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Bizzoca ME, Caponio VCA, Lo Muzio L, Claudio PP, Cortese A. Methods for Overcoming Chemoresistance in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Keeping the Focus on Cancer Stem Cells, a Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:3004. [PMID: 39272862 PMCID: PMC11394389 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16173004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
According to the "cancer stem cell" (CSCs) theory, tumors are a diverse and expanding group of malignant cells that originate from a small number of CSCs. Despite treatment, these cells can still become active and proliferate, which can result in distant metastasis and local recurrences. A new paradigm in cancer treatment involves targeting both CSCs and the cancer cells in a tumor. This review aims to examine the literature on methods published to overcome chemoresistance due to the presence of CSCs in head and neck cancers. The review was registered with PROSPERO (ID# CRD42024512809). After Pub Med, Scopus, and WoS database searches, 31 relevant articles on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) were selected. Compounds that increased chemosensitivity by targeting CSCs in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) were divided into (1) natural products, (2) adjuvant molecules to traditional chemotherapy, and (3) CSCs targeting patient-specific fresh biopsies for functional precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eleonora Bizzoca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Claudio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cancer Center & Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Antonio Cortese
- Unit of Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy
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2
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El Omari N, Khalid A, Makeen HA, Alhazmi HA, Albratty M, Mohan S, Tan CS, Ming LC, Chook JB, Bouyahya A. Stochasticity of anticancer mechanisms underlying clinical effectiveness of vorinostat. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33052. [PMID: 39021957 PMCID: PMC11253278 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved vorinostat, also called Zolinza®, for its effectiveness in fighting cancer. This drug is a suberoyl-anilide hydroxamic acid belonging to the class of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis). Its HDAC inhibitory potential allows it to accumulate acetylated histones. This, in turn, can restore normal gene expression in cancer cells and activate multiple signaling pathways. Experiments have proven that vorinostat induces histone acetylation and cytotoxicity in many cancer cell lines, increases the level of p21 cell cycle proteins, and enhances pro-apoptotic factors while decreasing anti-apoptotic factors. Additionally, it regulates the immune response by up-regulating programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and interferon gamma receptor 1 (IFN-γR1) expression, and can impact proteasome and/or aggresome degradation, endoplasmic reticulum function, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, tumor microenvironment remodeling, and angiogenesis inhibition. In this study, we sought to elucidate the precise molecular mechanism by which Vorinostat inhibits HDACs. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms could improve our understanding of cancer cell abnormalities and provide new therapeutic possibilities for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreddine El Omari
- High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Tetouan, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Postal Code 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute, National Center for Research, P.O. Box: 2424, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan
| | - Hafiz A. Makeen
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A. Alhazmi
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Postal Code 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Postal Code 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Postal Code 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Postal Code 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ching Siang Tan
- School of Pharmacy, KPJ Healthcare University, Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City, Malaysia
| | - Jack Bee Chook
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City, Malaysia
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, 10106, Morocco
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3
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Meng X, Bai X, Ke A, Li K, Lei Y, Ding S, Dai D. Long Non-Coding RNAs in Drug Resistance of Gastric Cancer: Complex Mechanisms and Potential Clinical Applications. Biomolecules 2024; 14:608. [PMID: 38927012 PMCID: PMC11201466 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) ranks as the third most prevalent malignancy and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. However, the majority of patients with GC are diagnosed at an advanced stage, highlighting the urgent need for effective perioperative and postoperative chemotherapy to prevent relapse and metastasis. The current treatment strategies have limited overall efficacy because of intrinsic or acquired drug resistance. Recent evidence suggests that dysregulated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a significant role in mediating drug resistance in GC. Therefore, there is an imperative to explore novel molecular mechanisms underlying drug resistance in order to overcome this challenging issue. With advancements in deep transcriptome sequencing technology, lncRNAs-once considered transcriptional noise-have garnered widespread attention as potential regulators of carcinogenesis, including tumor cell proliferation, metastasis, and sensitivity to chemo- or radiotherapy through multiple regulatory mechanisms. In light of these findings, we aim to review the mechanisms by which lncRNAs contribute to drug therapy resistance in GC with the goal of providing new insights and breakthroughs toward overcoming this formidable obstacle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Meng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China; (X.M.); (X.B.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (S.D.)
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Xiao Bai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China; (X.M.); (X.B.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (S.D.)
| | - Angting Ke
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China; (X.M.); (X.B.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (S.D.)
| | - Kaiqiang Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China; (X.M.); (X.B.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (S.D.)
| | - Yun Lei
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China; (X.M.); (X.B.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (S.D.)
| | - Siqi Ding
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China; (X.M.); (X.B.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (S.D.)
| | - Dongqiu Dai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China; (X.M.); (X.B.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (S.D.)
- Cancer Center, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China
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4
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Curcio A, Rocca R, Alcaro S, Artese A. The Histone Deacetylase Family: Structural Features and Application of Combined Computational Methods. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:620. [PMID: 38794190 PMCID: PMC11124352 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are crucial in gene transcription, removing acetyl groups from histones. They also influence the deacetylation of non-histone proteins, contributing to the regulation of various biological processes. Thus, HDACs play pivotal roles in various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and inflammatory conditions, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets. This paper reviews the structure and function of the four classes of human HDACs. While four HDAC inhibitors are currently available for treating hematological malignancies, numerous others are undergoing clinical trials. However, their non-selective toxicity necessitates ongoing research into safer and more efficient class-selective or isoform-selective inhibitors. Computational methods have aided the discovery of HDAC inhibitors with the desired potency and/or selectivity. These methods include ligand-based approaches, such as scaffold hopping, pharmacophore modeling, three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships, and structure-based virtual screening (molecular docking). Moreover, recent developments in the field of molecular dynamics simulations, combined with Poisson-Boltzmann/molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area techniques, have improved the prediction of ligand binding affinity. In this review, we delve into the ways in which these methods have contributed to designing and identifying HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Curcio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus “S. Venuta”, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.C.); (S.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Roberta Rocca
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus “S. Venuta”, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.C.); (S.A.); (A.A.)
- Net4Science S.r.l., Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus “S. Venuta”, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.C.); (S.A.); (A.A.)
- Net4Science S.r.l., Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Anna Artese
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Campus “S. Venuta”, Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.C.); (S.A.); (A.A.)
- Net4Science S.r.l., Università degli Studi “Magna Græcia” di Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Stokes G, Li Z, Talaba N, Genthe W, Brix MB, Pham B, Wienhold MD, Sandok G, Hernan R, Wynn J, Tang H, Tabima DM, Rodgers A, Hacker TA, Chesler NC, Zhang P, Murad R, Yuan JXJ, Shen Y, Chung WK, McCulley DJ. Rescuing lung development through embryonic inhibition of histone acetylation. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadc8930. [PMID: 38295182 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adc8930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
A major barrier to the impact of genomic diagnosis in patients with congenital malformations is the lack of understanding regarding how sequence variants contribute to disease pathogenesis and whether this information could be used to generate patient-specific therapies. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is among the most common and severe of all structural malformations; however, its underlying mechanisms are unclear. We identified loss-of-function sequence variants in the epigenomic regulator gene SIN3A in two patients with complex CDH. Tissue-specific deletion of Sin3a in mice resulted in defects in diaphragm development, lung hypoplasia, and pulmonary hypertension, the cardinal features of CDH and major causes of CDH-associated mortality. Loss of SIN3A in the lung mesenchyme resulted in reduced cellular differentiation, impaired cell proliferation, and increased DNA damage. Treatment of embryonic Sin3a mutant mice with anacardic acid, an inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase, reduced DNA damage, increased cell proliferation and differentiation, improved lung and pulmonary vascular development, and reduced pulmonary hypertension. These findings demonstrate that restoring the balance of histone acetylation can improve lung development in the Sin3a mouse model of CDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giangela Stokes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zhuowei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicole Talaba
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - William Genthe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Maria B Brix
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Betty Pham
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Gracia Sandok
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Rebecca Hernan
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Julia Wynn
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Haiyang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Diana M Tabima
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Allison Rodgers
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Timothy A Hacker
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Naomi C Chesler
- Edwards Lifesciences Foundation Cardiovascular Innovation and Research Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Pan Zhang
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rabi Murad
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Section of Physiology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Department of Biomedical Informatics, and JP Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David J McCulley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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6
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Kiweler N, Schwarz H, Nguyen A, Matschos S, Mullins C, Piée-Staffa A, Brachetti C, Roos WP, Schneider G, Linnebacher M, Brenner W, Krämer OH. The epigenetic modifier HDAC2 and the checkpoint kinase ATM determine the responses of microsatellite instable colorectal cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:2401-2419. [PMID: 35608750 PMCID: PMC10547618 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The epigenetic modifier histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC2) is frequently dysregulated in colon cancer cells. Microsatellite instability (MSI), an unfaithful replication of DNA at nucleotide repeats, occurs in about 15% of human colon tumors. MSI promotes a genetic frameshift and consequently a loss of HDAC2 in up to 43% of these tumors. We show that long-term and short-term cultures of colorectal cancers with MSI contain subpopulations of cells lacking HDAC2. These can be isolated as single cell-derived, proliferating populations. Xenografted patient-derived colon cancer tissues with MSI also show variable patterns of HDAC2 expression in mice. HDAC2-positive and HDAC2-negative RKO cells respond similarly to pharmacological inhibitors of the class I HDACs HDAC1/HDAC2/HDAC3. In contrast to this similarity, HDAC2-negative and HDAC2-positive RKO cells undergo differential cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction in response to the frequently used chemotherapeutic 5-fluorouracil, which becomes incorporated into and damages RNA and DNA. 5-fluorouracil causes an enrichment of HDAC2-negative RKO cells in vitro and in a subset of primary colorectal tumors in mice. 5-fluorouracil induces the phosphorylation of KAP1, a target of the checkpoint kinase ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), stronger in HDAC2-negative cells than in their HDAC2-positive counterparts. Pharmacological inhibition of ATM sensitizes RKO cells to cytotoxic effects of 5-fluorouracil. These findings demonstrate that HDAC2 and ATM modulate the responses of colorectal cancer cells towards 5-FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kiweler
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Present Address: Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Helena Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexandra Nguyen
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephanie Matschos
- Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christina Mullins
- Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Andrea Piée-Staffa
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christina Brachetti
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wynand P. Roos
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Günter Schneider
- Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Walburgis Brenner
- Clinic for Obstetrics and Women’s Health, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver H. Krämer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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El Omari N, Bakrim S, Khalid A, Abdalla AN, Almalki WH, Lee LH, Ardianto C, Ming LC, Bouyahya A. Molecular mechanisms underlying the clinical efficacy of panobinostat involve Stochasticity of epigenetic signaling, sensitization to anticancer drugs, and induction of cellular cell death related to cellular stresses. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114886. [PMID: 37224752 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Panobinostat, also known as Farydak®, LBH589, PNB, or panobinostat lactate, is a hydroxamic acid that has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for its anti-cancer properties. This orally bioavailable drug is classified as a non-selective histone deacetylase inhibitor (pan-HDACi) that inhibits class I, II, and IV HDACs at nanomolar levels due to its significant histone modifications and epigenetic mechanisms. A mismatch between histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and HDACs can negatively affect the regulation of the genes concerned, which in turn can contribute to tumorigenesis. Indeed, panobinostat inhibits HDACs, potentially leading to acetylated histone accumulation, re-establishing normal gene expression in cancer cells, and helping to drive multiple signaling pathways. These pathways include induction of histone acetylation and cytotoxicity for the majority of tested cancer cell lines, increased levels of p21 cell cycle proteins, enhanced amounts of pro-apoptotic factors (such as caspase-3/7 activity and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)) associated with decreased levels of anti-apoptotic factors [B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and B-cell lymphoma-extra-large (Bcl-XL)], as well as regulation of immune response [upregulated programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and interferon gamma receptor 1 (IFN-γR1) expression] and other events. The therapeutic outcome of panobinostat is therefore mediated by sub-pathways involving proteasome and/or aggresome degradation, endoplasmic reticulum, cell cycle arrest, promotion of extrinsic and intrinsic processes of apoptosis, tumor microenvironment remodeling, and angiogenesis inhibition. In this investigation, we aimed to pinpoint the precise molecular mechanism underlying panobinostat's HDAC inhibitory effect. A more thorough understanding of these mechanisms will greatly advance our knowledge of cancer cell aberrations and, as a result, provide an opportunity for the discovery of significant new therapeutic perspectives through cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Saad Bakrim
- Geo-Bio-Environment Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Molecular Engineering, Biotechnology and Innovation Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80000, Morocco
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box: 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, P. O. Box 2404, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Ashraf N Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Malaysia.
| | - Chrismawan Ardianto
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam; School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City 47500, Malaysia
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco.
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Bhuvanadas S, Devi A. JARID2 and EZH2, The Eminent Epigenetic Drivers In Human Cancer. Gene 2023:147584. [PMID: 37353042 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Cancer has become a prominent cause of death, accounting for approximately 10 million death worldwide as per the World Health Organization reports 2020. Epigenetics deal with the alterations of heritable phenotypes, except for DNA alterations. Currently, we are trying to comprehend the role of utmost significant epigenetic genes involved in the burgeoning of human cancer. A sundry of studies reported the Enhancer of Zeste Homologue2 (EZH2) as a prime catalytic subunit of Polycomb Repressive Complex2, which is involved in several pivotal activities, including embryogenesis. In addition, EZH2 has detrimental effects leading to the onset and metastasis of several cancers. Jumonji AT Rich Interacting Domain2 (JARID2), an undebated crucial nuclear factor, has strong coordination with the PRC2 family. In this review, we discuss various epigenetic entities, primarily focusing on the possible role and mechanism of EZH2 and the significant contribution of JARID2 in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeshma Bhuvanadas
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, India - 603203
| | - Arikketh Devi
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, India - 603203.
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9
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Chen C, Liu X, Chang CY, Wang HY, Wang RF. The Interplay between T Cells and Cancer: The Basis of Immunotherapy. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051008. [PMID: 37239368 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, immunotherapy has emerged as one of the most promising approaches to cancer treatment. The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors has resulted in impressive and durable clinical responses in the treatment of various cancers. Additionally, immunotherapy utilizing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells has produced robust responses in blood cancers, and T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells are showing promising results in the treatment of solid cancers. Despite these noteworthy advancements in cancer immunotherapy, numerous challenges remain. Some patient populations are unresponsive to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, and CAR T cell therapy has yet to show efficacy against solid cancers. In this review, we first discuss the significant role that T cells play in the body's defense against cancer. We then delve into the mechanisms behind the current challenges facing immunotherapy, starting with T cell exhaustion due to immune checkpoint upregulation and changes in the transcriptional and epigenetic landscapes of dysfunctional T cells. We then discuss cancer-cell-intrinsic characteristics, including molecular alterations in cancer cells and the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME), which collectively facilitate tumor cell proliferation, survival, metastasis, and immune evasion. Finally, we examine recent advancements in cancer immunotherapy, with a specific emphasis on T-cell-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Che-Yu Chang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Helen Y Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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10
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Conte M, Di Mauro A, Capasso L, Montella L, De Simone M, Nebbioso A, Altucci L. Targeting HDAC2-Mediated Immune Regulation to Overcome Therapeutic Resistance in Mutant Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15071960. [PMID: 37046620 PMCID: PMC10093005 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15071960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of clinical and experimental evidence indicates that colorectal cancer is one of the most common multifactorial diseases. Although some useful prognostic biomarkers for clinical therapy have already been identified, it is still difficult to characterize a therapeutic signature that is able to define the most appropriate treatment. Gene expression levels of the epigenetic regulator histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) are deregulated in colorectal cancer, and this deregulation is tightly associated with immune dysfunction. By interrogating bioinformatic databases, we identified patients who presented simultaneous alterations in HDAC2, class II major histocompatibility complex transactivator (CIITA), and beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) genes based on mutation levels, structural variants, and RNA expression levels. We found that B2M plays an important role in these alterations and that mutations in this gene are potentially oncogenic. The dysregulated mRNA expression levels of HDAC2 were reported in about 5% of the profiled patients, while other specific alterations were described for CIITA. By analyzing immune infiltrates, we then identified correlations among these three genes in colorectal cancer patients and differential infiltration levels of genetic variants, suggesting that HDAC2 may have an indirect immune-related role in specific subgroups of immune infiltrates. Using this approach to carry out extensive immunological signature studies could provide further clinical information that is relevant to more resistant forms of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Conte
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (L.C.); (A.N.); (L.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-5667564
| | - Annabella Di Mauro
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (L.C.); (A.N.); (L.A.)
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Capasso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (L.C.); (A.N.); (L.A.)
| | - Liliana Montella
- ASL NA2 NORD, Oncology Operative Unit, “Santa Maria delle Grazie” Hospital, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Mariacarla De Simone
- Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Division of Hematology, Cardarelli Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Angela Nebbioso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (L.C.); (A.N.); (L.A.)
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.D.M.); (L.C.); (A.N.); (L.A.)
- BIOGEM, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy
- IEOS, Institute for Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology, CNRs, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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11
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Kumar A, Emdad L, Fisher PB, Das SK. Targeting epigenetic regulation for cancer therapy using small molecule inhibitors. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 158:73-161. [PMID: 36990539 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells display pervasive changes in DNA methylation, disrupted patterns of histone posttranslational modification, chromatin composition or organization and regulatory element activities that alter normal programs of gene expression. It is becoming increasingly clear that disturbances in the epigenome are hallmarks of cancer, which are targetable and represent attractive starting points for drug creation. Remarkable progress has been made in the past decades in discovering and developing epigenetic-based small molecule inhibitors. Recently, epigenetic-targeted agents in hematologic malignancies and solid tumors have been identified and these agents are either in current clinical trials or approved for treatment. However, epigenetic drug applications face many challenges, including low selectivity, poor bioavailability, instability and acquired drug resistance. New multidisciplinary approaches are being designed to overcome these limitations, e.g., applications of machine learning, drug repurposing, high throughput virtual screening technologies, to identify selective compounds with improved stability and better bioavailability. We provide an overview of the key proteins that mediate epigenetic regulation that encompass histone and DNA modifications and discuss effector proteins that affect the organization of chromatin structure and function as well as presently available inhibitors as potential drugs. Current anticancer small-molecule inhibitors targeting epigenetic modified enzymes that have been approved by therapeutic regulatory authorities across the world are highlighted. Many of these are in different stages of clinical evaluation. We also assess emerging strategies for combinatorial approaches of epigenetic drugs with immunotherapy, standard chemotherapy or other classes of agents and advances in the design of novel epigenetic therapies.
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12
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Singh T, Kaur P, Singh P, Singh S, Munshi A. Differential molecular mechanistic behavior of HDACs in cancer progression. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:171. [PMID: 35972597 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic aberration including mutation in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes transforms normal cells into tumor cells. Epigenetic modifications work concertedly with genetic factors in controlling cancer development. Histone acetyltransferases (HATs), histone deacetylases (HDACs), DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and chromatin structure modifier are prospective epigenetic regulators. Specifically, HDACs are histone modifiers regulating the expression of genes implicated in cell survival, growth, apoptosis, and metabolism. The majority of HDACs are highly upregulated in cancer, whereas some have a varied function and expression in cancer progression. Distinct HDACs have a positive and negative role in controlling cancer progression. HDACs are also significantly involved in tumor cells acquiring metastatic and angiogenic potential in order to withstand the anti-tumor microenvironment. HDACs' role in modulating metabolic genes has also been associated with tumor development and survival. This review highlights and discusses the molecular mechanisms of HDACs by which they regulate cell survival, apoptosis, metastasis, invasion, stemness potential, angiogenesis, and epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMT) in tumor cells. HDACs are the potential target for anti-cancer drug development and various inhibitors have been developed and FDA approved for a variety of cancers. The primary HDAC inhibitors with proven anti-cancer efficacy have also been highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tashvinder Singh
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Prabhsimran Kaur
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | | | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India.
| | - Anjana Munshi
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India.
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13
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Mou W, Zhu L, Yang T, Lin A, Lyu Q, Guo L, Liu Z, Cheng Q, Zhang J, Luo P. Relationship between ATOH1 and tumor microenvironment in colon adenocarcinoma patients with different microsatellite instability status. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:229. [PMID: 35836254 PMCID: PMC9281179 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is one of the major varieties of malignant tumors threatening human health today. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have recently begun to emerge as an effective option for the treatment of COAD patients, but not all patients can benefit from ICI treatment. Previous studies have suggested that ICIs boast significant clinical effects on patients with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H), while conversely patients with microsatellite-stable/microsatellite instability-low (MSS/MSI-L) have shown limited response. METHODS We used ATAC-seq, RNA-seq, and mutation data from The Cancer Genome Atlas Colon adenocarcinoma (TCGA-COAD) cohort to perform multi-omics differential analysis on COAD samples with different MSI statuses, then further screened genes by additionally combining these results with survival analysis. We analyzed the effects of the screened genes on the tumor microenvironment and immunogenicity of COAD patients, and subsequently determined their influence on the efficacy of ICIs in COAD patients using a series of predictive indexes. RESULTS Twelve genes were screened in the TCGA-COAD cohort, and after the combined survival analysis, we identified ATOH1 as having significant effects. ATOH1 is characterized by high chromatin accessibility, high expression, and high mutation in COAD patients in the MSI-H group. COAD patients with high ATOH1 expression are associated with a better prognosis, unique immune microenvironment, and higher efficacy in ICI treatment. Enrichment analysis showed that COAD patients with high ATOH1 expression displayed significant upregulation in their humoral immunity and other related pathways. CONCLUSIONS We speculate that ATOH1 may influence the efficacy of ICIs therapy in patients with COAD by affecting the immune microenvironment and immunogenicity of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Mou
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingxuan Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Anqi Lin
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiong Lyu
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Linlang Guo
- Department of Pathology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Zaoqu Liu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
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14
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Natural Bioactive Compounds Targeting Histone Deacetylases in Human Cancers: Recent Updates. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27082568. [PMID: 35458763 PMCID: PMC9027183 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex pathology that causes a large number of deaths worldwide. Several risk factors are involved in tumor transformation, including epigenetic factors. These factors are a set of changes that do not affect the DNA sequence, while modifying the gene’s expression. Histone modification is an essential mark in maintaining cellular memory and, therefore, loss of this mark can lead to tumor transformation. As these epigenetic changes are reversible, the use of molecules that can restore the functions of the enzymes responsible for the changes is therapeutically necessary. Natural molecules, mainly those isolated from medicinal plants, have demonstrated significant inhibitory properties against enzymes related to histone modifications, particularly histone deacetylases (HDACs). Flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids exert significant inhibitory effects against HDAC and exhibit promising epi-drug properties. This suggests that epi-drugs against HDAC could prevent and treat various human cancers. Accordingly, the present study aimed to evaluate the pharmacodynamic action of different natural compounds extracted from medicinal plants against the enzymatic activity of HDAC.
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15
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16
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Xiang XS, Li PC, Wang WQ, Liu L. Histone deacetylases: A novel class of therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188676. [PMID: 35016922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the seventh leading cause of cancer death worldwide, with a low 5-year survival rate. Novel agents are urgently necessary to treat the main pathological type, known as pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDAC). The dysregulation of histone deacetylases (HDACs) has been identified in association with PDAC, which can be more easily targeted by small molecular inhibitors than gene mutations and may represent a therapeutic breakthrough for PDAC. However, the contributions of HDACs to PDAC remain controversial, and pharmacokinetic challenges have limited the application of HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) in PDAC. This review summarizes the mechanisms associated with success and failure of HDACis in PDAC and discusses the recent progress made in HDACi development and application, such as combination therapies designed to enhance efficacy. More precise strategies involving HDACis might eventually improve the outcomes of PDAC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Song Xiang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Li
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Quan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Hafez DA, Hassanin IA, Teleb M, Khattab SN, Elkhodairy KA, Elzoghby AO. Recent advances in nanomedicine-based delivery of histone deacetylase inhibitors for cancer therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:2305-2325. [PMID: 34551585 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are cancer therapeutics that operate at the epigenetic level and which have recently gained wide attention. However, the applications of HDACi are generally hindered by their poor physicochemical characteristics and unfavorable pharmacokinetic profile. Inspired by the approved nanomedicine-based drugs in the market, nanocarriers could provide a resort to circumvent the limitations imposed by HDACi. Enhanced tumor targeting, improved cellular uptake and reduced toxicity are major advantages offered by HDACi-loaded nanoparticles. More importantly, site-specific drug delivery can be achieved via engineered stimuli-responsive nanosystems. In this review we elucidate the anticancer mechanisms of HDACi and their structure-activity relationships, with a special focus on their nanomedicine-based delivery, different drug loading concepts and their implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A Hafez
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt.,Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Islam A Hassanin
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt.,Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies & Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Teleb
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Sherine N Khattab
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21321, Egypt
| | - Kadria A Elkhodairy
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt.,Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
| | - Ahmed O Elzoghby
- Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory (CNRL), Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt.,Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
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18
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Deregulation of Transcriptional Enhancers in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143532. [PMID: 34298745 PMCID: PMC8303223 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary One of the major challenges in cancer treatments is the dynamic adaptation of tumor cells to cancer therapies. In this regard, tumor cells can modify their response to environmental cues without altering their DNA sequence. This cell plasticity enables cells to undergo morphological and functional changes, for example, during the process of tumour metastasis or when acquiring resistance to cancer therapies. Central to cell plasticity, are the dynamic changes in gene expression that are controlled by a set of molecular switches called enhancers. Enhancers are DNA elements that determine when, where and to what extent genes should be switched on and off. Thus, defects in enhancer function can disrupt the gene expression program and can lead to tumour formation. Here, we review how enhancers control the activity of cancer-associated genes and how defects in these regulatory elements contribute to cell plasticity in cancer. Understanding enhancer (de)regulation can provide new strategies for modulating cell plasticity in tumour cells and can open new research avenues for cancer therapy. Abstract Epigenetic regulations can shape a cell’s identity by reversible modifications of the chromatin that ultimately control gene expression in response to internal and external cues. In this review, we first discuss the concept of cell plasticity in cancer, a process that is directly controlled by epigenetic mechanisms, with a particular focus on transcriptional enhancers as the cornerstone of epigenetic regulation. In the second part, we discuss mechanisms of enhancer deregulation in adult stem cells and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as two paradigms of cell plasticity that are dependent on epigenetic regulation and serve as major sources of tumour heterogeneity. Finally, we review how genetic variations at enhancers and their epigenetic modifiers contribute to tumourigenesis, and we highlight examples of cancer drugs that target epigenetic modifications at enhancers.
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19
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Shetty MG, Pai P, Deaver RE, Satyamoorthy K, Babitha KS. Histone deacetylase 2 selective inhibitors: A versatile therapeutic strategy as next generation drug target in cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105695. [PMID: 34082029 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acetylation and deacetylation of histone and several non-histone proteins are the two important processes amongst the different modes of epigenetic modulation that are involved in regulating cancer initiation and development. Abnormal expression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) is often reported in various types of cancers. Few pan HDAC inhibitors have been approved for use as therapeutic interventions for cancer treatment including vorinostat, belinostat and panobinostat. However, not all the HDAC isoforms are abnormally expressed in certain cancers, such as in the case of, ovarian cancer where overexpression of HDAC1-3, lung cancer where overexpression of HDAC 1 and 3 and gastric cancer where overexpression of HDAC2 is seen. Therefore, pan-inhibition of HDAC is not an efficient way to combat cancer via HDAC inhibition. Hence, isoform-selective HDAC inhibition can be one of the best therapeutic strategies in the treatment of cancer. In this context since aberrant expression of HDAC2 largely contributes to cancer progression by silencing pro-apoptotic protein expressions such as NOXA and APAF1 (caspase 9-activating proteins) and inactivation of tumor suppressor p53, HDAC2 specific inhibitors may help to develop not only the direct targets but also indirect targets that are crucial for tumor development. However, to develop a HDAC2 specific and potent inhibitor, extensive knowledge of its structure and specific functions is essential. The present review updates details on the structural features, physiological functions, and roles of HDAC2 in different types of cancer, emphasizing the challenges and status of the development of HDAC2 selective inhibitors against various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Padmini Pai
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, India
| | - Renita Esther Deaver
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, India
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20
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Viral Manipulation of the Host Epigenome as a Driver of Virus-Induced Oncogenesis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061179. [PMID: 34070716 PMCID: PMC8227491 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis due to viral infection accounts for a high fraction of the total global cancer burden (15–20%) of all human cancers. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which viral infection leads to tumor development is extremely important. One of the main mechanisms by which viruses induce host cell proliferation programs is through controlling the host’s epigenetic machinery. In this review, we dissect the epigenetic pathways through which oncogenic viruses can integrate their genome into host cell chromosomes and lead to tumor progression. In addition, we highlight the potential use of drugs based on histone modifiers in reducing the global impact of cancer development due to viral infection.
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21
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Giardina SF, Valdambrini E, Warren JD, Barany F. PROTACs: Promising Approaches for Epigenetic Strategies to Overcome Drug Resistance. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:306-325. [PMID: 33535953 DOI: 10.2174/1568009621666210203110857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modulation of gene expression is essential for tissue-specific development and maintenance in mammalian cells. Disruption of epigenetic processes, and the subsequent alteration of gene functions, can result in inappropriate activation or inhibition of various cellular signaling pathways, leading to cancer. Recent advancements in the understanding of the role of epigenetics in cancer initiation and progression have uncovered functions for DNA methylation, histone modifications, nucleosome positioning, and non-coding RNAs. Epigenetic therapies have shown some promise for hematological malignancies, and a wide range of epigenetic-based drugs are undergoing clinical trials. However, in a dynamic survival strategy, cancer cells exploit their heterogeneous population which frequently results in the rapid acquisition of therapy resistance. Here, we describe novel approaches in drug discovery targeting the epigenome, highlighting recent advances the selective degradation of target proteins using Proteolysis Targeting Chimera (PROTAC) to address drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Giardina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, Box 62, New York, NY, United States
| | - Elena Valdambrini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, Box 62, New York, NY, United States
| | - J David Warren
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, Box 63, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| | - Francis Barany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, Box 62, New York, NY, United States
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22
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Gediya P, Parikh PK, Vyas VK, Ghate MD. Histone deacetylase 2: A potential therapeutic target for cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 216:113332. [PMID: 33714914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been implicated in a number of diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative disorders and inflammation. For the treatment of epigenetically altered diseases such as cancer, HDAC inhibitors have made a significant progress in terms of development of isoform selective inhibitiors. Isoform specific HDAC inhibitors have less adverse events and better safety profile. A HDAC isoform i.e., HDAC2 demonstrated significant role in the development of variety of diseases, mainly involved in the cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Discovery and development of selective HDAC2 inhibitors have a great potential for the treatment of target diseases. In the present compilation, we have reviewed the role of HDAC2 in progression of cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, and information on the drug development opportunities for selective HDAC2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Gediya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Palak K Parikh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Vivek K Vyas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Manjunath D Ghate
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India.
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23
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Hu XT, Xing W, Zhao RS, Tan Y, Wu XF, Ao LQ, Li Z, Yao MW, Yuan M, Guo W, Li SZ, Yu J, Ao X, Xu X. HDAC2 inhibits EMT-mediated cancer metastasis by downregulating the long noncoding RNA H19 in colorectal cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:270. [PMID: 33267897 PMCID: PMC7709355 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01783-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and epigenetic mechanisms promote metastasis. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are important epigenetic regulators. Here, we elucidated a novel role of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) in regulating EMT and CRC metastasis via ncRNA. METHODS The expression of HDACs in CRC was analyzed using the public databases and matched primary and metastatic tissues, and CRC cells with different metastatic potentials (DLD1, HCT116, SW480 and SW620). Microarray analysis was used to identify differential genes in parental and HDAC2 knockout CRC cells. EMT and histone modifications were determined using western blot and immunofluorescence. Migration ability was assessed by transwell assay, and metastasis was assessed in vivo using a tail vain injection. Gene expression and regulation was assessed by RT-PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter assays. Protein interaction was assessed by immunoprecipitation. Specific siRNAs targeting H19, SP1 and MMP14 were used to validate their role in HDAC2 loss induced EMT and metastasis. RESULTS Reduced HDAC2 expression was associated with poor prognosis in CRC patients and found in CRC metastasis. HDAC2 deletion or knockdown induced EMT and metastasis by upregulating the long noncoding RNA H19 (LncRNA H19). HDAC2 inhibited LncRNA H19 expression by histone H3K27 deacetylation in its promoter via binding with SP1. LncRNA H19 functioned as a miR-22-3P sponge to increase the expression of MMP14. HDAC2 loss strongly promoted CRC lung metastasis, which was suppressed LncRNA H19 knockdown. CONCLUSION Our study supports HDAC2 as a CRC metastasis suppressor through the inhibition of EMT and the expression of H19 and MMP14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ting Hu
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xing
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Sen Zhao
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tan
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wu
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Luo-Quan Ao
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan Li
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Wei Yao
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Mu Yuan
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang-Ze Li
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Xiang Ao
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Montalvo-Casimiro M, González-Barrios R, Meraz-Rodriguez MA, Juárez-González VT, Arriaga-Canon C, Herrera LA. Epidrug Repurposing: Discovering New Faces of Old Acquaintances in Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:605386. [PMID: 33312959 PMCID: PMC7708379 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.605386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene mutations are strongly associated with tumor progression and are well known in cancer development. However, recently discovered epigenetic alterations have shown the potential to greatly influence tumoral response to therapy regimens. Such epigenetic alterations have proven to be dynamic, and thus could be restored. Due to their reversible nature, the promising opportunity to improve chemotherapy response using epigenetic therapy has arisen. Beyond helping to understand the biology of the disease, the use of modern clinical epigenetics is being incorporated into the management of the cancer patient. Potential epidrug candidates can be found through a process known as drug repositioning or repurposing, a promising strategy for the discovery of novel potential targets in already approved drugs. At present, novel epidrug candidates have been identified in preclinical studies and some others are currently being tested in clinical trials, ready to be repositioned. This epidrug repurposing could circumvent the classic paradigm where the main focus is the development of agents with one indication only, while giving patients lower cost therapies and a novel precision medical approach to optimize treatment efficacy and reduce toxicity. This review focuses on the main approved epidrugs, and their druggable targets, that are currently being used in cancer therapy. Also, we highlight the importance of epidrug repurposing by the rediscovery of known chemical entities that may enhance epigenetic therapy in cancer, contributing to the development of precision medicine in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Montalvo-Casimiro
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo González-Barrios
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Meraz-Rodriguez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Cristian Arriaga-Canon
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis A. Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
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25
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Phimmachanh M, Han JZR, O'Donnell YEI, Latham SL, Croucher DR. Histone Deacetylases and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in Neuroblastoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:578770. [PMID: 33117806 PMCID: PMC7575710 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.578770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes that play a key role in regulating gene expression by remodeling chromatin structure. An imbalance of histone acetylation caused by deregulated HDAC expression and activity is known to promote tumor progression in a number of tumor types, including neuroblastoma, the most common solid tumor in children. Consequently, the inhibition of HDACs has emerged as a potential strategy to reverse these aberrant epigenetic changes, and several classes of HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have been shown to inhibit tumor proliferation, or induce differentiation, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in neuroblastoma. Further, the combined use of HDACi with other chemotherapy agents, or radiotherapy, has shown promising pre-clinical results and various HDACi have progressed to different stages in clinical trials. Despite this, the effects of HDACi are multifaceted and more work needs to be done to unravel their specific mechanisms of actions. In this review, we discuss the functional role of HDACs in neuroblastoma and the potential of HDACi to be optimized for development and use in the clinic for treatment of patients with neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Phimmachanh
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeremy Z R Han
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yolande E I O'Donnell
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharissa L Latham
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David R Croucher
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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26
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Hontecillas-Prieto L, Flores-Campos R, Silver A, de Álava E, Hajji N, García-Domínguez DJ. Synergistic Enhancement of Cancer Therapy Using HDAC Inhibitors: Opportunity for Clinical Trials. Front Genet 2020; 11:578011. [PMID: 33024443 PMCID: PMC7516260 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.578011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is one of the most established and effective treatments for almost all types of cancer. However, the elevated toxicity due to the non-tumor-associated effects, development of secondary malignancies, infertility, radiation-induced fibrosis and resistance to treatment limit the effectiveness and safety of treatment. In addition, these multiple factors significantly impact quality of life. Over the last decades, our increased understanding of cancer epigenetics has led to new therapeutic approaches and the promise of improved patient outcomes. Epigenetic alterations are commonly found in cancer, especially the increased expression and activity of histone deacetylases (HDACs). Dysregulation of HDACs are critical to the development and progression of the majority of tumors. Hence, HDACs inhibitors (HDACis) were developed and now represent a very promising treatment strategy. The use of HDACis as monotherapy has shown very positive pre-clinical results, but clinical trials have had only limited success. However, combinatorial regimens with other cancer drugs have shown synergistic effects both in pre-clinical and clinical studies. At the same time, these combinations have enhanced the efficacy, reduced the toxicity and tumor resistance to therapy. In this review, we will examine examples of HDACis used in combination with other cancer drugs and highlight the synergistic effects observed in recent preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Hontecillas-Prieto
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla/CIBERONC, Seville, Spain
| | - Rocío Flores-Campos
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla/CIBERONC, Seville, Spain
| | - Andrew Silver
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Enrique de Álava
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla/CIBERONC, Seville, Spain.,Department of Normal and Pathological Cytology and Histology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Nabil Hajji
- Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J García-Domínguez
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla/CIBERONC, Seville, Spain
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27
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Neganova ME, Klochkov SG, Aleksandrova YR, Aliev G. Histone modifications in epigenetic regulation of cancer: Perspectives and achieved progress. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 83:452-471. [PMID: 32814115 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic changes associated with histone modifications play an important role in the emergence and maintenance of the phenotype of various cancer types. In contrast to direct mutations in the main DNA sequence, these changes are reversible, which makes the development of inhibitors of enzymes of post-translational histone modifications one of the most promising strategies for the creation of anticancer drugs. To date, a wide variety of histone modifications have been found that play an important role in the regulation of chromatin state, gene expression, and other nuclear events. This review examines the main features of the most common and studied epigenetic histone modifications with a proven role in the pathogenesis of a wide range of malignant neoplasms: acetylation / deacetylation and methylation / demethylation of histone proteins, as well as the role of enzymes of the HAT / HDAC and HMT / HDMT families in the development of oncological pathologies. The data on the relationship between histone modifications and certain types of cancer are presented and discussed. Special attention is devoted to the consideration of various strategies for the development of epigenetic inhibitors. The main directions of the development of inhibitors of histone modifications are analyzed and effective strategies for their creation are identified and discussed. The most promising strategy is the use of multitarget drugs, which will affect multiple molecular targets of cancer. A critical analysis of the current status of approved epigenetic anticancer drugs has also been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita E Neganova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 1, Severnii pr., Chernogolovka, 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey G Klochkov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 1, Severnii pr., Chernogolovka, 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia R Aleksandrova
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 1, Severnii pr., Chernogolovka, 142432, Russian Federation
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 1, Severnii pr., Chernogolovka, 142432, Russian Federation.,I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 8/2 Trubetskaya Str., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Federal State Budgetary Institution «Research Institute of Human Morphology», 3, Tsyurupy Str., Moscow, 117418, Russian Federation.,GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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28
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Li Y, Zhang X, Zhu S, Dejene EA, Peng W, Sepulveda A, Seto E. HDAC10 Regulates Cancer Stem-Like Cell Properties in KRAS-Driven Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2020; 80:3265-3278. [PMID: 32540961 PMCID: PMC7442594 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Activation of oncogenic KRAS is the most common driving event in lung adenocarcinoma development. Despite the existing rationale for targeting activated KRAS and its downstream effectors, the failure of clinical trials to date indicates that the mechanism of KRAS-driven malignancy remains poorly understood. Here we report that histone deacetylase 10 (HDAC10) might function as a putative tumor suppressor in mice carrying a spontaneously activated oncogenic Kras allele. Hdac10 deletion accelerated KRAS-driven early-onset lung adenocarcinomas, increased macrophage infiltration in the tumor microenvironment, and shortened survival time in mice. Highly tumorigenic and stem-like lung adenocarcinoma cells were increased in Hdac10-deleted tumors compared with Hdac10 wild-type tumors. HDAC10 regulated the stem-like properties of KRAS-expressing tumor cells by targeting SOX9. Expression of SOX9 was significantly increased in Hdac10-deleted tumor cells and depletion of SOX9 in Hdac10 knockout (KO) lung adenocarcinoma cells inhibited growth of tumorspheres. The genes associated with TGFβ pathway were enriched in Hdac10 KO tumor cells, and activation of TGFβ signaling contributed to SOX9 induction in Hdac10 KO lung adenocarcinoma cells. Overall, our study evaluates the functions and mechanisms of action of HDAC10 in lung carcinogenesis that will inform the rationale for targeting its related regulatory signaling as an anticancer strategy. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings linking HDAC10 and lung tumorigenesis identify potential novel strategies for targeting HDAC10 as a treatment for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Shaoqi Zhu
- Department of Physics, Columbian College of Arts & Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C
| | - Eden A Dejene
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Weiqun Peng
- Department of Physics, Columbian College of Arts & Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, D.C
| | - Antonia Sepulveda
- Department of Pathology, George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, D.C
| | - Edward Seto
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, D.C.
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29
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Verza FA, Das U, Fachin AL, Dimmock JR, Marins M. Roles of Histone Deacetylases and Inhibitors in Anticancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061664. [PMID: 32585896 PMCID: PMC7352721 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Histones are the main structural proteins of eukaryotic chromatin. Histone acetylation/ deacetylation are the epigenetic mechanisms of the regulation of gene expression and are catalyzed by histone acetyltransferases (HAT) and histone deacetylases (HDAC). These epigenetic alterations of DNA structure influence the action of transcription factors which can induce or repress gene transcription. The HATs catalyze acetylation and the events related to gene transcription and are also responsible for transporting newly synthesized histones from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. The activity of HDACs is mainly involved in silencing gene expression and according to their specialized functions are divided into classes I, II, III and IV. The disturbance of the expression and mutations of HDAC genes causes the aberrant transcription of key genes regulating important cancer pathways such as cell proliferation, cell-cycle regulation and apoptosis. In view of their role in cancer pathways, HDACs are considered promising therapeutic targets and the development of HDAC inhibitors is a hot topic in the search for new anticancer drugs. The present review will focus on HDACs I, II and IV, the best known inhibitors and potential alternative inhibitors derived from natural and synthetic products which can be used to influence HDAC activity and the development of new cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Alves Verza
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto SP CEP 14096-900, Brazil; (F.A.V.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Umashankar Das
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada;
| | - Ana Lúcia Fachin
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto SP CEP 14096-900, Brazil; (F.A.V.); (A.L.F.)
- Medicine School, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto SP CEP 14096-900, Brazil
| | - Jonathan R. Dimmock
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada;
- Correspondence: (J.R.D.); (M.M.); Tel.: +1-306-966-6331 (J.R.D.); +55-16-3603-6728 (M.M.)
| | - Mozart Marins
- Biotechnology Unit, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto SP CEP 14096-900, Brazil; (F.A.V.); (A.L.F.)
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada;
- Medicine School, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto SP CEP 14096-900, Brazil
- Pharmaceutical Sciences School, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto SP CEP 14096-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (J.R.D.); (M.M.); Tel.: +1-306-966-6331 (J.R.D.); +55-16-3603-6728 (M.M.)
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30
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Jang YG, Ko EB, Choi KC. Gallic acid, a phenolic acid, hinders the progression of prostate cancer by inhibition of histone deacetylase 1 and 2 expression. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 84:108444. [PMID: 32615369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gallic acid (GA) is known to possess diverse biological activities, including anticancer. Histone deacetylase (HDACs) are controlled by tumor suppressor gene transcription and are overexpressed in various tumors, resulting in tumor development, progression and poor prognosis. This study aims to demonstrate the effect of GA on inhibition of prostate cancer (PCa) progression by modulating the expression of HDAC1 and 2 in PCa cells. To prove our research rationale, we used diverse experimental methods. GA decreased the cell viability of only PCa cell lines and not normal cells (contrary to another HDAC inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid) and also inhibited colony and tumor spheroid formation. Exposure to GA decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), increased the number of apoptotic cells and induced DNA fragmentation. Western blot analysis revealed down-regulated expression of HDAC1 and 2, leading to up-regulation of acetyl-p53 expression at the protein level, subsequent to down-regulating the expression of cell-cycle-related genes, i.e., proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Cyclin D1 and E1, up-regulating the expression of cell cycle arrest gene p21 and regulating the expression of apoptosis intrinsic pathway-related genes, such as Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved Caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 in both PCa cell lines. Furthermore, oral administration of GA for 8 weeks on PC-3 cells-derived tumor xenograft mice model decreases the tumor size, damages the tumor structure and down-regulates the expression of HDAC1 and 2 and PCNA in tumor mass, as confirmed by histological analysis. These results indicated that GA may hinder the PCa progression by inhibiting HDAC1 and 2 expression, thereby demonstrating the potential of GA to be used as HDACs inhibitor and anti-PCa therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Gi Jang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Eul-Bee Ko
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Epigenetic Control of a Local Chromatin Landscape. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030943. [PMID: 32023873 PMCID: PMC7038174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper regulation of the chromatin landscape is essential for maintaining eukaryotic cell identity and diverse cellular processes. The importance of the epigenome comes, in part, from the ability to influence gene expression through patterns in DNA methylation, histone tail modification, and chromatin architecture. Decades of research have associated this process of chromatin regulation and gene expression with human diseased states. With the goal of understanding how chromatin dysregulation contributes to disease, as well as preventing or reversing this type of dysregulation, a multidisciplinary effort has been launched to control the epigenome. Chemicals that alter the epigenome have been used in labs and in clinics since the 1970s, but more recently there has been a shift in this effort towards manipulating the chromatin landscape in a locus-specific manner. This review will provide an overview of chromatin biology to set the stage for the type of control being discussed, evaluate the recent technological advances made in controlling specific regions of chromatin, and consider the translational applications of these works.
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32
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Cheng Y, He C, Wang M, Ma X, Mo F, Yang S, Han J, Wei X. Targeting epigenetic regulators for cancer therapy: mechanisms and advances in clinical trials. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:62. [PMID: 31871779 PMCID: PMC6915746 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 577] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alternations concern heritable yet reversible changes in histone or DNA modifications that regulate gene activity beyond the underlying sequence. Epigenetic dysregulation is often linked to human disease, notably cancer. With the development of various drugs targeting epigenetic regulators, epigenetic-targeted therapy has been applied in the treatment of hematological malignancies and has exhibited viable therapeutic potential for solid tumors in preclinical and clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the aberrant functions of enzymes in DNA methylation, histone acetylation and histone methylation during tumor progression and highlight the development of inhibitors of or drugs targeted at epigenetic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cai He
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Manni Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Mo
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junhong Han
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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33
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San José-Enériz E, Gimenez-Camino N, Agirre X, Prosper F. HDAC Inhibitors in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111794. [PMID: 31739588 PMCID: PMC6896008 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematological malignancy characterized by uncontrolled proliferation, differentiation arrest, and accumulation of immature myeloid progenitors. Although clinical advances in AML have been made, especially in young patients, long-term disease-free survival remains poor, making this disease an unmet therapeutic challenge. Epigenetic alterations and mutations in epigenetic regulators contribute to the pathogenesis of AML, supporting the rationale for the use of epigenetic drugs in patients with AML. While hypomethylating agents have already been approved in AML, the use of other epigenetic inhibitors, such as histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitors (HDACi), is under clinical development. HDACi such as Panobinostat, Vorinostat, and Tricostatin A have been shown to promote cell death, autophagy, apoptosis, or growth arrest in preclinical AML models, yet these inhibitors do not seem to be effective as monotherapies, but rather in combination with other drugs. In this review, we discuss the rationale for the use of different HDACi in patients with AML, the results of preclinical studies, and the results obtained in clinical trials. Although so far the results with HDACi in clinical trials in AML have been modest, there are some encouraging data from treatment with the HDACi Pracinostat in combination with DNA demethylating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edurne San José-Enériz
- Área de Hemato-Oncología, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (E.S.J.-E.); (N.G.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Naroa Gimenez-Camino
- Área de Hemato-Oncología, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (E.S.J.-E.); (N.G.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xabier Agirre
- Área de Hemato-Oncología, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (E.S.J.-E.); (N.G.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (X.A.); (F.P.); Tel.: +34-948-194700 (ext. 1002) (X.A.); +34-948-255400 (ext. 5807) (F.P.)
| | - Felipe Prosper
- Área de Hemato-Oncología, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (E.S.J.-E.); (N.G.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Hematología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (X.A.); (F.P.); Tel.: +34-948-194700 (ext. 1002) (X.A.); +34-948-255400 (ext. 5807) (F.P.)
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Sung MS, Heo H, Eom GH, Kim SY, Piao H, Guo Y, Park SW. HDAC2 Regulates Glial Cell Activation in Ischemic Mouse Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205159. [PMID: 31627491 PMCID: PMC6829428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was undertaken to investigate whether histone deacetylases (HDACs) can modulate the viability of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the activity of glial cells in a mouse model of retinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to constant elevation of intraocular pressure for 60 min to induce retinal IR injury. Expression of macroglial and microglial cell markers (GFAP and Iba1), hypoxia inducing factor (HIF)-1α, and histone acetylation was analyzed after IR injury. To investigate the role of HDACs in the activation of glial cells, overexpression of HDAC1 and HDAC2 isoforms was performed. To determine the effect of HDAC inhibition on RGC survival, trichostatin-A (TSA, 2.5 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally. After IR injury, retinal GFAP, Iba1, and HIF-1α were upregulated. Conversely, retinal histone acetylation was downregulated. Notably, adenoviral-induced overexpression of HDAC2 enhanced glial activation following IR injury, whereas overexpression of HDAC1 did not significantly affect glial activation. TSA treatment significantly increased RGC survival after IR injury. Our results suggest that increased activity of HDAC2 is closely related to glial activation in a mouse model of retinal IR injury and inhibition of HDACs by TSA showed neuroprotective potential in retinas with IR injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Sun Sung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Hwan Heo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Gwang Hyeon Eom
- Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasungun 58128, Korea.
| | - So Young Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Helong Piao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Sang Woo Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
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Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Scorilas A, Gonçalves AC, Efferth T, Trougakos IP. The emergence of drug resistance to targeted cancer therapies: Clinical evidence. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 47:100646. [PMID: 31733611 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.100646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For many decades classical anti-tumor therapies included chemotherapy, radiation and surgery; however, in the last two decades, following the identification of the genomic drivers and main hallmarks of cancer, the introduction of therapies that target specific tumor-promoting oncogenic or non-oncogenic pathways, has revolutionized cancer therapeutics. Despite the significant progress in cancer therapy, clinical oncologists are often facing the primary impediment of anticancer drug resistance, as many cancer patients display either intrinsic chemoresistance from the very beginning of the therapy or after initial responses and upon repeated drug treatment cycles, acquired drug resistance develops and thus relapse emerges, resulting in increased mortality. Our attempts to understand the molecular basis underlying these drug resistance phenotypes in pre-clinical models and patient specimens revealed the extreme plasticity and adaptive pathways employed by tumor cells, being under sustained stress and extensive genomic/proteomic instability due to the applied therapeutic regimens. Subsequent efforts have yielded more effective inhibitors and combinatorial approaches (e.g. the use of specific pharmacologic inhibitors with immunotherapy) that exhibit synergistic effects against tumor cells, hence enhancing therapeutic indices. Furthermore, new advanced methodologies that allow for the early detection of genetic/epigenetic alterations that lead to drug chemoresistance and prospective validation of biomarkers which identify patients that will benefit from certain drug classes, have started to improve the clinical outcome. This review discusses emerging principles of drug resistance to cancer therapies targeting a wide array of oncogenic kinases, along with hedgehog pathway and the proteasome and apoptotic inducers, as well as epigenetic and metabolic modulators. We further discuss mechanisms of resistance to monoclonal antibodies, immunomodulators and immune checkpoint inhibitors, potential biomarkers of drug response/drug resistance, along with possible new therapeutic avenues for the clinicians to combat devastating drug resistant malignancies. It is foreseen that these topics will be major areas of focused multidisciplinary translational research in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bela Sarmento-Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology and University Clinic of Hematology and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research - Group of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (iCBR/CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Hematology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Andreas Scorilas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ana Cristina Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology and University Clinic of Hematology and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research - Group of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (iCBR/CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ioannis P Trougakos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
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Zhang B, Liu B, Chen D, Setroikromo R, Haisma HJ, Quax WJ. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Sensitize TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis in Colon Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050645. [PMID: 31083396 PMCID: PMC6562715 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is considered as a promising anti-cancer therapeutic. However, many cancers have been found to be or to become inherently resistant to TRAIL. A combination of epigenetic modifiers, such as histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi's), with TRAIL was effective to overcome TRAIL resistance in some cancers. Broad spectrum HDACi's, however, show considerable toxicity constraining clinical use. Since overexpression of class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) has been found in colon tumors relative to normal mucosa, we have focused on small spectrum HDACi's. We have now tested agonistic receptor-specific TRAIL variants rhTRAIL 4C7 and DHER in combination with several class I specific HDACi's on TRAIL-resistant colon cancer cells DLD-1 and WiDr. Our data show that TRAIL-mediated apoptosis is largely improved in WiDr cells by pre-incubation with Entinostat-a HDAC1, 2, and 3 inhibitor- and in DLD-1 cells by RGFP966-a HDAC3-specific inhibitor- or PCI34051-a HDAC8-specific inhibitor. We are the first to report that using RGFP966 or PCI34051 in combination with rhTRAIL 4C7 or DHER represents an effective cancer therapy. The intricate relation of HDACs and TRAIL-induced apoptosis was confirmed in cells by knockdown of HDAC1, 2, or 3 gene expression, which showed more early apoptotic cells upon adding rhTRAIL 4C7 or DHER. We observed that RGFP966 and PCI34051 increased DR4 expression after incubation on DLD-1 cells, while RGFP966 induced more DR5 expression on WiDr cells, indicating a different role for DR4 or DR5 in these combinations. At last, we show that combined treatment of RGFP966 with TRAIL variants (rhTRAIL 4C7/DHER) increases apoptosis on 3D tumor spheroid models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojie Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Deng Chen
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Rita Setroikromo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hidde J Haisma
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim J Quax
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Shukla S, Penta D, Mondal P, Meeran SM. Epigenetics of Breast Cancer: Clinical Status of Epi-drugs and Phytochemicals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1152:293-310. [PMID: 31456191 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-20301-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics refers to alterations in gene expression due to differential histone modifications and DNA methylation at promoter sites of genes. Epigenetic alterations are reversible and are heritable during somatic cell division, but do not involve changes in nucleotide sequence. Epigenetic regulation plays a critical role in normal growth and embryonic development by controlling transcriptional activities of several genes. In last two decades, these modifications have been well recognized to be involved in tumor initiation and progression, which has motivated many investigators to incorporate this novel field in cancer drug development. Recently, growing number of epigenetic changes have been reported that are involved in the regulations of genes involved in breast tumor growth and metastasis. Drugs possessing epigenetic modulatory activities known as epi-drugs, mainly the inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs) and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). Some of these drugs are undergoing different clinical trials for breast cancer treatment. Several phytochemicals such as green tea polyphenols, curcumin, genistein, resveratrol and sulforaphane have also been shown to alter epigenetic modifications in multiple cancer types including breast cancer. In this chapter, we summarize the role of epigenetic changes in breast cancer progression and metastasis. We have also discussed about various epigenetic modulators possessing chemopreventive and therapeutic efficacy against breast cancer with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samriddhi Shukla
- Department of Paediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Dhanamjai Penta
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - Priya Mondal
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - Syed Musthapa Meeran
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India.
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Epigenetic Targeting of Autophagy via HDAC Inhibition in Tumor Cells: Role of p53. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123952. [PMID: 30544838 PMCID: PMC6321134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor development and progression is the consequence of genetic as well as epigenetic alterations of the cell. As part of the epigenetic regulatory system, histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and deacetylases (HDACs) drive the modification of histone as well as non-histone proteins. Derailed acetylation-mediated gene expression in cancer due to a delicate imbalance in HDAC expression can be reversed by histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi). Histone deacetylase inhibitors have far-reaching anticancer activities that include the induction of cell cycle arrest, the inhibition of angiogenesis, immunomodulatory responses, the inhibition of stress responses, increased generation of oxidative stress, activation of apoptosis, autophagy eliciting cell death, and even the regulation of non-coding RNA expression in malignant tumor cells. However, it remains an ongoing issue how tumor cells determine to respond to HDACi treatment by preferentially undergoing apoptosis or autophagy. In this review, we summarize HDACi-mediated mechanisms of action, particularly with respect to the induction of cell death. There is a keen interest in assessing suitable molecular factors allowing a prognosis of HDACi-mediated treatment. Addressing the results of our recent study, we highlight the role of p53 as a molecular switch driving HDACi-mediated cellular responses towards one of both types of cell death. These findings underline the importance to determine the mutational status of p53 for an effective outcome in HDACi-mediated tumor therapy.
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Yelton CJ, Ray SK. Histone deacetylase enzymes and selective histone deacetylase inhibitors for antitumor effects and enhancement of antitumor immunity in glioblastoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 5. [PMID: 30701185 PMCID: PMC6348296 DOI: 10.20517/2347-8659.2018.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), which is the most common primary central nervous system malignancy in adults, has long presented a formidable challenge to researchers and clinicians alike. Dismal 5-year survival rates of the patients with these tumors and the ability of the recurrent tumors to evade primary treatment strategies have prompted a need for alternative therapies in the treatment of GBM. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are currently a potential epigenetic therapy modality under investigation for use in GBM with mixed results. While these agents show promise through a variety of proposed mechanisms in the pre-clinical realm, only several of these agents have shown this same promise when translated into the clinical arena, either as monotherapy or for use in combination regimens. This review will examine the current state of use of HDAC inhibitors in GBM, the mechanistic rationale for use of HDAC inhibitors in GBM, and then examine an exciting new mechanistic revelation of certain HDAC inhibitors that promote antitumor immunity in GBM. The details of this antitumor immunity will be discussed with an emphasis on application of this antitumor immunity towards developing alternative therapies for treatment of GBM. The final section of this article will provide an overview of the current state of immunotherapy targeted specifically to GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Yelton
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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Fiedor E, Zajda K, Gregoraszczuk EL. Leptin Receptor Antagonists' Action on HDAC Expression Eliminating the Negative Effects of Leptin in Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2018; 15:329-336. [PMID: 29976638 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM A common finding in cancer cells is the overexpression of histone deacetylases (HDACs), leading to altered expression and activity of numerous proteins involved in carcinogenesis. Considering that leptin can modulate the levels of HDACs, we hypothesised that leptin receptor antagonists can alter HDAC expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS HDAC expression in cells exposed to leptin and leptin receptor antagonists (SHLA and Lan2) were evaluated in ovarian epithelial (OVCAR-3, CaOV3) and folliculoma (COV434, KGN) cells. RESULTS Higher HDAC expression was found in epithelial compared to folliculoma cells. Leptin increased class I and II HDACs only in OVCAR-3 cells, and SHLA was more potent then Lan-2. In folliculoma cells, leptin only increased class II HDAC expression, Lan-2 was more potent than SHLA in the COV434 and neither antagonist affected the KGN cells. CONCLUSION SHLA and Lan2 eliminate the negative effects of leptin on HDAC expression in a cell-type-dependent manner. This is the first report testing leptin receptor blockers as HDAC inhibitors in ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Fiedor
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Zajda
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa L Gregoraszczuk
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Krakow, Poland
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Singh AK, Bishayee A, Pandey AK. Targeting Histone Deacetylases with Natural and Synthetic Agents: An Emerging Anticancer Strategy. Nutrients 2018; 10:E731. [PMID: 29882797 PMCID: PMC6024317 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer initiation and progression are the result of genetic and/or epigenetic alterations. Acetylation-mediated histone/non-histone protein modification plays an important role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Histone modification is controlled by the balance between histone acetyltransferase and (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes. Imbalance between the activities of these two enzymes is associated with various forms of cancer. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) regulate the activity of HDACs and are being used in cancer treatment either alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs/radiotherapy. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has already approved four compounds, namely vorinostat, romidepsin, belinostat, and panobinostat, as HDACi for the treatment of cancer. Several other HDACi of natural and synthetic origin are under clinical trial for the evaluation of efficiency and side-effects. Natural compounds of plant, fungus, and actinomycetes origin, such as phenolics, polyketides, tetrapeptide, terpenoids, alkaloids, and hydoxamic acid, have been reported to show potential HDAC-inhibitory activity. Several HDACi of natural and dietary origin are butein, protocatechuic aldehyde, kaempferol (grapes, green tea, tomatoes, potatoes, and onions), resveratrol (grapes, red wine, blueberries and peanuts), sinapinic acid (wine and vinegar), diallyl disulfide (garlic), and zerumbone (ginger). HDACi exhibit their antitumor effect by the activation of cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis and autophagy, angiogenesis inhibition, increased reactive oxygen species generation causing oxidative stress, and mitotic cell death in cancer cells. This review summarizes the HDACs classification, their aberrant expression in cancerous tissue, structures, sources, and the anticancer mechanisms of HDACi, as well as HDACi that are either FDA-approved or under clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211 002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL 33169, USA.
| | - Abhay K Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad 211 002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Costanzo V, Bardelli A, Siena S, Abrignani S. Exploring the links between cancer and placenta development. Open Biol 2018; 8:180081. [PMID: 29950452 PMCID: PMC6030113 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of metastatic cancer is a multistage process, which often requires decades to complete. Impairments in DNA damage control and DNA repair in cancer cell precursors generate genetically heterogeneous cell populations. However, despite heterogeneity most solid cancers have stereotypical behaviours, including invasiveness and suppression of immune responses that can be unleashed with immunotherapy targeting lymphocyte checkpoints. The mechanisms leading to the acquisition of stereotypical properties remain poorly understood. Reactivation of embryonic development processes in cells with unstable genomes might contribute to tumour expansion and metastasis formation. However, it is unclear whether these events are linked to immune response modulation. Tumours and embryos have non-self-components and need to avoid immune responses in their microenvironment. In mammalian embryos, neo-antigens are of paternal origin, while in tumour cells DNA mismatch repair and replication defects generate them. Inactivation of the maternal immune response towards the embryo, which occurs at the placental-maternal interface, is key to ensuring embryonic development. This regulation is accomplished by the trophoblast, which mimics several malignant cell features, including the ability to invade normal tissues and to avoid host immune responses, often adopting the same cancer immunoediting strategies. A better understanding as to whether and how genotoxic stress promotes cancer development through reactivation of programmes occurring during early stages of mammalian placentation could help to clarify resistance to drugs targeting immune checkpoint and DNA damage responses and to develop new therapeutic strategies to eradicate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Costanzo
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO, IRCCS, University of Turin, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Candiolo, Turin, Italy
| | - Salvatore Siena
- Department of Oncology, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
- University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
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Mansouri L, Wierzbinska JA, Plass C, Rosenquist R. Epigenetic deregulation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Clinical and biological impact. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 51:1-11. [PMID: 29427646 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Deregulated transcriptional control caused by aberrant DNA methylation and/or histone modifications is a hallmark of cancer cells. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most common adult leukemia, the epigenetic 'landscape' has added a new layer of complexity to our understanding of this clinically and biologically heterogeneous disease. Early studies identified aberrant DNA methylation, often based on single gene promoter analysis with both biological and clinical impact. Subsequent genome-wide profiling studies revealed differential DNA methylation between CLLs and controls and in prognostics subgroups of the disease. From these studies, it became apparent that DNA methylation in regions outside of promoters, such as enhancers, is important for the regulation of coding genes as well as for the regulation of non-coding RNAs. Although DNA methylation profiles are reportedly stable over time and in relation to therapy, a higher epigenetic heterogeneity or 'burden' is seen in more aggressive CLL subgroups, albeit as non-recurrent 'passenger' events. More recently, DNA methylation profiles in CLL analyzed in relation to differentiating normal B-cell populations revealed that the majority of the CLL epigenome reflects the epigenomes present in the cell of origin and that only a small fraction of the epigenetic alterations represents truly CLL-specific changes. Furthermore, CLL patients can be grouped into at least three clinically relevant epigenetic subgroups, potentially originating from different cells at various stages of differentiation and associated with distinct outcomes. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the DNA methylome in CLL, the role of histone modifying enzymes, highlight insights derived from animal models and attempts made to target epigenetic regulators in CLL along with the future directions of this rapidly advancing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Mansouri
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Justyna Anna Wierzbinska
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Plass
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard Rosenquist
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
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Porcellini E, Laprovitera N, Riefolo M, Ravaioli M, Garajova I, Ferracin M. Epigenetic and epitranscriptomic changes in colorectal cancer: Diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment implications. Cancer Lett 2018; 419:84-95. [PMID: 29360561 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A cancer cell is the final product of a complex mixture of genetic, epigenetic and epitranscriptomic alterations, whose final interplay contribute to cancer onset and progression. This is specifically true for colorectal cancer, a tumor with a strong epigenetic component, which acts earlier than any other genetic alteration in promoting cancer cell malignant transformation. The pattern of progressive, and usually subtype-specific, DNA and histone modifications that occur in colorectal cancer has been extensively studied in the last decade, providing plenty of data to explore. For this tumor, it became recently evident that also RNA modifications play a relevant role in the activation of oncogenes or repression of tumor suppressor genes. In this review we provide a brief overview of all epigenetic and epitranscriptomic changes that have been found associated to colorectal cancer till now. We explore the impact of these alterations in cancer prognosis and response to treatment and discuss their potential use as cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Porcellini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Noemi Laprovitera
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mattia Riefolo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Ingrid Garajova
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Ferracin
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Alzoubi S, Brody L, Rahman S, Mahul-Mellier AL, Mercado N, Ito K, El-Bahrawy M, Silver A, Boobis A, Bell JD, Hajji N. Synergy between histone deacetylase inhibitors and DNA-damaging agents is mediated by histone deacetylase 2 in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:44505-44521. [PMID: 27283986 PMCID: PMC5190114 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have associated the overexpression of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) and the presence of TP53 mutations with the progression to advanced stage drug resistant colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the mechanistic link between HDAC2 expression and the TP53 mutational status has remained unexplored. Here, we investigated the function of HDAC2 in drug resistance by assessing the synergistic effects of DNA-targeted chemotherapeutic agents and HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) on two TP53-mutated colorectal adenocarcinoma CRC cell lines (SW480 and HT-29) and on the TP53-wild type carcinoma cell line (HCT116 p53+/+) and its TP53 deficient sub-line (HCT116 p53−/−). We showed that in the untreated SW480 and HT-29 cells the steady-state level of HDAC2 was low compared to a TP53-wild type carcinoma cell line (HCT116 p53+/+). Increased expression of HDAC2 correlated with drug resistance, and depletion by shRNA sensitised the multi-drug resistance cell line HT-29 to CRC chemotherapeutic drugs such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin (Oxa). Combined treatment with the HDACi suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid plus 5-FU or Oxa reduced the level of HDAC2 expression, modified chromatin structure and induced mitotic cell death in HT-29 cells. Non-invasive bioluminescence imaging revealed significant reductions in xenograft tumour growth with HDAC2 expression level reduced to <50% in treated animals. Elevated levels of histone acetylation on residues H3K9, H4K12 and H4K16 were also found to be associated with resistance to VPA/Dox or SAHA/Dox treatment. Our results suggest that HDAC2 expression rather than the p53 mutation status influences the outcome of combined treatment with a HDACi and DNA-damaging agents in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Alzoubi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, Centre for Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Toxicology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Leigh Brody
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Optimal Health, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Sunniyat Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, Centre for Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Toxicology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anne-Laure Mahul-Mellier
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Mercado
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Kazuhiro Ito
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Mona El-Bahrawy
- Department of Histopathology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Silver
- Colorectal Cancer Genetics, Centre for Genomics & Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Alan Boobis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, Centre for Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Toxicology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jimmy D Bell
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Optimal Health, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Nabil Hajji
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, Centre for Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Toxicology Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Hanigan TW, Aboukhatwa SM, Taha TY, Frasor J, Petukhov PA. Divergent JNK Phosphorylation of HDAC3 in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells Determines HDAC Inhibitor Binding and Selectivity. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:1356-1367.e8. [PMID: 28943357 PMCID: PMC5693607 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) catalytic activity is regulated by formation of co-regulator complexes and post-translational modification. Whether these mechanisms are transformed in cancer and how this affects the binding and selectivity of HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) is unclear. In this study, we developed a method that identified a 3- to 16-fold increase in HDACi selectivity for HDAC3 in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells in comparison with luminal subtypes that was not predicted by current practice measurements with recombinant proteins. We found this increase was caused by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation of HDAC3, was independent of HDAC3 complex composition or subcellular localization, and was associated with a 5-fold increase in HDAC3 enzymatic activity. This study points to HDAC3 and the JNK axes as targets in TNBC, highlights how HDAC phosphorylation affects HDACi binding and selectivity, and outlines a method to identify changes in individual HDAC isoforms catalytic activity, applicable to any disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Hanigan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Shaimaa M Aboukhatwa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt 31527
| | - Taha Y Taha
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jonna Frasor
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Pavel A Petukhov
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Lei Y, Liu L, Zhang S, Guo S, Li X, Wang J, Su B, Fang Y, Chen X, Ke H, Tao W. Hdac7 promotes lung tumorigenesis by inhibiting Stat3 activation. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:170. [PMID: 29126425 PMCID: PMC5681774 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0736-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying lung cancer development have not been fully understood. The functions of histone deacetylases (HDACs), a class of total eighteen proteins (HDAC1–11 and SIRT1–7 in mammals) that deacetylate histones and non-histone proteins, in cancers are largely unknown. Methods Hdac7+/−/K-Ras mice and HDAC7-depleted human lung cancer cell lines were used as models for studying the function of Hdac7 gene in lung cancer. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to explore the relationship between HDAC7 expression and prognosis of human lung cancers. Recombinant lentivirus-mediated in vivo gene expression or knockdown, Western blotting, and pull-down assay were applied to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism by which Hdac7 promotes lung tumorigenesis. Results The number and burden of lung tumor were dramatically reduced in Hdac7+/−/K-Ras mice compared to control K-Ras mice. Also, in Hdac7+/−/K-Ras mice, cell proliferation was significantly inhibited and apoptosis in lung tumors was greatly enhanced. Similarly, cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of human lung cancer cell lines expressing shHDAC7 were also significantly suppressed and apoptosis was dramatically elevated respectively. Mechanistic study revealed that Hdac7 mutation in mouse lung tumors or HDAC7 depletion in human tumor cell lines resulted in significantly enhanced acetylation and tyrosine-phosphorylation of Stat3 and HDAC7 protein directly interacted with and deacetylateed STAT3. The Hdac7 mutant-mediated inhibitory effects on lung tumorigenesis in mice and cell proliferation/soft agar colony formation of human lung cancer cell lines were respectively reversed by expressing dnStat3. Finally, the high HDAC7 mRNA level was found to be correlated with poor prognosis of human lung cancer patients. Conclusion Our study suggests that Hdac7 promotes lung tumorigenesis by inhibiting Stat3 activation via deacetylating Stat3 and may shed a light on the design of new therapeutic strategies for human lung cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12943-017-0736-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Lei
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingling Liu
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujing Zhang
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shicheng Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Su
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchao Fang
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hengning Ke
- Cancer Research Institute, General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
| | - Wufan Tao
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Cancer Research Institute, General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
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48
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Kamarulzaman NS, Dewadas HD, Leow CY, Yaacob NS, Mokhtar NF. The role of REST and HDAC2 in epigenetic dysregulation of Nav1.5 and nNav1.5 expression in breast cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2017; 17:74. [PMID: 28785170 PMCID: PMC5540501 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-017-0442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased expression of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) have been implicated with strong metastatic potential of human breast cancer in vitro and in vivo where the main culprits are cardiac isoform Nav1.5 and its 'neonatal' splice variant, nNav1.5. Several factors have been associated with Nav1.5 and nNav1.5 gain of expression in breast cancer mainly hormones, and growth factors. AIM This study aimed to investigate the role of epigenetics via transcription repressor, repressor element silencing transcription factor (REST) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) in enhancing Nav1.5 and nNav1.5 expression in human breast cancer by assessing the effect of HDAC inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA). METHODS The less aggressive human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 cells which lack Nav1.5 and nNav1.5 expression was treated with TSA at a concentration range 10-10,000 ng/ml for 24 h whilst the aggressive MDA-MB-231 cells was used as control. The effect of TSA on Nav1.5, nNav1.5, REST, HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, MMP2 and N-cadherin gene expression level was analysed by real-time PCR. Cell growth (MTT assay) and metastatic behaviors (lateral motility and migration assays) were also measured. RESULTS mRNA expression level of Nav1.5 and nNav1.5 were initially very low in MCF-7 compared to MDA-MB-231 cells. Inversely, mRNA expression level of REST, HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3 were all greater in MCF-7 compared to MDA-MB-231 cells. Treatment with TSA significantly increased the mRNA expression level of Nav1.5 and nNav1.5 in MCF-7 cells. On the contrary, TSA significantly reduced the mRNA expression level of REST and HDAC2 in this cell line. Remarkably, despite cell growth inhibition by TSA, motility and migration of MCF-7 cells were enhanced after TSA treatment, confirmed with the up-regulation of metastatic markers, MMP2 and N-cadherin. CONCLUSIONS This study identified epigenetics as another factor that regulate the expression level of Nav1.5 and nNav1.5 in breast cancer where REST and HDAC2 play important role as epigenetic regulators that when lacking enhances the expression of Nav1.5 and nNav1.5 thus promotes motility and migration of breast cancer. Elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms for gain of Nav1.5 and nNav1.5 expression may be helpful for seeking effective strategies for the management of metastatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Sabrina Kamarulzaman
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Hemaniswarri Dewi Dewadas
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Chiuan Yee Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Nik Soriani Yaacob
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Noor Fatmawati Mokhtar
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan Malaysia
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49
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Bartosch C, Lopes JM, Jerónimo C. Epigenetics in endometrial carcinogenesis - part 2: histone modifications, chromatin remodeling and noncoding RNAs. Epigenomics 2017; 9:873-892. [PMID: 28523964 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is a multistep multifactorial process that involves the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations. In the past two decades, there has been an exponential growth of knowledge establishing the importance of epigenetic changes in cancer. Our work focused on reviewing the main role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis of endometrial carcinoma, highlighting the reported results concerning each epigenetic mechanistic layer. In a previous review, we assessed DNA methylation alterations. The present review examines the contribution of histone modifications, chromatin remodeling and noncoding RNA alterations for endometrial carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bartosch
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal.,Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology & Oncology, Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.ccc), Porto, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Lopes
- Department of Pathology & Oncology, Medical Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar São João (CHSJ), Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP (Institute of Molecular Pathology & Immunology, University of Porto); I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (P.ccc), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Pathology & Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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50
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Venosa A, Gow JG, Hall L, Malaviya R, Gow AJ, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Regulation of Nitrogen Mustard-Induced Lung Macrophage Activation by Valproic Acid, a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor. Toxicol Sci 2017; 157:222-234. [PMID: 28184907 PMCID: PMC6075217 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM)-induced lung injury is associated with an accumulation of proinflammatory/cytotoxic M1 and antiinflammatory/wound repair M2 macrophages, which have been implicated in tissue injury and repair. Herein, we analyzed the effects of valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor with antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity, on lung macrophages responding to NM. Treatment of rats with NM (0.125 mg/kg, i.t.) resulted in structural alterations in the lung and a macrophage-rich inflammatory cell infiltrate, at 3 d and 7 d. This was accompanied by expression of PCNA, a marker of proliferation, and CYPb5, HO-1, and MnSOD, markers of oxidative stress. Administration of VPA (300 mg/kg/day; i.p.), beginning 30 min after NM, reduced increases in PCNA, CYPb5, HO-1, and MnSOD. This was associated with increases in immature CD11b+CD43+ M1 macrophages in the lung, and decreases in mature CD11b+CD43- M2 macrophages 3 d post NM, suggesting delayed maturation and phenotypic switching. VPA also attenuated NM-induced increases in lung iNOS+ and CCR2+ M1 macrophages, a response correlated with downregulation of NOS2, IL12B, PTGS2, MMP-9, and CCR2 expression. Conversely, numbers of CD68+, CD163+ , and ATR-1α+ M2 macrophages increased after VPA, along with the expression of IL10, ApoE, and ATR-1A. NM exposure resulted in increased HDAC activity and upregulation of HDAC2 and acetylated H3K9 in the lung. Whereas VPA blunted the effects of NM on HDAC2 expression, histone H3K9 acetylation increased. These data suggest that alterations in the balance between histone acetylases and deacetylases contribute to lung macrophage maturation and activation following NM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Venosa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - James G. Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - LeRoy Hall
- Drug Safety Sciences, Johnson & Johnson, Raritan, New Jersey 08869
| | - Rama Malaviya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Andrew J. Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Jeffrey D. Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Debra L. Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
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