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Guo T, Diacou A, Nomaru H, McDonald-McGinn DM, Hestand M, Demaerel W, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Ujueta F, Shan J, Montagna C, Zheng D, Crowley TB, Kushan-Wells L, Bearden CE, Kates WR, Gothelf D, Schneider M, Eliez S, Breckpot J, Swillen A, Vorstman J, Zackai E, Benavides Gonzalez F, Repetto GM, Emanuel BS, Bassett AS, Vermeesch JR, Marshall CR, Morrow BE. Deletion size analysis of 1680 22q11.2DS subjects identifies a new recombination hotspot on chromosome 22q11.2. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:1150-1163. [PMID: 29361080 PMCID: PMC6059186 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent, de novo, meiotic non-allelic homologous recombination events between low copy repeats, termed LCR22s, leads to the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS; velo-cardio-facial syndrome/DiGeorge syndrome). Although most 22q11.2DS patients have a similar sized 3 million base pair (Mb), LCR22A-D deletion, some have nested LCR22A-B or LCR22A-C deletions. Our goal is to identify additional recurrent 22q11.2 deletions associated with 22q11.2DS, serving as recombination hotspots for meiotic chromosomal rearrangements. Here, using data from Affymetrix 6.0 microarrays on 1680 22q11.2DS subjects, we identified what appeared to be a nested proximal 22q11.2 deletion in 38 (2.3%) of them. Using molecular and haplotype analyses from 14 subjects and their parent(s) with available DNA, we found essentially three types of scenarios to explain this observation. In eight subjects, the proximal breakpoints occurred in a small sized 12 kb LCR distal to LCR22A, referred to LCR22A+, resulting in LCR22A+-B or LCR22A+-D deletions. Six of these eight subjects had a nested 22q11.2 deletion that occurred during meiosis in a parent carrying a benign 0.2 Mb duplication of the LCR22A-LCR22A+ region with a breakpoint in LCR22A+. Another six had a typical de novo LCR22A-D deletion on one allele and inherited the LCR22A-A+ duplication from the other parent thus appearing on microarrays to have a nested deletion. LCR22A+ maps to an evolutionary breakpoint between mice and humans and appears to serve as a local hotspot for chromosome rearrangements on 22q11.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingwei Guo
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Diacou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Hiroko Nomaru
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Matthew Hestand
- Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke University Leuven (KULeuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wolfram Demaerel
- Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke University Leuven (KULeuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liangtian Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Francisco Ujueta
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jidong Shan
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Cristina Montagna
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Terrence B Crowley
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Leila Kushan-Wells
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wendy R Kates
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Program in Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Doron Gothelf
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Maude Schneider
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Lab, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen Breckpot
- Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke University Leuven (KULeuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Swillen
- Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke University Leuven (KULeuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jacob Vorstman
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elaine Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Felipe Benavides Gonzalez
- Center for Genetics and Genomics, Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela M Repetto
- Center for Genetics and Genomics, Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto General Hospital and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine and Laboratory of Medicine and Pathobiology, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke University Leuven (KULeuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christian R Marshall
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine and Laboratory of Medicine and Pathobiology, The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bernice E Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Tan X, Anzick SL, Khan SG, Ueda T, Stone G, Digiovanna JJ, Tamura D, Wattendorf D, Busch D, Brewer CC, Zalewski C, Butman JA, Griffith AJ, Meltzer PS, Kraemer KH. Chimeric negative regulation of p14ARF and TBX1 by a t(9;22) translocation associated with melanoma, deafness, and DNA repair deficiency. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:1250-9. [PMID: 23661601 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer and DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) is the most frequent interstitial deletion syndrome. We characterized a novel balanced t(9;22)(p21;q11.2) translocation in a patient with melanoma, DNA repair deficiency, and features of DGS including deafness and malformed inner ears. Using chromosome sorting, we located the 9p21 breakpoint in CDKN2A intron 1. This resulted in underexpression of the tumor suppressor p14 alternate reading frame (p14ARF); the reduced DNA repair was corrected by transfection with p14ARF. Ultraviolet radiation-type p14ARF mutations in his melanoma implicated p14ARF in its pathogenesis. The 22q11.2 breakpoint was located in a palindromic AT-rich repeat (PATRR22). We identified a new gene, FAM230A, that contains PATRR22 within an intron. The 22q11.2 breakpoint was located 800 kb centromeric to TBX1, which is required for inner ear development. TBX1 expression was greatly reduced. The translocation resulted in a chimeric transcript encoding portions of p14ARF and FAM230A. Inhibition of chimeric p14ARF-FAM230A expression increased p14ARF and TBX1 expression and improved DNA repair. Expression of the chimera in normal cells produced dominant negative inhibition of p14ARF. Similar chimeric mRNAs may mediate haploinsufficiency in DGS or dominant negative inhibition of other genes such as those involved in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Tan
- DNA Repair Section, Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4258, USA
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Grigorieva IV, Thakker RV. Transcription factors in parathyroid development: lessons from hypoparathyroid disorders. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1237:24-38. [PMID: 22082362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid developmental anomalies, which result in hypoparathyroidism, are common and may occur in one in 4,000 live births. Parathyroids, in man, develop from the endodermal cells of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches, whereas, in the mouse they develop solely from the endoderm of the third pharyngeal pouches. In addition, neural crest cells that arise from the embryonic mid- and hindbrain also contribute to parathyroid gland development. The molecular signaling pathways that are involved in determining the differentiation of the pharyngeal pouch endoderm into parathyroid cells are being elucidated by studies of patients with hypoparathyroidism and appropriate mouse models. These studies have revealed important roles for a number of transcription factors, which include Tbx1, Gata3, Gcm2, Sox3, Aire1 and members of the homeobox (Hox) and paired box (Pax) families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Grigorieva
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Bhoj EJ, Romeo S, Baroni MG, Bartov G, Schultz RA, Zinn AR. MODY-like diabetes associated with an apparently balanced translocation: possible involvement of MPP7 gene and cell polarity in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Mol Cytogenet 2009; 2:5. [PMID: 19216786 PMCID: PMC2646739 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Characterization of disease-associated balanced translocations has led to the discovery of genes responsible for many disorders, including syndromes that include various forms of diabetes mellitus. We studied a man with unexplained maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)-like diabetes and an apparently balanced translocation [46,XY,t(7;10)(q22;p12)] and sought to identify a novel diabetes locus by characterizing the translocation breakpoints. Results Mutations in coding exons and splice sites of known MODY genes were first ruled out by PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) studies demonstrated that the translocation did not disrupt two known diabetes-related genes on 10p12. The translocation breakpoints were further mapped to high resolution using FISH and somatic cell hybrids and the junctions PCR-amplified and sequenced. The translocation did not disrupt any annotated transcription unit. However, the chromosome 10 breakpoint was 220 kilobases 5' to the Membrane Protein, Palmitoylated 7 (MPP7) gene, which encodes a protein required for proper cell polarity. This biological function is shared by HNF4A, a known MODY gene. Databases show MPP7 is highly expressed in mouse pancreas and is expressed in human islets. The translocation did not appear to alter lymphoblastoid expression of MPP7 or other genes near the breakpoints. Conclusion The balanced translocation and MODY-like diabetes in the proband could be coincidental. Alternatively, the translocation may cause islet cell dysfunction by altering MPP7 expression in a subtle or tissue-specific fashion. The potential roles of MPP7 mutations in diabetes and perturbed islet cell polarity in insulin secretion warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Bhoj
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.
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Li MM, Nimmakayalu MA, Mercer D, Andersson HC, Emanuel BS. Characterization of a cryptic 3.3 Mb deletion in a patient with a "balanced t(15;22) translocation" using high density oligo array CGH and gene expression arrays. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:368-75. [PMID: 18203177 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Patients with an apparently balanced translocation and an abnormal phenotype may carry a cryptic deletion/duplication at their translocation breakpoints that may explain their abnormalities. Using microarray CGH (aCGH) and gene expression arrays we studied a child with t(15;22)(q26.1;q11.2), developmental delay and mild dysmorphic features. A high density aCGH study with 244,000 oligo probes demonstrated a 3.3 Mb deletion immediately adjacent to the 15q breakpoint. Gene expression studies with 44,000 oligos displayed an approximately 50% reduction of the expression of IGF1R gene that was translocated to the der(22). There are 18 known or hypothetical protein coding genes within the deleted region according to UniProt, RefSeq, and GenBank mRNA (UCSC HG17, May 2004). Although two of these genes, RGMA and ST8SIA2, play an important role in neural development, the mild phenotype of our patient indicates that loss of one copy of these genes may not be critical developmentally. The 50% reduction of IGF1R expression could be responsible for the growth deficiency in the patient. Reviewing the few 15q26 microdeletion cases that have been characterized by aCGH, we discovered that deletion of the segment including distal 15q26.2 to the proximal part of 15q26.3 is associated with severe phenotypes. Our experience demonstrates that high-density oligonucleotide-based aCGH is a quick and precise way to identify cryptic copy number changes in "balanced translocations." Expression studies can also add valuable information regarding gene expression changes due to a chromosomal rearrangement. Both approaches can assist in the elucidation of the etiology of unexplained phenotypic differences in cases such as this one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn M Li
- Hayward Genetics Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
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Zhang L, Wu C, Carta R, Zhao H. Free energy of DNA duplex formation on short oligonucleotide microarrays. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 35:e18. [PMID: 17169993 PMCID: PMC1807971 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA/DNA duplex formation is the basic mechanism that is used in genome tiling arrays and SNP arrays manufactured by Affymetrix. However, detailed knowledge of the physical process is still lacking. In this study, we show a free energy analysis of DNA/DNA duplex formation these arrays based on the positional-dependent nearest-neighbor (PDNN) model, which was developed previously for describing DNA/RNA duplex formation on expression microarrays. Our results showed that the two ends of a probe contribute less to the stability of the duplexes and that there is a microarray surface effect on binding affinities. We also showed that free energy cost of a single mismatch depends on the bases adjacent to the mismatch site and obtained a comprehensive table of the cost of a single mismatch under all possible combination of adjacent bases. The mismatch costs were found to be correlated with those determined in aqueous solution. We further demonstrate that the DNA copy number estimated from the SNP array correlates negatively with the target length; this is presumably caused by inefficient PCR amplification for long fragments. These results provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms of microarray technology and have implications for microarray design and the interpretation of observed data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Applied Mathematics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 237, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Gribble SM, Kalaitzopoulos D, Burford DC, Prigmore E, Selzer RR, Ng BL, Matthews NSW, Porter KM, Curley R, Lindsay SJ, Baptista J, Richmond TA, Carter NP. Ultra-high resolution array painting facilitates breakpoint sequencing. J Med Genet 2006; 44:51-8. [PMID: 16971479 PMCID: PMC2597908 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2006.044909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a considerably advanced method of array painting, which allows the rapid, ultra-high resolution mapping of translocation breakpoints such that rearrangement junction fragments can be amplified directly and sequenced. METHOD Ultra-high resolution array painting involves the hybridisation of probes generated by the amplification of small numbers of flow-sorted derivative chromosomes to oligonucleotide arrays designed to tile breakpoint regions at extremely high resolution. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION How ultra-high resolution array painting of four balanced translocation cases rapidly and efficiently maps breakpoints to a point where junction fragments can be amplified easily and sequenced is demonstrated. With this new development, breakpoints can be mapped using just two array experiments: the first using whole-genome array painting to tiling resolution large insert clone arrays, the second using ultra-high-resolution oligonucleotide arrays targeted to the breakpoint regions. In this way, breakpoints can be mapped and then sequenced in a few weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Gribble
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
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Williams NM, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ. Chromosome 22 deletion syndrome and schizophrenia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2006; 73:1-27. [PMID: 16737900 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(06)73001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel M Williams
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building for Biomedical Research, College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Sutajová M, Neukirchen U, Meinecke P, Czeizel AE, Tímár L, Sólyom E, Gal A, Kutsche K. Disruption of the PDGFB gene in a 1;22 translocation patient does not cause Costello syndrome. Genomics 2004; 83:883-92. [PMID: 15081117 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2003.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2003] [Accepted: 10/30/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We studied a female patient initially diagnosed with Costello syndrome who carries an apparently balanced translocation, t(1;22) (q24.3;q13.1). Molecular characterization of the translocation revealed a mosaic of two derivative chromosomes 1 in her peripheral blood lymphocytes, in one of which the coding region of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGFB; chromosome 22q13.1) gene was disrupted. Both the initial translocation and the secondary intrachromosomal rearrangement appear to have occurred by nonhomologous (illegitimate) recombination. In 18 patients with Costello syndrome, mutation analysis of the genes belonging to the PDGF/R family, PDGFA, PDGFB, PDGFC, PDGFD, PDGFRA, and PDGFRB, revealed no pathogenic mutations. Reevaluation of the clinical symptoms of the translocation patient challenges the diagnosis of Costello syndrome in this patient. In total RNA isolated from lymphocytes of the translocation patient, we identified four different fusion transcripts consisting of PDGFB exons and parts of chromosome 1q24.3. In two of the mRNAs, exon 6 of PDGFB, encoding the 41 C-terminal amino acid residues, was absent. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the wild-type protein was dispersed and formed a network-like structure in the extracellular matrix, whereas the two aberrant PDGFB proteins were localized in aggregates. We speculate that the biological consequences of the mutant PDGFB allele contributed to the unique disease phenotype of the translocation patient.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Animals
- COS Cells
- Child
- Chromosome Breakage/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Exons/genetics
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Female
- Genes, sis/genetics
- Humans
- Male
- Phenotype
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/chemistry
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/genetics
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism
- Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Syndrome
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Sutajová
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Butenfeld 42, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
A microdeletion at chromosome 22q11 is the most frequently known interstitial deletion found in humans, occurring in approximately one of every 4000 live births. Its occurrence is associated with a characteristic facial dysmorphology, a range of congenital abnormalities, and psychiatric problems, especially schizophrenia. The prevalence of psychosis in those with 22q11 deletion syndrome is high (30%), suggesting that haploinsufficiency of a gene or genes in this region may confer a substantially increased risk. In addition, several studies provide evidence for linkage to schizophrenia on 22q, suggesting that a gene in this region could confer susceptibility to schizophrenia in nondeleted cases. Recent studies have provided compelling evidence that haploinsufficiency of TBX1 is likely to be responsible for many of the physical features associated with the deletion. However, although a number of genes have been implicated as possible schizophrenia susceptibility loci, further confirmatory studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel M Williams
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building for Biomedical Research, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Thakker
- May Professor of Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK.
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Gotter AL, Shaikh TH, Budarf ML, Rhodes CH, Emanuel BS. A palindrome-mediated mechanism distinguishes translocations involving LCR-B of chromosome 22q11.2. Hum Mol Genet 2003; 13:103-15. [PMID: 14613967 PMCID: PMC2818528 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddh004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two known recurrent constitutional translocations, t(11;22) and t(17;22), as well as a non-recurrent t(4;22), display derivative chromosomes that have joined to a common site within the low copy repeat B (LCR-B) region of 22q11.2. This breakpoint is located between two AT-rich inverted repeats that form a nearly perfect palindrome. Breakpoints within the 11q23, 17q11 and 4q35 partner chromosomes also fall near the center of palindromic sequences. In the present work the breakpoints of a fourth translocation involving LCR-B, a balanced ependymoma-associated t(1;22), were characterized not only to localize this junction relative to known genes, but also to further understand the mechanism underlying these rearrangements. FISH mapping was used to localize the 22q11.2 breakpoint to LCR-B and the 1p21 breakpoint to single BAC clones. STS mapping narrowed the 1p21.2 breakpoint to a 1990 bp AT-rich region, and junction fragments were amplified by nested PCR. Junction fragment-derived sequence indicates that the 1p21.2 breakpoint splits a 278 nt palindrome capable of forming stem-loop secondary structure. In contrast, the 1p21.2 reference genomic sequence from clones in the database does not exhibit this configuration, suggesting a predisposition for regional genomic instability perhaps etiologic for this rearrangement. Given its similarity to known chromosomal fragile site (FRA) sequences, this polymorphic 1p21.2 sequence may represent one of the FRA1 loci. Comparative analysis of the secondary structure of sequences surrounding translocation breakpoints that involve LCR-B with those not involving this region indicate a unique ability of the former to form stem-loop structures. The relative likelihood of forming these configurations appears to be related to the rate of translocation occurrence. Further analysis suggests that constitutional translocations in general occur between sequences of similar melting temperature and propensity for secondary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L. Gotter
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, ARC 1002, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tamim H. Shaikh
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, ARC 1002, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marcia L. Budarf
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, ARC 1002, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - C. Harker Rhodes
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Beverly S. Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, ARC 1002, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 2155903856; Fax: +1 2155903764;
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Spiteri E, Babcock M, Kashork CD, Wakui K, Gogineni S, Lewis DA, Williams KM, Minoshima S, Sasaki T, Shimizu N, Potocki L, Pulijaal V, Shanske A, Shaffer LG, Morrow BE. Frequent translocations occur between low copy repeats on chromosome 22q11.2 (LCR22s) and telomeric bands of partner chromosomes. Hum Mol Genet 2003; 12:1823-37. [PMID: 12874103 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddg203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosome 22q11.2 region is susceptible to rearrangements, mediated by low copy repeats (LCR22s). Deletions and duplications are mediated by homologous recombination events between LCR22s. The recurrent balanced constitutional translocation t(11;22)(q23;q11) breakpoint occurs in an LCR22 and is mediated by double strand breaks in AT-rich palindromes on both chromosomes 11 and 22. Recently, two cases of a t(17;22)(q11;q11) were reported, mediated by a similar mechanism (21). Except for these constitutional translocations, the molecular basis for non-recurrent, reciprocal 22q11.2 translocations is not known. To determine whether there are specific mechanisms that could mediate translocations, we analyzed cell lines derived from 14 different individuals by genotyping and FISH mapping. Somatic cell hybrid analysis was carried out for four cell lines. In five cell lines, the translocation breakpoints occurred in the same LCR22 as for the t(11;22) translocation, suggesting that similar molecular mechanisms are responsible. An additional three occurred in other LCR22s, and six were in non-LCR22 regions, mostly in the proximal half of the 22q11.2 region. The translocation breakpoints on the partner chromosomes were all located in the telomeric bands, proximal to the most telomeric unique sequence probe, in eight cell lines and distal to those loci in six. Therefore, several of the breakpoints were found to occur in the vicinity of highly dynamic regions of the genome, 22q11.2 and telomeric bands. We hypothesize that these regions are more susceptible to breakage and repair, resulting in translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Spiteri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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16
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Williams NM, Spurlock G, Norton N, Williams HJ, Hamshere ML, Krawczak M, Kirov G, Nikolov I, Georgieva L, Jones S, Cardno AG, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ. Mutation screening and LD mapping in the VCFS deleted region of chromosome 22q11 in schizophrenia using a novel DNA pooling approach. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 7:1092-100. [PMID: 12476324 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2001] [Revised: 03/22/2002] [Accepted: 03/23/2002] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether variation within six genes from the VCFS critical region at 22q11 (DGSC, Stk22A1, DGSI, Gscl, Slc25A1 and Znf74) confers susceptibility to schizophrenia. We screened the exons and flanking intronic sequence of each gene for mutations in 14 individuals with DSM-IV schizophrenia using DHPLC. All polymorphisms identified were characterised and genotyped in a sample of 184 schizophrenics and matched controls, using novel DNA pooling methods. Of the polymorphisms identified, 17 were located within exons, six were within coding sequence, and two were non-synonymous. Pooled genotyping revealed no differences in the allele frequencies for any polymorphism between cases and controls that met our pre-defined criterion (P < or = 0.1). In a complementary approach we also attempted to define the location of a schizophrenia susceptibility locus more precisely by performing association mapping using seven microsatellites spanning the VCFS region with an average inter-marker distance of 450 kb. Conventional chi(2) analysis of genotypes in 368 cases and 368 controls revealed that none of the markers was significantly associated (P < 0.05) with schizophrenia. However, evidence for significant association (P = 0.003) was obtained for D22S944 when alleles were combined. TDT analysis of D22S944 genotyped in a further 278 cases of schizophrenia and their parents failed to find any overall allele-wise significant transmission disequilibrium (chi(2) = 18.3, P = 0.17). However, individual analysis of the alleles revealed that allele 12 was excessively non-transmitted and that this almost reached significance when corrected for multiple alleles (chi(2) = 7.35, P = 0.006, P = 0.078 corrected for 13 alleles).
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Williams
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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17
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Debeer P, Mols R, Huysmans C, Devriendt K, Van de Ven WJM, Fryns JP. Involvement of a palindromic chromosome 22-specific low-copy repeat in a constitutional t(X; 22)(q27;q11). Clin Genet 2002; 62:410-4. [PMID: 12431258 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2002.620510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Segmental duplications or low-copy repeats (LCRs) on chromosome 22q11 have been implicated in several chromosomal rearrangements. The presence of AT-rich regions in these duplications may lead to the formation of hairpin structures, which facilitate chromosomal rearrangement. Here we report the involvement of such a low-copy repeat in a t(X;22) associated with a neural tube defect. Molecular analysis of the chromosomal breakpoints revealed that the chromosome 22 breakpoint maps in the palindromic non-AT-rich NF1-like region of low-copy repeat B (LCR-B). No palindromic region was encountered near the breakpoint on chromosome X. Our findings confirm that there is no single mechanism leading to translocations with chromosome 22q11 involvement. Because LCR-B does not contain genes involved in neural tube development, we believe that the gene responsible for the observed phenotype is most likely localized on chromosome X.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Debeer
- Laboratory for Molecular Oncology and Center for Human Genetics, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Abstract
The past 50 years have seen enormous progress in this field. An unknown concept until 1952, there are now more than 100 different primary immunodeficiency syndromes in the world's literature. Each novel syndrome has shed new insight into the workings of the immune system, dissecting its multiple parts into unique functioning components. This has been especially true over the past decade, as the molecular bases of approximately 40 of these diseases have been identified in rapid succession. Advances in the treatment of these diseases have also been impressive. Antibody replacement has been improved greatly by the development of human immunoglobulin preparations that can be safely administered by the intravenous route, and cytokine and humanized anticytokine therapies are now possible through recombinant technologies. The ability to achieve life-saving immune reconstitution of patients with lethal severe combined immunodeficiency by administering rigorously T-cell-depleted allogeneic related haploidentical bone marrow stem cells has extended this option to virtually all such infants, if diagnosed before untreatable infections develop. Finally, the past 3 years have witnessed the first truly successful gene therapy. The impressive results in X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency offer hope that this approach can be extended to many more diseases in the future.
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19
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Kapranov P, Cawley SE, Drenkow J, Bekiranov S, Strausberg RL, Fodor SPA, Gingeras TR. Large-scale transcriptional activity in chromosomes 21 and 22. Science 2002; 296:916-9. [PMID: 11988577 DOI: 10.1126/science.1068597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 686] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The sequences of the human chromosomes 21 and 22 indicate that there are approximately 770 well-characterized and predicted genes. In this study, empirically derived maps identifying active areas of RNA transcription on these chromosomes have been constructed with the use of cytosolic polyadenylated RNA obtained from 11 human cell lines. Oligonucleotide arrays containing probes spaced on average every 35 base pairs along these chromosomes were used. When compared with the sequence annotations available for these chromosomes, it is noted that as much as an order of magnitude more of the genomic sequence is transcribed than accounted for by the predicted and characterized exons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kapranov
- Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA., National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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20
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Abstract
Genetic defects in T-cell function lead to susceptibility to infections or to other clinical problems that are more grave than those seen in disorders resulting in antibody deficiency alone. Those affected usually present during infancy with either common or opportunistic infections and rarely survive beyond infancy or childhood. The spectrum of T-cell defects ranges from the syndrome of severe combined immunodeficiency, in which T-cell function is absent, to combined immunodeficiency disorders in which there is some, but not adequate, T-cell function for a normal life span. Recent discoveries of the molecular causes of many of these defects have led to a new understanding of the flawed biology underlying the ever-growing number of defects. Most of these conditions could be diagnosed by means of screening for lymphopenia or for T-cell deficiency in cord blood at birth. Early recognition of those so afflicted is essential to the application of the most appropriate treatments for these conditions at a very early age. The latter treatments include both transplantation and gene therapy in addition to immunoglobulin replacement. Fully defining the molecular defects of such patients is also essential for genetic counseling of family members and prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca H Buckley
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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21
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McDermid HE, Morrow BE. Genomic disorders on 22q11. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70:1077-88. [PMID: 11925570 PMCID: PMC447586 DOI: 10.1086/340363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2002] [Accepted: 02/18/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The 22q11 region is involved in chromosomal rearrangements that lead to altered gene dosage, resulting in genomic disorders that are characterized by mental retardation and/or congenital malformations. Three such disorders-cat-eye syndrome (CES), der(22) syndrome, and velocardiofacial syndrome/DiGeorge syndrome (VCFS/DGS)-are associated with four, three, and one dose, respectively, of parts of 22q11. The critical region for CES lies centromeric to the deletion region of VCFS/DGS, although, in some cases, the extra material in CES extends across the VCFS/DGS region. The der(22) syndrome region overlaps both the CES region and the VCFS/DGS region. Molecular approaches have revealed a set of common chromosome breakpoints that are shared between the three disorders, implicating specific mechanisms that cause these rearrangements. Most VCFS/DGS and CES rearrangements are likely to occur by homologous recombination events between blocks of low-copy repeats (e.g., LCR22), whereas nonhomologous recombination mechanisms lead to the constitutional t(11;22) translocation. Meiotic nondisjunction events in carriers of the t(11;22) translocation can then lead to offspring with der(22) syndrome. The molecular basis of the clinical phenotype of these genomic disorders has also begun to be addressed. Analysis of both the genomic sequence for the 22q11 interval and the orthologous regions in the mouse has identified >24 genes that are shared between VCFS/DGS and der(22) syndrome and has identified 14 putative genes that are shared between CES and der(22) syndrome. The ability to manipulate the mouse genome aids in the identification of candidate genes in these three syndromes. Research on genomic disorders on 22q11 will continue to expand our knowledge of the mechanisms of chromosomal rearrangements and the molecular basis of their phenotypic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E. McDermid
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; and Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Bernice E. Morrow
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta; and Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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22
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Abstract
Identifying the genes that underlie the pathogenesis of chromosome deletion and duplication syndromes is a challenge because the affected chromosomal segment can contain many genes. The identification of genes that are relevant to these disorders often requires the analysis of individuals that carry rare, small deletions, translocations or single-gene mutations. Research into the chromosome 22 deletion (del22q11) syndrome, which encompasses DiGeorge and velocardiofacial syndrome, has taken a different path in recent years, using mouse models to circumvent the paucity of informative human material. These mouse models have provided new insights into the pathogenesis of del22q11 syndrome and have established strategies for research into chromosomal-deletion and -duplication syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Lindsay
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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23
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Kim MH, Hur H, Park J, Kim YJ. Isolation of novel cDNA encompassing the ADU balanced translocation break point in the DiGeorge critical region. Mol Biotechnol 2001; 17:213-7. [PMID: 11434309 DOI: 10.1385/mb:17:3:213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) is a developmental field defect of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches that are associated with congenital heart defects, hypoparathyroidism, cell-mediated immunodeficiency, velopharyngeal insufficiency, and craniofacial anomalities. Approximately 90% of patients exhibit monosomy in the 22q11 region. In order to isolate the critical gene responsible for DGS, the cDNA libraries were screened with a probe containing the ADU balanced translocation break point, that is a locus reported in one patient (ADU) caused by a balanced translocation between chromosomes 22 and 2. Out of 10(6) clones, three independent overlapping clones were isolated, which were assumed to have originated from a single transcript, DGCR7. This transcript contained a 175-aa long open reading frame (ORF), encoding an acidic (pI = 5.81) and a proline-rich peptide, which are often found in the activation domain of several transcription factors. Also, it was predicted to be a nuclear protein. Northern hybridization detected an approx 1.9 kb transcript in all fetal and adult tissues tested, with strong expression in the fetal liver and kidney. In the case of adult tissues, strong expression was also detected in areas such as the heart, skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Brain/embryology
- Brain/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- DiGeorge Syndrome/genetics
- Gene Library
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Kidney/embryology
- Kidney/metabolism
- Liver/embryology
- Liver/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Open Reading Frames
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Tissue Distribution
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Kim
- Dept. of Anatomy and BK21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, C.P.O. Box 8044, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
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24
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Edelmann L, Spiteri E, Koren K, Pulijaal V, Bialer MG, Shanske A, Goldberg R, Morrow BE. AT-rich palindromes mediate the constitutional t(11;22) translocation. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68:1-13. [PMID: 11095996 PMCID: PMC1234939 DOI: 10.1086/316952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2000] [Accepted: 11/07/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutional t(11;22) translocation is the only known recurrent non-Robertsonian translocation in humans. Offspring are susceptible to der(22) syndrome, a severe congenital anomaly disorder caused by 3&rcolon;1 meiotic nondisjunction events. We previously localized the t(11;22) translocation breakpoint to a region on 22q11 within a low-copy repeat termed "LCR22" and within an AT-rich repeat on 11q23. The LCR22s are implicated in mediating different rearrangements on 22q11, leading to velocardiofacial syndrome/DiGeorge syndrome and cat-eye syndrome by homologous recombination mechanisms. The LCR22s contain AT-rich repetitive sequences, suggesting that such repeats may mediate the t(11;22) translocation. To determine the molecular basis of the translocation, we cloned and sequenced the t(11;22) breakpoint in the derivative 11 and 22 chromosomes in 13 unrelated carriers, including two de novo cases and der(22) syndrome offspring. We found that, in all cases examined, the reciprocal exchange occurred between similar AT-rich repeats on both chromosomes 11q23 and 22q11. To understand the mechanism, we examined the sequence of the breakpoint intervals in the derivative chromosomes and compared this with the deduced normal chromosomal sequence. A palindromic AT-rich sequence with a near-perfect hairpin could form, by intrastrand base-pairing, on the parental chromosomes. The sequence of the breakpoint junction in both derivatives indicates that the exchange events occurred at the center of symmetry of the palindromes, and this resulted in small, overlapping staggered deletions in this region among the different carriers. On the basis of previous studies performed in diverse organisms, we hypothesize that double-strand breaks may occur in the center of the palindrome, the tip of the putative hairpin, leading to illegitimate recombination events between similar AT-rich sequences on chromosomes 11 and 22, resulting in deletions and loss of the palindrome, which then could stabilize the DNA structure.
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MESH Headings
- AT Rich Sequence/genetics
- Alu Elements/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Southern
- Chromosome Breakage/genetics
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosome Fragility/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/genetics
- DNA/metabolism
- DiGeorge Syndrome/genetics
- Humans
- Hybrid Cells
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nondisjunction, Genetic
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Physical Chromosome Mapping
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Recombination, Genetic/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Syndrome
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Edelmann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center for Craniofacial Disorders, Montefiore Medical Center, New York; and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY
| | - E. Spiteri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center for Craniofacial Disorders, Montefiore Medical Center, New York; and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY
| | - K. Koren
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center for Craniofacial Disorders, Montefiore Medical Center, New York; and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY
| | - V. Pulijaal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center for Craniofacial Disorders, Montefiore Medical Center, New York; and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY
| | - M. G. Bialer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center for Craniofacial Disorders, Montefiore Medical Center, New York; and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY
| | - A. Shanske
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center for Craniofacial Disorders, Montefiore Medical Center, New York; and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY
| | - R. Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center for Craniofacial Disorders, Montefiore Medical Center, New York; and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY
| | - B. E. Morrow
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center for Craniofacial Disorders, Montefiore Medical Center, New York; and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY
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25
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Epstein JA, Buck CA. Transcriptional regulation of cardiac development: implications for congenital heart disease and DiGeorge syndrome. Pediatr Res 2000; 48:717-24. [PMID: 11102536 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200012000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, impressive advances have occurred in our understanding of transcriptional regulation of cardiac development. These insights have begun to elucidate the mystery of congenital heart disease at the molecular level. In addition, the molecular pathways emerging from the study of cardiac development are being applied to the understanding of adult cardiac disease. Preliminary results support the contention that a thorough understanding of molecular programs governing cardiac morphogenesis will provide important insights into the pathogenesis of human cardiac diseases. This review will focus on examples of transcription factors that play critical roles at various phases of cardiac development and their relevance to cardiac disease. This is an exciting and burgeoning area of investigation. It is not possible to be all-inclusive, and the reader will note important efforts in the areas of cardiomyocyte determination, left-right asymmetry, cardiac muscular dystrophies, electrophysiology and vascular disease are not covered. For a more complete discussion, the reader is referred to recent reviews including the excellent compilation of observations assembled by Harvey and Rosenthal (1).
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/embryology
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Animals
- Aorta/embryology
- Branchial Region/embryology
- Branchial Region/pathology
- Cell Lineage
- Cell Movement
- Chick Embryo
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics
- DiGeorge Syndrome/embryology
- DiGeorge Syndrome/genetics
- Fetal Heart/growth & development
- Fetal Heart/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes
- Genes, Homeobox
- Gestational Age
- Heart Conduction System/cytology
- Heart Conduction System/embryology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/embryology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Heart Valves/embryology
- Homeodomain Proteins/physiology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Morphogenesis/genetics
- Neural Crest/cytology
- Sequence Deletion
- Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Epstein
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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26
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Surface expression of glycoprotein Ibα is dependent on glycoprotein Ibβ: evidence from a novel mutation causing Bernard-Soulier syndrome. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.2.532.014k33_532_539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bernard-Soulier syndrome is a rare bleeding disorder caused by a quantitative or qualitative defect in the platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V complex. The complex, which serves as a platelet receptor for von Willebrand factor, is composed of 4 subunits: GPIb, GPIbβ, GPIX, and GPV. We here describe the molecular basis of a novel form of Bernard-Soulier syndrome in a patient in whom the components of the GPIb-IX-V complex were undetectable on the platelet surface. Although confocal imaging confirmed that GPIb was not present on the platelet surface, GPIb was readily detectable in the patient's platelets. Moreover, immunoprecipitation of plasma with specific monoclonal antibodies identified circulating, soluble GPIb. DNA-sequence analysis revealed normal sequences for GPIb and GPIX. There was a G to A substitution at position 159 of the gene encoding GPIbβ, resulting in a premature termination of translation at amino acid 21. Studies of transient coexpression of this mutant, W21stop-GPIbβ, together with wild-type GPIb and GPIX, demonstrated a failure of GPIX expression on the surface of HEK 293T cells. Similar results were obtained with Chinese hamster ovary IX cells, a stable cell line expressing GPIb that retains the capacity to re-express GPIX. Thus, we found that GPIbβ affects the surface expression of the GPIb-IX complex by failing to support the insertion of GPIb and GPIX into the platelet membrane.
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27
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Surface expression of glycoprotein Ibα is dependent on glycoprotein Ibβ: evidence from a novel mutation causing Bernard-Soulier syndrome. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.2.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBernard-Soulier syndrome is a rare bleeding disorder caused by a quantitative or qualitative defect in the platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V complex. The complex, which serves as a platelet receptor for von Willebrand factor, is composed of 4 subunits: GPIb, GPIbβ, GPIX, and GPV. We here describe the molecular basis of a novel form of Bernard-Soulier syndrome in a patient in whom the components of the GPIb-IX-V complex were undetectable on the platelet surface. Although confocal imaging confirmed that GPIb was not present on the platelet surface, GPIb was readily detectable in the patient's platelets. Moreover, immunoprecipitation of plasma with specific monoclonal antibodies identified circulating, soluble GPIb. DNA-sequence analysis revealed normal sequences for GPIb and GPIX. There was a G to A substitution at position 159 of the gene encoding GPIbβ, resulting in a premature termination of translation at amino acid 21. Studies of transient coexpression of this mutant, W21stop-GPIbβ, together with wild-type GPIb and GPIX, demonstrated a failure of GPIX expression on the surface of HEK 293T cells. Similar results were obtained with Chinese hamster ovary IX cells, a stable cell line expressing GPIb that retains the capacity to re-express GPIX. Thus, we found that GPIbβ affects the surface expression of the GPIb-IX complex by failing to support the insertion of GPIb and GPIX into the platelet membrane.
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28
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Graw SL, Sample T, Bleskan J, Sujansky E, Patterson D. Cloning, sequencing, and analysis of inv8 chromosome breakpoints associated with recombinant 8 syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66:1138-44. [PMID: 10712224 PMCID: PMC1288148 DOI: 10.1086/302821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/1999] [Accepted: 12/10/1999] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rec8 syndrome (also known as "recombinant 8 syndrome" and "San Luis Valley syndrome") is a chromosomal disorder found in individuals of Hispanic descent with ancestry from the San Luis Valley of southern Colorado and northern New Mexico. Affected individuals typically have mental retardation, congenital heart defects, seizures, a characteristic facial appearance, and other manifestations. The recombinant chromosome is rec(8)dup(8q)inv(8)(p23.1q22.1), and is derived from a parental pericentric inversion, inv(8)(p23.1q22.1). Here we report on the cloning, sequencing, and characterization of the 8p23.1 and 8q22 breakpoints from the inversion 8 chromosome associated with Rec8 syndrome. Analysis of the breakpoint regions indicates that they are highly repetitive. Of 6 kb surrounding the 8p23.1 breakpoint, 75% consists of repetitive gene family members-including Alu, LINE, and LTR elements-and the inversion took place in a small single-copy region flanked by repetitive elements. Analysis of 3.7 kb surrounding the 8q22 breakpoint region reveals that it is 99% repetitive and contains multiple LTR elements, and that the 8q inversion site is within one of the LTR elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Graw
- Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, Denver, CO, 80206, USA. . edu
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29
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Lund J, Chen F, Hua A, Roe B, Budarf M, Emanuel BS, Reeves RH. Comparative sequence analysis of 634 kb of the mouse chromosome 16 region of conserved synteny with the human velocardiofacial syndrome region on chromosome 22q11.2. Genomics 2000; 63:374-83. [PMID: 10704284 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1999.6044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mouse genomic DNA sequence extending 634 kb on proximal mouse chromosome 16 was compared to the corresponding human sequence from chromosome 22q11.2. Haploinsufficiency for this region results in velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) in humans. The mouse region is rearranged into three conserved blocks relative to human, but gene content and position are highly conserved within these blocks. Examination of the boundaries of one of these blocks suggested that the evolutionary chromosomal rearrangement occurred in the mouse lineage, resulting in inactivation of the mouse orthologue of ZNF74. Sequence analysis identified 21 genes and 15 ESTs. These include 2 novel genes, Srec2 and Cals2, and previously undescribed splice variants of several other genes. Exon discovery was carried out using GRAIL2, MZEF, or comparative analysis across 491 kb of conserved mouse and human sequence. Sequence comparison was highly effective, identifying every gene and nearly every exon without the high frequency of false-positive predictions seen when algorithmic methods were used alone. In combination, these procedures identified every gene with no false-positive predictions. Comparative sequence analysis also revealed regions of extensive conservation among noncoding sequences, accounting for 6% of the sequence. A library of such sequences has been established to form a resource for generalized studies of regulatory and structural elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lund
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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30
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31
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Moreno García M, Gómez Rodríguez M, Barreiro Miranda E. Genética de las cardiopatías congénitas. An Pediatr (Barc) 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1695-4033(00)77410-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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32
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Abstract
Schizophrenia is likely to be caused by several susceptibility genes and may have environmental factors that interact with susceptibility genes and/or nongenetic causes. Recent evidence supports the likelihood that 22q11 Deletion Syndrome (22qDS) represents an identifiable genetic subtype of schizophrenia. 22qDS is an under-recognized genetic syndrome associated with microdeletions on chromosome 22 and a variable expression that often includes mild congenital dysmorphic features, hypernasal speech, and learning difficulties. Initial evidence indicates that a minority of patients with schizophrenia (approximately 2%) may have 22qDS and that prevalence may be somewhat higher in subpopulations with developmental delay. This paper proposes clinical criteria (including facial features, learning disabilities, hypernasal speech, congenital heart defects and other congenital anomalies) to aid in identifying patients with schizophrenia who may have this subtype and outlines features that may increase the index of suspicion for this syndrome. Although no specific causal gene or genes have yet been identified in the deletion region, 22qDS may represent a more homogeneous subtype of schizophrenia. This subtype may serve as a model for neurodevelopmental origins of schizophrenia that could aid in delineating etiologic and pathogenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Bassett
- Schizophrenia Research Program, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Queen Street Division, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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33
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McQuade L, Christodoulou J, Budarf M, Sachdev R, Wilson M, Emanuel B, Colley A. Patient with a 22q11.2 deletion with no overlap of the minimal DiGeorge syndrome critical region (MDGCR). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990903)86:1<27::aid-ajmg6>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Pizzuti A, Novelli G, Ratti A, Amati F, Bordoni R, Mandich P, Bellone E, Conti E, Bengala M, Mari A, Silani V, Dallapiccola B. Isolation and characterization of a novel transcript embedded within HIRA, a gene deleted in DiGeorge syndrome. Mol Genet Metab 1999; 67:227-35. [PMID: 10381330 DOI: 10.1006/mgme.1999.2868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated a few cDNAs from different human tissues, transcribed from the first intron of HIRA, a gene deleted in the DiGeorge syndrome. These cDNAs are produced by an intronic gene (22k48) which is transcribed by the HIRA opposite strand and is itself arranged in exons and subjected to alternative splicing. The longest continuum cDNA sequence we obtained is 3.6 kb long and contains 3 different exons and 2 introns. 22k48 cDNA is composed of several tandemly arranged repeated elements (Alu, LINEs, CAn) surrounding a unique sequence. In situ hybridization showed the presence of 22k48 RNA in the cytoplasm of CNS and PNS neurons. 22k48 RNA is able to bind cytoplasmic proteins in the range of 45 to 60 kDa. 22k48 is a new member of the small group of genes that are transcribed but not translated, and its haploinsufficiency could contribute to the pathogenesis of the DiGeorge syndrome.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Alternative Splicing
- Blotting, Northern
- Cell Cycle Proteins
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary
- DiGeorge Syndrome/genetics
- Female
- Histone Chaperones
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- Introns
- Microsatellite Repeats
- Neurons/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Pregnancy
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pizzuti
- Istituto di Neurologia, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
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35
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Ikegawa S, Masuno M, Kumano Y, Okawa A, Isomura M, Koyama K, Okui K, Makita Y, Sasaki M, Kohdera U, Okuda M, Koyama H, Ohashi H, Tajiri H, Imaizumi K, Nakamura Y. Cloning of translocation breakpoints associated with Shwachman syndrome and identification of a candidate gene. Clin Genet 1999; 55:466-72. [PMID: 10450865 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.1999.550612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Shwachman syndrome is an autosomal-recessive disorder characterized by exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, bone-marrow dysfunction, and metaphyseal chondrodysplasia. A de novo balanced translocation was recently documented in a patient with this disease. Toward isolating the gene(s) responsible for Shwachman syndrome, we cloned and sequenced the translocation breakpoints in the DNA of this patient. The nucleotide sequences around the breakpoints contained neither repetitive elements nor motifs reported to be implicated in recombination events, although we did detect gains or losses of oligonucleotides at the translocation junctions. By large-scale genomic sequencing and in silico gene trapping, we identified two novel transcripts in the vicinity of the breakpoints that might represent candidate genes for Shwachman syndrome, one on chromosome 6 and the other on chromosome 12. The gene on chromosome 12 was actually disrupted by the translocation.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/analysis
- Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency/genetics
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multiple Organ Failure/genetics
- Open Reading Frames
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Syndrome
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ikegawa
- Laboratory of Genome Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the result of abnormal cardiac mesoderm or cardiac neural crest development. The molecular cause of most congenital heart disease remains unknown, although numerous cardiac regulatory factors have recently been described. dHAND and eHAND are basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors expressed differentially in the right and left ventricles, respectively, and in the cardiac neural crest. Mice lacking dHAND have a hypoplastic right ventricle and abnormal development of vessels arising from the heart and cell death of craniofacial precursors. By searching for dHAND-dependent genes, a gene likely responsible for the cardiac and craniofacial defects associated with chromosome 22q11 deletion has been identified. A systematic dissection of molecular pathways involved in cardiogenesis should allow for further identification of genes responsible for CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Srivastava
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9148, USA.
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37
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Edelmann L, Pandita RK, Morrow BE. Low-copy repeats mediate the common 3-Mb deletion in patients with velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 64:1076-86. [PMID: 10090893 PMCID: PMC1377832 DOI: 10.1086/302343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) is the most common microdeletion syndrome in humans. It occurs with an estimated frequency of 1 in 4, 000 live births. Most cases occur sporadically, indicating that the deletion is recurrent in the population. More than 90% of patients with VCFS and a 22q11 deletion have a similar 3-Mb hemizygous deletion, suggesting that sequences at the breakpoints confer susceptibility to rearrangements. To define the region containing the chromosome breakpoints, we constructed an 8-kb-resolution physical map. We identified a low-copy repeat in the vicinity of both breakpoints. A set of genetic markers were integrated into the physical map to determine whether the deletions occur within the repeat. Haplotype analysis with genetic markers that flank the repeats showed that most patients with VCFS had deletion breakpoints in the repeat. Within the repeat is a 200-kb duplication of sequences, including a tandem repeat of genes/pseudogenes, surrounding the breakpoints. The genes in the repeat are GGT, BCRL, V7-rel, POM121-like, and GGT-rel. Physical mapping and genomic fingerprint analysis showed that the repeats are virtually identical in the 200-kb region, suggesting that the deletion is mediated by homologous recombination. Examination of two three-generation families showed that meiotic intrachromosomal recombination mediated the deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Edelmann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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38
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Funke B, Edelmann L, McCain N, Pandita RK, Ferreira J, Merscher S, Zohouri M, Cannizzaro L, Shanske A, Morrow BE. Der(22) syndrome and velo-cardio-facial syndrome/DiGeorge syndrome share a 1.5-Mb region of overlap on chromosome 22q11. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 64:747-58. [PMID: 10053009 PMCID: PMC1377792 DOI: 10.1086/302284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivative 22 (der[22]) syndrome is a rare disorder associated with multiple congenital anomalies, including profound mental retardation, preauricular skin tags or pits, and conotruncal heart defects. It can occur in offspring of carriers of the constitutional t(11;22)(q23;q11) translocation, owing to a 3:1 meiotic malsegregation event resulting in partial trisomy of chromosomes 11 and 22. The trisomic region on chromosome 22 overlaps the region hemizygously deleted in another congenital anomaly disorder, velo-cardio-facial syndrome/DiGeorge syndrome (VCFS/DGS). Most patients with VCFS/DGS have a similar 3-Mb deletion, whereas some have a nested distal deletion endpoint resulting in a 1.5-Mb deletion, and a few rare patients have unique deletions. To define the interval on 22q11 containing the t(11;22) breakpoint, haplotype analysis and FISH mapping were performed for five patients with der(22) syndrome. Analysis of all the patients was consistent with 3:1 meiotic malsegregation in the t(11;22) carrier parent. FISH-mapping studies showed that the t(11;22) breakpoint occurred in the same interval as the 1.5-Mb distal deletion breakpoint for VCFS. The deletion breakpoint of one VCFS patient with an unbalanced t(18;22) translocation also occurred in the same region. Hamster-human somatic hybrid cell lines from a patient with der(22) syndrome and a patient with VCFS showed that the breakpoints occurred in an interval containing low-copy repeats, distal to RANBP1 and proximal to ZNF74. The presence of low-copy repetitive sequences may confer susceptibility to chromosome rearrangements. A 1.5-Mb region of overlap on 22q11 in both syndromes suggests the presence of dosage-dependent genes in this interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Funke
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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39
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40
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Yamagishi H, Garg V, Matsuoka R, Thomas T, Srivastava D. A molecular pathway revealing a genetic basis for human cardiac and craniofacial defects. Science 1999; 283:1158-61. [PMID: 10024240 DOI: 10.1126/science.283.5405.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microdeletions of chromosome 22q11 are the most common genetic defects associated with cardiac and craniofacial anomalies in humans. A screen for mouse genes dependent on dHAND, a transcription factor implicated in neural crest development, identified Ufd1, which maps to human 22q11 and encodes a protein involved in degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. Mouse Ufd1 was specifically expressed in most tissues affected in patients with 22q11 deletion syndrome. The human UFD1L gene was deleted in all 182 patients studied with 22q11 deletion, and a smaller deletion of approximately 20 kilobases that removed exons 1 to 3 of UFD1L was found in one individual with features typical of 22q11 deletion syndrome. These data suggest that UFD1L haploinsufficiency contributes to the congenital heart and craniofacial defects seen in 22q11 deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yamagishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Room NA8.124, Dallas, TX 75235-9148, USA
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41
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Bonnet D, Cormier-Daire V, Kachaner J, Szezepanski I, Souillard P, Sidi D, Munnich A, Lyonnet S. Microsatellite DNA markers detects 95% of chromosome 22q11 deletions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970120)68:2<182::aid-ajmg12>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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Yoshiura K, Machida J, Daack-Hirsch S, Patil SR, Ashworth LK, Hecht JT, Murray JC. Characterization of a novel gene disrupted by a balanced chromosomal translocation t(2;19)(q11.2;q13.3) in a family with cleft lip and palate. Genomics 1998; 54:231-40. [PMID: 9828125 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate is a common birth defect that is genetically complex. The nonsyndromic forms have been studied genetically using linkage and candidate-gene association studies with only partial success in defining the loci responsible for orofacial clefting. Loci for nonsyndromic cases have been suggested on 2p13, 4q31, 6p24, 17q21-q24, and 19q13.2. Recently, we identified a family in which cleft lip and palate segregated in two of three generations with a balanced chromosomal translocation t(2;19)(q11. 2;q13.3). We used a positional-cloning strategy to identify a novel gene disrupted by the translocation on chromosome 19. Eight rare (q < 0.01) and nine common (q > 0.01) variants of this gene were detected in the DNA of 74 unrelated cases of cleft lip and/or cleft palate; no variants associated significantly with clefting, suggesting that this gene is not a major contributor to abnormal craniofacial development. This gene, CLPTM1, was ubiquitously expressed on Northern blots containing RNA from adult tissues and in whole-mount in situ hybridization of day 10 to 12 mouse embryos. CLPTM1 encodes a transmembrane protein and has strong homology to two Caenorhabditis elegans genes, suggesting that CLPTM1 may belong to a new gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yoshiura
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
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43
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Funke B, Puech A, Saint-Jore B, Pandita R, Skoultchi A, Morrow B. Isolation and characterization of a human gene containing a nuclear localization signal from the critical region for velo-cardio-facial syndrome on 22q11. Genomics 1998; 53:146-54. [PMID: 9790763 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) and DiGeorge syndrome are congenital disorders characterized by craniofacial anomalies, conotruncal heart defects, immune deficiencies, and learning disabilities. Both diseases are associated with similar hemizygous 22q11 deletions, indicating that haploinsufficiency of a gene(s) in 22q11 is responsible for their etiology. We describe here a new gene called NLVCF, which maps to the critical region for VCFS on 22q11 between the genes HIRA and UFD1L. NLVCF encodes a putative protein of 206 amino acids. The coding region encompasses four exons that span a genomic interval of 3.4 kb. Coding sequence analysis revealed that NLVCF is a novel gene that contains two consensus sequences for nuclear localization signals. The Nlvcf mouse homolog is 75% identical in amino acid sequence and maps to the orthologous region on mouse chromosome 16. The human NLVCF transcript is 1.3 kb in size and is expressed at varying levels in many fetal and adult tissues. Whole-mount in situ hybridization showed that Nlvcf is expressed in most structures of 9.5-dpc mouse embryos, with especially high expression in the head as well as in the first and second pharyngeal arches. NLVCF and HIRA are divergently transcribed, and their start codons lie approximately 1 kb apart in both humans and mice. Interestingly, the two genes exhibit a similar expression pattern in mouse embryos, suggesting that they may share common regulatory elements. The pattern of expression of NLVCF and its localization in the critical region suggest that NLVCF may contribute to the etiology of VCFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Funke
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA
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44
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Sutherland HF, Kim UJ, Scambler PJ. Cloning and comparative mapping of the DiGeorge syndrome critical region in the mouse. Genomics 1998; 52:37-43. [PMID: 9740669 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome deletions leading to the hemizygous loss of groups of contiguous genes are a major cause of human congenital defects. In some syndromes haploinsufficiency of a single gene causes the majority of the syndromal features, whereas other diseases are thought to be the consequences of a combined haploinsufficiency. In the case of the DiGeorge and velocardiofacial syndromes, caused by deletions within 22q11, the genetic analyses have so far failed to implicate a single gene. By virtue of FISH analysis and the creation of a BAC/P1 genomic clone contig we have mapped 19 murine homologues of genes and nine EST groups from the region deleted in DiGeorge syndrome and found them to be linked on mouse chromosome 16. Rearrangements during the divergence of mouse and human have led to differing gene orders in the two species, with implications for the most appropriate means of mimicking particular human deletions. The map confirms and extends previous analyses and the contig resources toward the generation of targeted deletions in the mouse.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacteriophage P1/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins
- Chromosome Mapping/methods
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast/chemistry
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast/genetics
- Chromosomes, Bacterial/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- DiGeorge Syndrome/genetics
- Histone Chaperones
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Transcription Factors/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Sutherland
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
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45
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McKie JM, Wadey RB, Sutherland HF, Taylor CL, Scambler PJ. Direct selection of conserved cDNAs from the DiGeorge critical region: isolation of a novel CDC45-like gene. Genome Res 1998; 8:834-41. [PMID: 9724329 PMCID: PMC310757 DOI: 10.1101/gr.8.8.834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/1998] [Accepted: 06/15/1998] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have used a modified direct selection technique to detect transcripts that are both evolutionary conserved and developmentally expressed. The enrichment for homologous mouse cDNAs by use of human genomic DNA as template is shown to be an efficient and rapid approach for generating transcript maps. Deletions of human 22q11 are associated with several clinical syndromes, with overlapping phenotypes, for example, velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) and DiGeorge syndrome (DGS). A large number of transcriptional units exist within the defined critical region, many of which have been identified previously by direct selection. However, no single obvious candidate gene for the VCFS/DGS phenotype has yet been found. Our technique has been applied to the DiGeorge critical region and has resulted in the isolation of a novel candidate gene, Cdc45l2, similar to yeast Cdc45p. [The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the EMBL data library under accession nos. AJ0223728 and AF0223729.]
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Affiliation(s)
- J M McKie
- Institute of Child Health, University College London Medical School, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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46
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Kirov N, Shtilbans A, Rushlow C. Isolation and characterization of a new gene encoding a member of the HIRA family of proteins from Drosophila melanogaster. Gene 1998; 212:323-32. [PMID: 9611274 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(98)00143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The HIRA family of genes (named after yeast HIR genes; HIR is an acronym for 'histone regulator') includes the yeast HIR1 and HIR2 repressors of histone gene transcription in S. cerevisiae, human TUPLE-1/HIRA, chicken HIRA, and mouse HIRA. Here, we describe a new member of the HIRA family, Dhh, for the Drosophila homolog of HIRA . Northern analysis with poly (A)+ mRNA isolated from different developmental stages of Drosophila melanogaster shows hybridization with a single Dhh transcript of 4.1kb. Hybridization is strong in female adults, unfertilized eggs and 0-3-h-old embryos, then diminishes, but is still detectable, during later stages of development and in adult males. More specifically, in-situ hybridization shows that Dhh transcripts, which are initially detected in nurse cells during mid-oogenesis, become localized to the developing oocyte at high levels. Transcripts persist strongly during early blastoderm stages then fade dramatically by 3h of development. The Dhh cDNA encodes an open reading frame of 1061 amino acids with high similarity scores to the HIRA polypeptides, as well as two hypothetical polypeptides from C. elegans and S. pombe, in a protein database search. They all share three highly homologous regions: a WD-repeat cluster, a small domain with clustered positively charged amino acids, and a domain comprising two repeats with close resemblance to WD repeats plus a region with no homology outside of the family. The conservation of these homologous regions in HIRA-encoded proteins from evolutionary distant organisms suggests that they are important for the activity of the members of the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kirov
- Department of Biology, New York University, 1009 Main Building, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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47
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Megonigal MD, Rappaport EF, Jones DH, Williams TM, Lovett BD, Kelly KM, Lerou PH, Moulton T, Budarf ML, Felix CA. t(11;22)(q23;q11.2) In acute myeloid leukemia of infant twins fuses MLL with hCDCrel, a cell division cycle gene in the genomic region of deletion in DiGeorge and velocardiofacial syndromes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:6413-8. [PMID: 9600980 PMCID: PMC27754 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.11.6413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the MLL genomic translocation breakpoint in acute myeloid leukemia of infant twins. Southern blot analysis in both cases showed two identical MLL gene rearrangements indicating chromosomal translocation. The rearrangements were detectable in the second twin before signs of clinical disease and the intensity relative to the normal fragment indicated that the translocation was not constitutional. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with an MLL-specific probe and karyotype analyses suggested t(11;22)(q23;q11. 2) disrupting MLL. Known 5' sequence from MLL but unknown 3' sequence from chromosome band 22q11.2 formed the breakpoint junction on the der(11) chromosome. We used panhandle variant PCR to clone the translocation breakpoint. By ligating a single-stranded oligonucleotide that was homologous to known 5' MLL genomic sequence to the 5' ends of BamHI-digested DNA through a bridging oligonucleotide, we formed the stem-loop template for panhandle variant PCR which yielded products of 3.9 kb. The MLL genomic breakpoint was in intron 7. The sequence of the partner DNA from band 22q11.2 was identical to the hCDCrel (human cell division cycle related) gene that maps to the region commonly deleted in DiGeorge and velocardiofacial syndromes. Both MLL and hCDCrel contained homologous CT, TTTGTG, and GAA sequences within a few base pairs of their respective breakpoints, which may have been important in uniting these two genes by translocation. Reverse transcriptase-PCR amplified an in-frame fusion of MLL exon 7 to hCDCrel exon 3, indicating that an MLL-hCDCrel chimeric mRNA had been transcribed. Panhandle variant PCR is a powerful strategy for cloning translocation breakpoints where the partner gene is undetermined. This application of the method identified a region of chromosome band 22q11.2 involved in both leukemia and a constitutional disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Megonigal
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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48
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Galili N, Epstein JA, Leconte I, Nayak S, Buck CA. Gscl, a gene within the minimal DiGeorge critical region, is expressed in primordial germ cells and the developing pons. Dev Dyn 1998; 212:86-93. [PMID: 9603426 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(199805)212:1<86::aid-aja8>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Gscl, a paired-type homeobox gene, has been implicated in the pathology of DGS/VCFS by virtue of its genomic location and its structural similarity to the Gsc gene family. Immunohistochemical and in situ studies were performed to examine the expression pattern of this gene during embryonic development. A polyclonal antibody, generated to the full-length protein and shown to be specific for GSCL by both Western blotting and immunofluorescence, was used for immunohistochemical localization. Both in situ and antibody staining localized GSCL expression to a cluster of cells in the pons region of the developing brain. This GSCL expression pattern showed partial overlap with that of Pax6. More detailed immunohistochemistry revealed the GSCL in primordial germ cells during migration from the epithelium of the hindgut and later as they colonize the developing gonads. GSCL was not detected in tissues affected in DGS/VCSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Galili
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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49
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Abstract
Recent discoveries have led to a greater appreciation of the diverse mechanisms that underlie cardiac morphogenesis. Genetic strategies (primarily gene targeting approaches in mice) have significantly broadened research in cardiovascular developmental biology by illuminating new pathways involved in heart development and by allowing the genetic evaluation of pathways that have previously been implicated in these events. Advances have also been made using biochemical and cell- and tissue-based approaches. This review summarizes the author's interpretation of current trends in the effort to understand the molecular basis of cardiac-development, with an emphasis on insights obtained from genetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Sucov
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA.
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50
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Woolf AS. Molecular control of nephrogenesis and the pathogenesis of kidney malformations. BRITISH JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 1998; 81 Suppl 2:1-7. [PMID: 9602789 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1998.0810s2001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A S Woolf
- Nephrourology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
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