovascular cross talk are responsible in part for vascular abnormalities in both early nonproliferative DR and advanced proliferative DR. Neuronal activity directly regulates microvascular dilation and blood flow in the process of neurovascular coupling. Retinal neurons also secrete guidance cues in response to injury, ischemia, or metabolic stress that may either promote or suppress vascular outgrowth, either alleviating or exacerbating DR, contingent on the stage of disease and retinal microenvironment. Neurodegeneration, impaired neurovascular coupling, and dysregulation of neuronal guidance cues are key events in the pathogenesis of DR, and correcting these events may prevent or delay development of advanced DR. The review discusses the mechanisms of neurovascular cross talk and its dysregulation in DR, and their potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Moran
- Depatment of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Zhongxiao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Przemyslaw Sapieha
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lois E H Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Depatment of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;
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17
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Halpin C, Owen G, Gutiérrez-Espeleta GA, Sims K, Rehm HL. Audiologic Features of Norrie Disease. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2016; 114:533-8. [PMID: 16134349 DOI: 10.1177/000348940511400707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Norrie disease is an X-linked recessive disorder in which patients are born blind and develop sensory hearing loss in adolescence. The hearing loss associated with Norrie disease has been shown in a genetically altered knockout mouse to involve dysfunction of the stria vascularis; most other structures are preserved until the later stages of the disease. The objective of this study was to characterize the audiologic phenotype of Norrie disease for comparison with the pathophysiologic mechanism. Methods: The design combined two series of clinical audiologic evaluations, with special attention to speech intelligibility. Results: The audiologic results for 12 affected individuals and 10 carriers show that patients with Norrie disease retain high speech intelligibility scores even when the threshold loss is severe. Conclusions: The cochlear mechanism — failure of the stria vascularis — accounts for some of the higher values in the wide distribution of speech scores in cases with similar pure tone audiograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Halpin
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Shu Y, Tao Y, Wang Z, Tang Y, Li H, Dai P, Gao G, Chen ZY. Identification of Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors That Target Neonatal and Adult Mammalian Inner Ear Cell Subtypes. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:687-99. [PMID: 27342665 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian inner ear consists of diverse cell types with important functions. Gene mutations in these diverse cell types have been found to underlie different forms of genetic hearing loss. Targeting these mutations for gene therapy development represents a future therapeutic strategy to treat hearing loss. Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors have become the vector of choice for gene delivery in animal models in vivo. To identify AAV vectors that target inner ear cell subtypes, we systemically screened 12 AAV vectors with different serotypes (AAV1, 2, 5, 6, 6.2, 7, 8, 9, rh.8, rh.10, rh.39, and rh.43) that carry a reporter gene GFP in neonatal and adult mice by microinjection in vivo. We found that most AAVs infect both neonatal and adult inner ear, with different specificities and expression levels. The inner ear cochlear sensory epithelial region, which includes auditory hair cells and supporting cells, is most frequently targeted for gene delivery. Expression of the transgene is sustained, and neonatal inner ear delivery does not adversely affect hearing. Adult inner ear injection of AAV has a similar infection pattern as the younger inner ear, with the exception that outer hair cell death caused by the injection procedure can lead to hearing loss. In the adult, more so than in the neonatal mice, cell types infected and efficiency of infection are correlated with the site of injection. Most infected cells survive in neonatal and adult inner ears. The study adds to the list of AAV vectors that transduce the mammalian inner ear efficiently, providing the tools that are important to study inner ear gene function and for the development of gene therapy to treat hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilai Shu
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School and Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China .,3 Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Tao
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School and Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhengmin Wang
- 2 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China .,3 Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Tang
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School and Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts.,4 Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, People's Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Huawei Li
- 2 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China .,3 Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Pu Dai
- 5 Department of Otolaryngology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangping Gao
- 6 Horae Gene Therapy Center and Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,7 State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zheng-Yi Chen
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School and Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abstract
Frizzled proteins are the principal receptors for the Wnt family of ligands. They mediate canonical Wnt signaling together with Lrp5 and Lrp6 coreceptors. In conjunction with Celsr, Vangl, and a small number of additional membrane and membrane-associated proteins, they also play a central role in tissue polarity/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. Targeted mutations in 9 of the 10 mammalian Frizzled genes have revealed their roles in an extraordinarily diverse set of developmental and homeostatic processes, including morphogenetic movements responsible for palate, ventricular septum, ocular furrow, and neural tube closure; survival of thalamic neurons; bone formation; central nervous system (CNS) angiogenesis and blood-brain barrier formation and maintenance; and a wide variety of processes that orient subcellular, cellular, and multicellular structures relative to the body axes. The last group likely reflects the mammalian equivalent of tissue polarity/PCP signaling, as defined in Drosophila, and it includes CNS axon guidance, hair follicle and tongue papilla orientation, and inner ear sensory hair bundle orientation. Frizzled receptors are ubiquitous among multicellular animals and, with other signaling molecules, they very likely evolved to permit the development of the complex tissue architectures that provide multicellular animals with their enormous selective advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hao Chang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amir Rattner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeremy Nathans
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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20
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Chang TH, Hsieh FL, Zebisch M, Harlos K, Elegheert J, Jones EY. Structure and functional properties of Norrin mimic Wnt for signalling with Frizzled4, Lrp5/6, and proteoglycan. eLife 2015; 4:e06554. [PMID: 26158506 PMCID: PMC4497409 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signalling regulates multiple processes including angiogenesis, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. Norrin (Norrie Disease Protein) is a cystine-knot like growth factor. Although unrelated to Wnt, Norrin activates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Signal complex formation involves Frizzled4 (Fz4), low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 5/6 (Lrp5/6), Tetraspanin-12 and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Here, we report crystallographic and small-angle X-ray scattering analyses of Norrin in complex with Fz4 cysteine-rich domain (Fz4CRD), of this complex bound with GAG analogues, and of unliganded Norrin and Fz4CRD. Our structural, biophysical and cellular data, map Fz4 and putative Lrp5/6 binding sites to distinct patches on Norrin, and reveal a GAG binding site spanning Norrin and Fz4CRD. These results explain numerous disease-associated mutations. Comparison with the Xenopus Wnt8-mouse Fz8CRD complex reveals Norrin mimics Wnt for Frizzled recognition. The production and characterization of wild-type and mutant Norrins reported here open new avenues for the development of therapeutics to combat abnormal Norrin/Wnt signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Hsin Chang
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fu-Lien Hsieh
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Zebisch
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Harlos
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Elegheert
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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21
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Kondo H. Complex genetics of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy and related pediatric retinal detachments. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2015; 5:56-62. [PMID: 29018668 PMCID: PMC5602728 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjo.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a hereditary vitreoretinal disorder that can cause various types of retinal detachments. The abnormalities in eyes with FEVR are caused by poor vascularization in the peripheral retina. The genetics of FEVR is highly heterogeneous, and mutations in the genes for Wnt signaling and a transcription factor have been reported to be responsible for FEVR. These factors have been shown to be the regulators of the pathophysiological pathways of retinal vascular development. Studies conducted to identify the causative genes of FEVR have uncovered a diverse and complex relationship between FEVR and other diseases; for example, Norrie disease, a Mendelian-inherited disease; retinopathy of prematurity, a multifactorial genetic disease; and Coats disease, a nongenetic disease, associated with pediatric retinal detachments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kondo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
- Corresponding author. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Number 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishiku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan. E-mail address:
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22
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Familial cases of Norrie disease detected by copy number analysis. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2014; 58:448-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10384-014-0334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Shastry BS. Genetics of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy and its implications for management. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.12.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Zhang XY, Jiang WY, Chen LM, Chen SQ. A novel Norrie disease pseudoglioma gene mutation, c.-1_2delAAT, responsible for Norrie disease in a Chinese family. Int J Ophthalmol 2013; 6:739-43. [PMID: 24392318 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.06.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the genetic findings and phenotypic characteristics of a Chinese family with Norrie disease (ND). METHODS Molecular genetic analysis and clinical examinations were performed on a Chinese family with ND. Mutations in the Norrie disease pseudoglioma (NDP) gene were detected by direct sequencing. Haplotypes were constructed and compared with the phenotypes in the family. Evolutionary comparisons and mutant open reading frame (ORF) prediction were also undertaken. RESULTS Two family members with ocular manifestations were diagnosed with ND. No signs of sensorineural hearing loss were observed in either patient, while one of them showed signs of mild mental retardation. A novel heterozygous mutation in the NDP gene, c.-1_2delAAT, was detected in both patients. The mutation and the mutation bearing haplotype co-segregated with the ND phenotype in males and was transmitted from their mothers and/or grandmothers (II:2). The male without ND did not harbor the mutation. The mutation occurred at the highly conserved nucleotides. ORF finder predicted that the mutation would lead to the production of a truncated protein that lacks the first 11 N-terminal amino acids. CONCLUSION A novel mutation, c.-1_2delAAT in the NDP gene, was identified in a Chinese family with ND. This mutation caused ND without obvious sensorineural hearing loss. Mental disorder was found in one but not the other patients. The clinical heterogeneity in the family indicated that other genetic variants and epigenetic factors may also play a role in the disease presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Zhang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei-Ying Jiang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Zhongshan Medical College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lu-Ming Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Zhongshan Medical College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Su-Qin Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Zhongshan Medical College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
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25
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Cruciat CM, Niehrs C. Secreted and transmembrane wnt inhibitors and activators. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a015081. [PMID: 23085770 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by the Wnt family of secreted glycoproteins plays important roles in embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Wnt signaling is modulated by a number of evolutionarily conserved inhibitors and activators. Wnt inhibitors belong to small protein families, including sFRP, Dkk, WIF, Wise/SOST, Cerberus, IGFBP, Shisa, Waif1, APCDD1, and Tiki1. Their common feature is to antagonize Wnt signaling by preventing ligand-receptor interactions or Wnt receptor maturation. Conversely, the Wnt activators, R-spondin and Norrin, promote Wnt signaling by binding to Wnt receptors or releasing a Wnt-inhibitory step. With few exceptions, these antagonists and agonists are not pure Wnt modulators, but also affect additional signaling pathways, such as TGF-β and FGF signaling. Here we discuss their interactions with Wnt ligands and Wnt receptors, their role in developmental processes, as well as their implication in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina-Maria Cruciat
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, DKFZ, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Smith SE, Mullen TE, Graham D, Sims KB, Rehm HL. Norrie disease: Extraocular clinical manifestations in 56 patients. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:1909-17. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Molday RS, Kellner U, Weber BHF. X-linked juvenile retinoschisis: clinical diagnosis, genetic analysis, and molecular mechanisms. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 31:195-212. [PMID: 22245536 PMCID: PMC3334421 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (XLRS, MIM 312700) is a common early onset macular degeneration in males characterized by mild to severe loss in visual acuity, splitting of retinal layers, and a reduction in the b-wave of the electroretinogram (ERG). The RS1 gene (MIM 300839) associated with the disease encodes retinoschisin, a 224 amino acid protein containing a discoidin domain as the major structural unit, an N-terminal cleavable signal sequence, and regions responsible for subunit oligomerization. Retinoschisin is secreted from retinal cells as a disulphide-linked homo-octameric complex which binds to the surface of photoreceptors and bipolar cells to help maintain the integrity of the retina. Over 190 disease-causing mutations in the RS1 gene are known with most mutations occurring as non-synonymous changes in the discoidin domain. Cell expression studies have shown that disease-associated missense mutations in the discoidin domain cause severe protein misfolding and retention in the endoplasmic reticulum, mutations in the signal sequence result in aberrant protein synthesis, and mutations in regions flanking the discoidin domain cause defective disulphide-linked subunit assembly, all of which produce a non-functional protein. Knockout mice deficient in retinoschisin have been generated and shown to display most of the characteristic features found in XLRS patients. Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) mediated delivery of the normal RS1 gene to the retina of young knockout mice result in long-term retinoschisin expression and rescue of retinal structure and function providing a 'proof of concept' that gene therapy may be an effective treatment for XLRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Molday
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Macular Research, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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28
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Jakobiec FA, Zakka FR, D'Amato R, Deangelis MM, Walton DS, Rao RC. Unilateral sporadic retinal dysplasia: results of histopathologic, immunohistochemical, chromosomal, genetic, and VEGF-A analyses. J AAPOS 2011; 15:579-86. [PMID: 22153404 PMCID: PMC4242509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe new findings in a case of unilateral retinal dysplasia. METHODS Histopathologic evaluation of an enucleated globe and analysis with immunohistochemical probes, karyotyping, and genetic analysis for the Norrie gene, and aqueous assay for vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A). RESULTS Histopathological examination of the globe revealed retinal dysplasia with pseudorosette formation, abnormal or absent retinal nuclear lamination, a paucity of disorganized retinal microvasculature, retinal infoldings, advanced gliosis, persistent hyperplastic vitreous, exuberant neovascularization of the vitreous, and iris neovascularization (identical to the findings observed in bilateral Norrie disease). Immunohistochemistry disclosed GFAP-positive and GLUT-1-positive gliosis and retinal and persistent hyperplastic vitreous microvessels that were CD34-positive and GLUT-1-negative. Ki-67-positive retinal cells were polarized toward the subretinal space and absent in the retinal invaginations and pseudorosettes. A normal karyotype was found, and DNA sequencing revealed no known mutation in the region of the Norrie gene (NDP) in sputum or retinal DNA. Aqueous obtained immediately after enucleation contained an exceptionally high concentration of VEGF-A (4.5 ng/mL). CONCLUSIONS Despite the failure to find an abnormal NDP allele, other unexplored NDP regions, an undetected defect restricted to retinal tissues, or an autosomal mutation coupled with disrupted signaling pathways may be responsible for the condition. High aqueous VEGF-A suggests that this cytokine may play a role in pathogenesis in conjunction with other pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A Jakobiec
- David G. Cogan Laboratory of Ophthalmic Pathology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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Kaloglu C, Cesur I, Bulut HE. Norrin immunolocalization and its possible functions in rat endometrium during the estrus cycle and early pregnancy. Dev Growth Differ 2011; 53:887-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2011.01295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Waryah AM, Ahmed ZM, Bhinder MA, Binder MA, Choo DI, Sisk RA, Shahzad M, Khan SN, Friedman TB, Riazuddin S, Riazuddin S. Molecular and clinical studies of X-linked deafness among Pakistani families. J Hum Genet 2011; 56:534-40. [PMID: 21633365 PMCID: PMC3143270 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2011.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There are 68 sex-linked syndromes that include hearing loss as one feature and five sex-linked nonsyndromic deafness loci listed in the OMIM database. The possibility of additional such sex-linked loci was explored by ascertaining three unrelated Pakistani families (PKDF536, PKDF1132, PKDF740) segregating X-linked recessive deafness. Sequence analysis of POU3F4 (DFN3) in affected members of families PKDF536 and PKDF1132 revealed two novel nonsense mutations, p.Q136X and p.W114X, respectively. Family PKDF740 is segregating congenital blindness, mild to profound progressive hearing loss that is characteristic of Norrie disease (MIM#310600). Sequence analysis of NDP among affected members of this family revealed a novel single nucleotide deletion c.49delG causing a frameshift and premature truncation (p.V17fsX1) of the encoded protein. These mutations were not found in 150 normal DNA samples. Identification of pathogenic alleles causing X-linked recessive deafness will improve molecular diagnosis, genetic counseling, and molecular epidemiology of hearing loss among Pakistanis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Waryah
- National Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Chow CC, Kiernan DF, Chau FY, Blair MP, Ticho BH, Galasso JM, Shapiro MJ. Laser Photocoagulation at Birth Prevents Blindness in Norrie's Disease Diagnosed Using Amniocentesis. Ophthalmology 2010; 117:2402-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Berger W, Kloeckener-Gruissem B, Neidhardt J. The molecular basis of human retinal and vitreoretinal diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2010; 29:335-75. [PMID: 20362068 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During the last two to three decades, a large body of work has revealed the molecular basis of many human disorders, including retinal and vitreoretinal degenerations and dysfunctions. Although belonging to the group of orphan diseases, they affect probably more than two million people worldwide. Most excitingly, treatment of a particular form of congenital retinal degeneration is now possible. A major advantage for treatment is the unique structure and accessibility of the eye and its different components, including the vitreous and retina. Knowledge of the many different eye diseases affecting retinal structure and function (night and colour blindness, retinitis pigmentosa, cone and cone rod dystrophies, photoreceptor dysfunctions, as well as vitreoretinal traits) is critical for future therapeutic development. We have attempted to present a comprehensive picture of these disorders, including biological, clinical, genetic and molecular information. The structural organization of the review leads the reader through non-syndromic and syndromic forms of (i) rod dominated diseases, (ii) cone dominated diseases, (iii) generalized retinal degenerations and (iv) vitreoretinal disorders, caused by mutations in more than 165 genes. Clinical variability and genetic heterogeneity have an important impact on genetic testing and counselling of affected families. As phenotypes do not always correlate with the respective genotypes, it is of utmost importance that clinicians, geneticists, counsellors, diagnostic laboratories and basic researchers understand the relationships between phenotypic manifestations and specific genes, as well as mutations and pathophysiologic mechanisms. We discuss future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Berger
- Division of Medical Molecular Genetics and Gene Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schorenstrasse 16, CH-8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
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Nikopoulos K, Venselaar H, Collin RW, Riveiro-Alvarez R, Boonstra FN, Hooymans JM, Mukhopadhyay A, Shears D, van Bers M, de Wijs IJ, van Essen AJ, Sijmons RH, Tilanus MA, van Nouhuys CE, Ayuso C, Hoefsloot LH, Cremers FP. Overview of the mutation spectrum in familial exudative vitreoretinopathy and Norrie disease with identification of 21 novel variants in FZD4, LRP5, and NDP. Hum Mutat 2010; 31:656-66. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pelcastre EL, Villanueva-Mendoza C, Zenteno JC. Novel and recurrent NDP gene mutations in familial cases of Norrie disease and X-linked exudative vitreoretinopathy. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010; 38:367-74. [PMID: 20491809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To present the results of molecular analysis of the NDP gene in Mexican families with Norrie disease (ND) and X-linked familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (XL-FEVR). METHODS Two unrelated families with ND and two with XL-FEVR were studied. Clinical diagnosis was suspected on the basis of a complete ophthalmologic examination. Molecular methods included DNA isolation from peripheral blood leucocytes, polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct nucleotide sequencing analysis of the complete coding region and exon-intron junctions of NDP. Haplotype analysis using NDP-linked microsatellites markers was performed in both ND families. RESULTS A novel Norrin missense mutation, p.Arg41Thr, was identified in two apparently unrelated families with ND. Haplotype analysis demonstrated that affected males in these two families shared the same ND-linked haplotype, suggesting a common origin for this novel mutation. The previously reported p.Arg121Trp and p.Arg121Gln Norrin mutations were identified in the two families with XL-FEVR. CONCLUSION Our results expand the mutational spectrum in ND. This is the first report of ND resulting from mutation at arginine position 41 of Norrin. Interestingly, mutations at the same residue but resulting in a different missense change were previously described in subjects with XL-FEVR (p.Arg41Lys) or persistent fetal vasculature syndrome (p.Arg41Ser), indicating that the novel p.Arg41Thr change causes a more severe retinal phenotype. Preliminary data suggest a founder effect for the ND p.Arg41Thr mutation in these two Mexican families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika L Pelcastre
- Research Unit and Department of Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology Conde de Valenciana, Chimalpopoca 14, Col. Obrera, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
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Liebner S, Plate KH. Differentiation of the brain vasculature: the answer came blowing by the Wnt. JOURNAL OF ANGIOGENESIS RESEARCH 2010; 2:1. [PMID: 20150991 PMCID: PMC2820477 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2384-2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Vascularization of the vertebrate brain takes place during embryonic development from a preformed perineural vascular plexus. As a consequence of the intimate contact with neuroectodermal cells the vessels, which are entering the brain exclusively via sprouting angiogenesis, acquire and maintain unique barrier properties known as the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The endothelial BBB depends upon the close association of endothelial cells with pericytes, astrocytes, neurons and microglia, which are summarized in the term neuro-vascular unit. Although it is known since decades that the CNS tissue provides the cues for BBB induction and differentiation in endothelial cells, the molecular mechanism remained obscure.Only recently, the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and the Wnt7a/7b growth factors have been implicated in brain angiogenesis on the one hand and in BBB induction on the other. This breakthrough in understanding the differentiation of the brain vasculature prompted us to review these findings embedded in the emerging concepts of Wnt signaling in the vasculature. In particular, interactions with other pathways that are crucial for vascular development such as VEGF, Notch, angiopoietins and Sonic hedgehog are discussed. Finally, we considered the potential role of the Wnt pathway in vascular brain pathologies in which BBB function is hampered, as for example in glioma, stroke and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Liebner
- Blood-Brain Barrier Signaling Group, Institute of Neurology (Edinger-Institute, Frankfurt University Medical School, Heinrich-Hofmann-Str. 7, 60528 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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36
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Franco CA, Liebner S, Gerhardt H. Vascular morphogenesis: a Wnt for every vessel? Curr Opin Genet Dev 2009; 19:476-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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MacDonald I, Mah D. Summary of heritable ocular disorders and selected systemic conditions with eye findings. Ophthalmic Genet 2009. [DOI: 10.1076/1381-6810(200003)2111-ift029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Gal A, Veske A, Jojart G, Grammatico B, Huber B, Gu S, del Porto G, Senyi K. Norrie-Warburg syndrome: two novel mutations in patients with classical clinical phenotype. ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENT 2009:13-6. [PMID: 8741107 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.1996.tb00374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Norrie-Warburg syndrome (NWS) is a rare X-linked disorder characterized by blindness, which is invariable, deafness and mental disturbances, which are present occasionally. We describe here two novel mutations, a missense mutation (C126S) and a 1-base pair insertion (insT466/T467), together with a recurrent mutation (M1V), found in patients presenting with the classical clinical phenotype of NWS. All three mutations are likely to result in prominent structural changes of the norrin protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gal
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitäts-Krankenhaus Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is the simplest form of DNA variation among individuals. These simple changes can be of transition or transversion type and they occur throughout the genome at a frequency of about one in 1,000 bp. They may be responsible for the diversity among individuals, genome evolution, the most common familial traits such as curly hair, interindividual differences in drug response, and complex and common diseases such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and psychiatric disorders. SNPs may change the encoded amino acids (nonsynonymous) or can be silent (synonymous) or simply occur in the noncoding regions. They may influence promoter activity (gene expression), messenger RNA (mRNA) conformation (stability), and subcellular localization of mRNAs and/or proteins and hence may produce disease. Therefore, identification of numerous variations in genes and analysis of their effects may lead to a better understanding of their impact on gene function and health of an individual. This improved knowledge may provide a starting point for the development of new, useful SNP markers for medical testing and a safer individualized medication to treat the most common devastating disorders. This will revolutionize the medical field in the future. To illustrate the effect of SNPs on gene function and phenotype, this minireview focuses on evidences revealing the impact of SNPs on the development and progression of three human eye disorders (Norrie disease, familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, and retinopathy of prematurity) that have overlapping clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkur S Shastry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
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40
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Wiggs JL. Molecular Genetics of Selected Ocular Disorders. Ophthalmology 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-04332-8.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Abstract
Although progress has been made in understanding the role of growth factors and their receptors in angiogenesis, little is known about how the Wnt family of growth factors function in the vasculature. Wnts are multifunctional factors that act through the frizzled receptors to regulate proliferation, apoptosis, branching morphogenesis, inductive processes, and cell polarity. All of these processes must occur as developing vascular structures are formed and maintained. Recent evidence has linked the Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathway to proper vascular growth in murine and human retina. Here we review the literature describing the angiogenic functions for Wnt signaling and focus on a newly discovered angiogenic factor, Norrin, which acts through the Wnt receptor, Frizzled4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Parmalee
- Department of Genetics and Development, Irving Research Center, NY, NY 10032, USA
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42
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Luhmann UFO, Neidhardt J, Kloeckener-Gruissem B, Schäfer NF, Glaus E, Feil S, Berger W. Vascular changes in the cerebellum of Norrin /Ndph knockout mice correlate with high expression of Norrin and Frizzled-4. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:2619-28. [PMID: 18547247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
X-linked Norrie disease, familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), Coat's disease and retinopathy of prematurity are severe human eye diseases and can all be caused by mutations in the Norrie disease pseudoglioma gene. They all show vascular defects and characteristic features of retinal hypoxia. Only Norrie disease displays additional neurological symptoms, which are sensorineural hearing loss and mental retardation. In the present study, we analysed transcript levels of the ligand Norrin (Ndph) and its two receptors Frizzled-4 (Fzd4) and LDL-related protein receptor 5 (Lrp5) in six different brain regions (cerebellum, cortex, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, pituitary and brain stem) of 6- to 8-month-old wild-type and Ndph knockout mice by quantitative real-time PCR. No effect of the Ndph knockout allele on Fzd4 or Lrp5 receptor expression was found. Furthermore, no alterations of the transcript levels of three hypoxia-regulated angiogenic factors (Vegfa, Itgrb3 and Tie1) were observed in the absence of Norrin. Interestingly, we identified significant differences in Ndph, Fzd4 and Lrp5 transcript levels in brain regions of wild-type mice and observed highest expression of Norrin and frizzled-4 in cerebellum. Transcript analyses were correlated with morphological data obtained from cerebellum and immunohistochemical studies of blood vessels in different brain regions. Vessel density was reduced in the cerebellum of Ndph knockout mice but the number of Purkinje and granular cells was not altered. This provides the first description of a brain phenotype in Ndph knockout mice, which will help to elucidate the role of Norrin in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich F O Luhmann
- Division of Medical Molecular Genetics & Gene Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schorenstrasse 16, CH-8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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Abstract
The Wnt family of secreted signaling factors plays numerous roles in embryonic development and in stem cell biology. In the adult, Wnt signaling is involved in tissue homeostasis and mutations that lead to the overexpression of Wnt can be linked to cancer. Wnt signaling is transduced intracellularly by the Frizzled (Fzd) family of receptors. In the canonical pathway, accumulation of beta-catenin and the subsequent formation of a complex with T cell factors (TCF) or lymphoid enhancing factors (Lef) lead to target gene activation. The identification of Ryk as an alternative Wnt receptor and the discovery of the novel Fzd ligands Norrie disease protein (NDP) and R-Spondin, changed the traditional view of Wnts binding to Fzd receptors. Mouse R-Spondin cooperates with Wnt signaling and Low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor related protein (LRP) to activate beta-catenin dependent gene expression and is involved in processes such as limb and placental development in the mouse. NDP is the product of the Norrie disease gene and controls vascular development in the retina, inner ear and in the female reproductive system during pregnancy. In this review a functional overview of the interactions of the different Wnt and non-Wnt ligands with the Fzd receptors is given as well as a survey of Wnts binding to Ryk and we discuss the biological significance of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Hendrickx
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Lab for Cell Genetics, 2 Pleinlaan, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Khan AO, Aldahmesh MA, Meyer B. Correlation of Ophthalmic Examination with Carrier Status in Females Potentially Harboring a Severe Norrie Disease Gene Mutation. Ophthalmology 2008; 115:730-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 04/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Warden SM, Andreoli CM, Mukai S. The Wnt signaling pathway in familial exudative vitreoretinopathy and Norrie disease. Semin Ophthalmol 2008; 22:211-7. [PMID: 18097984 DOI: 10.1080/08820530701745124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is highly conserved among species and has an important role in many cell biological processes throughout the body. This signaling cascade is involved in regulating ocular growth and development, and recent findings indicate that this is particularly true in the retina. Mutations involving different aspects of the Wnt signaling pathway are being linked to several diseases of retinal development. The aim of this article is to first review the Wnt signaling pathway. We will then describe two conditions, familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) and Norrie disease (ND), which have been shown to be caused in part by defects in the Wnt signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Warden
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Andreoli CM, Warden SM, Mukai S. Inherited proliferative vitreoretinopathies of childhood. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2008; 48:159-174. [PMID: 18427268 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0b013e3181692cd4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Masckauchán TNH, Kitajewski J. Wnt/Frizzled signaling in the vasculature: new angiogenic factors in sight. Physiology (Bethesda) 2007; 21:181-8. [PMID: 16714476 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00058.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt growth factors function via Frizzled receptors to affect cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and migration. Wnt/Frizzled signaling is now linked to human hereditary disorders with retinal vascular defects, implicating Wnts as angiogenic factors. Here, we discuss Wnts and a novel Frizzled ligand, Norrin, in physiological and pathological angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Néstor H Masckauchán
- Department of Pathology, OB/GYN and Institute of Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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48
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Lev D, Weigl Y, Hasan M, Gak E, Davidovich M, Vinkler C, Leshinsky-Silver E, Lerman-Sagie T, Watemberg N. A novel missense mutation in theNDP gene in a child with Norrie disease and severe neurological involvement including infantile spasms. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:921-4. [PMID: 17334993 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Norrie disease (ND) is a rare X-linked recessive disorder characterized by congenital blindness and in some cases, mental retardation and deafness. Other neurological complications, particularly epilepsy, are rare. We report on a novel mutation identified in a patient with ND and profound mental retardation. The patient was diagnosed at the age of 6 months due to congenital blindness. At the age of 8 months he developed infantile spasms, which were diagnosed at 11 months as his EEG demonstrated hypsarrhythmia. Mutation analysis of the ND gene (NDP) of the affected child and his mother revealed a novel missense mutation at position c.134T > A resulting in amino acid change at codon V45E. To the best of our knowledge, such severe neurological involvement has not been previously reported in ND patients. The severity of the phenotype may suggest the functional importance of this site of the NDP gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Lev
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.
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49
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Rodriguez-Revenga L, Madrigal I, Alkhalidi LS, Armengol L, González E, Badenas C, Estivill X, Milà M. Contiguous deletion of theNDP,MAOA,MAOB, andEFHC2 genes in a patient with Norrie disease, severe psychomotor retardation and myoclonic epilepsy. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:916-20. [PMID: 17431911 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Norrie disease (ND) is an X-linked disorder, inherited as a recessive trait that, therefore, mostly affects males. The gene responsible for ND, called NDP, maps to the short arm of chromosome X (Xp11.4-p11.3). We report here an atypical case of ND, consisting of a patient harboring a large submicroscopic deletion affecting not only the NDP gene but also the MAOA, MAOB, and EFHC2 genes. Microarray comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis showed that 11 consecutive bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones, mapping around the NDP gene, were deleted. These clones span a region of about 1 Mb on Xp11.3. The deletion was ascertained by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis with different BAC clones located within the region. Clinical features of the proband include bilateral retinal detachment, microcephaly, severe psychomotor retardation without verbal language skills acquired, and epilepsy. The identification and molecular characterization of this case reinforces the idea of a new contiguous gene syndrome that would explain the complex phenotype shared by atypical ND patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rodriguez-Revenga
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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Campochiaro PA. Seeing the light: New insights into the molecular pathogenesis of retinal diseases. J Cell Physiol 2007; 213:348-54. [PMID: 17654481 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the past, most treatments for retinal diseases have been empirical. Steroids and/or laser photocoagulation and/or surgery have been tried for almost every condition with little or no understanding of the underlying disease. Over the past several years vision researchers have uncovered molecular components of processes, such as visual transduction and the visual cycle, that are critical for visual function, and identified other molecules that lead to dysfunction and disease processes such as neovascularization and macular edema. It is becoming clear that dysregulation of certain molecules can have major effects on retinal structure and function. Studies in animal models have suggested that inhibiting or augmenting levels of a single molecule can have major effects in complex disease processes. Although several molecules probably contribute to neovascularization and excessive vascular permeability in the eye, blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has remarkable beneficial effects in animal models that have now been proven to apply to human diseases in clinical trials. Intraocular injection of VEGF antagonists has revolutionized the treatment of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and macular edema and serves as a model of targeted ocular pharmacotherapy. Significant progress elucidating the molecular pathogenesis of several disease processes in the eye may soon lead to new treatments following the lead of VEGF antagonists. Initial treatments that provide benefit from frequent intraocular injections are likely to be followed by sustained delivery of drugs and/or prolonged protein delivery by gene transfer. The eye has entered the era of molecular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Campochiaro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-9277, USA.
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