1
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Sundaram MV, Pujol N. The Caenorhabditis elegans cuticle and precuticle: a model for studying dynamic apical extracellular matrices in vivo. Genetics 2024; 227:iyae072. [PMID: 38995735 PMCID: PMC11304992 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Apical extracellular matrices (aECMs) coat the exposed surfaces of animal bodies to shape tissues, influence social interactions, and protect against pathogens and other environmental challenges. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, collagenous cuticle and zona pellucida protein-rich precuticle aECMs alternately coat external epithelia across the molt cycle and play many important roles in the worm's development, behavior, and physiology. Both these types of aECMs contain many matrix proteins related to those in vertebrates, as well as some that are nematode-specific. Extensive differences observed among tissues and life stages demonstrate that aECMs are a major feature of epithelial cell identity. In addition to forming discrete layers, some cuticle components assemble into complex substructures such as ridges, furrows, and nanoscale pillars. The epidermis and cuticle are mechanically linked, allowing the epidermis to sense cuticle damage and induce protective innate immune and stress responses. The C. elegans model, with its optical transparency, facilitates the study of aECM cell biology and structure/function relationships and all the myriad ways by which aECM can influence an organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera V Sundaram
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nathalie Pujol
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, CNRS, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, 13009 Marseille, France
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2
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Haghani NB, Lampe RH, Samuel BS, Chalasani SH, Matty MA. Identification and characterization of a skin microbiome on Caenorhabditis elegans suggests environmental microbes confer cuticle protection. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0016924. [PMID: 38980017 PMCID: PMC11302229 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00169-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In the wild, C. elegans are emersed in environments teeming with a veritable menagerie of microorganisms. The C. elegans cuticular surface serves as a barrier and first point of contact with their microbial environments. In this study, we identify microbes from C. elegans natural habitats that associate with its cuticle, constituting a simple "skin microbiome." We rear our animals on a modified CeMbio, mCeMbio, a consortium of ecologically relevant microbes. We first combine standard microbiological methods with an adapted micro skin-swabbing tool to describe the skin-resident bacteria on the C. elegans surface. Furthermore, we conduct 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies to identify relative shifts in the proportion of mCeMbio bacteria upon surface-sterilization, implying distinct skin- and gut-microbiomes. We find that some strains of bacteria, including Enterobacter sp. JUb101, are primarily found on the nematode skin, while others like Stenotrophomonas indicatrix JUb19 and Ochrobactrum vermis MYb71 are predominantly found in the animal's gut. Finally, we show that this skin microbiome promotes host cuticle integrity in harsh environments. Together, we identify a skin microbiome for the well-studied nematode model and propose its value in conferring host fitness advantages in naturalized contexts. IMPORTANCE The genetic model organism C. elegans has recently emerged as a tool for understanding host-microbiome interactions. Nearly all of these studies either focus on pathogenic or gut-resident microbes. Little is known about the existence of native, nonpathogenic skin microbes or their function. We demonstrate that members of a modified C. elegans model microbiome, mCeMbio, can adhere to the animal's cuticle and confer protection from noxious environments. We combine a novel micro-swab tool, the first 16S microbial sequencing data from relatively unperturbed C. elegans, and physiological assays to demonstrate microbially mediated protection of the skin. This work serves as a foundation to explore wild C. elegans skin microbiomes and use C. elegans as a model for skin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia B. Haghani
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert H. Lampe
- Microbial and Environmental Genomics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Buck S. Samuel
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sreekanth H. Chalasani
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Molly A. Matty
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
- Biology, University of Portland, Portland, Oregon, USA
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3
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Wan X, Liang G, Wang D. Neurotoxicity and accumulation of CPPD quinone at environmentally relevant concentrations in Caenorhabditis elegans. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142499. [PMID: 38824792 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
CPPD quinone (CPPDQ) is a member of PPDQs, which was widely distributed in different environments. Using Caenorhabditis elegans as an animal model, we here examined neurotoxicity and accumulation of CPPDQ and the underlying mechanism. After exposure to 0.01-10 μg/L CPPDQ, obvious body accumulation of CPDDQ was detected. Meanwhile, exposure to CPPDQ (0.01-10 μg/L) decreased head thrash, body bend, and forward turn, and increased backward turn. Nevertheless, only exposure to 10 μg/L CPPDQ induced neurodegeneration in GABAergic system. Exposure to CPPDQ (0.01-10 μg/L) further decreased expressions of daf-7 encoding TGF-β ligand, jnk-1 encoding JNK MAPK, and mpk-1 encoding ERK MAPK. Additionally, among examined G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes, exposure to CPPDQ (0.01-10 μg/L) decreased dcar-1 expression and increased npr-8 expression. RNAi of daf-7, jnk-1, mpk-1, and dcar-1 resulted in susceptibility, and nhr-8 RNAi caused resistance to CPPDQ neurotoxicity and accumulation. Moreover, in CPPDQ exposed nematodes, RNAi of dcar-1 decreased jnk-1 and mpk-1 expressions, and RNAi of npr-8 increased mpk-1 expression. Therefore, exposure to CPPDQ potentially resulted in neurotoxicity by inhibiting TGF-β, JNK MAPK, and ERK MAPK signals. The inhibition in JNK MAPK and ERK MAPKs signals in CPPDQ exposed nematodes was further related to alteration in GPCRs of DCAR-1 and NHR-8 in nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Geyu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Dayong Wang
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Shenzhen Ruipuxun Academy for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen, China.
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4
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Nelson BN, Friedman JE. Developmental Programming of the Fetal Immune System by Maternal Western-Style Diet: Mechanisms and Implications for Disease Pathways in the Offspring. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5951. [PMID: 38892139 PMCID: PMC11172957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity and over/undernutrition can have a long-lasting impact on offspring health during critical periods in the first 1000 days of life. Children born to mothers with obesity have reduced immune responses to stimuli which increase susceptibility to infections. Recently, maternal western-style diets (WSDs), high in fat and simple sugars, have been associated with skewing neonatal immune cell development, and recent evidence suggests that dysregulation of innate immunity in early life has long-term consequences on metabolic diseases and behavioral disorders in later life. Several factors contribute to abnormal innate immune tolerance or trained immunity, including changes in gut microbiota, metabolites, and epigenetic modifications. Critical knowledge gaps remain regarding the mechanisms whereby these factors impact fetal and postnatal immune cell development, especially in precursor stem cells in bone marrow and fetal liver. Components of the maternal microbiota that are transferred from mothers consuming a WSD to their offspring are understudied and identifying cause and effect on neonatal innate and adaptive immune development needs to be refined. Tools including single-cell RNA-sequencing, epigenetic analysis, and spatial location of specific immune cells in liver and bone marrow are critical for understanding immune system programming. Considering the vital role immune function plays in offspring health, it will be important to understand how maternal diets can control developmental programming of innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N. Nelson
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Jacob E. Friedman
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Pop M, Klemke AL, Seidler L, Wernet N, Steudel PL, Baust V, Wohlmann E, Fischer R. Caenorhabditis elegans neuropeptide NLP-27 enhances neurodegeneration and paralysis in an opioid-like manner during fungal infection. iScience 2024; 27:109484. [PMID: 38784855 PMCID: PMC11112505 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The nervous system of metazoans is involved in host-pathogen interactions to control immune activation. In Caenorhabditis elegans, this includes sleep induction, mediated by neuropeptide-like proteins (NLPs), which increases the chance of survival after wounding. Here we analyzed the role of NLP-27 in the infection of C. elegans with the nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys flagrans. Early responses of C. elegans were the upregulation of nlp-27, the induction of paralysis (sleep), and neurodegeneration of the mechanosensing PVD (Posterior Ventral Process D) neurons. Deletion of nlp-27 reduced neurodegeneration during fungal attack. Induction of nlp-27 was independent of the MAP kinase PMK-1, and expression of nlp-27 in the hypodermis was sufficient to induce paralysis, although NLP-27 was also upregulated in head neurons. NLP-27 contains the pentapeptide YGGYG sequence known to bind the human μ- and κ-type opioid receptors suggesting NLP-27 or peptides thereof act on opioid receptors. The opioid receptor antagonist naloxone shortened the paralysis time like overexpression of NLP-27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pop
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Klemke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lena Seidler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicole Wernet
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Pietrina Loredana Steudel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Vanessa Baust
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Elke Wohlmann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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6
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Hao XM, Liu Y, Hailaiti D, Gong Y, Zhang XD, Yue BN, Liu JP, Wu XL, Yang KZ, Wang J, Liu QG. Mechanisms of inflammation modulation by different immune cells in hypertensive nephropathy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1333170. [PMID: 38545112 PMCID: PMC10965702 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1333170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive nephropathy (HTN) is the second leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and a chronic inflammatory disease. Persistent hypertension leads to lesions of intrarenal arterioles and arterioles, luminal stenosis, secondary ischemic renal parenchymal damage, and glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis. Studying the pathogenesis of hypertensive nephropathy is a prerequisite for diagnosis and treatment. The main cause of HTN is poor long-term blood pressure control, but kidney damage is often accompanied by the occurrence of immune inflammation. Some studies have found that the activation of innate immunity, inflammation and acquired immunity is closely related to the pathogenesis of HTN, which can cause damage and dysfunction of target organs. There are more articles on the mechanism of diabetic nephropathy, while there are fewer studies related to immunity in hypertensive nephropathy. This article reviews the mechanisms by which several different immune cells and inflammatory cytokines regulate blood pressure and renal damage in HTN. It mainly focuses on immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines and inhibitors. However, further comprehensive and large-scale studies are needed to determine the role of these markers and provide effective protocols for clinical intervention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Hao
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yu Gong
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Dong Zhang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bing-Nan Yue
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Peng Liu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Li Wu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Zhen Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Guo Liu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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7
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Tse-Kang S, Wani KA, Peterson ND, Page A, Pukkila-Worley R. Activation of intestinal immunity by pathogen effector-triggered aggregation of lysosomal TIR-1/SARM1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.04.569946. [PMID: 38106043 PMCID: PMC10723332 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.04.569946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
TIR-domain proteins with enzymatic activity are essential for immunity in plants, animals, and bacteria. However, it is not known how these proteins function in pathogen sensing in animals. We discovered that a TIR-domain protein (TIR-1/SARM1) is strategically expressed on the membranes of a lysosomal sub-compartment, which enables intestinal epithelial cells in the nematode C. elegans to survey for pathogen effector-triggered host damage. We showed that a redox active virulence effector secreted by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa alkalinized and condensed a specific subset of lysosomes by inducing intracellular oxidative stress. Concentration of TIR-1/SARM1 on the surface of these organelles triggered its multimerization, which engages its intrinsic NADase activity, to activate the p38 innate immune pathway and protect the host against microbial intoxication. Thus, lysosomal TIR-1/SARM1 is a sensor for oxidative stress induced by pathogenic bacteria to activate metazoan intestinal immunity.
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8
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Tran TD, Luallen RJ. An organismal understanding of C. elegans innate immune responses, from pathogen recognition to multigenerational resistance. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 154:77-84. [PMID: 36966075 PMCID: PMC10517082 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been a model for studying infection since the early 2000s and many major discoveries have been made regarding its innate immune responses. C. elegans has been found to utilize some key conserved aspects of immune responses and signaling, but new interesting features of innate immunity have also been discovered in the organism that might have broader implications in higher eukaryotes such as mammals. Some of the distinctive features of C. elegans innate immunity involve the mechanisms this bacterivore uses to detect infection and mount specific immune responses to different pathogens, despite lacking putative orthologs of many important innate immune components, including cellular immunity, the inflammasome, complement, or melanization. Even when orthologs of known immune factors exist, there appears to be an absence of canonical functions, most notably the lack of pattern recognition by its sole Toll-like receptor. Instead, recent research suggests that C. elegans senses infection by specific pathogens through contextual information, including unique products produced by the pathogen or infection-induced disruption of host physiology, similar to the proposed detection of patterns of pathogenesis in mammalian systems. Interestingly, C. elegans can also transfer information of past infection to their progeny, providing robust protection for their offspring in face of persisting pathogens, in part through the RNAi pathway as well as potential new mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. Altogether, some of these strategies employed by C. elegans share key conceptual features with vertebrate adaptive immunity, as the animal can differentiate specific microbial features, as well as propagate a form of immune memory to their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan D Tran
- Department of Biology San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Robert J Luallen
- Department of Biology San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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9
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Pu L, Wang J, Lu Q, Nilsson L, Philbrook A, Pandey A, Zhao L, Schendel RV, Koh A, Peres TV, Hashi WH, Myint SL, Williams C, Gilthorpe JD, Wai SN, Brown A, Tijsterman M, Sengupta P, Henriksson J, Chen C. Dissecting the genetic landscape of GPCR signaling through phenotypic profiling in C. elegans. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8410. [PMID: 38110404 PMCID: PMC10728192 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44177-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate responses to various extracellular and intracellular cues. However, the large number of GPCR genes and their substantial functional redundancy make it challenging to systematically dissect GPCR functions in vivo. Here, we employ a CRISPR/Cas9-based approach, disrupting 1654 GPCR-encoding genes in 284 strains and mutating 152 neuropeptide-encoding genes in 38 strains in C. elegans. These two mutant libraries enable effective deorphanization of chemoreceptors, and characterization of receptors for neuropeptides in various cellular processes. Mutating a set of closely related GPCRs in a single strain permits the assignment of functions to GPCRs with functional redundancy. Our analyses identify a neuropeptide that interacts with three receptors in hypoxia-evoked locomotory responses, unveil a collection of regulators in pathogen-induced immune responses, and define receptors for the volatile food-related odorants. These results establish our GPCR and neuropeptide mutant libraries as valuable resources for the C. elegans community to expedite studies of GPCR signaling in multiple contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjun Pu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Qiongxuan Lu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Nilsson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alison Philbrook
- Department of Biology, MS 008, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA
| | - Anjali Pandey
- Department of Biology, MS 008, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA
| | - Lina Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Robin van Schendel
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alan Koh
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, W12 0HS, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tanara V Peres
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, W12 0HS, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Weheliye H Hashi
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, W12 0HS, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Si Lhyam Myint
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chloe Williams
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Sun Nyunt Wai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andre Brown
- MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, W12 0HS, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marcel Tijsterman
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology, MS 008, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA
| | - Johan Henriksson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
- Integrated Science Lab (Icelab), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Changchun Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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10
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Adams JRG, Pooranachithra M, Jyo EM, Zheng SL, Goncharov A, Crew JR, Kramer JM, Jin Y, Ernst AM, Chisholm AD. Nanoscale patterning of collagens in C. elegans apical extracellular matrix. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7506. [PMID: 37980413 PMCID: PMC10657453 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical extracellular matrices (aECMs) are complex extracellular compartments that form important interfaces between animals and their environment. In the adult C. elegans cuticle, layers are connected by regularly spaced columnar structures known as struts. Defects in struts result in swelling of the fluid-filled medial cuticle layer ('blistering', Bli). Here we show that three cuticle collagens BLI-1, BLI-2, and BLI-6, play key roles in struts. BLI-1 and BLI-2 are essential for strut formation whereas activating mutations in BLI-6 disrupt strut formation. BLI-1, BLI-2, and BLI-6 precisely colocalize to arrays of puncta in the adult cuticle, corresponding to struts, initially deposited in diffuse stripes adjacent to cuticle furrows. They eventually exhibit tube-like morphology, with the basal ends of BLI-containing struts contact regularly spaced holes in the cuticle. Genetic interaction studies indicate that BLI strut patterning involves interactions with other cuticle components. Our results reveal strut formation as a tractable example of precise aECM patterning at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R G Adams
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Murugesan Pooranachithra
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Erin M Jyo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sherry Li Zheng
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Alexandr Goncharov
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jennifer R Crew
- Northwestern University School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - James M Kramer
- Northwestern University School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Yishi Jin
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Andreas M Ernst
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Andrew D Chisholm
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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11
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Lažetić V, Batachari LE, Russell AB, Troemel ER. Similarities in the induction of the intracellular pathogen response in Caenorhabditis elegans and the type I interferon response in mammals. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2300097. [PMID: 37667453 PMCID: PMC10694843 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the type-I interferon (IFN-I) response is considered vertebrate-specific, recent findings about the Intracellular Pathogen Response (IPR) in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans indicate that there are similarities between these two transcriptional immunological programs. The IPR is induced during infection with natural intracellular fungal and viral pathogens of the intestine and promotes resistance against these pathogens. Similarly, the IFN-I response is induced by viruses and other intracellular pathogens and promotes resistance against infection. Whether the IPR and the IFN-I response evolved in a divergent or convergent manner is an unanswered and exciting question, which could be addressed by further studies of immunity against intracellular pathogens in C. elegans and other simple host organisms. Here we highlight similar roles played by RIG-I-like receptors, purine metabolism enzymes, proteotoxic stressors, and transcription factors to induce the IPR and IFN-I response, as well as the similar consequences of these defense programs on organismal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Lažetić
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Lakshmi E. Batachari
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alistair B. Russell
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Emily R. Troemel
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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12
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Nasrallah MA, Peterson ND, Szumel ES, Liu P, Page AL, Tse SY, Wani KA, Tocheny CE, Pukkila-Worley R. Transcriptional suppression of sphingolipid catabolism controls pathogen resistance in C. elegans. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011730. [PMID: 37906605 PMCID: PMC10637724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are required for diverse biological functions and are degraded by specific catabolic enzymes. However, the mechanisms that regulate sphingolipid catabolism are not known. Here we characterize a transcriptional axis that regulates sphingolipid breakdown to control resistance against bacterial infection. From an RNAi screen for transcriptional regulators of pathogen resistance in the nematode C. elegans, we identified the nuclear hormone receptor nhr-66, a ligand-gated transcription factor homologous to human hepatocyte nuclear factor 4. Tandem chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing and RNA sequencing experiments revealed that NHR-66 is a transcriptional repressor, which directly targets sphingolipid catabolism genes. Transcriptional de-repression of two sphingolipid catabolic enzymes in nhr-66 loss-of-function mutants drives the breakdown of sphingolipids, which enhances host susceptibility to infection with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These data define transcriptional control of sphingolipid catabolism in the regulation of cellular sphingolipids, a process that is necessary for pathogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad A. Nasrallah
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicholas D. Peterson
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth S. Szumel
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pengpeng Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amanda L. Page
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samantha Y. Tse
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Khursheed A. Wani
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Claire E. Tocheny
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Read Pukkila-Worley
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
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13
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Zhu Y, Li W, Dong Y, Xia C, Fu R. C. elegans Hemidesmosomes Sense Collagen Damage to Trigger Innate Immune Response in the Epidermis. Cells 2023; 12:2223. [PMID: 37759445 PMCID: PMC10526450 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The collagens are an enormous family of extracellular matrix proteins that play dominant roles in cell adhesion, migration and tissue remodeling under many physiological and pathological conditions. However, their function mechanisms in regulating innate immunity remain largely undiscovered. Here we use C. elegans epidermis as the model to address this question. The C. elegans epidermis is covered with a collagen-rich cuticle exoskeleton and can produce antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) against invading pathogens or physical injury. Through an RNAi screen against collagen-encoding genes, we found that except the previously reported six DPY collagens and the BLI-1 collagen, the majority of collagens tested appear unable to trigger epidermal immune defense when damaged. Further investigation suggests that the six DPY collagens form a specific substructure, which regulates the interaction between BLI-1 and the hemidesmosome receptor MUP-4. The separation of BLI-1 with MUP-4 caused by collagen damage leads to the detachment of the STAT transcription factor-like protein STA-2 from hemidesmosomes and the induction of AMPs. Our findings uncover the mechanism how collagens are organized into a damage sensor and how the epidermis senses collagen damage to mount an immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rong Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Y.Z.)
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14
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Wang Q, Fu R, Li G, Xiong S, Zhu Y, Zhang H. Hedgehog receptors exert immune-surveillance roles in the epidermis across species. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112929. [PMID: 37527037 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling plays pivotal roles in the development and homeostasis of epithelial barrier tissues. However, whether and how Hedgehog signaling directly regulates innate immunity in epithelial cells remains unknown. By utilizing C. elegans epidermis as the model, we found that several Hedgehog receptors are involved in cell-autonomous regulation of the innate immune response in the epidermis. Particularly, loss of the Patched family receptor induces aberrant up-regulation of epidermal antimicrobial peptides in a STAT-dependent manner. External or internal insult to the epidermis triggers rapid rearrangement of Patched distribution along the plasma membrane, indicating that the Hedgehog (Hh) receptor is likely involved in recognition and defense against epidermal damage. Loss of PTCH1 function in primary human keratinocytes and intact mouse skin also results in STAT-dependent immune activation. These findings reveal an evolutionally conserved immune-surveillance function of Hedgehog receptors and an insult-sensing and response strategy of epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Rong Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Gang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shaojie Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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15
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Wu JC, Wang XJ, Zhu JH, Huang XY, Liu M, Qiao Z, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Wang ZY, Zhan P, Zhang T, Hu HL, Liu H, Tang W, Yi F. GPR97 deficiency ameliorates renal interstitial fibrosis in mouse hypertensive nephropathy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:1206-1216. [PMID: 36635422 PMCID: PMC10203364 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-01041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive nephropathy (HTN) ranks as the second-leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Accumulating evidence suggests that persistent hypertension injures tubular cells, leading to tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF), which is involved in the pathogenesis of HTN. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are implicated in many important pathological and physiological processes and act as important drug targets. In this study, we explored the intrarenal mechanisms underlying hypertension-associated TIF, and particularly, the potential role of GPR97, a member of the adhesion GPCR subfamily, in TIF. A deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)/salt-induced hypertensive mouse model was used. We revealed a significantly upregulated expression of GPR97 in the kidneys, especially in renal tubules, of the hypertensive mice and 10 patients with biopsy-proven hypertensive kidney injury. GPR97-/- mice showed markedly elevated blood pressure, which was comparable to that of wild-type mice following DOCA/salt treatment, but dramatically ameliorated renal injury and TIF. In NRK-52E cells, we demonstrated that knockdown of GPR97 suppressed the activation of TGF-β signaling by disturbing small GTPase RhoA-mediated cytoskeletal reorganization, thus inhibiting clathrin-mediated endocytosis of TGF-β receptors and subsequent Smad activation. Collectively, this study demonstrates that GPR97 contributes to hypertension-associated TIF at least in part by facilitating TGF-β signaling, suggesting that GPR97 is a pivotal intrarenal factor for TIF progression under hypertensive conditions, and therapeutic strategies targeting GPR97 may improve the outcomes of patients with HTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Chao Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jing-Han Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Xue-Ying Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Min Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Zhe Qiao
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yu Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Zi-Ying Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hui-Li Hu
- Department of Systems Biomedicine and Research Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Fan Yi
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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16
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Raj D, Kraish B, Martikainen J, Podraza-Farhanieh A, Kao G, Naredi P. Cisplatin toxicity is counteracted by the activation of the p38/ATF-7 signaling pathway in post-mitotic C. elegans. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2886. [PMID: 37210583 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin kills proliferating cells via DNA damage but also has profound effects on post-mitotic cells in tumors, kidneys, and neurons. However, the effects of cisplatin on post-mitotic cells are still poorly understood. Among model systems, C. elegans adults are unique in having completely post-mitotic somatic tissues. The p38 MAPK pathway controls ROS detoxification via SKN-1/NRF and immune responses via ATF-7/ATF2. Here, we show that p38 MAPK pathway mutants are sensitive to cisplatin, but while cisplatin exposure increases ROS levels, skn-1 mutants are resistant. Cisplatin exposure leads to phosphorylation of PMK-1/MAPK and ATF-7 and the IRE-1/TRF-1 signaling module functions upstream of the p38 MAPK pathway to activate signaling. We identify the response proteins whose increased abundance depends on IRE-1/p38 MAPK activity as well as cisplatin exposure. Four of these proteins are necessary for protection from cisplatin toxicity, which is characterized by necrotic death. We conclude that the p38 MAPK pathway-driven proteins are crucial for adult cisplatin resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Raj
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bashar Kraish
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jari Martikainen
- Bioinformatics and Data Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SE413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Agnieszka Podraza-Farhanieh
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gautam Kao
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Peter Naredi
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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17
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Zieniuk B. Dihydrocaffeic Acid-Is It the Less Known but Equally Valuable Phenolic Acid? Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050859. [PMID: 37238728 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dihydrocaffeic acid (DHCA) is a phenolic acid bearing a catechol ring and three-carbon side chain. Despite its being found in minor amounts in numerous plants and fungi of different origins, it has attracted the interest of various research groups in many fields of science, from food to biomedical applications. The review article presented herein aims to show a wider audience the health benefits and therapeutic, industrial, and nutritional potential of dihydrocaffeic acid, by sheddinglight on its occurrence, biosynthesis, bioavailability, and metabolism. The scientific literature describes at least 70 different derivatives of dihydrocaffeic acid, both those occurring naturally and those obtained via chemical and enzymatic methods. Among the most frequently used enzymes that were applied for the modification of the parent DHCA structure, there are lipases that allow for obtaining esters and phenolidips, tyrosinases used for the formation of the catechol ring, and laccases to functionalize this phenolic acid. In many studies, both in vitro and in vivo, the protective effect of DHCA and its derivatives on cells subjected to oxidative stress and inflammation were acknowledged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Zieniuk
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159c Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Peterson ND, Tse SY, Huang QJ, Wani KA, Schiffer CA, Pukkila-Worley R. Non-canonical pattern recognition of a pathogen-derived metabolite by a nuclear hormone receptor identifies virulent bacteria in C. elegans. Immunity 2023; 56:768-782.e9. [PMID: 36804958 PMCID: PMC10101930 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Distinguishing infectious pathogens from harmless microorganisms is essential for animal health. The mechanisms used to identify infectious microbes are not fully understood, particularly in metazoan hosts that eat bacteria as their food source. Here, we characterized a non-canonical pattern-recognition system in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) that assesses the relative threat of virulent Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) to activate innate immunity. We discovered that the innate immune response in C. elegans was triggered by phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN), a toxic metabolite produced by pathogenic strains of P. aeruginosa. We identified the nuclear hormone receptor NHR-86/HNF4 as the PCN sensor in C. elegans and validated that PCN bound to the ligand-binding domain of NHR-86/HNF4. Activation of NHR-86/HNF4 by PCN directly engaged a transcriptional program in intestinal epithelial cells that protected against P. aeruginosa. Thus, a bacterial metabolite is a pattern of pathogenesis surveilled by nematodes to identify a pathogen in its bacterial diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Peterson
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Samantha Y Tse
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Qiuyu Judy Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Khursheed A Wani
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Read Pukkila-Worley
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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19
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Aggad D, Brouilly N, Omi S, Essmann CL, Dehapiot B, Savage-Dunn C, Richard F, Cazevieille C, Politi KA, Hall DH, Pujol R, Pujol N. Meisosomes, folded membrane microdomains between the apical extracellular matrix and epidermis. eLife 2023; 12:e75906. [PMID: 36913486 PMCID: PMC10010689 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical extracellular matrices (aECMs) form a physical barrier to the environment. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the epidermal aECM, the cuticle, is composed mainly of different types of collagen, associated in circumferential ridges separated by furrows. Here, we show that in mutants lacking furrows, the normal intimate connection between the epidermis and the cuticle is lost, specifically at the lateral epidermis, where, in contrast to the dorsal and ventral epidermis, there are no hemidesmosomes. At the ultrastructural level, there is a profound alteration of structures that we term 'meisosomes,' in reference to eisosomes in yeast. We show that meisosomes are composed of stacked parallel folds of the epidermal plasma membrane, alternately filled with cuticle. We propose that just as hemidesmosomes connect the dorsal and ventral epidermis, above the muscles, to the cuticle, meisosomes connect the lateral epidermis to it. Moreover, furrow mutants present marked modifications of the biomechanical properties of their skin and exhibit a constitutive damage response in the epidermis. As meisosomes co-localise to macrodomains enriched in phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate, they could conceivably act, like eisosomes, as signalling platforms, to relay tensile information from the aECM to the underlying epidermis, as part of an integrated stress response to damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Aggad
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, CIML, Turing Centre for Living SystemsMarseilleFrance
| | - Nicolas Brouilly
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living SystemsMarseilleFrance
| | - Shizue Omi
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, CIML, Turing Centre for Living SystemsMarseilleFrance
| | - Clara Luise Essmann
- Department of Computer Science, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Bio3/Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, Albert-Ludwigs-UniversityFreiburgGermany
| | - Benoit Dehapiot
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living SystemsMarseilleFrance
| | - Cathy Savage-Dunn
- Department of Biology, Queens College and the Graduate Center, CUNYFlushingUnited States
| | - Fabrice Richard
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Centre for Living SystemsMarseilleFrance
| | - Chantal Cazevieille
- INM, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Plateau de microscopie électronique, INSERM, Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Kristin A Politi
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - David H Hall
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Remy Pujol
- INM, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Plateau de microscopie électronique, INSERM, Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Nathalie Pujol
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, CIML, Turing Centre for Living SystemsMarseilleFrance
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20
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Sun J, Kim J, Jeong H, Kwon D, Moon Y. Xenobiotic-induced ribosomal stress compromises dysbiotic gut barrier aging: A one health perspective. Redox Biol 2022; 59:102565. [PMID: 36470131 PMCID: PMC9720106 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon exposure to internal or environmental insults, ribosomes stand sentinel. In particular, stress-driven dysregulation of ribosomal homeostasis is a potent trigger of adverse outcomes in mammalians. The present study assessed whether the ribosomal insult affects the aging process via the regulation of sentinel organs such as the gut. Analyses of the human aging dataset demonstrated that elevated features of ribosomal stress are inversely linked to barrier maintenance biomarkers during the aging process. Ribosome-insulted worms displayed reduced lifespan, which was associated with the disruption of gut barriers. Mechanistically, ribosomal stress-activated Sek-1/p38 signaling, a central platform of ribosomal stress responses, counteracted the gut barrier deterioration through the maintenance of the gut barrier, which was consistent with the results in a murine insult model. However, since the gut-protective p38 signaling was attenuated with aging, the ribosomal stress-induced distress was exacerbated in the gut epithelia and mucosa of the aged animals, subsequently leading to increased bacterial exposure. Moreover, the bacterial community-based evaluation predicted concomitant increases in the abundance of mucosal sugar utilizers and mucin metabolic enzymes in response to ribosomal insult in the aged host. All of the present evidence on ribosomal insulting against the gut barrier integrity from worms to mammals provides new insights into organelle-associated translational modulation of biological longevity in a one health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Sun
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
| | - Juil Kim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
| | - Hoyoung Jeong
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
| | - Dasom Kwon
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea
| | - Yuseok Moon
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea; Graduate Program of Genomic Data Sciences, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, South Korea.
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21
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Liu Y, Zhou J, Zhang N, Wu X, Zhang Q, Zhang W, Li X, Tian Y. Two sensory neurons coordinate the systemic mitochondrial stress response via GPCR signaling in C. elegans. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2469-2482.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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Gang SS, Grover M, Reddy KC, Raman D, Chang YT, Ekiert DC, Barkoulas M, Troemel ER. A pals-25 gain-of-function allele triggers systemic resistance against natural pathogens of C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010314. [PMID: 36191002 PMCID: PMC9560605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of immunity throughout an organism is critical for host defense. Previous studies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have described an "ON/OFF" immune switch comprised of the antagonistic paralogs PALS-25 and PALS-22, which regulate resistance against intestinal and epidermal pathogens. Here, we identify and characterize a PALS-25 gain-of-function mutant protein with a premature stop (Q293*), which we find is freed from physical repression by its negative regulator, the PALS-22 protein. PALS-25(Q293*) activates two related gene expression programs, the Oomycete Recognition Response (ORR) against natural pathogens of the epidermis, and the Intracellular Pathogen Response (IPR) against natural intracellular pathogens of the intestine. A subset of ORR/IPR genes is upregulated in pals-25(Q293*) mutants, and they are resistant to oomycete infection in the epidermis, and microsporidia and virus infection in the intestine, but without compromising growth. Surprisingly, we find that activation of PALS-25 seems to primarily stimulate the downstream bZIP transcription factor ZIP-1 in the epidermis, with upregulation of gene expression in both the epidermis and in the intestine. Interestingly, we find that PALS-22/25-regulated epidermal-to-intestinal signaling promotes resistance to the N. parisii intestinal pathogen, demonstrating cross-tissue protective immune induction from one epithelial tissue to another in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer S. Gang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Manish Grover
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirthi C. Reddy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Deevya Raman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ya-Ting Chang
- Departments of Cell Biology and Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Damian C. Ekiert
- Departments of Cell Biology and Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Emily R. Troemel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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23
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Pujol N, Ewbank JJ. C. elegans: out on an evolutionary limb. Immunogenetics 2021; 74:63-73. [PMID: 34761293 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-021-01231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The natural environment of the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is rich in pathogenic microbes. There is now ample evidence to indicate that these pathogens exert a strong selection pressure on C. elegans, and have shaped its genome, physiology, and behaviour. In this short review, we concentrate on how C. elegans stands out from other animals in terms of its immune repertoire and innate immune signalling pathways. We discuss how C. elegans often detects pathogens because of their effects on essential cellular processes, or organelle integrity, in addition to direct microbial recognition. We illustrate the extensive molecular plasticity that is characteristic of immune defences in C. elegans and highlight some remarkable instances of lineage-specific innovation in innate immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Pujol
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - Jonathan J Ewbank
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
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24
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Li Z, Gao Y, He C, Wei H, Zhang J, Zhang H, Hu L, Jiang W. Purinergic Receptor P2Y 6 Is a Negative Regulator of NK Cell Maturation and Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1555-1565. [PMID: 34426542 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are critical innate immune cells that target the tumor cells and cancer-initiating cells and clear viruses by producing cytokines and cytotoxic granules. However, the role of the purinergic receptor P2Y6 in the NK cells remains largely unknown. In this study, we discovered that the expression of P2Y6 was decreased upon the activation of the NK cells. Moreover, in the P2Y6-deficient mice, we found that the deficiency of P2Y6 promoted the development of the NK precursor cells into immature NK and mature NK cells. We also found that the P2Y6 deficiency increased, but the P2Y6 receptor agonist UDP or UDP analog 5-OMe-UDP decreased the production of IFN-γ in the activated NK cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the P2Y6-deficient NK cells exhibited stronger cytotoxicity in vitro and antimetastatic effects in vivo. Mechanistically, P2Y6 deletion promoted the expression of T-bet (encoded by Tbx21), with or without the stimulation of IL-15. In the absence of P2Y6, the levels of phospho-serine/threonine kinase and pS6 in the NK cells were significantly increased upon the stimulation of IL-15. Collectively, we demonstrated that the P2Y6 receptor acted as a negative regulator of the NK cell function and inhibited the maturation and antitumor activities of the NK cells. Therefore, inhibition of the P2Y6 receptor increases the antitumor activities of the NK cells, which may aid in the design of innovative strategies to improve NK cell-based cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaoxin Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lulu Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzheng Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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25
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Lukácsi S, Farkas Z, Saskői É, Bajtay Z, Takács-Vellai K. Conserved and Distinct Elements of Phagocytosis in Human and C. elegans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168934. [PMID: 34445642 PMCID: PMC8396242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis provides the cellular nutrition and homeostasis of organisms, but pathogens often take advantage of this entry point to infect host cells. This is counteracted by phagocytosis that plays a key role in the protection against invading microbes both during the initial engulfment of pathogens and in the clearance of infected cells. Phagocytic cells balance two vital functions: preventing the accumulation of cell corpses to avoid pathological inflammation and autoimmunity, whilst maintaining host defence. In this review, we compare elements of phagocytosis in mammals and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Initial recognition of infection requires different mechanisms. In mammals, pattern recognition receptors bind pathogens directly, whereas activation of the innate immune response in the nematode rather relies on the detection of cellular damage. In contrast, molecules involved in efferocytosis—the engulfment and elimination of dying cells and cell debris—are highly conserved between the two species. Therefore, C. elegans is a powerful model to research mechanisms of the phagocytic machinery. Finally, we show that both mammalian and worm studies help to understand how the two phagocytic functions are interconnected: emerging data suggest the activation of innate immunity as a consequence of defective apoptotic cell clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Lukácsi
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (S.L.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zsolt Farkas
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.F.); (É.S.)
| | - Éva Saskői
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.F.); (É.S.)
| | - Zsuzsa Bajtay
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (S.L.); (Z.B.)
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Takács-Vellai
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.F.); (É.S.)
- Correspondence:
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26
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Zhang X, Harding BW, Aggad D, Courtine D, Chen JX, Pujol N, Ewbank JJ. Antagonistic fungal enterotoxins intersect at multiple levels with host innate immune defences. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009600. [PMID: 34166401 PMCID: PMC8263066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals and plants need to defend themselves from pathogen attack. Their defences drive innovation in virulence mechanisms, leading to never-ending cycles of co-evolution in both hosts and pathogens. A full understanding of host immunity therefore requires examination of pathogen virulence strategies. Here, we take advantage of the well-studied innate immune system of Caenorhabditis elegans to dissect the action of two virulence factors from its natural fungal pathogen Drechmeria coniospora. We show that these two enterotoxins have strikingly different effects when expressed individually in the nematode epidermis. One is able to interfere with diverse aspects of host cell biology, altering vesicle trafficking and preventing the key STAT-like transcription factor STA-2 from activating defensive antimicrobial peptide gene expression. The second increases STA-2 levels in the nucleus, modifies the nucleolus, and, potentially as a consequence of a host surveillance mechanism, causes increased defence gene expression. Our results highlight the remarkably complex and potentially antagonistic mechanisms that come into play in the interaction between co-evolved hosts and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin W. Harding
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Dina Aggad
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Damien Courtine
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | | | - Nathalie Pujol
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Jonathan J. Ewbank
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
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27
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Garcia-Sanchez JA, Ewbank JJ, Visvikis O. Ubiquitin-related processes and innate immunity in C. elegans. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4305-4333. [PMID: 33630111 PMCID: PMC11072174 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03787-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity is an evolutionary ancient defence strategy that serves to eliminate infectious agents while maintaining host health. It involves a complex network of sensors, signaling proteins and immune effectors that detect the danger, then relay and execute the immune programme. Post-translational modifications relying on conserved ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins are an integral part of the system. Studies using invertebrate models of infection, such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, have greatly contributed to our understanding of how ubiquitin-related processes act in immune sensing, regulate immune signaling pathways, and participate to host defence responses. This review highlights the interest of working with a genetically tractable model organism and illustrates how C. elegans has been used to identify ubiquitin-dependent immune mechanisms, discover novel ubiquitin-based resistance strategies that mediate pathogen clearance, and unravel the role of ubiquitin-related processes in tolerance, preserving host fitness during pathogen attack. Special emphasis is placed on processes that are conserved in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Garcia-Sanchez
- INSERM, C3M, Côte D'Azur University, Nice, France
- INSERM, CNRS, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Jonathan J Ewbank
- INSERM, CNRS, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.
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28
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Sandhu A, Badal D, Sheokand R, Tyagi S, Singh V. Specific collagens maintain the cuticle permeability barrier in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2021; 217:iyaa047. [PMID: 33789349 PMCID: PMC8045729 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen-enriched cuticle forms the outermost layer of skin in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The nematode's genome encodes 177 collagens, but little is known about their role in maintaining the structure or barrier function of the cuticle. In this study, we found six permeability determining (PD) collagens. Loss of any of these PD collagens-DPY-2, DPY-3, DPY-7, DPY-8, DPY-9, and DPY-10-led to enhanced susceptibility of nematodes to paraquat (PQ) and antihelminthic drugs- levamisole and ivermectin. Upon exposure to PQ, PD collagen mutants accumulated more PQ and incurred more damage and death despite the robust activation of antioxidant machinery. We find that BLMP-1, a zinc finger transcription factor, maintains the barrier function of the cuticle by regulating the expression of PD collagens. We show that the permeability barrier maintained by PD collagens acts in parallel to FOXO transcription factor DAF-16 to enhance survival of insulin-like receptor mutant, daf-2. In all, this study shows that PD collagens regulate cuticle permeability by maintaining the structure of C. elegans cuticle and thus provide protection against exogenous toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Sandhu
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Divakar Badal
- Center for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Riya Sheokand
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Shalini Tyagi
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Varsha Singh
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Center for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Lead contact
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29
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Abstract
In its natural habitat, C. elegans encounters a wide variety of microbes, including food, commensals and pathogens. To be able to survive long enough to reproduce, C. elegans has developed a complex array of responses to pathogens. These activities are coordinated on scales that range from individual organelles to the entire organism. Often, the response is triggered within cells, by detection of infection-induced damage, mainly in the intestine or epidermis. C. elegans has, however, a capacity for cell non-autonomous regulation of these responses. This frequently involves the nervous system, integrating pathogen recognition, altering host biology and governing avoidance behavior. Although there are significant differences with the immune system of mammals, some mechanisms used to limit pathogenesis show remarkable phylogenetic conservation. The past 20 years have witnessed an explosion of host-pathogen interaction studies using C. elegans as a model. This review will discuss the broad themes that have emerged and highlight areas that remain to be fully explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline N Martineau
- Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | | | - Nathalie Pujol
- Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
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30
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Yang Y, Dong W, Wu Q, Wang D. Induction of Protective Response Associated with Expressional Alterations in Neuronal G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Polystyrene Nanoparticle Exposed Caenorhabditis elegans. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1308-1318. [PMID: 33650869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the association of expressional alterations in neuronal G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with induction of protective response to polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) was investigated in Caenorhabditis elegans. On the basis of both phenotypic analysis and expression levels, the alterations in expressions of NPR-1, NPR-4, NPR-8, NPR-9, NPR-12, DCAR-1, GTR-1, DOP-2, SER-4, and DAF-37 in neuronal cells mediated the protective response to PS-NPs exposure. In neuronal cells, NPR-9, NPR-12, DCAR-1, and GTR-1 controlled the PS-NPs toxicity by activating or inhibiting JNK-1/JNK MAPK signaling. Neuronal NPR-8, NPR-9, DCAR-1, DOP-2, and DAF-37 controlled the PS-NPs toxicity by activating or inhibiting MPK-1/ERK MAPK signaling. Neuronal NPR-4, NPR-8, NPR-9, NPR-12, GTR-1, DOP-2, and DAF-37 controlled the PS-NPs toxicity by activating or inhibiting DBL-1/TGF-β signaling. Neuronal NPR-1, NPR-4, NPR-12, and GTR-1 controlled the PS-NPs toxicity by activating or inhibiting DAF-7/TGF-β signaling. Our data provides an important neuronal basis for induction of protective response to PS-NPs in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wenting Dong
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qiuli Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dayong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.,College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou 404100, China.,Shenzhen Ruipuxun Academy for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, Shenzhen, 518122, China
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31
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Sinner MP, Masurat F, Ewbank JJ, Pujol N, Bringmann H. Innate Immunity Promotes Sleep through Epidermal Antimicrobial Peptides. Curr Biol 2021; 31:564-577.e12. [PMID: 33259791 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Wounding and infection trigger a protective innate immune response that includes the production of antimicrobial peptides in the affected tissue as well as increased sleep. Little is known, however, how peripheral wounds or innate immunity signal to the nervous system to increase sleep. We found that, during C. elegans larval molting, an epidermal tolloid/bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-1-like protein called NAS-38 promotes sleep. NAS-38 is negatively regulated by its thrombospondin domain and acts through its astacin protease domain to activate p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP)/PMK-1 kinase and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-SMAD/SMA-3-dependent innate immune pathways in the epidermis that cause STAT/STA-2 and SLC6 (solute carrier)/SNF-12-dependent expression of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes. We show that more than a dozen epidermal AMPs act as somnogens, signaling across tissues to promote sleep through the sleep-active RIS neuron. In the adult, epidermal injury activates innate immunity and turns up AMP production to trigger sleep, a process that requires epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling that is known to promote sleep following cellular stress. We show for one AMP, neuropeptide-like protein (NLP)-29, that it acts through the neuropeptide receptor NPR-12 in locomotion-controlling neurons that are presynaptic to RIS and that depolarize this neuron to induce sleep. Sleep in turn increases the chance of surviving injury. Thus, we found a novel mechanism by which peripheral wounds signal to the nervous system to increase protective sleep. Such a cross-tissue somnogen-signaling function of AMPs might also boost sleep in other animals, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina P Sinner
- BIOTEC, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Jonathan J Ewbank
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Pujol
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, CIML, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Henrik Bringmann
- BIOTEC, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany; University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.
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32
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Ma Y, Xie J, Wijaya CS, Xu S. From wound response to repair - lessons from C. elegans. CELL REGENERATION 2021; 10:5. [PMID: 33532882 PMCID: PMC7855202 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-020-00067-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a result of evolution, the ability to repair wounds allows organisms to combat environment insults. Although the general process of wound healing at the tissue level has been described for decades, the detailed molecular mechanisms regarding the early wound response and rapid wound repair at the cellular level remain little understood. Caenorhabditis elegans is a model organism widely used in the field of development, neuroscience, programmed cell death etc. The nematode skin is composed of a large epidermis associated with a transparent extracellular cuticle, which likely has a robust capacity for epidermal repair. Yet, until the last decades, relatively few studies had directly analyzed the wound response and repair process. Here we review recent findings in how C. elegans epidermis responds to wounding and initiates early actin-polymerization-based wound closure as well as later membrane repair. We also discussed some remained outstanding questions for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicong Ma
- The Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jing Xie
- The Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chandra Sugiarto Wijaya
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Suhong Xu
- The Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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33
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Venkatesh SR, Singh V. G protein-coupled receptors: The choreographers of innate immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009151. [PMID: 33476324 PMCID: PMC7819600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth R. Venkatesh
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Varsha Singh
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- * E-mail:
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34
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Lee EY, Chan LC, Wang H, Lieng J, Hung M, Srinivasan Y, Wang J, Waschek JA, Ferguson AL, Lee KF, Yount NY, Yeaman MR, Wong GCL. PACAP is a pathogen-inducible resident antimicrobial neuropeptide affording rapid and contextual molecular host defense of the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e1917623117. [PMID: 33372152 PMCID: PMC7817161 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917623117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Defense of the central nervous system (CNS) against infection must be accomplished without generation of potentially injurious immune cell-mediated or off-target inflammation which could impair key functions. As the CNS is an immune-privileged compartment, inducible innate defense mechanisms endogenous to the CNS likely play an essential role in this regard. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide known to regulate neurodevelopment, emotion, and certain stress responses. While PACAP is known to interact with the immune system, its significance in direct defense of brain or other tissues is not established. Here, we show that our machine-learning classifier can screen for immune activity in neuropeptides, and correctly identified PACAP as an antimicrobial neuropeptide in agreement with previous experimental work. Furthermore, synchrotron X-ray scattering, antimicrobial assays, and mechanistic fingerprinting provided precise insights into how PACAP exerts antimicrobial activities vs. pathogens via multiple and synergistic mechanisms, including dysregulation of membrane integrity and energetics and activation of cell death pathways. Importantly, resident PACAP is selectively induced up to 50-fold in the brain in mouse models of Staphylococcus aureus or Candida albicans infection in vivo, without inducing immune cell infiltration. We show differential PACAP induction even in various tissues outside the CNS, and how these observed patterns of induction are consistent with the antimicrobial efficacy of PACAP measured in conditions simulating specific physiologic contexts of those tissues. Phylogenetic analysis of PACAP revealed close conservation of predicted antimicrobial properties spanning primitive invertebrates to modern mammals. Together, these findings substantiate our hypothesis that PACAP is an ancient neuro-endocrine-immune effector that defends the CNS against infection while minimizing potentially injurious neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Y Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- UCLA-Caltech Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Liana C Chan
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Los Angeles County, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles County, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509
| | - Huiyuan Wang
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Los Angeles County, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509
| | - Juelline Lieng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Mandy Hung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Yashes Srinivasan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jennifer Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - James A Waschek
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Intellectual Development and Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Andrew L Ferguson
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Kuo-Fen Lee
- Peptide Biology Laboratories, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Nannette Y Yount
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Los Angeles County, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509
| | - Michael R Yeaman
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Los Angeles County, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles County, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Intellectual Development and Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Gerard C L Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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35
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Fasseas MK, Grover M, Drury F, Essmann CL, Kaulich E, Schafer WR, Barkoulas M. Chemosensory Neurons Modulate the Response to Oomycete Recognition in Caenorhabditis elegans. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108604. [PMID: 33440164 PMCID: PMC7809619 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how animals detect and respond to pathogen threats is central to dissecting mechanisms of host immunity. The oomycetes represent a diverse eukaryotic group infecting various hosts from nematodes to humans. We have previously shown that Caenorhabditis elegans mounts a defense response consisting of the induction of chitinase-like (chil) genes in the epidermis to combat infection by its natural oomycete pathogen Myzocytiopsis humicola. We provide here evidence that C. elegans can sense the oomycete by detecting an innocuous extract derived from animals infected with M. humicola. The oomycete recognition response (ORR) leads to changes in the cuticle and reduction in pathogen attachment, thereby increasing animal survival. We also show that TAX-2/TAX-4 function in chemosensory neurons is required for the induction of chil-27 in the epidermis in response to extract exposure. Our findings highlight that neuron-to-epidermis communication may shape responses to oomycete recognition in animal hosts. C. elegans senses its natural oomycete pathogen M. humicola without infection Exposure to a pathogen extract triggers an oomycete recognition response Upon pathogen detection, C. elegans resists infection through changes in the cuticle The response involves signaling between sensory neurons and the epidermis
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manish Grover
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Florence Drury
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Clara L Essmann
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Eva Kaulich
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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36
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Slowinski S, Ramirez I, Narayan V, Somayaji M, Para M, Pi S, Jadeja N, Karimzadegan S, Pees B, Shapira M. Interactions with a Complex Microbiota Mediate a Trade-Off between the Host Development Rate and Heat Stress Resistance. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111781. [PMID: 33202910 PMCID: PMC7697855 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals and plants host diverse communities of microorganisms, and these microbiotas have been shown to influence host life history traits. Much has been said about the benefits that host-associated microbiotas bestow on the host. However, life history traits often demonstrate tradeoffs among one another. Raising Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes in compost microcosms emulating their natural environment, we examined how complex microbiotas affect host life history traits. We show that soil microbes usually increase the host development rate but decrease host resistance to heat stress, suggesting that interactions with complex microbiotas may mediate a tradeoff between host development and stress resistance. What element in these interactions is responsible for these effects is yet unknown, but experiments with live versus dead bacteria suggest that such effects may depend on bacterially provided signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Slowinski
- Department of Integrative Biology, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA; (I.R.); (V.N.); (M.S.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (N.J.); (S.K.); (B.P.)
- Department of Biology, 4223 Biology-Psychology Bldg., University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Isabella Ramirez
- Department of Integrative Biology, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA; (I.R.); (V.N.); (M.S.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (N.J.); (S.K.); (B.P.)
| | - Vivek Narayan
- Department of Integrative Biology, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA; (I.R.); (V.N.); (M.S.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (N.J.); (S.K.); (B.P.)
| | - Medha Somayaji
- Department of Integrative Biology, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA; (I.R.); (V.N.); (M.S.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (N.J.); (S.K.); (B.P.)
| | - Maya Para
- Department of Integrative Biology, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA; (I.R.); (V.N.); (M.S.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (N.J.); (S.K.); (B.P.)
| | - Sarah Pi
- Department of Integrative Biology, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA; (I.R.); (V.N.); (M.S.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (N.J.); (S.K.); (B.P.)
| | - Niharika Jadeja
- Department of Integrative Biology, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA; (I.R.); (V.N.); (M.S.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (N.J.); (S.K.); (B.P.)
| | - Siavash Karimzadegan
- Department of Integrative Biology, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA; (I.R.); (V.N.); (M.S.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (N.J.); (S.K.); (B.P.)
| | - Barbara Pees
- Department of Integrative Biology, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA; (I.R.); (V.N.); (M.S.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (N.J.); (S.K.); (B.P.)
| | - Michael Shapira
- Department of Integrative Biology, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA; (I.R.); (V.N.); (M.S.); (M.P.); (S.P.); (N.J.); (S.K.); (B.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (M.S.)
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37
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Abstract
Microbes are ubiquitous in the natural environment of Caenorhabditis elegans. Bacteria serve as a food source for C. elegans but may also cause infection in the nematode host. The sensory nervous system of C. elegans detects diverse microbial molecules, ranging from metabolites produced by broad classes of bacteria to molecules synthesized by specific strains of bacteria. Innate recognition through chemosensation of bacterial metabolites or mechanosensation of bacteria can induce immediate behavioral responses. The ingestion of nutritive or pathogenic bacteria can modulate internal states that underlie long-lasting behavioral changes. Ingestion of nutritive bacteria leads to learned attraction and exploitation of the bacterial food source. Infection, which is accompanied by activation of innate immunity, stress responses, and host damage, leads to the development of aversive behavior. The integration of a multitude of microbial sensory cues in the environment is shaped by experience and context. Genetic, chemical, and neuronal studies of C. elegans behavior in the presence of bacteria have defined neural circuits and neuromodulatory systems that shape innate and learned behavioral responses to microbial cues. These studies have revealed the profound influence that host-microbe interactions have in governing the behavior of this simple animal host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis H Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven W Flavell
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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38
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Dierking K, Pita L. Receptors Mediating Host-Microbiota Communication in the Metaorganism: The Invertebrate Perspective. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1251. [PMID: 32612612 PMCID: PMC7308585 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular organisms live in close association with a plethora of microorganism, which have a profound effect on multiple host functions. As such, the microbiota and its host form an intimate functional entity, termed the metaorganism or holobiont. But how does the metaorganism communicate? Which receptors recognize microbial signals, mediate the effect of the microbiota on host physiology or regulate microbiota composition and homeostasis? In this review we provide an overview on the function of different receptor classes in animal host-microbiota communication. We put a special focus on invertebrate hosts, including both traditional invertebrate models such as Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans and “non-model” invertebrates in microbiota research. Finally, we highlight the potential of invertebrate systems in studying mechanism of host-microbiota interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Dierking
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lucía Pita
- RD3 Marine Symbioses, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
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39
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Kew C, Huang W, Fischer J, Ganesan R, Robinson N, Antebi A. Evolutionarily conserved regulation of immunity by the splicing factor RNP-6/PUF60. eLife 2020; 9:57591. [PMID: 32538777 PMCID: PMC7332298 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Splicing is a vital cellular process that modulates important aspects of animal physiology, yet roles in regulating innate immunity are relatively unexplored. From genetic screens in C. elegans, we identified splicing factor RNP-6/PUF60 whose activity suppresses immunity, but promotes longevity, suggesting a tradeoff between these processes. Bacterial pathogen exposure affects gene expression and splicing in a rnp-6 dependent manner, and rnp-6 gain and loss-of-function activities reveal an active role in immune regulation. Another longevity promoting splicing factor, SFA-1, similarly exerts an immuno-suppressive effect, working downstream or parallel to RNP-6. RNP-6 acts through TIR-1/PMK-1/MAPK signaling to modulate immunity. The mammalian homolog, PUF60, also displays anti-inflammatory properties, and its levels swiftly decrease after bacterial infection in mammalian cells, implying a role in the host response. Altogether our findings demonstrate an evolutionarily conserved modulation of immunity by specific components of the splicing machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Kew
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wenming Huang
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Fischer
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Cellular-Stress and Immune Response Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nirmal Robinson
- Cellular-Stress and Immune Response Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Adam Antebi
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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40
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Dixit A, Sandhu A, Modi S, Shashikanth M, Koushika SP, Watts JL, Singh V. Neuronal control of lipid metabolism by STR-2 G protein-coupled receptor promotes longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13160. [PMID: 32432390 PMCID: PMC7294788 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) encoding family of genes constitutes more than 6% of genes in Caenorhabditis elegans genome. GPCRs control behavior, innate immunity, chemotaxis, and food search behavior. Here, we show that C. elegans longevity is regulated by a chemosensory GPCR STR-2, expressed in AWC and ASI amphid sensory neurons. STR-2 function is required at temperatures of 20°C and higher on standard Escherichia coli OP50 diet. Under these conditions, this neuronal receptor also controls health span parameters and lipid droplet (LD) homeostasis in the intestine. We show that STR-2 regulates expression of delta-9 desaturases, fat-5, fat-6 and fat-7, and of diacylglycerol acyltransferase dgat-2. Rescue of the STR-2 function in either AWC and ASI, or ASI sensory neurons alone, restores expression of fat-5, dgat-2 and restores LD stores and longevity. Rescue of stored fat levels of GPCR mutant animals to wild-type levels, with low concentration of glucose, rescues its lifespan phenotype. In all, we show that neuronal STR-2 GPCR facilitates control of neutral lipid levels and longevity in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhuti Dixit
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and GeneticsIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
- Present address:
Amity Institute of Neuropsychology and NeurosciencesAmity UniversityNoidaIndia
| | - Anjali Sandhu
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and GeneticsIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | - Souvik Modi
- Department of Biological SciencesTata Institute of Fundamental ResearchMumbaiIndia
| | - Meghana Shashikanth
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and GeneticsIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | - Sandhya P. Koushika
- Department of Biological SciencesTata Institute of Fundamental ResearchMumbaiIndia
| | - Jennifer L. Watts
- School of Molecular BiosciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWAUSA
| | - Varsha Singh
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and GeneticsIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
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41
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Kumar A, Baruah A, Tomioka M, Iino Y, Kalita MC, Khan M. Caenorhabditis elegans: a model to understand host-microbe interactions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1229-1249. [PMID: 31584128 PMCID: PMC11104810 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Host-microbe interactions within the gut are fundamental to all higher organisms. Caenorhabditis elegans has been in use as a surrogate model to understand the conserved mechanisms in host-microbe interactions. Morphological and functional similarities of C. elegans gut with the human have allowed the mechanistic investigation of gut microbes and their effects on metabolism, development, reproduction, behavior, pathogenesis, immune responses and lifespan. Recent reports suggest their suitability for functional investigations of human gut bacteria, such as gut microbiota of healthy and diseased individuals. Our knowledge on the gut microbial diversity of C. elegans in their natural environment and the effect of host genetics on their core gut microbiota is important. Caenorhabditis elegans, as a model, is continuously bridging the gap in our understanding the role of genetics, environment, and dietary factors on physiology of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar
- Molecular Biology and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India
| | - Aiswarya Baruah
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, 785013, India
| | - Masahiro Tomioka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuichi Iino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- JST, CREST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Mohan C Kalita
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, 781014, India
| | - Mojibur Khan
- Molecular Biology and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India.
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42
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Taffoni C, Omi S, Huber C, Mailfert S, Fallet M, Rupprecht JF, Ewbank JJ, Pujol N. Microtubule plus-end dynamics link wound repair to the innate immune response. eLife 2020; 9:e45047. [PMID: 31995031 PMCID: PMC7043892 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin protects animals from infection and physical damage. In Caenorhabditis elegans, wounding the epidermis triggers an immune reaction and a repair response, but it is not clear how these are coordinated. Previous work implicated the microtubule cytoskeleton in the maintenance of epidermal integrity (Chuang et al., 2016). Here, by establishing a simple wounding system, we show that wounding provokes a reorganisation of plasma membrane subdomains. This is followed by recruitment of the microtubule plus end-binding protein EB1/EBP-2 around the wound and actin ring formation, dependent on ARP2/3 branched actin polymerisation. We show that microtubule dynamics are required for the recruitment and closure of the actin ring, and for the trafficking of the key signalling protein SLC6/SNF-12 toward the injury site. Without SNF-12 recruitment, there is an abrogation of the immune response. Our results suggest that microtubule dynamics coordinate the cytoskeletal changes required for wound repair and the concomitant activation of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Taffoni
- CIML, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Centre for Living SystemsAix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRSMarseilleFrance
| | - Shizue Omi
- CIML, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Centre for Living SystemsAix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRSMarseilleFrance
| | - Caroline Huber
- CIML, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Centre for Living SystemsAix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRSMarseilleFrance
| | - Sébastien Mailfert
- CIML, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Centre for Living SystemsAix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRSMarseilleFrance
| | - Mathieu Fallet
- CIML, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Centre for Living SystemsAix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRSMarseilleFrance
| | | | - Jonathan J Ewbank
- CIML, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Centre for Living SystemsAix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRSMarseilleFrance
| | - Nathalie Pujol
- CIML, Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Centre for Living SystemsAix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRSMarseilleFrance
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43
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The Caenorhabditis elegans RIG-I Homolog DRH-1 Mediates the Intracellular Pathogen Response upon Viral Infection. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01173-19. [PMID: 31619561 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01173-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors detect viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and 5'-triphosphorylated RNA to activate the transcription of interferon genes and promote antiviral defense. The Caenorhabditis elegans RIG-I-like receptor DRH-1 promotes defense through antiviral RNA interference (RNAi), but less is known about its role in regulating transcription. Here, we describe a role for DRH-1 in directing a transcriptional response in C. elegans called the intracellular pathogen response (IPR), which is associated with increased pathogen resistance. The IPR includes a set of genes induced by diverse stimuli, including intracellular infection and proteotoxic stress. Previous work suggested that the proteotoxic stress caused by intracellular infections might be the common trigger of the IPR, but here, we demonstrate that different stimuli act through distinct pathways. Specifically, we demonstrate that DRH-1/RIG-I is required for inducing the IPR in response to Orsay virus infection but not in response to other triggers like microsporidian infection or proteotoxic stress. Furthermore, DRH-1 appears to be acting independently of its known role in RNAi. Interestingly, expression of the replication-competent Orsay virus RNA1 segment alone is sufficient to induce most of the IPR genes in a manner dependent on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity and on DRH-1. Altogether, these results suggest that DRH-1 is a pattern recognition receptor that detects viral replication products to activate the IPR stress/immune program in C. elegans IMPORTANCE C. elegans lacks homologs of most mammalian pattern recognition receptors, and how nematodes detect pathogens is poorly understood. We show that the C. elegans RIG-I homolog DRH-1 mediates the induction of the intracellular pathogen response (IPR), a novel transcriptional defense program, in response to infection by the natural C. elegans viral pathogen Orsay virus. DRH-1 appears to act as a pattern recognition receptor to induce the IPR transcriptional defense program by sensing the products of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. Interestingly, this signaling role of DRH-1 is separable from its previously known role in antiviral RNAi. In addition, we show that there are multiple host pathways for inducing the IPR, shedding light on the regulation of this novel transcriptional immune response.
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44
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Abstract
The microscopic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has emerged as a powerful system to characterize evolutionarily ancient mechanisms of pathogen sensing, innate immune activation, and protective host responses. Experimentally, C. elegans can be infected with a wide variety of human pathogens, as well as with natural pathogens of worms that were isolated from wild-caught nematodes. Here, we focus on an experimental model of bacterial pathogenesis that utilizes the human opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and present an algorithm that can be used to study mechanisms of immune function in nematodes. An initial comparison of the susceptibility of a C. elegans mutant to P. aeruginosa infection with its normal lifespan permits an understanding of a mutant's effect on pathogen susceptibility in the context of potential pleotropic consequences on general worm fitness. Assessing the behavior of nematodes in the presence of P. aeruginosa can also help determine if a gene of interest modulates pathogen susceptibility by affecting the host's ability to avoid a pathogen. In addition, quantification of the pathogen load in the C. elegans intestine during infection, characterization of immune effector transcription that are regulated by host defense pathways and an initial assessment of tissue specificity of immune gene function can refine hypotheses about the mechanism of action of a gene of interest. Together, these protocols offer one approach to characterize novel host defense mechanisms in a simple metazoan host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Foster
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Deborah L McEwan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Read Pukkila-Worley
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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45
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Mohd Ghani F, Bhassu S. A new insight to biomarkers related to resistance in survived-white spot syndrome virus challenged giant tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8107. [PMID: 31875142 PMCID: PMC6927347 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of diseases such as white spot disease has become a threat to Penaeus monodon cultivation. Although there have been a few studies utilizing RNA-Seq, the cellular processes of host-virus interaction in this species remain mostly anonymous. In the present study, P. monodon was challenged with WSSV by intramuscular injection and survived for 12 days. The effect of the host gene expression by WSSV infection in the haemocytes, hepatopancreas and muscle of P. monodon was studied using Illumina HiSeq 2000. The RNA-Seq of cDNA libraries was developed from surviving WSSV-challenged shrimp as well as from normal healthy shrimp as control. A comparison of the transcriptome data of the two groups showed 2,644 host genes to be significantly up-regulated and 2,194 genes significantly down-regulated as a result of the infection with WSSV. Among the differentially expressed genes, our study discovered HMGB, TNFSF and c-Jun in P. monodon as new potential candidate genes for further investigation for the development of potential disease resistance markers. Our study also provided significant data on the differential expression of genes in the survived WSSV infected P. monodon that will help to improve understanding of host-virus interactions in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Mohd Ghani
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Subha Bhassu
- Department of Genetics & Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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46
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Kumsta C, Hansen M. Getting under the skin: Cuticle damage elicits systemic autophagy response in C. elegans. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3885-3887. [PMID: 31723005 PMCID: PMC6891074 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201911020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this issue, Zhang et al. (2019. J. Cell. Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201907196) describe a molecular mechanism by which cuticular damage in the nematode C. elegans leads to systemic induction of autophagy by signals propagated from sensory neurons via the TGF-β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Kumsta
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, La Jolla, CA
| | - Malene Hansen
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, La Jolla, CA
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47
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Worm-Based Alternate Assessment of Probiotic Intervention against Gut Barrier Infection. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092146. [PMID: 31500368 PMCID: PMC6770392 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial barrier is the frontline defense against enteropathogenic bacteria and nutrition-linked xenobiotic stressors in the alimentary tract. In particular, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) insults the gut barrier and is increasingly implicated in chronic intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease. For the efficient development of intervention against barrier-linked distress, the present study provided a Caenorhabditis elegans-based assessment instead of extensive preclinical evaluations using mammalian models. In particular, EPEC infected the gut and shortened the lifespan of C. elegans, which was counteracted by colonization of E. coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN). In addition to the competitive actions of EcN against EPEC, EcN improved the gut barrier integrity of worms via the Zonula occludens ortholog (Zoo-1) induction, which was verified in the murine infection and colitis model. The worm-based assessment provided a crucial methodology and important insights into the potent chronic events in the human gut barrier after the ingestion of probiotic candidates as a mucoactive dietary or therapeutic agent.
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Identification of a Conserved, Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor Required for Efficient Pathogen Clearance in Caenorhabditis elegans. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00034-19. [PMID: 30692178 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00034-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors contribute to host defense across the animal kingdom, transducing many signals involved in both vertebrate and invertebrate immune responses. While it has become well established that the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans triggers innate immune responses following infection with numerous bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens, the mechanisms by which C. elegans recognizes these pathogens have remained somewhat more elusive. C. elegans G protein-coupled receptors have been implicated in recognizing pathogen-associated damage and activating downstream host immune responses. Here we identify and characterize a novel G protein-coupled receptor required to regulate the C. elegans response to infection with Microbacterium nematophilum We show that this receptor, which we designate pathogen clearance-defective receptor 1 (PCDR-1), is required for efficient pathogen clearance following infection. PCDR-1 acts upstream of multiple G proteins, including the C. elegans Gαq ortholog, EGL-30, in rectal epithelial cells to promote pathogen clearance via a novel mechanism.
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Reddy KC, Dror T, Underwood RS, Osman GA, Elder CR, Desjardins CA, Cuomo CA, Barkoulas M, Troemel ER. Antagonistic paralogs control a switch between growth and pathogen resistance in C. elegans. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007528. [PMID: 30640956 PMCID: PMC6347328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune genes are under intense, pathogen-induced pressure, which causes these genes to diversify over evolutionary time and become species-specific. Through a forward genetic screen we recently described a C. elegans-specific gene called pals-22 to be a repressor of "Intracellular Pathogen Response" or IPR genes. Here we describe pals-25, which, like pals-22, is a species-specific gene of unknown biochemical function. We identified pals-25 in a screen for suppression of pals-22 mutant phenotypes and found that mutations in pals-25 suppress all known phenotypes caused by mutations in pals-22. These phenotypes include increased IPR gene expression, thermotolerance, and immunity against natural pathogens, including Nematocida parisii microsporidia and the Orsay virus. Mutations in pals-25 also reverse the reduced lifespan and slowed growth of pals-22 mutants. Transcriptome analysis indicates that pals-22 and pals-25 control expression of genes induced not only by natural pathogens of the intestine, but also by natural pathogens of the epidermis. Indeed, in an independent forward genetic screen we identified pals-22 as a repressor and pals-25 as an activator of epidermal defense gene expression. In summary, the species-specific pals-22 and pals-25 genes act as a switch to regulate a program of gene expression, growth, and defense against diverse natural pathogens in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirthi C. Reddy
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA United States of America
| | - Tal Dror
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA United States of America
| | - Ryan S. Underwood
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA United States of America
| | - Guled A. Osman
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Corrina R. Elder
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA United States of America
| | | | - Christina A. Cuomo
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge MA United States of America
| | | | - Emily R. Troemel
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA United States of America
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Penkov S, Mitroulis I, Hajishengallis G, Chavakis T. Immunometabolic Crosstalk: An Ancestral Principle of Trained Immunity? Trends Immunol 2018; 40:1-11. [PMID: 30503793 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Memory was traditionally considered an exclusive hallmark of adaptive immunity. This dogma was challenged by recent reports that myeloid cells can retain 'memory' of earlier challenges, enabling them to respond strongly to a secondary stimulus. This process, designated 'trained immunity', is initiated by modulation of precursors of myeloid cells in the bone marrow. The ancestral innate immune system of lower organisms (e.g., Caenorhabditis elegans) can build long-lasting memory that modifies responses to secondary pathogen encounters. We posit that changes in cellular metabolism may be a common denominator of innate immune memory from lower animals to mammals. We discuss evidence from C. elegans and murine/human systems supporting the concept of an ancestral principle regulating innate immune memory by controlling cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sider Penkov
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Equal contribution.
| | - Ioannis Mitroulis
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany of the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, and of the Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and of the Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany; Department of Haematology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece; Equal contribution
| | - George Hajishengallis
- University of Pennsylvania, Penn Dental Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Partner Site Dresden, Germany of the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, and of the Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany, and of the Helmholtz Association/Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.
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