1
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Shao W, Wang Y, Fang Q, Shi W, Qi H. Epigenetic recording of stimulation history reveals BLIMP1-BACH2 balance in determining memory B cell fate upon recall challenge. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:1432-1444. [PMID: 38969872 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01900-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) differentiate into plasma cells (PCs) or germinal centers (GCs) upon antigen recall. How this decision is programmed is not understood. We found that the relative strength between two antagonistic transcription factors, B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (BLIMP1) and BTB domain and CNC homolog 2 (BACH2), progressively increases in favor of BLIMP1 in antigen-responding B cells through the course of primary responses. MBC subsets that preferentially produce secondary GCs expressed comparatively higher BACH2 but lower BLIMP1 than those predisposed for PC development. Skewing the BLIMP1-BACH2 balance in otherwise fate-predisposed MBC subsets could switch their fate preferences. Underlying the changing BLIMP1-over-BACH2 balance, we observed progressively increased accessibilities at chromatin loci that are specifically opened in PCs, particularly those that contain interferon-sensitive response elements (ISREs) and are controlled by interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4). IRF4 is upregulated by B cell receptor, CD40 or innate receptor signaling and it induces graded levels of PC-specifying epigenetic imprints according to the strength of stimulation. By analyzing history-stamped GC B cells, we found progressively increased chromatin accessibilities at PC-specific, IRF4-controlled gene loci over time. Therefore, the cumulative stimulation history of B cells is epigenetically recorded in an IRF4-dependent manner, determines the relative strength between BLIMP1 and BACH2 in individual MBCs and dictates their probabilities to develop into GCs or PCs upon restimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Beijing, China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Beijing, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Beijing, China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Beijing, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Fang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Beijing, China
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjuan Shi
- SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, Beijing, China.
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Beijing, China.
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing, China.
- SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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2
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Neri P. Plasma cells' fate: it is a complex "orchestra". Blood 2024; 144:466-467. [PMID: 39088226 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2024025016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Neri
- University of Calgary
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute
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3
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Ochiai K, Shima H, Tamahara T, Sugie N, Funayama R, Nakayama K, Kurosaki T, Igarashi K. Accelerated plasma-cell differentiation in Bach2-deficient mouse B cells is caused by altered IRF4 functions. EMBO J 2024; 43:1947-1964. [PMID: 38605225 PMCID: PMC11099079 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors BACH2 and IRF4 are both essential for antibody class-switch recombination (CSR) in activated B lymphocytes, while they oppositely regulate the differentiation of plasma cells (PCs). Here, we investigated how BACH2 and IRF4 interact during CSR and plasma-cell differentiation. We found that BACH2 organizes heterochromatin formation of target gene loci in mouse splenic B cells, including targets of IRF4 activation such as Aicda, an inducer of CSR, and Prdm1, a master plasma-cell regulator. Release of these gene loci from heterochromatin in response to B-cell receptor stimulation was coupled to AKT-mTOR pathway activation. In Bach2-deficient B cells, PC genes' activation depended on IRF4 protein accumulation, without an increase in Irf4 mRNA. Mechanistically, a PU.1-IRF4 heterodimer in activated B cells promoted BACH2 function by inducing gene expression of Bach2 and Pten, a negative regulator of AKT signaling. Elevated AKT activity in Bach2-deficient B cells resulted in IRF4 protein accumulation. Thus, BACH2 and IRF4 mutually modulate the activity of each other, and BACH2 inhibits PC differentiation by both the repression of PC genes and the restriction of IRF4 protein accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Ochiai
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Shima
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Toru Tamahara
- Division of Community Oral Health Science, Department of Community Medical Supports, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai, 980-8573, Japan
| | - Nao Sugie
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ryo Funayama
- Division of Cell Proliferation, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Division of Cell Proliferation, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Lymhocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
- Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
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4
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Pudelko L, Cabianca DS. The influencers' era: how the environment shapes chromatin in 3D. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2024; 85:102173. [PMID: 38417271 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2024.102173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Environment-epigenome interactions are emerging as contributors to disease risk and health outcomes. In fact, organisms outside of the laboratory are constantly exposed to environmental changes that can influence chromatin regulation at multiple levels, potentially impacting on genome function. In this review, we will summarize recent findings on how major external cues impact on 3D chromatin organization in different experimental systems. We will describe environment-induced 3D genome alterations ranging from chromatin accessibility to the spatial distribution of the genome and discuss their role in regulating gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Pudelko
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany. https://twitter.com/@lorenz_pudelko
| | - Daphne S Cabianca
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
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5
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Koshkin A, Herbach U, Martínez MR, Gandrillon O, Crauste F. Stochastic modeling of a gene regulatory network driving B cell development in germinal centers. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301022. [PMID: 38547073 PMCID: PMC10977792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are the key histological structures of the adaptive immune system, responsible for the development and selection of B cells producing high-affinity antibodies against antigens. Due to their level of complexity, unexpected malfunctioning may lead to a range of pathologies, including various malignant formations. One promising way to improve the understanding of malignant transformation is to study the underlying gene regulatory networks (GRNs) associated with cell development and differentiation. Evaluation and inference of the GRN structure from gene expression data is a challenging task in systems biology: recent achievements in single-cell (SC) transcriptomics allow the generation of SC gene expression data, which can be used to sharpen the knowledge on GRN structure. In order to understand whether a particular network of three key gene regulators (BCL6, IRF4, BLIMP1), influenced by two external stimuli signals (surface receptors BCR and CD40), is able to describe GC B cell differentiation, we used a stochastic model to fit SC transcriptomic data from a human lymphoid organ dataset. The model is defined mathematically as a piecewise-deterministic Markov process. We showed that after parameter tuning, the model qualitatively recapitulates mRNA distributions corresponding to GC and plasmablast stages of B cell differentiation. Thus, the model can assist in validating the GRN structure and, in the future, could lead to better understanding of the different types of dysfunction of the regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Koshkin
- Inria Dracula, Villeurbanne, France
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, Universite de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Lyon, France
| | - Ulysse Herbach
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, IECL, Nancy, France
| | | | - Olivier Gandrillon
- Inria Dracula, Villeurbanne, France
- Laboratory of Biology and Modelling of the Cell, Universite de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Lyon, France
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6
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Pecha B, Martinez S, Milburn LJ, Rojas OL, Koch MA. Identification of Intestinal Lamina Propria Plasma Cells by Surface Transmembrane Activator and CAML Interactor Expression. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1022-1028. [PMID: 38294253 PMCID: PMC10932850 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Plasma cells secrete an abundance of Abs and are a crucial component of our immune system. The intestinal lamina propria harbors the largest population of plasma cells, most of which produce IgA. These Abs can bind to beneficial gut bacteria to reinforce intestinal homeostasis and provide protection against enteric pathogens. Plasma cells downregulate many cell-surface proteins commonly used to identify B cells. In mice, expression of the surface marker CD138 has been widely used to identify plasma cells in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen. Intestinal plasma cells require liberation via extensive tissue processing involving treatment with collagenase. We report that detection of CD138 surface expression is reduced following collagenase treatment. Using a mouse in which yellow fluorescent protein expression is controlled by the plasma cell requisite transcription factor Blimp-1, we show that surface detection of transmembrane activator and CAML interactor captures a significant proportion of Ab-secreting plasma cells in the intestinal lamina propria and gut-draining mesenteric lymph nodes. Additionally, we describe a flow cytometry panel based on the detection of surface markers to identify murine B cell subsets in the intestinal lamina propria and, as a proof of concept, combine it with a cutting-edge fate-tracking system to characterize the fate of germinal center B cells activated in early life. By identifying plasma cells and other key intestinal B subsets in a manner compatible with several downstream applications, including sorting and culturing and in vitro manipulations, this efficient and powerful approach can enhance studies of mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Pecha
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Luke J Milburn
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Olga L Rojas
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meghan A Koch
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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7
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Shi Y, Zhu Z, Chen Q, Chen X. DNA methylation regulates B cell activation via repressing Pax5 expression in teleost. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1363426. [PMID: 38404580 PMCID: PMC10884147 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1363426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the transcription factor Pax5 is a key regulator of B cell development and maturation and specifically expressed in naive/mature B cells but repressed upon B cell activation. Despite the long-standing proposal that Pax5 repression is essential for proper B cell activation, the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive. In this study, we used a teleost model to elucidate the mechanisms governing Pax5 repression during B cell activation. Treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) significantly enhanced the antibody secreting ability and phagocytic capacity of IgM+ B cells in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), coinciding with upregulated expression of activation-related genes, such as Bcl6, Blimp1, and sIgM, and downregulated expression of Pax5. Intriguingly, two CpG islands were identified within the promoter region of Pax5. Both CpG islands exhibited hypomethylation in naive/mature B cells, while CpG island1 was specifically transited into hypermethylation upon B cell activation. Furthermore, treatment with DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (AZA) prevented the hypermethylation of CpG island1, and concomitantly impaired the downregulation of Pax5 and activation of B cells. Finally, through in vitro methylation experiments, we demonstrated that DNA methylation exerts an inhibitory effect on promoter activities of Pax5. Taken together, our findings unveil a novel mechanism underlying Pax5 repression during B cell activation, thus promoting the understanding of B cell activation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiuxuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
- Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Fuzhou, China
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8
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Sun J, Ruiz Daniels R, Balic A, Andresen AMS, Bjørgen H, Dobie R, Henderson NC, Koppang EO, Martin SAM, Fosse JH, Taylor RS, Macqueen DJ. Cell atlas of the Atlantic salmon spleen reveals immune cell heterogeneity and cell-specific responses to bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 145:109358. [PMID: 38176627 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The spleen is a conserved secondary lymphoid organ that emerged in parallel to adaptive immunity in early jawed vertebrates. Recent studies have applied single cell transcriptomics to reveal the cellular composition of spleen in several species, cataloguing diverse immune cell types and subpopulations. In this study, 51,119 spleen nuclei transcriptomes were comprehensively investigated in the commercially important teleost Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), contrasting control animals with those challenged with the bacterial pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida. We identified clusters of nuclei representing the expected major cell types, namely T cells, B cells, natural killer-like cells, granulocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, endothelial cells, mesenchymal cells, erythrocytes and thrombocytes. We discovered heterogeneity within several immune lineages, providing evidence for resident macrophages and melanomacrophages, infiltrating monocytes, several candidate dendritic cell subpopulations, and B cells at distinct stages of differentiation, including plasma cells and an igt + subset. We provide evidence for twelve candidate T cell subsets, including cd4+ T helper and regulatory T cells, one cd8+ subset, three γδT subsets, and populations double negative for cd4 and cd8. The number of genes showing differential expression during the early stages of Aeromonas infection was highly variable across immune cell types, with the largest changes observed in macrophages and infiltrating monocytes, followed by resting mature B cells. Our analysis provides evidence for a local inflammatory response to infection alongside B cell maturation in the spleen, and upregulation of ccr9 genes in igt + B cells, T helper and cd8+ cells, and monocytes, consistent with the recruitment of immune cell populations to the gut to deal with Aeromonas infection. Overall, this study provides a new cell-resolved perspective of the immune actions of Atlantic salmon spleen, highlighting extensive heterogeneity hidden to bulk transcriptomics. We further provide a large catalogue of cell-specific marker genes that can be leveraged to further explore the function and structural organization of the salmonid immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxuan Sun
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Rose Ruiz Daniels
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Adam Balic
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Håvard Bjørgen
- Unit of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Ross Dobie
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Erling Olaf Koppang
- Unit of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Samuel A M Martin
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Richard S Taylor
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Daniel J Macqueen
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.
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9
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Matsui S, Granitto M, Buckley M, Ludwig K, Koigi S, Shiley J, Zacharias WJ, Mayhew CN, Lim HW, Iwafuchi M. Pioneer and PRDM transcription factors coordinate bivalent epigenetic states to safeguard cell fate. Mol Cell 2024; 84:476-489.e10. [PMID: 38211589 PMCID: PMC10872272 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Pioneer transcription factors (TFs) regulate cell fate by establishing transcriptionally primed and active states. However, cell fate control requires the coordination of both lineage-specific gene activation and repression of alternative-lineage programs, a process that is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the pioneer TF FOXA coordinates with PRDM1 TF to recruit nucleosome remodeling and deacetylation (NuRD) complexes and Polycomb repressive complexes (PRCs), which establish highly occupied, accessible nucleosome conformation with bivalent epigenetic states, thereby preventing precocious and alternative-lineage gene expression during human endoderm differentiation. Similarly, the pioneer TF OCT4 coordinates with PRDM14 to form bivalent enhancers and repress cell differentiation programs in human pluripotent stem cells, suggesting that this may be a common and critical function of pioneer TFs. We propose that pioneer and PRDM TFs coordinate to safeguard cell fate through epigenetic repression mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Matsui
- Division of Developmental Biology, Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Marissa Granitto
- Division of Developmental Biology, Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Morgan Buckley
- Division of Developmental Biology, Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Katie Ludwig
- Division of Developmental Biology, Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sandra Koigi
- Division of Developmental Biology, Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Joseph Shiley
- Division of Developmental Biology, Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - William J Zacharias
- Division of Pulmonary Biology and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Christopher N Mayhew
- Division of Developmental Biology, Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Hee-Woong Lim
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Makiko Iwafuchi
- Division of Developmental Biology, Center for Stem Cell & Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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10
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Smit V, de Mol J, Schaftenaar FH, Depuydt MAC, Postel RJ, Smeets D, Verheijen FWM, Bogers L, van Duijn J, Verwilligen RAF, Grievink HW, Bernabé Kleijn MNA, van Ingen E, de Jong MJM, Goncalves L, Peeters JAHM, Smeets HJ, Wezel A, Polansky JK, de Winther MPJ, Binder CJ, Tsiantoulas D, Bot I, Kuiper J, Foks AC. Single-cell profiling reveals age-associated immunity in atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:2508-2521. [PMID: 37390467 PMCID: PMC10676459 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Aging is a dominant driver of atherosclerosis and induces a series of immunological alterations, called immunosenescence. Given the demographic shift towards elderly, elucidating the unknown impact of aging on the immunological landscape in atherosclerosis is highly relevant. While the young Western diet-fed Ldlr-deficient (Ldlr-/-) mouse is a widely used model to study atherosclerosis, it does not reflect the gradual plaque progression in the context of an aging immune system as occurs in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we show that aging promotes advanced atherosclerosis in chow diet-fed Ldlr-/- mice, with increased incidence of calcification and cholesterol crystals. We observed systemic immunosenescence, including myeloid skewing and T-cells with more extreme effector phenotypes. Using a combination of single-cell RNA-sequencing and flow cytometry on aortic leucocytes of young vs. aged Ldlr-/- mice, we show age-related shifts in expression of genes involved in atherogenic processes, such as cellular activation and cytokine production. We identified age-associated cells with pro-inflammatory features, including GzmK+CD8+ T-cells and previously in atherosclerosis undefined CD11b+CD11c+T-bet+ age-associated B-cells (ABCs). ABCs of Ldlr-/- mice showed high expression of genes involved in plasma cell differentiation, co-stimulation, and antigen presentation. In vitro studies supported that ABCs are highly potent antigen-presenting cells. In cardiovascular disease patients, we confirmed the presence of these age-associated T- and B-cells in atherosclerotic plaques and blood. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, we are the first to provide comprehensive profiling of aged immunity in atherosclerotic mice and reveal the emergence of age-associated T- and B-cells in the atherosclerotic aorta. Further research into age-associated immunity may contribute to novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools to combat cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Smit
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jill de Mol
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frank H Schaftenaar
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marie A C Depuydt
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rimke J Postel
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diede Smeets
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fenne W M Verheijen
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laurens Bogers
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Janine van Duijn
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robin A F Verwilligen
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrika W Grievink
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre for Human Drug Research, Zernikedreef 8, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mireia N A Bernabé Kleijn
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eva van Ingen
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike J M de Jong
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren Goncalves
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medical Center—location Westeinde, Lijnbaan 32, 2515 VA The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Judith A H M Peeters
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medical Center—location Westeinde, Lijnbaan 32, 2515 VA The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Harm J Smeets
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medical Center—location Westeinde, Lijnbaan 32, 2515 VA The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Wezel
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medical Center—location Westeinde, Lijnbaan 32, 2515 VA The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Julia K Polansky
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers—location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT25.2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dimitrios Tsiantoulas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT25.2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ilze Bot
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda C Foks
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Horiuchi S, Koike T, Takebuchi H, Hoshino K, Sasaki I, Fukuda-Ohta Y, Kaisho T, Kitamura D. SpiB regulates the expression of B-cell-related genes and increases the longevity of memory B cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1250719. [PMID: 37965309 PMCID: PMC10641807 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1250719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation of memory B cells is one of the key features of adaptive immunity as they respond rapidly to re-exposure to the antigen and generate functional antibodies. Although the functions of memory B cells are becoming clearer, the regulation of memory B cell generation and maintenance is still not well understood. Here we found that transcription factor SpiB is expressed in some germinal center (GC) B cells and memory B cells and participates in the maintenance of memory B cells. Overexpression and knockdown analyses revealed that SpiB suppresses plasma cell differentiation by suppressing the expression of Blimp1 while inducing Bach2 in the in-vitro-induced germinal center B (iGB) cell culture system, and that SpiB facilitates in-vivo appearance of memory-like B cells derived from the iGB cells. Further analysis in IgG1+ cell-specific SpiB conditional knockout (cKO) mice showed that function of SpiB is critical for the generation of late memory B cells but not early memory B cells or GC B cells. Gene expression analysis suggested that SpiB-dependent suppression of plasma cell differentiation is independent of the expression of Bach2. We further revealed that SpiB upregulates anti-apoptosis and autophagy genes to control the survival of memory B cells. These findings indicate the function of SpiB in the generation of long-lasting memory B cells to maintain humoral memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Horiuchi
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takuya Koike
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Takebuchi
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Hoshino
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa, Japan
- Laboratory for Human Disease Models, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Izumi Sasaki
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuri Fukuda-Ohta
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Tsuneyasu Kaisho
- Laboratory for Human Disease Models, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
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12
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Tuerdimaimaiti D, Abuduaini B, Kang S, Jiao J, Li M, Madeniyati W, Tuerdi B, Aili G, Tuerhong R, Kulaxi A. Genome-wide identification and functional analysis of dysregulated alternative splicing profiles in sepsis. J Inflamm (Lond) 2023; 20:31. [PMID: 37749550 PMCID: PMC10521395 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-023-00355-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing body of evidence now shows that the long-term mortality of patients with sepsis are associated with various sepsis-related immune cell defects. Alternative splicing (AS), as a sepsis-related immune cell defect, is considered as a potential immunomodulatory therapy target to improve patient outcomes. However, our understanding of the role AS plays in sepsis is currently insufficient. AIM This study investigated possible associations between AS and the gene regulatory networks affecting immune cells. We also investigated apoptosis and AS functionality in sepsis pathophysiology. METHODS In this study, we assessed publicly available mRNA-seq data that was obtained from the NCBI GEO dataset (GSE154918), which included a healthy group (HLTY), a mild infection group (INF1), asepsis group (Seps), and a septic shock group (Shock). A total of 79 samples (excluding significant outliers) were identified by a poly-A capture method to generate RNA-seq data. The variable splicing events and highly correlated RNA binding protein (RBP) genes in each group were then systematically analyzed. RESULTS For the first time, we used systematic RNA-seq analysis of sepsis-related AS and identified 1505 variable AS events that differed significantly (p <= 0.01) across the four groups. In the sepsis group, the genes related to significant AS events, such as, SHISA5 and IFI27, were mostly enriched in the cell apoptosis pathway. Furthermore, we identified differential splicing patterns within each of the four groups. Significant differences in the expression of RNA Binding Protein(RBP) genes were observed between the control group and the sepsis group. RBP gene expression was highly correlated with variant splicing events in sepsis, as determined by co-expression analysis; The expression of DDX24, CBFA2T2, NOP, ILF3, DNMT1, FTO, PPRC1, NOLC1 RBPs were significant reduced in sepsis compared to the healthy group. Finally, we constructed an RBP-AS functional network. CONCLUSION Analysis indicated that the RBP-AS functional network serves as a critical post-transcriptional mechanism that regulates the development of sepsis. AS dysregulation is associated with alterations in the regulatory gene expression network that is involved in sepsis. Therefore, the RBP-AS expression network could be useful in refining biomarker predictions in the development of new therapeutic targets for the pathogenesis of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilixiati Tuerdimaimaiti
- Department of RICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 South Li Yu Shan Road, Wulumuqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China
| | - Buzukela Abuduaini
- The Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Wulumuqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China
| | - Shaotao Kang
- Department of RICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 South Li Yu Shan Road, Wulumuqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China
| | - Jinliang Jiao
- Department of RICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 South Li Yu Shan Road, Wulumuqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China
| | - Mengchen Li
- Department of RICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 South Li Yu Shan Road, Wulumuqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China
| | - Wolazihan Madeniyati
- Department of RICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 South Li Yu Shan Road, Wulumuqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China
| | - Baihetinisha Tuerdi
- Department of RICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 South Li Yu Shan Road, Wulumuqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China.
| | - Gulisitan Aili
- Department of RICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 South Li Yu Shan Road, Wulumuqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China
| | - Reyila Tuerhong
- Department of RICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 South Li Yu Shan Road, Wulumuqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China
| | - Ajiguli Kulaxi
- Department of RICU, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 South Li Yu Shan Road, Wulumuqi, Xinjiang, 830054, China
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13
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Rizq O, Mimura N, Oshima M, Momose S, Takayama N, Itokawa N, Koide S, Shibamiya A, Miyamoto-Nagai Y, Rizk M, Nakajima-Takagi Y, Aoyama K, Wang C, Saraya A, Ito R, Seimiya M, Watanabe M, Yamasaki S, Shibata T, Yamaguchi K, Furukawa Y, Chiba T, Sakaida E, Nakaseko C, Tamaru JI, Tai YT, Anderson KC, Honda H, Iwama A. UTX inactivation in germinal center B cells promotes the development of multiple myeloma with extramedullary disease. Leukemia 2023; 37:1895-1907. [PMID: 37198323 PMCID: PMC10457198 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-01928-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
UTX/KDM6A, a histone H3K27 demethylase and a key component of the COMPASS complex, is frequently lost or mutated in cancer; however, its tumor suppressor function remains largely uncharacterized in multiple myeloma (MM). Here, we show that the conditional deletion of the X-linked Utx in germinal center (GC) derived cells collaborates with the activating BrafV600E mutation and promotes induction of lethal GC/post-GC B cell malignancies with MM-like plasma cell neoplasms being the most frequent. Mice that developed MM-like neoplasms showed expansion of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow and extramedullary organs, serum M proteins, and anemia. Add-back of either wild-type UTX or a series of mutants revealed that cIDR domain, that forms phase-separated liquid condensates, is largely responsible for the catalytic activity-independent tumor suppressor function of UTX in MM cells. Utx loss in concert with BrafV600E only slightly induced MM-like profiles of transcriptome, chromatin accessibility, and H3K27 acetylation, however, it allowed plasma cells to gradually undergo full transformation through activation of transcriptional networks specific to MM that induce high levels of Myc expression. Our results reveal a tumor suppressor function of UTX in MM and implicate its insufficiency in the transcriptional reprogramming of plasma cells in the pathogenesis of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Rizq
- Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Naoya Mimura
- Department of Hematology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Motohiko Oshima
- Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shuji Momose
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Naoya Takayama
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoki Itokawa
- Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuhei Koide
- Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Shibamiya
- Department of Hematology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Mohamed Rizk
- Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yaeko Nakajima-Takagi
- Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Aoyama
- Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Changshan Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Atsunori Saraya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryoji Ito
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masanori Seimiya
- Department of Medical Technology and Sciences, School of Health Sciences at Narita, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | - Mariko Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yamaguchi
- Division of Clinical Genome Research, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Furukawa
- Division of Clinical Genome Research, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Chiba
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Emiko Sakaida
- Department of Hematology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chiaki Nakaseko
- Department of Hematology, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Tamaru
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Yu-Tzu Tai
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hiroaki Honda
- Field of Human Disease Models, Major in Advanced Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animals, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwama
- Division of Stem Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
- Laboratoty of Cellular and Molecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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14
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Lenz J, Brehm A. Conserved mechanisms of NuRD function in hematopoetic gene expression. Enzymes 2023; 53:7-32. [PMID: 37748838 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylating Complex (NuRD) is ubiquitously expressed in all metazoans. It combines nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylating activities to generate inaccessible chromatin structures and to repress gene transcription. NuRD is involved in the generation and maintenance of a wide variety of lineage-specific gene expression programs during differentiation and in differentiated cells. A close cooperation with a large number of lineage-specific transcription factors is key to allow NuRD to function in many distinct differentiation contexts. The molecular nature of this interplay between transcription factors and NuRD is complex and not well understood. This review uses hematopoiesis as a paradigm to highlight recent advances in our understanding of how transcription factors and NuRD cooperate at the molecular level during differentiation. A comparison of vertebrate and invertebrate systems serves to identify the conserved and fundamental concepts guiding functional interactions between transcription factors and NuRD. We also discuss how the transcription factor-NuRD axis constitutes a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of hemoglobinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lenz
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, Biomedical Research Center, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Brehm
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, Biomedical Research Center, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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15
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Scheid JF, Eraslan B, Hudak A, Brown EM, Sergio D, Delorey TM, Phillips D, Lefkovith A, Jess AT, Duck LW, Elson CO, Vlamakis H, Plichta DR, Deguine J, Ananthakrishnan AN, Graham DB, Regev A, Xavier RJ. Remodeling of colon plasma cell repertoire within ulcerative colitis patients. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20220538. [PMID: 36752797 PMCID: PMC9949229 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells (PCs) constitute a significant fraction of colonic mucosal cells and contribute to inflammatory infiltrates in ulcerative colitis (UC). While gut PCs secrete bacteria-targeting IgA antibodies, their role in UC pathogenesis is unknown. We performed single-cell V(D)J- and RNA-seq on sorted B cells from the colon of healthy individuals and patients with UC. A large fraction of B cell clones is shared between different colon regions, but inflammation in UC broadly disrupts this landscape, causing transcriptomic changes characterized by an increase in the unfolded protein response (UPR) and antigen presentation genes, clonal expansion, and isotype skewing from IgA1 and IgA2 to IgG1. We also directly expressed and assessed the specificity of 152 mAbs from expanded PC clones. These mAbs show low polyreactivity and autoreactivity and instead target both shared bacterial antigens and specific bacterial strains. Altogether, our results characterize the microbiome-specific colon PC response and how its disruption might contribute to inflammation in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes F. Scheid
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Basak Eraslan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Hudak
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric M. Brown
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dallis Sergio
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Toni M. Delorey
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Alison T. Jess
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lennard W. Duck
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Charles O. Elson
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hera Vlamakis
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel B. Graham
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ramnik J. Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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16
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Melnik BC, Stadler R, Weiskirchen R, Leitzmann C, Schmitz G. Potential Pathogenic Impact of Cow’s Milk Consumption and Bovine Milk-Derived Exosomal MicroRNAs in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076102. [PMID: 37047075 PMCID: PMC10094152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence supports an association between cow’s milk consumption and the risk of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma worldwide. This narrative review intends to elucidate the potential impact of milk-related agents, predominantly milk-derived exosomes (MDEs) and their microRNAs (miRs) in lymphomagenesis. Upregulation of PI3K-AKT-mTORC1 signaling is a common feature of DLBCL. Increased expression of B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) and suppression of B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (BLIMP1)/PR domain-containing protein 1 (PRDM1) are crucial pathological deviations in DLBCL. Translational evidence indicates that during the breastfeeding period, human MDE miRs support B cell proliferation via epigenetic upregulation of BCL6 (via miR-148a-3p-mediated suppression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and miR-155-5p/miR-29b-5p-mediated suppression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AICDA) and suppression of BLIMP1 (via MDE let-7-5p/miR-125b-5p-targeting of PRDM1). After weaning with the physiological termination of MDE miR signaling, the infant’s BCL6 expression and B cell proliferation declines, whereas BLIMP1-mediated B cell maturation for adequate own antibody production rises. Because human and bovine MDE miRs share identical nucleotide sequences, the consumption of pasteurized cow’s milk in adults with the continued transfer of bioactive bovine MDE miRs may de-differentiate B cells back to the neonatal “proliferation-dominated” B cell phenotype maintaining an increased BLC6/BLIMP1 ratio. Persistent milk-induced epigenetic dysregulation of BCL6 and BLIMP1 expression may thus represent a novel driving mechanism in B cell lymphomagenesis. Bovine MDEs and their miR cargo have to be considered potential pathogens that should be removed from the human food chain.
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17
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Pioli KT, Lau KH, Pioli PD. Thymus antibody-secreting cells possess an interferon gene signature and are preferentially expanded in young female mice. iScience 2023; 26:106223. [PMID: 36890795 PMCID: PMC9986522 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) are key contributors to humoral immunity through immunoglobulin production and the potential to be long-lived. ASC persistence has been recognized in the autoimmune thymus (THY); however, only recently has this population been appreciated in healthy THY tissue. We showed that the young female THY was skewed toward higher production of ASCs relative to males. However, these differences disappeared with age. In both sexes, THY ASCs included Ki-67+ plasmablasts which required CD154(CD40L) signals for their propagation. Single cell RNA-sequencing revealed that THY ASCs were enriched for an interferon responsive transcriptional signature relative to those from bone marrow and spleen. Flow cytometry confirmed that THY ASCs had increased levels of Toll-like receptor 7 as well as CD69 and major histocompatibility complex class II. Overall, we identified fundamental aspects of THY ASC biology which may be leveraged for future in depth studies of this population in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- KimAnh T Pioli
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E5, Canada
| | - Kin H Lau
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Peter D Pioli
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N5E5, Canada
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18
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Makhijani P, Basso PJ, Chan YT, Chen N, Baechle J, Khan S, Furman D, Tsai S, Winer DA. Regulation of the immune system by the insulin receptor in health and disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1128622. [PMID: 36992811 PMCID: PMC10040865 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1128622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The signaling pathways downstream of the insulin receptor (InsR) are some of the most evolutionarily conserved pathways that regulate organism longevity and metabolism. InsR signaling is well characterized in metabolic tissues, such as liver, muscle, and fat, actively orchestrating cellular processes, including growth, survival, and nutrient metabolism. However, cells of the immune system also express the InsR and downstream signaling machinery, and there is increasing appreciation for the involvement of InsR signaling in shaping the immune response. Here, we summarize current understanding of InsR signaling pathways in different immune cell subsets and their impact on cellular metabolism, differentiation, and effector versus regulatory function. We also discuss mechanistic links between altered InsR signaling and immune dysfunction in various disease settings and conditions, with a focus on age related conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, cancer and infection vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Makhijani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Buck Institute for Research in Aging, Novato, CA, United States
| | - Paulo José Basso
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yi Tao Chan
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nan Chen
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jordan Baechle
- Buck Institute for Research in Aging, Novato, CA, United States
- Buck Artificial Intelligence Platform, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
| | - Saad Khan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Furman
- Buck Institute for Research in Aging, Novato, CA, United States
- Buck Artificial Intelligence Platform, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
- Stanford 1, 000 Immunomes Project, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Universidad Austral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Pilar, Argentina
| | - Sue Tsai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel A. Winer
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Buck Institute for Research in Aging, Novato, CA, United States
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Buck Artificial Intelligence Platform, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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19
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Muchamuel T, Fan RA, Anderl JL, Bomba DJ, Johnson HWB, Lowe E, Tuch BB, McMinn DL, Millare B, Kirk CJ. Zetomipzomib (KZR-616) attenuates lupus in mice via modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1043680. [PMID: 36969170 PMCID: PMC10036830 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1043680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Zetomipzomib (KZR-616) is a selective inhibitor of the immunoproteasome currently undergoing clinical investigation in autoimmune disorders. Here, we characterized KZR-616 in vitro and in vivo using multiplexed cytokine analysis, lymphocyte activation and differentiation, and differential gene expression analysis. KZR-616 blocked production of >30 pro-inflammatory cytokines in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), polarization of T helper (Th) cells, and formation of plasmablasts. In the NZB/W F1 mouse model of lupus nephritis (LN), KZR-616 treatment resulted in complete resolution of proteinuria that was maintained at least 8 weeks after the cessation of dosing and was mediated in part by alterations in T and B cell activation, including reduced numbers of short and long-lived plasma cells. Gene expression analysis of human PBMCs and tissues from diseased mice revealed a consistent and broad response focused on inhibition of T, B, and plasma cell function and the Type I interferon pathway and promotion of hematopoietic cell lineages and tissue remodeling. In healthy volunteers, KZR-616 administration resulted in selective inhibition of the immunoproteasome and blockade of cytokine production following ex vivo stimulation. These data support the ongoing development of KZR-616 in autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)/LN.
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20
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Verstegen NJM, Pollastro S, Unger PPA, Marsman C, Elias G, Jorritsma T, Streutker M, Bassler K, Haendler K, Rispens T, Schultze JL, ten Brinke A, Beyer M, van Ham SM. Single-cell analysis reveals dynamics of human B cell differentiation and identifies novel B and antibody-secreting cell intermediates. eLife 2023; 12:83578. [PMID: 36861964 PMCID: PMC10005767 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) is a key process to generate protective humoral immunity. A detailed understanding of the cues controlling ASC differentiation is important to devise strategies to modulate antibody formation. Here, we dissected differentiation trajectories of human naive B cells into ASCs using single-cell RNA sequencing. By comparing transcriptomes of B cells at different stages of differentiation from an in vitro model with ex vivo B cells and ASCs, we uncovered a novel pre-ASC population present ex vivo in lymphoid tissues. For the first time, a germinal-center-like population is identified in vitro from human naive B cells and possibly progresses into a memory B cell population through an alternative route of differentiation, thus recapitulating in vivo human GC reactions. Our work allows further detailed characterization of human B cell differentiation into ASCs or memory B cells in both healthy and diseased conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels JM Verstegen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Sabrina Pollastro
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Peter-Paul A Unger
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Casper Marsman
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - George Elias
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Tineke Jorritsma
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Marij Streutker
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Kevin Bassler
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Kristian Haendler
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, University of BonnBonnGermany
- Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Joachim L Schultze
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, University of BonnBonnGermany
- Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Anja ten Brinke
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Marc Beyer
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, University of BonnBonnGermany
- Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of BonnBonnGermany
- Immunogenomics & Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesBonnGermany
| | - S Marieke van Ham
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
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21
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Boldison J, Hopkinson JR, Davies J, Pearson JA, Leete P, Richardson S, Morgan NG, Wong FS. Gene expression profiling in NOD mice reveals that B cells are highly educated by the pancreatic environment during autoimmune diabetes. Diabetologia 2023; 66:551-566. [PMID: 36508037 PMCID: PMC9892163 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05839-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS B cells play an important role in driving the development of type 1 diabetes; however, it remains unclear how they contribute to local beta cell destruction during disease progression. Here, we use gene expression profiling of B cell subsets identified in inflamed pancreatic tissue to explore their primary functional role during the progression of autoimmune diabetes. METHODS Transcriptional profiling was performed on FACS-sorted B cell subsets isolated from pancreatic islets and the pancreatic lymph nodes of NOD mice. RESULTS B cells are highly modified by the inflamed pancreatic tissue and can be distinguished by their transcriptional profile from those in the lymph nodes. We identified both a discrete and a core shared gene expression profile in islet CD19+CD138- and CD19+CD138+ B cell subsets, the latter of which is known to have enriched autoreactivity during diabetes development. On localisation to pancreatic islets, compared with CD138- B cells, CD138+ B cells overexpress genes associated with adhesion molecules and growth factors. Their shared signature consists of gene expression changes related to the differentiation of antibody-secreting cells and gene regulatory networks associated with IFN signalling pathways, proinflammatory cytokines and Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. Finally, abundant TLR7 expression was detected in islet B cells and was enhanced specifically in CD138+ B cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our study provides a detailed transcriptional analysis of islet B cells. Specific gene signatures and interaction networks have been identified that point towards a functional role for B cells in driving autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Boldison
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Jessica R Hopkinson
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Joanne Davies
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - James A Pearson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Pia Leete
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Sarah Richardson
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Noel G Morgan
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - F Susan Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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22
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Betzler AC, Ushmorov A, Brunner C. The transcriptional program during germinal center reaction - a close view at GC B cells, Tfh cells and Tfr cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125503. [PMID: 36817488 PMCID: PMC9936310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) reaction is a key process during an adaptive immune response to T cell specific antigens. GCs are specialized structures within secondary lymphoid organs, in which B cell proliferation, somatic hypermutation and antibody affinity maturation occur. As a result, high affinity antibody secreting plasma cells and memory B cells are generated. An effective GC response needs interaction between multiple cell types. Besides reticular cells and follicular dendritic cells, particularly B cells, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells as well as T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are a key player during the GC reaction. Whereas Tfh cells provide help to GC B cells in selection processes, Tfr cells, a specialized subset of regulatory T cells (Tregs), are able to suppress the GC reaction maintaining the balance between immune activation and tolerance. The formation and function of GCs is regulated by a complex network of signals and molecules at multiple levels. In this review, we highlight recent developments in GC biology by focusing on the transcriptional program regulating the GC reaction. This review focuses on the transcriptional co-activator BOB.1/OBF.1, whose important role for GC B, Tfh and Tfr cell differentiation became increasingly clear in recent years. Moreover, we outline how deregulation of the GC transcriptional program can drive lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika C. Betzler
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexey Ushmorov
- Ulm University, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Brunner
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany,*Correspondence: Cornelia Brunner,
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23
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Nielsen CM, Barrett JR, Davis C, Fallon JK, Goh C, Michell AR, Griffin C, Kwok A, Loos C, Darko S, Laboune F, Tekman M, Diouf A, Miura K, Francica JR, Ransier A, Long CA, Silk SE, Payne RO, Minassian AM, Lauffenburger DA, Seder RA, Douek DC, Alter G, Draper SJ. Delayed boosting improves human antigen-specific Ig and B cell responses to the RH5.1/AS01B malaria vaccine. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e163859. [PMID: 36692019 PMCID: PMC9977309 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.163859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Modifications to vaccine delivery that increase serum antibody longevity are of great interest for maximizing efficacy. We have previously shown that a delayed fractional (DFx) dosing schedule (0-1-6 month) - using AS01B-adjuvanted RH5.1 malaria antigen - substantially improves serum IgG durability as compared with monthly dosing (0-1-2 month; NCT02927145). However, the underlying mechanism and whether there are wider immunological changes with DFx dosing were unclear. Here, PfRH5-specific Ig and B cell responses were analyzed in depth through standardized ELISAs, flow cytometry, systems serology, and single-cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq). Data indicate that DFx dosing increases the magnitude and durability of circulating PfRH5-specific B cells and serum IgG1. At the peak antibody magnitude, DFx dosing was distinguished by a systems serology feature set comprising increased FcRn binding, IgG avidity, and proportion of G2B and G2S2F IgG Fc glycans, alongside decreased IgG3, antibody-dependent complement deposition, and proportion of G1S1F IgG Fc glycan. Concomitantly, scRNA-Seq data show a higher CDR3 percentage of mutation from germline and decreased plasma cell gene expression in circulating PfRH5-specific B cells. Our data, therefore, reveal a profound impact of DFx dosing on the humoral response and suggest plausible mechanisms that could enhance antibody longevity, including improved FcRn binding by serum Ig and a potential shift in the underlying cellular response from circulating short-lived plasma cells to nonperipheral long-lived plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christine Davis
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan K. Fallon
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cyndi Goh
- University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ashlin R. Michell
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Catherine Griffin
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Kwok
- University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Center for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Carolin Loos
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samuel Darko
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Farida Laboune
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mehmet Tekman
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ababacar Diouf
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Amy Ransier
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carole A. Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID/NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah E. Silk
- University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth O. Payne
- University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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24
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Xiong E, Popp O, Salomon C, Mertins P, Kocks C, Rajewsky K, Chu VT. A CRISPR/Cas9-mediated screen identifies determinants of early plasma cell differentiation. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1083119. [PMID: 36685499 PMCID: PMC9849354 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1083119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells depends on cell division-coupled, epigenetic and other cellular processes that are incompletely understood. Methods We have developed a CRISPR/Cas9-based screen that models an early stage of T cell-dependent plasma cell differentiation and measures B cell survival or proliferation versus the formation of CD138+ plasmablasts. Here, we refined and extended this screen to more than 500 candidate genes that are highly expressed in plasma cells. Results Among known genes whose deletion preferentially or mostly affected plasmablast formation were the transcription factors Prdm1 (BLIMP1), Irf4 and Pou2af1 (OBF-1), and the Ern1 gene encoding IRE1a, while deletion of XBP1, the transcriptional master regulator that specifies the expansion of the secretory program in plasma cells, had no effect. Defective plasmablast formation caused by Ern1 deletion could not be rescued by the active, spliced form of XBP1 whose processing is dependent on and downstream of IRE1a, suggesting that in early plasma cell differentiation IRE1a acts independently of XBP1. Moreover, we newly identified several genes involved in NF-kB signaling (Nfkbia), vesicle trafficking (Arf4, Preb) and epigenetic regulators that form part of the NuRD complex (Hdac1, Mta2, Mbd2) to be required for plasmablast formation. Deletion of ARF4, a small GTPase required for COPI vesicle formation, impaired plasmablast formation and blocked antibody secretion. After Hdac1 deletion plasmablast differentiation was consistently reduced by about 50%, while deletion of the closely related Hdac2 gene had no effect. Hdac1 knock-out led to strongly perturbed protein expression of antagonistic transcription factors that govern plasma cell versus B cell identity (by decreasing IRF4 and BLIMP1 and increasing BACH2 and PAX5). Discussion Taken together, our results highlight specific and non-redundant roles for Ern1, Arf4 and Hdac1 in the early steps of plasma cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermeng Xiong
- Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Popp
- Proteomics platform, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Salomon
- Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Mertins
- Proteomics platform, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Kocks
- Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany,Genome Engineering & Disease Models, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Rajewsky
- Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany,*Correspondence: Klaus Rajewsky, ; Van Trung Chu,
| | - Van Trung Chu
- Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany,Genome Engineering & Disease Models, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany,*Correspondence: Klaus Rajewsky, ; Van Trung Chu,
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25
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Trezise S, Kong IY, Hawkins ED, Herold MJ, Willis SN, Nutt SL. An arrayed CRISPR screen of primary B cells reveals the essential elements of the antibody secretion pathway. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1089243. [PMID: 36860866 PMCID: PMC9969136 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1089243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Humoral immunity depends on the differentiation of B cells into antibody secreting cells (ASCs). Excess or inappropriate ASC differentiation can lead to antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases, while impaired differentiation results in immunodeficiency. Methods We have used CRISPR/Cas9 technology in primary B cells to screen for regulators of terminal differentiation and antibody production. Results We identified several new positive (Sec61a1, Hspa5) and negative (Arhgef18, Pold1, Pax5, Ets1) regulators that impacted on the differentiation process. Other genes limited the proliferative capacity of activated B cells (Sumo2, Vcp, Selk). The largest number of genes identified in this screen (35) were required for antibody secretion. These included genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation and the unfolded protein response, as well as post-translational protein modifications. Discussion The genes identified in this study represent weak links in the antibody-secretion pathway that are potential drug targets for antibody-mediated diseases, as well as candidates for genes whose mutation results in primary immune deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Trezise
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Isabella Y Kong
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Edwin D Hawkins
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marco J Herold
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon N Willis
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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26
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Wöhner M, Pinter T, Bönelt P, Hagelkruys A, Kostanova-Poliakova D, Stadlmann J, Konieczny SF, Fischer M, Jaritz M, Busslinger M. The Xbp1-regulated transcription factor Mist1 restricts antibody secretion by restraining Blimp1 expression in plasma cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:859598. [PMID: 36618345 PMCID: PMC9811352 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.859598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody secretion by plasma cells provides acute and long-term protection against pathogens. The high secretion potential of plasma cells depends on the unfolded protein response, which is controlled by the transcription factor Xbp1. Here, we analyzed the Xbp1-dependent gene expression program of plasma cells and identified Bhlha15 (Mist1) as the most strongly activated Xbp1 target gene. As Mist1 plays an important role in other secretory cell types, we analyzed in detail the phenotype of Mist1-deficient plasma cells in Cd23-Cre Bhlha15 fl/fl mice under steady-state condition or upon NP-KLH immunization. Under both conditions, Mist1-deficient plasma cells were 1.4-fold reduced in number and exhibited increased IgM production and antibody secretion compared to control plasma cells. At the molecular level, Mist1 regulated a largely different set of target genes compared with Xbp1. Notably, expression of the Blimp1 protein, which is known to activate immunoglobulin gene expression and to contribute to antibody secretion, was 1.3-fold upregulated in Mist1-deficient plasma cells, which led to a moderate downregulation of most Blimp1-repressed target genes in the absence of Mist1. Importantly, a 2-fold reduction of Blimp1 (Prdm1) expression was sufficient to restore the cell number and antibody expression of plasma cells in Prdm1 Gfp/+ Cd23-Cre Bhlha15 fl/fl mice to the same level seen in control mice. Together, these data indicate that Mist1 restricts antibody secretion by restraining Blimp1 expression, which likely contributes to the viability of plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Wöhner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa Pinter
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Bönelt
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid Hagelkruys
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Johannes Stadlmann
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephen F. Konieczny
- Department of Biological Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Maria Fischer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Jaritz
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria,*Correspondence: Meinrad Busslinger,
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27
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Karamanavi E, McVey DG, van der Laan SW, Stanczyk PJ, Morris GE, Wang Y, Yang W, Chan K, Poston RN, Luo J, Zhou X, Gong P, Jones PD, Cao J, Kostogrys RB, Webb TR, Pasterkamp G, Yu H, Xiao Q, Greer PA, Stringer EJ, Samani NJ, Ye S. The FES Gene at the 15q26 Coronary-Artery-Disease Locus Inhibits Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2022; 131:1004-1017. [PMID: 36321446 PMCID: PMC9770135 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies have discovered a link between genetic variants on human chromosome 15q26.1 and increased coronary artery disease (CAD) susceptibility; however, the underlying pathobiological mechanism is unclear. This genetic locus contains the FES (FES proto-oncogene, tyrosine kinase) gene encoding a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase involved in the regulation of cell behavior. We investigated the effect of the 15q26.1 variants on FES expression and whether FES plays a role in atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Analyses of isogenic monocytic cell lines generated by CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-mediated genome editing showed that monocytes with an engineered 15q26.1 CAD risk genotype had reduced FES expression. Small-interfering-RNA-mediated knockdown of FES promoted migration of monocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells. A phosphoproteomics analysis showed that FES knockdown altered phosphorylation of a number of proteins known to regulate cell migration. Single-cell RNA-sequencing revealed that in human atherosclerotic plaques, cells that expressed FES were predominately monocytes/macrophages, although several other cell types including smooth muscle cells also expressed FES. There was an association between the 15q26.1 CAD risk genotype and greater numbers of monocytes/macrophage in human atherosclerotic plaques. An animal model study demonstrated that Fes knockout increased atherosclerotic plaque size and within-plaque content of monocytes/macrophages and smooth muscle cells, in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a high fat diet. CONCLUSIONS We provide substantial evidence that the CAD risk variants at the 15q26.1 locus reduce FES expression in monocytes and that FES depletion results in larger atherosclerotic plaques with more monocytes/macrophages and smooth muscle cells. This study is the first demonstration that FES plays a protective role against atherosclerosis and suggests that enhancing FES activity could be a potentially novel therapeutic approach for CAD intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Karamanavi
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom (E.K., D.G.M., P.J.S., G.E.M., P.G., P.D.J., T.R.W., E.J.S., N.J.S., S.Y.)
| | - David G. McVey
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom (E.K., D.G.M., P.J.S., G.E.M., P.G., P.D.J., T.R.W., E.J.S., N.J.S., S.Y.)
| | - Sander W. van der Laan
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands (S.W.v.d.L., G.P.)
| | - Paulina J. Stanczyk
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom (E.K., D.G.M., P.J.S., G.E.M., P.G., P.D.J., T.R.W., E.J.S., N.J.S., S.Y.)
| | - Gavin E. Morris
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom (E.K., D.G.M., P.J.S., G.E.M., P.G., P.D.J., T.R.W., E.J.S., N.J.S., S.Y.)
| | - Yifan Wang
- Cardiovascular Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Y.W., H.Y., S.Y.)
| | - Wei Yang
- Shantou University Medical College, China (W.Y., J.C., S.Y.)
| | - Kenneth Chan
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (K.C., R.N.P., J.L., X.Z., Q.X.)
| | - Robin N. Poston
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (K.C., R.N.P., J.L., X.Z., Q.X.)
| | - Jun Luo
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (K.C., R.N.P., J.L., X.Z., Q.X.)
| | - Xinmiao Zhou
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (K.C., R.N.P., J.L., X.Z., Q.X.)
| | - Peng Gong
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom (E.K., D.G.M., P.J.S., G.E.M., P.G., P.D.J., T.R.W., E.J.S., N.J.S., S.Y.)
| | - Peter D. Jones
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom (E.K., D.G.M., P.J.S., G.E.M., P.G., P.D.J., T.R.W., E.J.S., N.J.S., S.Y.)
| | - Junjun Cao
- Shantou University Medical College, China (W.Y., J.C., S.Y.)
| | - Renata B. Kostogrys
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Poland (R.B.K.)
| | - Tom R. Webb
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom (E.K., D.G.M., P.J.S., G.E.M., P.G., P.D.J., T.R.W., E.J.S., N.J.S., S.Y.)
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands (S.W.v.d.L., G.P.)
| | - Haojie Yu
- Cardiovascular Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Y.W., H.Y., S.Y.)
| | - Qingzhong Xiao
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (K.C., R.N.P., J.L., X.Z., Q.X.)
| | - Peter A. Greer
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada (P.A.G.)
| | - Emma J. Stringer
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom (E.K., D.G.M., P.J.S., G.E.M., P.G., P.D.J., T.R.W., E.J.S., N.J.S., S.Y.)
| | - Nilesh J. Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom (E.K., D.G.M., P.J.S., G.E.M., P.G., P.D.J., T.R.W., E.J.S., N.J.S., S.Y.)
| | - Shu Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom (E.K., D.G.M., P.J.S., G.E.M., P.G., P.D.J., T.R.W., E.J.S., N.J.S., S.Y.)
- Cardiovascular Disease Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (Y.W., H.Y., S.Y.)
- Shantou University Medical College, China (W.Y., J.C., S.Y.)
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28
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Kong IY, Trezise S, Light A, Todorovski I, Arnau GM, Gadipally S, Yoannidis D, Simpson KJ, Dong X, Whitehead L, Tempany JC, Farchione AJ, Sheikh AA, Groom JR, Rogers KL, Herold MJ, Bryant VL, Ritchie ME, Willis SN, Johnstone RW, Hodgkin PD, Nutt SL, Vervoort SJ, Hawkins ED. Epigenetic modulators of B cell fate identified through coupled phenotype-transcriptome analysis. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:2519-2530. [PMID: 35831623 PMCID: PMC9751284 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput methodologies are the cornerstone of screening approaches to identify novel compounds that regulate immune cell function. To identify novel targeted therapeutics to treat immune disorders and haematological malignancies, there is a need to integrate functional cellular information with the molecular mechanisms that regulate changes in immune cell phenotype. We facilitate this goal by combining quantitative methods for dissecting complex simultaneous cell phenotypic effects with genomic analysis. This combination strategy we term Multiplexed Analysis of Cells sequencing (MAC-seq), a modified version of Digital RNA with perturbation of Genes (DRUGseq). We applied MAC-seq to screen compounds that target the epigenetic machinery of B cells and assess altered humoral immunity by measuring changes in proliferation, survival, differentiation and transcription. This approach revealed that polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) inhibitors promote antibody secreting cell (ASC) differentiation in both murine and human B cells in vitro. This is further validated using T cell-dependent immunization in mice. Functional dissection of downstream effectors of PRC2 using arrayed CRISPR screening uncovered novel regulators of B cell differentiation, including Mybl1, Myof, Gas7 and Atoh8. Together, our findings demonstrate that integrated phenotype-transcriptome analyses can be effectively combined with drug screening approaches to uncover the molecular circuitry that drives lymphocyte fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Y. Kong
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Stephanie Trezise
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Amanda Light
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Izabela Todorovski
- grid.1055.10000000403978434Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XSir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Gisela Mir Arnau
- grid.1055.10000000403978434Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000 VIC Australia
| | - Sreeja Gadipally
- grid.1055.10000000403978434Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000 VIC Australia
| | - David Yoannidis
- grid.1055.10000000403978434Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000 VIC Australia
| | - Kaylene J. Simpson
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XSir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.1055.10000000403978434Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Xueyi Dong
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Lachlan Whitehead
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Jessica C. Tempany
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Anthony J. Farchione
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Amania A. Sheikh
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia
| | - Joanna R. Groom
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Kelly L. Rogers
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Marco J. Herold
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Vanessa L. Bryant
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Matthew E. Ritchie
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Simon N. Willis
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Ricky W. Johnstone
- grid.1055.10000000403978434Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XSir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Philip D. Hodgkin
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Stephen L. Nutt
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Stephin J. Vervoort
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia ,grid.1055.10000000403978434Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XSir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Edwin D. Hawkins
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
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29
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A p38α-BLIMP1 signalling pathway is essential for plasma cell differentiation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7321. [PMID: 36443297 PMCID: PMC9703440 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34969-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells (PC) are antibody-secreting cells and terminal effectors in humoral responses. PCs differentiate directly from activated B cells in response to T cell-independent (TI) antigens or from germinal center B (GCB) cells in T cell-dependent (TD) antigen-induced humoral responses, both of which pathways are essentially regulated by the transcription factor BLIMP1. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase isoforms have already been implicated in B cell development, but the precise role of p38α in B cell differentiation is still largely unknown. Here we show that PC differentiation and antibody responses are severely impaired in mice with B cell-specific deletion of p38α, while B cell development and the GCB cell response are spared. By utilizing a Blimp1 reporter mouse model, we show that p38α-deficiency results in decreased BLIMP1 expression. p38α-driven BLIMP1 up-regulation is required for both TI and TD PCs differentiation. By combining CRISPR/Cas9 screening and other approaches, we identify TCF3, TCF4 and IRF4 as downstream effectors of p38α to control PC differentiation via Blimp1 transcription. This study thus identifies an important signalling pathway underpinning PC differentiation upstream of BLIMP1, and points to a highly specialized and non-redundant role for p38α among p38 isoforms.
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30
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Tang TF, Chan YT, Cheong HC, Cheok YY, Anuar NA, Looi CY, Gan GG, Wong WF. Regulatory network of BLIMP1, IRF4, and XBP1 triad in plasmacytic differentiation and multiple myeloma pathogenesis. Cell Immunol 2022; 380:104594. [PMID: 36081178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibody secreting plasma cell plays an indispensable role in humoral immunity. As activated B cell undergoes germinal center reaction and develops into plasma cell, it gradually loses B cell characteristics and embraces functional changes associated with immunoglobulins production. Differentiation of B cell into plasma cell involves drastic changes in cell structure, granularity, metabolism, gene expression and epigenetic regulation that couple with the mounting capacity for synthesis of a large quantity of antigen-specific antibodies. The interplay between three hallmark transcriptional regulators IRF4, BLIMP1, and XBP1, is critical for supporting the cellular reprograming activities during B to plasma cell transition. IRF4 promotes plasma cell generation by directing immunoglobulin class switching, proliferation and survival; BLIMP1 serves as a transcriptional repressor that extinguishes B cell features; whereas XBP1 controls unfolded protein response that relieves endoplasmic reticulum stress and permits antibody release during terminal differentiation. Intriguingly, high expression of IRF4, BLIMP1, and XBP1 molecules have been reported in myeloma cells derived from multiple myeloma patients, which negatively impact treatment outcome, prognosis, and relapse frequency. Despite the introduction of immunomodulatory drugs in recent years, multiple myeloma is still an incurable disease with poor survival rate. An in-depth review of IRF4, BLIMP1, and XBP1 triad molecules in plasma cell generation and multiple myeloma tumorigenesis may provide clues to the possibility of targeting these molecules in disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fang Tang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Teng Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Heng Choon Cheong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yi Ying Cheok
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Adila Anuar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Bioscience, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gin Gin Gan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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31
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SoRelle ED, Reinoso-Vizcaino NM, Horn GQ, Luftig MA. Epstein-Barr virus perpetuates B cell germinal center dynamics and generation of autoimmune-associated phenotypes in vitro. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1001145. [PMID: 36248899 PMCID: PMC9554744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1001145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human B cells encompass functionally diverse lineages and phenotypic states that contribute to protective as well as pathogenic responses. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) provides a unique lens for studying heterogeneous B cell responses, given its adaptation to manipulate intrinsic cell programming. EBV promotes the activation, proliferation, and eventual outgrowth of host B cells as immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) in vitro, which provide a foundational model of viral latency and lymphomagenesis. Although cellular responses and outcomes of infection can vary significantly within populations, investigations that capture genome-wide perspectives of this variation at single-cell resolution are in nascent stages. We have recently used single-cell approaches to identify EBV-mediated B cell heterogeneity in de novo infection and within LCLs, underscoring the dynamic and complex qualities of latent infection rather than a singular, static infection state. Here, we expand upon these findings with functional characterizations of EBV-induced dynamic phenotypes that mimic B cell immune responses. We found that distinct subpopulations isolated from LCLs could completely reconstitute the full phenotypic spectrum of their parental lines. In conjunction with conserved patterns of cell state diversity identified within scRNA-seq data, these data support a model in which EBV continuously drives recurrent B cell entry, progression through, and egress from the Germinal Center (GC) reaction. This "perpetual GC" also generates tangent cell fate trajectories including terminal plasmablast differentiation, which constitutes a replicative cul-de-sac for EBV from which lytic reactivation provides escape. Furthermore, we found that both established EBV latency and de novo infection support the development of cells with features of atypical memory B cells, which have been broadly associated with autoimmune disorders. Treatment of LCLs with TLR7 agonist or IL-21 was sufficient to generate an increased frequency of IgD-/CD27-/CD23-/CD38+/CD138+ plasmablasts. Separately, de novo EBV infection led to the development of CXCR3+/CD11c+/FCRL4+ B cells within days, providing evidence for possible T cell-independent origins of a recently described EBV-associated neuroinvasive CXCR3+ B cell subset in patients with multiple sclerosis. Collectively, this work reveals unexpected virus-driven complexity across infected cell populations and highlights potential roles of EBV in mediating or priming foundational aspects of virus-associated immune cell dysfunction in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott D. SoRelle
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Gillian Q. Horn
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Micah A. Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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32
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Pinter T, Fischer M, Schäfer M, Fellner M, Jude J, Zuber J, Busslinger M, Wöhner M. Comprehensive CRISPR-Cas9 screen identifies factors which are important for plasmablast development. Front Immunol 2022; 13:979606. [PMID: 36189249 PMCID: PMC9521597 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.979606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells (PCs) and their progenitors plasmablasts (PBs) are essential for the acute and long-term protection of the host against infections by providing vast levels of highly specific antibodies. Several transcription factors, like Blimp1 and Irf4, are already known to be essential for PC and PB differentiation and survival. We set out to identify additional genes, that are essential for PB development by CRISPR-Cas9 screening of 3,000 genes for the loss of PBs by employing the in vitro-inducible germinal center B cell (iGB) culture system and Rosa26Cas9/+ mice. Identified hits in the screen were Mau2 and Nipbl, which are known to contribute to the loop extrusion function of the cohesin complex. Other examples of promising hits were Taf6, Stat3, Ppp6c and Pgs1. We thus provide a new set of genes, which are important for PB development.
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33
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Jmjd1c demethylates STAT3 to restrain plasma cell differentiation and rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1342-1354. [PMID: 35995859 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate regulation of B cell differentiation into plasma cells is essential for humoral immunity while preventing antibody-mediated autoimmunity; however, the underlying mechanisms, especially those with pathological consequences, remain unclear. Here, we found that the expression of Jmjd1c, a member of JmjC domain histone demethylase, in B cells but not in other immune cells, protected mice from rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In humans with RA, JMJD1C expression levels in B cells were negatively associated with plasma cell frequency and disease severity. Mechanistically, Jmjd1c demethylated STAT3, rather than histone substrate, to restrain plasma cell differentiation. STAT3 Lys140 hypermethylation caused by Jmjd1c deletion inhibited the interaction with phosphatase Ptpn6 and resulted in abnormally sustained STAT3 phosphorylation and activity, which in turn promoted plasma cell generation. Germinal center B cells devoid of Jmjd1c also acquired strikingly increased propensity to differentiate into plasma cells. STAT3 Lys140Arg point mutation completely abrogated the effect caused by Jmjd1c loss. Mice with Jmjd1c overexpression in B cells exhibited opposite phenotypes to Jmjd1c-deficient mice. Overall, our study revealed Jmjd1c as a critical regulator of plasma cell differentiation and RA and also highlighted the importance of demethylation modification for STAT3 in B cells.
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34
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Yi SG, Gaber AO, Chen W. B-cell response in solid organ transplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:895157. [PMID: 36016958 PMCID: PMC9395675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.895157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional regulation of B-cell response to antigen stimulation is complex and involves an intricate network of dynamic signals from cytokines and transcription factors propagated from T-cell interaction. Long-term alloimmunity, in the setting of organ transplantation, is dependent on this B-cell response, which does not appear to be halted by current immunosuppressive regimens which are targeted at T cells. There is emerging evidence that shows that B cells have a diverse response to solid organ transplantation that extends beyond plasma cell antibody production. In this review, we discuss the mechanistic pathways of B-cell activation and differentiation as they relate to the transcriptional regulation of germinal center B cells, plasma cells, and memory B cells in the setting of solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie G. Yi
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Stephanie G. Yi,
| | - Ahmed Osama Gaber
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Wenhao Chen
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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35
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Higgins BW, Shuparski AG, Miller KB, Robinson AM, McHeyzer-Williams LJ, McHeyzer-Williams MG. Isotype-specific plasma cells express divergent transcriptional programs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121260119. [PMID: 35704755 PMCID: PMC9231473 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121260119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are produced across multiple isotypes with distinct properties that coordinate initial antigen clearance and confer long-term antigen-specific immune protection. Here, we interrogate the molecular programs of isotype-specific murine plasma cells (PC) following helper T cell-dependent immunization and within established steady-state immunity. We developed a single-cell-indexed and targeted molecular strategy to dissect conserved and divergent components of the rapid effector phase of antigen-specific IgM+ versus inflammation-modulating programs dictated by type 1 IgG2a/b+ PC differentiation. During antibody affinity maturation, the germinal center (GC) cycle imparts separable programs for post-GC type 2 inhibitory IgG1+ and type 1 inflammatory IgG2a/b+ PC to direct long-term cellular function. In the steady state, two subsets of IgM+ and separate IgG2b+ PC programs clearly segregate from splenic type 3 IgA+ PC programs that emphasize mucosal barrier protection. These diverse isotype-specific molecular pathways of PC differentiation control complementary modules of antigen clearance and immune protection that could be selectively targeted for immunotherapeutic applications and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett W. Higgins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Andrew G. Shuparski
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Karen B. Miller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Amanda M. Robinson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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36
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Guo Y, Song S, DU X, Tian L, Zhang M, Zhou H, Chen ZK, Chang S. Romidepsin (FK228) improves the survival of allogeneic skin grafts through downregulating the production of donor-specific antibody via suppressing the IRE1α-XBP1 pathway. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:392-406. [PMID: 35557040 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2100780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is one of the major causes of graft loss after transplantation. Recently, the regulation of B cell differentiation and the prevention of donor-specific antibody (DSA) production have gained increased attention in transplant research. Herein, we established a secondary allogeneic in vivo skin transplant model to study the effects of romidepsin (FK228) on DSA. The survival of grafted skins was monitored daily. The serum levels of DSA and the number of relevant immunocytes in the recipient spleens were evaluated by flow cytometry. Then, we isolated and purified B cells from B6 mouse spleens in vitro by magnetic bead sorting. The B cells were cultured with interleukin-4 (IL-4) and anti-clusters of differentiation 40 (CD40) antibody with or without FK228 treatment. The immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgM levels in the supernatant were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting were conducted to determine the corresponding levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression in cultured cells and the recipient spleens. The results showed that FK228 significantly improved the survival of allogeneic skin grafts. Moreover, FK228 inhibited DSA production in the serum along with the suppression of histone deacetylase 1 (HADC1) and HDAC2 and the upregulation of the acetylation of histones H2A and H3. It also inhibited the differentiation of B cells to plasma cells, decreased the transcription of positive regulatory domain-containing 1 (Prdm1) and X-box-binding protein 1 (Xbp1), and decreased the expression of phosphorylated inositol-requiring enzyme 1 α (p-IRE1α), XBP1, and B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1). In conclusion, FK228 could decrease the production of antibodies by B cells via inhibition of the IRE1α-XBP1 signaling pathway. Thus, FK228 is considered as a promising therapeutic agent for the clinical treatment of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Guo
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Siyu Song
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaoxiao DU
- Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Li Tian
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hongmin Zhou
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhonghua Klaus Chen
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Sheng Chang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan 430030, China.
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37
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Erikson E, Ádori M, Khoenkhoen S, Zhang J, Rorbach J, Castro Dopico X, Karlsson Hedestam GB. Impaired plasma cell differentiation associates with increased oxidative metabolism in IκBNS-deficient B cells. Cell Immunol 2022; 375:104516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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38
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Torres M, Hussain H, Dickson AJ. The secretory pathway - the key for unlocking the potential of Chinese hamster ovary cell factories for manufacturing therapeutic proteins. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 43:628-645. [PMID: 35465810 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2047004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cell factories (in particular the CHO cell system) have been crucial in the rise of biopharmaceuticals. Mammalian cells have compartmentalized organelles where intricate networks of proteins manufacture highly sophisticated biopharmaceuticals in a specialized production pipeline - the secretory pathway. In the bioproduction context, the secretory pathway functioning is key for the effectiveness of cell factories to manufacture these life-changing medicines. This review describes the molecular components and events involved in the secretory pathway, and provides a comprehensive summary of the intracellular steps limiting the production of therapeutic proteins as well as the achievements in engineering CHO cell secretory machinery. We also consider antibody-producing plasma cells (so called "professional" secretory cells) to explore the mechanisms underpinning their unique secretory function/features. Such understandings offer the potential to further enhancement of the current CHO cell production platforms for manufacturing next generation of biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Torres
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Biochemical and Bioprocess Engineering Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hirra Hussain
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Biochemical and Bioprocess Engineering Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alan J Dickson
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Biochemical and Bioprocess Engineering Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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39
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Michée-Cospolite M, Boudigou M, Grasseau A, Simon Q, Mignen O, Pers JO, Cornec D, Le Pottier L, Hillion S. Molecular Mechanisms Driving IL-10- Producing B Cells Functions: STAT3 and c-MAF as Underestimated Central Key Regulators? Front Immunol 2022; 13:818814. [PMID: 35359922 PMCID: PMC8961445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.818814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) have been highlighted in very different pathology settings including autoimmune diseases, allergy, graft rejection, and cancer. Improving tools for the characterization of Bregs has become the main objective especially in humans. Transitional, mature B cells and plasma cells can differentiate into IL-10 producing Bregs in both mice and humans, suggesting that Bregs are not derived from unique precursors but may arise from different competent progenitors at unrestricted development stages. Moreover, in addition to IL-10 production, regulatory B cells used a broad range of suppressing mechanisms to modulate the immune response. Although Bregs have been consistently described in the literature, only a few reports described the molecular aspects that control the acquisition of the regulatory function. In this manuscript, we detailed the latest reports describing the control of IL-10, TGFβ, and GZMB production in different Breg subsets at the molecular level. We focused on the understanding of the role of the transcription factors STAT3 and c-MAF in controlling IL-10 production in murine and human B cells and how these factors may represent an important crossroad of several key drivers of the Breg response. Finally, we provided original data supporting the evidence that MAF is expressed in human IL-10- producing plasmablast and could be induced in vitro following different stimulation cocktails. At steady state, we reported that MAF is expressed in specific human B-cell tonsillar subsets including the IgD+ CD27+ unswitched population, germinal center cells and plasmablast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Divi Cornec
- U1227, LBAI, Univ Brest, Inserm, and CHU Brest, Brest, France
| | | | - Sophie Hillion
- U1227, LBAI, Univ Brest, Inserm, and CHU Brest, Brest, France
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40
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Villanueva-Hernández S, Adib Razavi M, van Dongen KA, Stadler M, de Luca K, Beyersdorf N, Saalmüller A, Gerner W, Mair KH. Co-Expression of the B-Cell Key Transcription Factors Blimp-1 and IRF4 Identifies Plasma Cells in the Pig. Front Immunol 2022; 13:854257. [PMID: 35464468 PMCID: PMC9024106 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.854257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-secreting plasma cells (PCs) have remained largely uncharacterized for years in the field of porcine immunology. For an in-depth study of porcine PCs, we identified cross-reactive antibodies against three key transcription factors: PR domain zinc finger protein-1 (Blimp-1), interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), and paired box 5 (Pax5). A distinct Blimp-1+IRF4+ cell population was found in cells isolated from blood, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and lung of healthy pigs. These cells showed a downregulation of Pax5 compared to other B cells. Within Blimp-1+IRF4+ B cells, IgM-, IgG-, and IgA-expressing cells were identified and immunoglobulin-class distribution was clearly different between the anatomical locations, with IgA+ PCs dominating in lung tissue and IgM+ PCs dominating in the spleen. Expression patterns of Ki-67, MHC-II, CD9, and CD28 were investigated in the different organs. A high expression of Ki-67 was observed in blood, suggesting a plasmablast stage. Blimp-1+IRF4+ cells showed an overall lower expression of MHC-II compared to regular B cells, confirming a progressive loss in B-cell differentiation toward the PC stage. CD28 showed slightly elevated expression levels in Blimp-1+IRF4+ cells in most organs, a phenotype that is also described for PCs in mice and humans. This was not seen for CD9. We further developed a FACS-sorting strategy for live porcine PCs for functional assays. CD3-CD16-CD172a– sorted cells with a CD49dhighFSC-Ahigh phenotype contained Blimp-1+IRF4+ cells and were capable of spontaneous IgG production, thus confirming PC identity. These results reveal fundamental phenotypes of porcine PCs and will facilitate the study of this specific B-cell subset in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Villanueva-Hernández
- Christian Doppler (CD) Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mahsa Adib Razavi
- Christian Doppler (CD) Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katinka A. van Dongen
- Christian Doppler (CD) Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Stadler
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karelle de Luca
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Global Innovation, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Lyon, France
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Christian Doppler (CD) Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin H. Mair
- Christian Doppler (CD) Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Kerstin H. Mair,
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41
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Joyner CJ, Ley AM, Nguyen DC, Ali M, Corrado A, Tipton C, Scharer CD, Mi T, Woodruff MC, Hom J, Boss JM, Duan M, Gibson G, Roberts D, Andrews J, Lonial S, Sanz I, Lee FEH. Generation of human long-lived plasma cells by developmentally regulated epigenetic imprinting. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:e202101285. [PMID: 34952892 PMCID: PMC8739272 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody secreting cells (ASCs) circulate after vaccination and infection and migrate to the BM where a subset known as long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) persists and secrete antibodies for a lifetime. The mechanisms by which circulating ASCs become LLPCs are not well elucidated. Here, we show that human blood ASCs have distinct morphology, transcriptomes, and epigenetics compared with BM LLPCs. Compared with blood ASCs, BM LLPCs have decreased nucleus/cytoplasm ratio but increased endoplasmic reticulum and numbers of mitochondria. LLPCs up-regulate pro-survival genes MCL1, BCL2, and BCL-XL while simultaneously down-regulating pro-apoptotic genes HRK1, CASP3, and CASP8 Consistent with reduced gene expression, the pro-apoptotic gene loci are less accessible in LLPCs. Of the pro-survival genes, only BCL2 is concordant in gene up-regulation and loci accessibility. Using a novel in vitro human BM mimetic, we show that blood ASCs undergo similar morphological and molecular changes that resemble ex vivo BM LLPCs. Overall, our study demonstrates that early-minted blood ASCs in the BM microniche must undergo morphological, transcriptional, and epigenetic changes to mature into apoptotic-resistant LLPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chester J Joyner
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ariel M Ley
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Doan C Nguyen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alessia Corrado
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher Tipton
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher D Scharer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tian Mi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew C Woodruff
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer Hom
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Meixue Duan
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Greg Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Danielle Roberts
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joel Andrews
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sagar Lonial
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Inaki Sanz
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - F Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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42
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Boothby MR, Brookens SK, Raybuck AL, Cho SH. Supplying the trip to antibody production-nutrients, signaling, and the programming of cellular metabolism in the mature B lineage. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:352-369. [PMID: 34782762 PMCID: PMC8591438 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00782-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID pandemic has refreshed and expanded recognition of the vital role that sustained antibody (Ab) secretion plays in our immune defenses against microbes and of the importance of vaccines that elicit Ab protection against infection. With this backdrop, it is especially timely to review aspects of the molecular programming that govern how the cells that secrete Abs arise, persist, and meet the challenge of secreting vast amounts of these glycoproteins. Whereas plasmablasts and plasma cells (PCs) are the primary sources of secreted Abs, the process leading to the existence of these cell types starts with naive B lymphocytes that proliferate and differentiate toward several potential fates. At each step, cells reside in specific microenvironments in which they not only receive signals from cytokines and other cell surface receptors but also draw on the interstitium for nutrients. Nutrients in turn influence flux through intermediary metabolism and sensor enzymes that regulate gene transcription, translation, and metabolism. This review will focus on nutrient supply and how sensor mechanisms influence distinct cellular stages that lead to PCs and their adaptations as factories dedicated to Ab secretion. Salient findings of this group and others, sometimes exhibiting differences, will be summarized with regard to the journey to a distinctive metabolic program in PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Boothby
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology & Immunology Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Shawna K Brookens
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ariel L Raybuck
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sung Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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43
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Nadeau S, Martins GA. Conserved and Unique Functions of Blimp1 in Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 12:805260. [PMID: 35154079 PMCID: PMC8829541 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.805260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp1), is an evolutionarily conserved transcriptional regulator originally described as a repressor of gene transcription. Blimp1 crucially regulates embryonic development and terminal differentiation in numerous cell lineages, including immune cells. Initial investigations of Blimp1’s role in immunity established its non-redundant role in lymphocytic terminal effector differentiation and function. In B cells, Blimp1 drives plasmablast formation and antibody secretion, whereas in T cells, Blimp1 regulates functional differentiation, including cytokine gene expression. These studies established Blimp1 as an essential transcriptional regulator that promotes efficient and controlled adaptive immunity. Recent studies have also demonstrated important roles for Blimp1 in innate immune cells, specifically myeloid cells, and Blimp1 has been established as an intrinsic regulator of dendritic cell maturation and T cell priming. Emerging studies have determined both conserved and unique functions of Blimp1 in different immune cell subsets, including the unique direct activation of the igh gene transcription in B cells and a conserved antagonism with BCL6 in B cells, T cells, and myeloid cells. Moreover, polymorphisms associated with the gene encoding Blimp1 (PRDM1) have been linked to numerous chronic inflammatory conditions in humans. Blimp1 has been shown to regulate target gene expression by either competing with other transcription factors for binding to the target loci, and/or by recruiting various chromatin-modifying co-factors that promote suppressive chromatin structure, such as histone de-acetylases and methyl-transferases. Further, Blimp1 function has been shown to be essentially dose and context-dependent, which adds to Blimp1’s versatility as a regulator of gene expression. Here, we review Blimp1’s complex roles in immunity and highlight specific gaps in the understanding of the biology of this transcriptional regulator, with a major focus on aspects that could foster the description and understanding of novel pathways regulated by Blimp1 in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Nadeau
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute (IBIRI), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC), Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC), Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gislâine A Martins
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute (IBIRI), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC), Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC), Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (CSMC), Los Angeles, CA, United States
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44
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Lee H, Huang DY, Chang HC, Lin CY, Ren WY, Dai YS, Lin WW. Blimp-1 Upregulation by Multiple Ligands via EGFR Transactivation Inhibits Cell Migration in Keratinocytes and Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:763678. [PMID: 35185556 PMCID: PMC8847214 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.763678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) is a transcriptional repressor and plays a crucial role in the regulation of development and functions of various immune cells. Currently, there is limited understanding about the regulation of Blimp-1 expression and cellular functions in keratinocytes and cancer cells. Previously we demonstrated that EGF can upregulate Blimp-1 gene expression in keratinocytes, playing a negative role in regulation of cell migration and inflammation. Because it remains unclear if Blimp-1 can be regulated by other stimuli beyond EGF, here we further investigated multiple stimuli for their regulation of Blimp-1 expression in keratinocytes and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We found that PMA, TNF-α, LPS, polyIC, H2O2 and UVB can upregulate the protein and/or mRNA levels of Blimp-1 in HaCaT and SCC cells. Concomitant EGFR activation was observed by these stimuli, and EGFR inhibitor gefitinib and Syk inhibitor can block Blimp-1 gene expression caused by PMA. Reporter assay of Blimp-1 promoter activity further indicated the involvement of AP-1 in PMA-, TNF-α-, LPS- and EGF-elicited Blimp-1 mRNA expression. Confocal microscopic data indicated the nuclear loclization of Blimp-1, and such localization was not changed by stimuli. Moreover, Blimp-1 silencing enhanced SCC cell migration. Taken together, Blimp-1 can be transcriptionally upregulated by several stimuli in keratinocytes and SCC via EGFR transactivation and AP-1 pathway. These include growth factor PMA, cytokine TNF-α, TLR ligands (LPS and polyIC), and ROS insults (H2O2 and UVB). The function of Blimp-1 as a negative regulator of cell migration in SCC can provide a new therapeutic target in SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Duen-Yi Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Ching Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yee Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yu Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Shia Dai
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Wan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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45
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Neu SD, Dittel BN. Characterization of Definitive Regulatory B Cell Subsets by Cell Surface Phenotype, Function and Context. Front Immunol 2022; 12:787464. [PMID: 34987513 PMCID: PMC8721101 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.787464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cell or “Breg” is a broad term that represents the anti-inflammatory activity of B cells, but does not describe their individual phenotypes, specific mechanisms of regulation or relevant disease contexts. Thus, given the variety of B cell regulatory mechanisms reported in human disease and their animal models, a more thorough and comprehensive identification strategy is needed for tracking and comparing B cell subsets between research groups and in clinical settings. This review summarizes the discovery process and mechanism of action for well-defined regulatory B cell subsets with an emphasis on the mouse model of multiple sclerosis experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We discuss the importance of conducting thorough B cell phenotyping along with mechanistic studies prior to defining a particular subset of B cells as Breg. Since virtually all B cell subsets can exert regulatory activity, it is timely for their definitive identification across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah D Neu
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Bonnie N Dittel
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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46
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Stage-Specific Non-Coding RNA Expression Patterns during In Vitro Human B Cell Differentiation into Antibody Secreting Plasma Cells. Noncoding RNA 2022; 8:ncrna8010015. [PMID: 35202088 PMCID: PMC8878715 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna8010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of B cells into antibody secreting plasma cells (PCs) is governed by a strict regulatory network that results in expression of specific transcriptomes along the activation continuum. In vitro models yielding significant numbers of PCs phenotypically identical to the in vivo state enable investigation of pathways, metabolomes, and non-coding (ncRNAs) not previously identified. The objective of our study was to characterize ncRNA expression during human B cell activation and differentiation. To achieve this, we used an in vitro system and performed RNA-seq on resting and activated B cells and PCs. Characterization of coding gene transcripts, including immunoglobulin (Ig), validated our system and also demonstrated that memory B cells preferentially differentiated into PCs. Importantly, we identified more than 980 ncRNA transcripts that are differentially expressed across the stages of activation and differentiation, some of which are known to target transcription, proliferation, cytoskeletal, autophagy and proteasome pathways. Interestingly, ncRNAs located within Ig loci may be targeting both Ig and non-Ig-related transcripts. ncRNAs associated with B cell malignancies were also identified. Taken together, this system provides a platform to study the role of specific ncRNAs in B cell differentiation and altered expression of those ncRNAs involved in B cell malignancies.
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Pivotal role of PIM2 kinase in plasmablast generation and plasma cell survival, opening new treatment options in myeloma. Blood 2022; 139:2316-2337. [PMID: 35108359 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021014011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of B cells into plasmablasts (PBs) and then plasma cells (PCs) is associated with extensive cell reprogramming and new cell functions. By using specific inhibition strategies (including a novel morpholino RNA antisense approach), we found that early, sustained upregulation of the proviral integrations of Moloney virus 2 (PIM2) kinase is a pivotal event during human B cell in vitro differentiation and then continues in mature normal and malignant PCs in the bone marrow. In particular, PIM2 sustained the G1/S transition by acting on CDC25A and p27Kip1 and hindering caspase 3-driven apoptosis through BAD phosphorylation and cytoplasmic stabilization of p21Cip1. In PCs, interleukin-6 triggered PIM2 expression, resulting in anti-apoptotic effects on which malignant PCs were particularly dependent. In multiple myeloma, pan-PIM and MCL1 inhibitors displayed synergistic activity. Our results highlight a cell-autonomous function that links kinase activity to the PBs' newly acquired secretion ability and the adaptability observed in both normal and malignant PCs, and finally should prompt the reconsideration of PIM2 as a therapeutic target in multiple myeloma.
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Koenig A, Vaeth M, Xiao Y, Chiarolla CM, Erapaneedi R, Klein M, Dietz L, Hundhausen N, Majumder S, Schuessler F, Bopp T, Klein-Hessling S, Rosenwald A, Berberich I, Berberich-Siebelt F. NFATc1/αA and Blimp-1 Support the Follicular and Effector Phenotype of Tregs. Front Immunol 2022; 12:791100. [PMID: 35069572 PMCID: PMC8770984 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.791100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+CXCR5+Foxp3+ T-follicular regulatory (TFR) cells control the germinal center responses. Like T-follicular helper cells, they express high levels of Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells c1, predominantly its short isoform NFATc1/αA. Ablation of NFATc1 in Tregs prevents upregulation of CXCR5 and migration of TFR cells into B-cell follicles. By contrast, constitutive active NFATc1/αA defines the surface density of CXCR5, whose level determines how deep a TFR migrates into the GC and how effectively it controls antibody production. As one type of effector Treg, TFR cells express B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1). Blimp-1 can directly repress Cxcr5 and NFATc1/αA is necessary to overcome this Blimp-1-mediated repression. Interestingly, Blimp-1 even reinforces the recruitment of NFATc1 to Cxcr5 by protein-protein interaction and by those means cooperates with NFATc1 for Cxcr5 transactivation. On the contrary, Blimp-1 is necessary to counterbalance NFATc1/αA and preserve the Treg identity. This is because although NFATc1/αA strengthens the follicular development of Tregs, it bears the inherent risk of causing an ex-Treg phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Koenig
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Vaeth
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yin Xiao
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Raghu Erapaneedi
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lena Dietz
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Snigdha Majumder
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Felix Schuessler
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,University Cancer Center Mainz, University Medical Center, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Frankfurt/Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Klein-Hessling
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Comprehensive Cancer Centre Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingolf Berberich
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Robinson E, Care MA, Walker K, Campbell M, Tooze RM, Doody GM. A System for In Vitro Generation of Mature Murine Plasma Cells Uncovers Differential Blimp-1/ Prdm1 Promoter Usage. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:514-525. [PMID: 34911772 PMCID: PMC7612223 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Upon encounter with Ag, B cells undergo a sequential process of differentiation to become Ab-secreting plasma cells. Although the key drivers of differentiation have been identified, research has been limited by the lack of in vitro models recapitulating the full process for murine B cells. In this study, we describe methodology using BCR or TLR ligation to obtain plasma cells that are phenotypically mature, have exited cell cycle and express a gene signature concordant with long-lived plasma cells. Dependent on the initial stimuli, the transcriptomes also show variation including the enhanced expression of matrisome components after BCR stimulation, suggestive of unique functional properties for the resultant plasma cells. Moreover, using the new culture conditions we demonstrate that alternative promoter choice regulating the expression of the master transcription factor Blimp-1/Prdm1 can be observed; when the canonical B cell promoter for Prdm1 is deleted, differentiating B cells exhibit flexibility in the choice of promoter, dictated by the initiating stimulus, with preferential maintenance of expression following exposure to TLR ligation. Thus our system provides a readily tractable model for furthering our understanding of plasma cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Robinson
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Matthew A Care
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kieran Walker
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Michelle Campbell
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Reuben M Tooze
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; and
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, St James's Institute of Oncology, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Gina M Doody
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; and
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50
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Torres M, Dickson AJ. Reprogramming of Chinese hamster ovary cells towards enhanced protein secretion. Metab Eng 2021; 69:249-261. [PMID: 34929420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The deficient secretory phenotype of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells is a major limitation for high-level production of biopharmaceuticals, particularly for those with complex molecular architectures and post-translational modifications. To improve CHO cell secretory capacity, we recently engineered CHO cell hosts to overexpress BLIMP1 (CHOB), in a cell engineering strategy that transformed the cellular machinery and led to significantly higher product yields and cell-specific productivities for different rproteins. Here, as a follow-up to our previous study, we developed new CHO cell hosts that co-overexpress BLIMP1 and XBP1s ( CHOBX ), two transcription factors that together drive the professional secretory function of antibody-producing plasma cells. We found that the CHOBX cells presented an improved performance over that of CHOB cells, with better product yields and cell-specific productivities for a recombinant IgG1 and a 'difficult-to-express' EPO-Fc fusion protein. These improvements in the CHOBX-derived cell lines resulted from a series of physiological and metabolic changes due to the synergetic co-expression of BLIMP1 and XBP1s. Firstly, cells presented an inhibited cell growth and arrested cell cycle in G1/G0 phase, features that were directly linked to BLIMP1 expression levels. Secondly, cells increased protein translation (both overall and recombinant protein), expanded the endoplasmic reticulum and improved their capacity to secrete protein more effectively. Lastly, cells showed a metabolic profile favouring energy production, with a pronounced lactate switch and increased consumption of amino acids. This study highlights the value of transcription factors for reprogramming CHO cells towards a desired phenotype, offering the potential to engineer cells with new functionalities for enhanced manufacturing of recombinant therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Torres
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Biochemical and Bioprocess Engineering Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alan J Dickson
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Biochemical and Bioprocess Engineering Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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