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Alexander VN. The creativity of cells: aneural irrational cognition. J Physiol 2024; 602:2479-2489. [PMID: 37777982 DOI: 10.1113/jp284417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence of cognition in aneural cells is well-establish in the literature. This paper extends the exploration of the mechanisms of cognition by considering whether or not aneural cells may be capable of irrational cognition, making associations based on coincidental similarities and circumstantial factors. If aneural cells do harness such semiosic qualities, as with higher-level creativity, this might be how they are able to overcome old algorithms and invent tools for new situations. I will look at three examples of irrational learning in aneural systems in terms of semiotics: (1) generalisation in the immune system, based on viral molecular mimicry, whereby immune cells attack the self, which seems to be an overgeneralisation of an icon sign based on mere similarity, not identity, (2) the classical conditioning of pea plants to trope toward wind as a sign of light, which seems to be an association of an index sign based on mere temporal proximity, and (3) a pharmaceutical intervention to prevent pregnancy, using a conjugate to encrypt self with non-self, which seems to be an example of symbol use. We identify irrational cognition easily when it leads to 'wrong' outcomes, but, if it occurs, it may also lead to favourable outcomes and 'creative' solutions.
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Taghipour A, Javanmard E, Rahimi HM, Abdoli A, Matin S, Haghbin M, Olfatifar M, Mirjalali H, Zali MR. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Health 2024; 16:23-34. [PMID: 37052134 PMCID: PMC10759288 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihad027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with diabetes are at an increased risk of intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs). We evaluated the pooled prevalence and OR of IPIs in patients with diabetes through a systematic review and meta-analysis. A systematic search was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol for studies reporting IPIs in patients with diabetes through 1 August 2022. The collected data were analyzed using comprehensive meta-analysis software version 2. Thirteen case-control studies and nine cross-sectional studies were included in this study. The overall prevalence of IPIs in patients with diabetes was calculated to be 24.4% (95% CI 18.8 to 31%). Considering the case-control design, the prevalence of IPIs in case (25.7%; 95% CI 18.4 to 34.5%) was higher than controls (15.5%; 95% CI 8.4 to 26.9%) and a significant correlation was observed (OR, 1.80; 95% CI 1.08 to 2.97%). Moreover, a significant correlation was seen in the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. (OR, 3.30%; 95% CI 1.86 to 5.86%), Blastocystis sp. (OR, 1.57%; 95% CI 1.11 to 2.22%) and hookworm (OR, 6.09%; 95% CI 1.11 to 33.41%) in the cases group. The present results revealed a higher prevalence of IPIs in patients with diabetes than in controls. Therefore, the results of this study suggest a proper health education program to preventing measures for the acquisition of IPIs in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Taghipour
- Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom 74148-46199, Iran
| | - Ehsan Javanmard
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Hanieh Mohammad Rahimi
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 4739-19395, Iran
| | - Amir Abdoli
- Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom 74148-46199, Iran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom 74148-46199, Iran
| | - Sara Matin
- Department of Pediatrics, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom 74148-46199, Iran
| | - Marzieh Haghbin
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Peymanieh Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom 3713649373, Iran
| | - Meysam Olfatifar
- Gastroenterology and Hepataology Diseases Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom 4739-19395, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 4739-19395, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 4739-19395, Iran
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Vujasinovic M, Nikolic S, Gordon Achour A, Löhr JM. Autoimmune pancreatitis and micronutrients. Dig Liver Dis 2023; 55:1375-1381. [PMID: 37121818 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nutritional deficiencies, including fat-soluble vitamins and minerals have been detected in many autoimmune diseases, including those involving the digestive system, but have yet to be assessed in autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP). The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies in patients with AIP as well as to investigate their relationship with relapse. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively analysed medical records of patients treated for AIP. Demographic and clinical data were collected. RESULTS One hundred patients were included in the final analysis. The male-to-female ratio was 2.5:1; median age at diagnosis was 57 years (range 19-85). Median follow-up was 53 months, and during this time, 38% of patients suffered from at least one micronutrient deficiency. The most prevalent micronutrient deficiencies were vitamin D (16.1%) and zinc (25.5%). Relapse was observed in 37% of the AIP patients. Initial analysis showed that AIP relapse was associated with any micronutrient deficiency as well as zinc and vitamin D deficiency, but after stratifying for AIP type 1 and adjusting for PEI and elevated IgG4 levels, the association ceased to be statistically significant. CONCLUSION Zinc and vitamin D deficiencies may be common in patients with AIP, indicating that these micronutrients might play a role in the natural course of AIP. Importantly, any micronutrient deficiency may be prevalent even in the light of treated PEI, which emphasizes the potential of micronutrients as an additional tool in the workup and follow-up of AIP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Vujasinovic
- Department of Upper Abdominal Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sara Nikolic
- Department of Upper Abdominal Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden; Department of Gastroenterology, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Alina Gordon Achour
- Department of Upper Abdominal Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden
| | - J Matthias Löhr
- Department of Upper Abdominal Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention, and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Rasouli-Saravani A, Jahankhani K, Moradi S, Gorgani M, Shafaghat Z, Mirsanei Z, Mehmandar A, Mirzaei R. Role of microbiota short-chain fatty acid chains in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114620. [PMID: 37004324 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is emerging evidence that microbiota and its metabolites play an important role in helath and diseases. In this regard, gut microbiota has been found as a crucial component that influences immune responses as well as immune-related disorders such as autoimmune diseases. Gut bacterial dysbiosis has been shown to cause disease and altered microbiota metabolite synthesis, leading to immunological and metabolic dysregulation. Of note, microbiota in the gut produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, butyrate, and propionate, and remodeling in these microbiota metabolites has been linked to the pathophysiology of a number of autoimmune disorders such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. In this review, we will address the most recent findings from the most noteworthy studies investigating the impact of microbiota SCFAs on various autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Rasouli-Saravani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kasra Jahankhani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadi Moradi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Melika Gorgani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Shafaghat
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Mirsanei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirreza Mehmandar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Radić M, Đogaš H, Kolak E, Gelemanović A, Nenadić DB, Vučković M, Radić J. Vitamin D in psoriatic arthritis – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2023; 60:152200. [PMID: 37062151 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2023.152200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize current evidence on vitamin D status in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) with a particular focus on disease activity. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases were searched for studies that investigated vitamin D levels in PsA. The search was conducted on 12th October 2022. Included studies were cohorts, RCTs or observational studies, those assessing the level of 25(OH)D3 with control group consisting of healthy or psoriasis (Pso) patients. Nottingham-Ottawa Quality Scale was used to assess methodological quality. Random effects meta-analysis model was applied with inverse variance weighting and mean difference with 95% CI was calculated. RESULTS Of 356 retrieved studies, 76 duplicates and 270 studies were excluded according to the exclusion criteria with one study unavailable. Four studies including 264 PsA patients and 287 healthy controls and five studies including 225 PsA patients and 391 Pso patients assessing vitamin D levels were eligible for meta-analysis. Vitamin D levels were lower in PsA patients compared to the healthy group (MD = -6.42; 95 % CI -8.31, -4.53; P < 0.01), while higher compared to Pso patients (MD = 2.37; 95 % CI 0.97, 3.78; P < 0.01). Included studies had moderate to low risk of bias. CONCLUSION In conclusion, PsA patients have lower vitamin D levels than the general population. However, further studies are essential to understand the role of vitamin D in the development and treatment of PsA and the differences in vitamin D metabolism in PsA and Pso.
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Huang Y, Xue Q, Cheng C, Wang Y, Wang X, Chang J, Miao C. Circular RNA in autoimmune diseases: special emphasis on regulation mechanism in RA and SLE. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023; 75:370-384. [PMID: 36583516 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune diseases are diseases caused by tissue damage caused by the body's immune response to autoantibodies. Circular RNAs (CircRNAs) are a kind of special endogenous non-coding RNA that play a biological role by regulating gene transcription. METHODS In this work, we searched the PubMed, Web of Science (SCIE), National Science and Technology Library (NSTL), and ScienceDirect Online (SDOL) databases to summarize the impact of circRNAs on autoimmune diseases, especially the results of circRNAs in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). RESULTS The study on the function of circRNAs and autoimmune diseases further deepened our understanding of the development and pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. CircRNAs may act as miRNA sponges to regulate biological processes and affect the occurrence and development of autoimmune diseases. CircRNAs are closely related to the pathogenesis of RA and SLE and may become potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of RA and SLE. CONCLUSION CircRNAs play an important role in the pathogenesis of RA, SLE and other autoimmune diseases, and are expected to provide new biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune diseases. However, the function and mechanism of circRNAs in autoimmune diseases need more comprehensive research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qiuyun Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Chenglong Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Chang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.,Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China
| | - Chenggui Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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Younger DS. Pediatric neuropsychiatric disorders with motor and nonmotor phenomena. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 196:367-387. [PMID: 37620079 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98817-9.00028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The concept of pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (PANDAS) has become seminal since first introduced more than two decades ago. At the time of this writing, most neurologists, pediatricians, psychiatrists, and general pediatricians will probably have heard of this association or treated an affected child with PANDAS. The concept of an acute-onset, and typically self-limited, postinfectious autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder resembling PANDAS manifesting vocal and motor tics and obsessive-compulsive disorder has broadened to other putative microbes and related endogenous and exogenous disease triggers. These disorders with common features of hypometabolism in the medial temporal lobe and hippocampus in brain 18fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography fused to magnetic resonance imaging (FDG PET-MRI), form a spectrum: with the neuropsychiatric disorder Tourette syndrome and PANDAS with its well-defined etiopathogenesis at one end, and pediatric abrupt-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS), alone or associated with specific bacterial and viral pathogens, at the other end. The designation of PANS in the absence of a specific trigger, as an exclusionary diagnosis, reflects the current problem in nosology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Neuroscience, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine and Neurology, White Plains Hospital, White Plains, NY, United States.
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An Update on the Effects of Vitamin D on the Immune System and Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179784. [PMID: 36077185 PMCID: PMC9456003 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D intervenes in calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone homeostasis. Experimental studies have shown that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) generates immunologic activities on the innate and adaptive immune system and endothelial membrane stability. Low levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) are associated with an increased risk of developing immune-related diseases such as psoriasis, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and autoimmune diseases. Various clinical trials describe the efficacy of supplementation of vitamin D and its metabolites for treating these diseases that result in variable outcomes. Different disease outcomes are observed in treatment with vitamin D as high inter-individual difference is present with complex gene expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, it is still not fully known what level of serum 25(OH)D is needed. The current recommendation is to increase vitamin D intake and have enough sunlight exposure to have serum 25(OH)D at a level of 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L) and better at 40–60 ng/mL (100–150 nmol/L) to obtain the optimal health benefits of vitamin D.
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Aberrant Cellular Glycosylation May Increase the Ability of Influenza Viruses to Escape Host Immune Responses through Modification of the Viral Glycome. mBio 2022; 13:e0298321. [PMID: 35285699 PMCID: PMC9040841 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02983-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with metabolic dysregulation of cellular glycosylation often experience severe influenza disease, with a poor immune response to the virus and low vaccine efficacy. Here, we investigate the consequences of aberrant cellular glycosylation for the glycome and the biology of influenza virus. We transiently induced aberrant N-linked glycosylation in cultured cells with an oligosaccharyltransferase inhibitor, NGI-1. Cells treated with NGI-1 produced morphologically unaltered viable influenza virus with sequence-neutral glycosylation changes (primarily reduced site occupancy) in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. Hemagglutinin with reduced glycan occupancy required a higher concentration of surfactant protein D (an important innate immunity respiratory tract collectin) for inhibition compared to that with normal glycan occupancy. Immunization of mice with NGI-1-treated virus significantly reduced antihemagglutinin and antineuraminidase titers of total serum antibody and reduced hemagglutinin protective antibody responses. Our data suggest that aberrant cellular glycosylation may increase the risk of severe influenza as a result of the increased ability of glycome-modified influenza viruses to evade the immune response.
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Kim J, Lee JY, Kim HG, Kwak MW, Kang TH. Fc Receptor Variants and Disease: A Crucial Factor to Consider in the Antibody Therapeutics in Clinic. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9489. [PMID: 34502398 PMCID: PMC8431278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain of antibodies is responsible for their protective function and long-lasting serum half-life via Fc-mediated effector function, transcytosis, and recycling through its interaction with Fc receptors (FcRs) expressed on various immune leukocytes, epithelial, and endothelial cells. Therefore, the Fc-FcRs interaction is a control point of both endogenous and therapeutic antibody function. There are a number of reported genetic variants of FcRs, which include polymorphisms in (i) extracellular domain of FcRs, which change their affinities to Fc domain of antibodies; (ii) both cytoplasmic and intracellular domain, which alters the extent of signal transduction; and (iii) the promoter region of the FcRs gene, which affects the expression level of FcRs, thus being associated with the pathogenesis of disease indications. In this review, we firstly describe the correlation between the genetic variants of FcRs and immunological disorders by individual differences in the extent of FcRs-mediated regulations. Secondly, we discuss the influence of the genetic variants of FcRs on the susceptibility to infectious diseases or cancer in the perspective of FcRs-induced effector functions. Overall, we concluded that the genetic variants of FcRs are one of the key elements in the design of antibody therapeutics due to their variety of clinical outcomes among individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kim
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program for Bio-Health Convergence, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea;
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea;
| | - Han Gil Kim
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea; (H.G.K.); (M.W.K.)
| | - Min Woo Kwak
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea; (H.G.K.); (M.W.K.)
| | - Tae Hyun Kang
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program for Bio-Health Convergence, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea;
- Department of Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea;
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea; (H.G.K.); (M.W.K.)
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Karami Fath M, Jahangiri A, Ganji M, Sefid F, Payandeh Z, Hashemi ZS, Pourzardosht N, Hessami A, Mard-Soltani M, Zakeri A, Rahbar MR, Khalili S. SARS-CoV-2 Proteome Harbors Peptides Which Are Able to Trigger Autoimmunity Responses: Implications for Infection, Vaccination, and Population Coverage. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705772. [PMID: 34447375 PMCID: PMC8383889 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) could occur due to infectious diseases and vaccination programs. Since millions of people are expected to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 and vaccinated against it, autoimmune consequences seem inevitable. Therefore, we have investigated the whole proteome of the SARS-CoV-2 for its ability to trigger ADs. In this regard, the entire proteome of the SARS-CoV-2 was chopped into more than 48000 peptides. The produced peptides were searched against the entire human proteome to find shared peptides with similar experimentally confirmed T-cell and B-cell epitopes. The obtained peptides were checked for their ability to bind to HLA molecules. The possible population coverage was calculated for the most potent peptides. The obtained results indicated that the SARS-CoV-2 and human proteomes share 23 peptides originated from ORF1ab polyprotein, nonstructural protein NS7a, Surface glycoprotein, and Envelope protein of SARS-CoV-2. Among these peptides, 21 peptides had experimentally confirmed equivalent epitopes. Amongst, only nine peptides were predicted to bind to HLAs with known global allele frequency data, and three peptides were able to bind to experimentally confirmed HLAs of equivalent epitopes. Given the HLAs which have already been reported to be associated with ADs, the ESGLKTIL, RYPANSIV, NVAITRAK, and RRARSVAS were determined to be the most harmful peptides of the SARS-CoV-2 proteome. It would be expected that the COVID-19 pandemic and the vaccination against this pathogen could significantly increase the ADs incidences, especially in populations harboring HLA-B*08:01, HLA-A*024:02, HLA-A*11:01 and HLA-B*27:05. The Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania are at higher risk of AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karami Fath
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Jahangiri
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Ganji
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sefid
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Sadat Hashemi
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product (ATMP) Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Pourzardosht
- Biochemistry Department, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Anahita Hessami
- School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maysam Mard-Soltani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Alireza Zakeri
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Rahbar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
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Mirzaei R, Zamani F, Hajibaba M, Rasouli-Saravani A, Noroozbeygi M, Gorgani M, Hosseini-Fard SR, Jalalifar S, Ajdarkosh H, Abedi SH, Keyvani H, Karampoor S. The pathogenic, therapeutic and diagnostic role of exosomal microRNA in the autoimmune diseases. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 358:577640. [PMID: 34224949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are a nano-vesicle surrounded by a bilipid layer that can release from almost all cells and could be detected in tissues and biological liquids. These vesicles contain lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (including DNA, mRNA, and miRNA) inside and on the exosomes' surface constitute their content. Exosomes can transfer their cargo into the recipient cell, which can modify recipient cells' biological activities. Recently it has been deciphering that the miRNA pattern of exosomes reveals the cellular pathophysiological situation and modifies various biological processes. Increasing data regarding exosomes highlights that the exosomes and their cargo, especially miRNAs, are implicated in the pathophysiology of various disorders, such as autoimmune disease. The current evidence on the deciphering of mechanisms in which exosomal miRNAs contributed to autoimmunity was indicated that exosomal miRNA might hold information that can reprogram the function of many of the immune cells involved in autoimmune diseases' pathogenesis. In the present study, we summarized the pathogenic role of exosomal miRNAs in several autoimmune diseases, including myasthenia gravis (MG), psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), type 1 diabetes (T1D), multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjogren's Syndrome (SS), systemic sclerosis (SSc), vitiligo, and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). Moreover, in this work, we present evidence of the potential role of exosomal miRNAs as therapeutic and diagnostic agents in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Farhad Zamani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Hajibaba
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashkan Rasouli-Saravani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mina Noroozbeygi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Melika Gorgani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Hosseini-Fard
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Jalalifar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ajdarkosh
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hassnan Abedi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rohani Hospital, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Zangiabadian M, Mirsaeidi M, Pooyafar MH, Goudarzi M, Nasiri MJ. Associations of Yersinia Enterocolitica Infection with Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:682-687. [PMID: 32564766 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200621180515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Yersinia enterocolitica infection is reportedly associated with the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). However, evidence that such infection can lead to AITD is controversial. Thus, this study was aimed to investigate the associations of Y. enterocolitica infection with AITD. METHODS A meta-analysis was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane library to identify relevant studies. The odds ratios (OR) and associated 95% confidence intervals [CI] were obtained. Data were analyzed by STATA 13.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA). RESULTS Of 215 articles identified, 8 studies with a total of 1490 participants met the criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. There was a significant association between Y. enterocolitica positivity and AITD (OR: 4.31 [CI 95%: 1.81-10.07], P-value: 0.00). According to the subgroup analysis, Y. enterocolitica infection statistically increased the risk of Graves' disease (GD) (OR: 6.12, [CI 95%: 3.71-10.10], P-value: 0.00). Likewise, the pooled OR of association between Y. enterocolitica positivity and hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) was 2.84 (CI 95%: 0.71-11.25, P-value: 0.1). CONCLUSION The current studies suggest that Y. enterocolitica may be associated with the development of AITD. Further study is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Zangiabadian
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirsaeidi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States
| | - Mohammad H Pooyafar
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad J Nasiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Pei M, Liu X, Yang P, Zhao C, Gao F, Qu Y, Liang A, Xiao J, Zhang M. Genetic Association of Interleukin 33/ST2 Polymorphisms With Behcet's Uveitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:589639. [PMID: 33859633 PMCID: PMC8043080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.589639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)33, a member of the IL1 superfamily, functions as a nuclear factor and mediates biological effects by interacting with the ST2 receptor. Recent studies have described IL33 as an emerging pro-inflammatory cytokine in the immune system, and IL33/ST2 gene polymorphisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various immune diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms of IL33/ST2 in Behcet's disease (BD) remain to be defined. Here, we investigated the association between IL33/ST2 gene polymorphisms and BD in 585 BD uveitis (BDU) patients and 834 healthy controls using Agena MassARRAY iPLEX platform. We found that rs3821204 was associated with the development of BDU. Moreover, the frequency of rs2210463 G allele was lower in patients with genital involvement. Association analysis revealed a much greater genetic difference between complete-type and incomplete-type BD groups, including three SNPs (rs7044343, rs1048274, and rs2210463). Our findings suggest that IL33/ST2 gene polymorphisms are involved in the pathogenesis of BDU. Different genetic backgrounds may exist in complete-type and incomplete-type BD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghang Pei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinshu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth People's Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, China
| | - Peizeng Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Chan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Anyi Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Junyan Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meifen Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Jang HJ, Yong SH, Leem AY, Lee SH, Kim SY, Lee SH, Kim EY, Chung KS, Jung JY, Kang YA, Kim YS, Chang J, Park MS. Corticosteroid responsiveness in patients with acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease admitted to the emergency department. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5762. [PMID: 33707643 PMCID: PMC7952556 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease (ILD), particularly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), has a poor prognosis. Corticosteroids are widely used in the treatment of acute exacerbation of ILD (AE-ILD). This study aimed to clarify the causes of AE-ILD, determine the efficacy of corticosteroids for treating AE-ILD, and detect differences in the mortality rate among subgroups of ILD. This was an observational retrospective single-center study. Patients with ILD who presented to the emergency department with acute respiratory symptoms from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2018, were included. Patients with AE-ILD were classified into two groups depending on the prednisolone dose: low dose (0 to 1.0 mg/kg) or high dose (> 1.0 mg/kg). Mortality rates between patients with and without IPF were compared. This study included 182 patients with AE-ILD, including IPF (n = 117) and non-IPF (n = 65). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that corticosteroid dose (HR: 0.221, CI: 0.102–0.408, P < 0.001), initial P/F ratio (HR:0.995, CI:0.992–0.999, P = 0.006), and mechanical ventilation within 3 days of hospitalization (HR:4.205, CI:2.059–8.589, P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for mortality in patients with AE-ILD. This study showed that outcomes improve with higher doses of corticosteroids (> 1 mg/kg prednisolone) in patients with AE-non-IPF-ILD. However, this was not the case in patients with AE-IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Jang
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Yong
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Young Leem
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hwan Lee
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Yee Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Chung
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Ye Jung
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ae Kang
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sam Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Chang
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo Suk Park
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Ali MY, Akter Z, Mei Z, Zheng M, Tania M, Khan MA. Thymoquinone in autoimmune diseases: Therapeutic potential and molecular mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 134:111157. [PMID: 33370631 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AUDs) are a multifactorial disease, among which rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis are more prevalent. Several anti-inflammatory, biologics, and AUD-modifying drugs are found effective against them, but their repeated use are associated with various adverse effects. In this review article, we have focused on the regulation of inflammatory molecules, molecular signaling pathways, immune cells, and epigenetics by natural product thymoquinone on AUDs. Studies indicate that thymoquinone can regulate inflammatory molecules including interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), oxidative stress, regulatory T cells, and various signaling pathways such as nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κβ), janus kinase/signal transduction and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) at the molecular level and epigenetic alteration. As these molecules and signaling pathways with defective immune function play an important role in AUD development, controlling these molecules and deregulated molecular mechanism is a significant feature of AUD therapeutics. Interestingly thymoquinone is reported to possess all these potential. This article reviewed the deregulated mechanism of AUDs, and the action of thymoquinone on inflammatory molecules, immune cells, signaling pathways, and epigenetic machinery. Thymoquinone can be regarded as a potential drug candidate for AUD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Yousuf Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zakia Akter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zhiqiang Mei
- The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Meiling Zheng
- The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Mousumi Tania
- Research Division, Nature Study Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Division of Molecular Cancer Biology, Red Green Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Asaduzzaman Khan
- The Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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Ismail KA, Hawash YA, Saber T, Eed EM, Khalifa AS, Alsharif KF, Alghamdi SA, Khalifa AM, Khalifa OM, Althubiti HK, Alsofyani GM. Microsporidia infection in patients with autoimmune diseases. Indian J Med Microbiol 2020; 38:409-414. [PMID: 33154255 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_20_325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Microsporidium is a spore-forming intracellular parasite that affects a wide range of hosts including humans. The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plays a key role in the immunity to infection with microsporidia. Recently, the TNF-α antagonists have proven successful in treating variable autoimmune diseases. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the impact of using TNF-α antagonists as a therapeutic regimen in the prevalence of infections with microsporidia. Materials and Methods Diarrheal patients with distinct autoimmune diseases (n = 100) were assigned to the study. Patients taking anti-TNF-α medications (n = 60) were allocated to Group 1A and those undergoing non-TNF-α inhibitor treatment (n = 40) to Group 1B. Furthermore, patients with diarrhea without autoimmune disorders (n = 20) were allocated as controls. Stool specimens, 3 per patient, were collected and microscopically examined for microsporidia spores. A microsporidia-specific stool polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm the microscopic findings. Results Microsporidia infection was identified in 28.3% (17/60), 10% (4/40), and in 5% (1/20) of patients in Group 1A, Group 1B, and in the control group, respectively. Overall, infection was significantly high in cases compared to the controls and in patients receiving TNF-α antagonists compared to patients not given TNF-α inhibitors (P < 0.05). Finally, infection was significantly higher in cases treated with TNF-α antagonists for ≥2 months compared to cases treated for <2 months of duration (P < 0.05). Conclusion There was a significant increase in microsporidia infection in autoimmune disease patients undergoing treatment with TNF-α antagonists, and the duration of treatment is one of the risk factors. The study highlights the importance of microsporidia testing in immunocompromised patients, particularly those undergoing treatment with anti-TNF-α drugs and emphasises the need for awareness among clinicians regarding this opportunistic parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadiga Ahmed Ismail
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yousry A Hawash
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Molecular and Clinical Parasitology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Taisir Saber
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Emad M Eed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Amany S Khalifa
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalaf F Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Alghamdi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Khalifa
- Department of Forensic and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Osama Mahmoud Khalifa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hatem K Althubiti
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gala M Alsofyani
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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18
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Mahtani AA, Jacob C, Lakshmanan R. Prevalence of diabetes among patients and the assessment of the awareness of the bidirectional relation between diabetes and periodontal disease. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:2774-2780. [PMID: 32984124 PMCID: PMC7491835 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_63_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the extent of self-awareness and knowledge of diabetes and its association with periodontal disease among patients seeking dental care. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were collected in the form of a questionnaire from 150 consecutive adult patients from the outpatient department of Saveetha Dental College in Chennai, India. Complying patients were tested for diabetes mellitus by checking their random blood sugar and the results were correlated with the questionnaire and their periodontal findings. The findings were interpreted to examine the relationship between self-awareness and clinically diagnosed periodontitis. RESULTS One hundred fifty patients participated in the questionnaire and 70% were unaware of diabetes causing periodontal disease. A total of 47.3% of patients were also unwilling to get themselves tested for diabetes by their dentists as nearly 73.3% believed that they did not have diabetes. As a result, out of 150 patients, 41 consented to random blood sugar but only 23 patients followed up. Among these 23, 14 believed they were diabetic but only 12 of those 14 were proven to be so. Additionally, 20 patients were diagnosed with either localized or generalized chronic periodontitis while the remaining 3 patients had gingivitis. All 12 patients diagnosed with diabetes were affected by periodontitis as well. CONCLUSIONS Patients are generally apprehensive and misinformed regarding the influence of periodontitis and diabetes between both diseases and must be educated by both the medical and dental practitioners regarding the implications of these chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha A. Mahtani
- Student, Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Caroline Jacob
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Reema Lakshmanan
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Li J, Liu Y, Ren J, Tay BZ, Luo T, Fan L, Sun D, Luo G, Lau D, Lam RHW. Antibody-coated microstructures for selective isolation of immune cells in blood. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1072-1082. [PMID: 32100806 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00078g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cell isolation from blood is an important process for diagnosing immune diseases. There are still demands for a user-friendly approach to achieve high cell extraction efficiency and purity of a target immune cell subtype for more promising diagnosis and monitoring. For selective immune cell isolation, we developed a microstructured device, which consists of antibody-coated micropillars and micro-sieve arrays, for isolating a target immune cell subtype from bovine blood samples. The focusing micropillars can guide immune cells flowing to the subsequent micro-sieves based on deterministic lateral shifts of the cells. The arrangement of these microstructures is characterized and configured for the maximal cell capture rate. Surface modification with a selected antibody offers selective cell capture in the micro-sieves based on the antigen-antibody reaction. We prepare a cell mixture of human CD14-expressing leukemia cells (THP-1) and epithelial cells (MDA-MB-231) in diluted blood to characterize the cell isolation operation, with a selective cell isolation yield of >80%, cell purity of ∼100% and cell viability of >93%. Together, this microstructured device strategy can achieve high-yield selective isolation of immune cells from blood samples and support downstream genetic and biochemical cell analyses, contributing to the medical diagnosis of a broad range of immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Ya Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Jifeng Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Benjamin Zikai Tay
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Lei Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
- Centre for Robotics and Automation, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Guannan Luo
- Department of Economics and Finance, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Denvid Lau
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Raymond H W Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
- Centre for Robotics and Automation, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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Abstract
Until recently, autoimmune disease research has primarily been focused on elucidating the role of the adaptive immune system. In the past decade or so, the role of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity has increasingly been realized. Recent findings have elucidated paradigm-shifting concepts, for example, the implications of "trained immunity" and a dysbiotic microbiome in the susceptibility of predisposed individuals to clinical autoimmunity. In addition, the application of modern technologies such as the quantum dot (Qdot) system and 'Omics' (e.g., genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) data-processing tools has proven fruitful in revisiting mechanisms underlying autoimmune pathogenesis and in identifying novel therapeutic targets. This review highlights recent findings discussed at the American Autoimmune Related Disease Association (AARDA) 2019 colloquium. The findings covering autoimmune diseases and autoinflammatory diseases illustrate how new developments in common innate immune pathways can contribute to the better understanding and management of these immune-mediated disorders.
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Wessels I, Rink L. Micronutrients in autoimmune diseases: possible therapeutic benefits of zinc and vitamin D. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 77:108240. [PMID: 31841960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A functional immune system is essential for healthy life. This is achieved by the coordinate activation and interaction of different immune cells. One should be aware that activation of the immune response is as important as its deactivation when the pathogens are cleared, as otherwise host tissue can be damaged up to life-threatening levels. Autoimmune diseases (AID) represent a phenomenon of immune cells attacking host cells and tissue. Five to eight percent of the world's population are currently affected by 80-100 AID. In recent years, the incidence has been constantly increasing, reaching alarmingly high numbers particularly for type 1 diabetes mellitus, Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome and multiple sclerosis. This indicates a higher societal burden of AID for the future. This article provides an overview of general concepts of triggers and underlying mechanisms leading to self-destruction. Lately, several original concepts of disease etiology were revised, and there is a variety of hypotheses on triggers, underlying mechanisms and preventive actions. This article concentrates on the importance of nutrition, especially zinc and vitamin D, for balancing the immune function. Homespun nutritional remedies seem to reenter today's therapeutic strategies. Current treatment approaches are largely symptomatic or suppress the immune system. However, recent studies reveal significant benefits of nutrition-related therapeutic approaches including prevention and treatment of established disease, which offer a cost-efficient and trigger-unspecific alternative addressing balancing rather than suppression of the immune system. Zinc and vitamin D are currently the best studied and most promising candidates for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Wessels
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Hummert S, Glock C, Lang SN, Hummert C, Skerka C, Zipfel PF, Germerodt S, Schuster S. Playing 'hide-and-seek' with factor H: game-theoretical analysis of a single nucleotide polymorphism. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2017.0963. [PMID: 29720453 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As a part of the complement system, factor H regulates phagocytosis and helps differentiate between a body's own and foreign cells. Owing to mimicry efforts, some pathogenic microorganisms such as Candida albicans are able to bind factor H on their cell surfaces and, thus, become similar to host cells. This implies that the decision between self and foreign is not clear-cut, which leads to a classification problem for the immune system. Here, two different alleles determining the binding affinity of factor H are relevant. Those alleles differ in the SNP Y402H; they are known to be associated with susceptibility to certain diseases. Interestingly, the fraction of both alleles differs in ethnic groups. The game-theoretical model proposed in this article explains the coexistence of both alleles by a battle of the sexes game and investigates the trade-off between pathogen detection and protection of host cells. Further, we discuss the ethnicity-dependent frequencies of the alleles. Moreover, the model elucidates the mimicry efforts by pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hummert
- Institute of Physiology 2, Universitätsklinikum, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christina Glock
- Department of Bioinformatics, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan N Lang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hummert
- Department of Applied Computer Sciences and Biosciences, Mittweida University of Applied Sciences, 09648 Mittweida, Germany
| | - Christine Skerka
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Germerodt
- Department of Bioinformatics, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Schuster
- Department of Bioinformatics, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Gediz F, Kobak S. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-related Rheumatic Diseases: What Rheumatologist Should Know? Curr Rheumatol Rev 2019; 15:201-208. [DOI: 10.2174/1573397115666190119094736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
:
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are revolutionized drugs for cancer immunotherapy in
the last years. The mechanism of action of CPIs including the limitation of the activation of Tcells,
and thus enhancing the self-immune response against tumour cells. Checkpointinhibitors(
CPIs) may dysregulate the immune system, resulting in some toxicities. These toxicities
or side effects are called Immune-related Adverse Events (IRAEs) that can potentially affect
any organ and tissue. Rheumatic diseases due to checkpoint inhibitors are also reported in
the literature. The spectrum of rheumatic manifestations are quite wide; the most common are
arthralgia/arthritis, myalgia/myositis, polimyalgia rheumatica, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis,
Sjögren’s syndrome. At the same time, these drugs can also cause an exacerbation of known
rheumatologic disease. Treatment approaches for developing rheumatic findings due to checkpoint
inhibitors should be multidisciplinary. There should be a close relationship between oncologists
who follow-up these patients and rheumatologists. The rheumatic manifestations
should be defined and treated early. In general, the musculoskeletal side effects are transient and
may regress after stopping CPIs. The most commonly used medications are corticosteroids. Immunosuppressive
drugs (HQ, MTX, anti-TNF-alpha, anti-IL-6) should be preferred when treatment
is unresponsive or as steroid-sparing agents.
:
The aim of this review was to evaluate the checkpoint inhibitors-related rheumatologic findings and
therapeutic strategies in light of recent literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusun Gediz
- Department of Hematology, Transplantation Unit, Izmir Training and Research Hospital, Bone Marrow, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Senol Kobak
- Department of Rheumatology, Istinye University Faculty of Medicine, Liv Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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24
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Chen R, Yuan L, Cao N, Li P, Chen H, Zhou J, Hao X, Liu T, Yang WH, Cui S, Yan X. An immunosuppressive peptide from the horsefly inhibits inflammation by repressing macrophage maturation and phagocytosis. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:14116-14126. [PMID: 30977239 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ectoparasites repress host immune responses while they obtain nutrition from their hosts. Understanding the immunosuppressive mechanisms between ectoparasites and their hosts will provide new strategies to develop potential immunosuppressive drugs against immune disorder diseases. Previously, we have discovered that a small peptide, immunoregulin HA, from the horsefly (Hybomitra atriperoides) may play an immunosuppressive role in rat splenocytes. However, the targeting cells and detailed mechanisms of immunoregulin HA in immunosuppressive reactions are not well defined. Here, we show that immunoregulin HA reduces the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Interestingly, we discover that the major cytokines repressed by immunoregulin HA are secreted by macrophages, rather than by T cells. Furthermore, immunoregulin HA inhibits macrophage maturation and phagocytosis. Mechanically, the activations of c-JUN N-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase upon LPS stimulation are decreased by immunoregulin HA. Consistently, immunoregulin HA treatment exhibits an anti-inflammatory activity in a mouse model of adjuvant-induced paw inflammation. Taken together, our data reveal that immunoregulin HA conducts the anti-inflammatory activity by blocking macrophage functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- Division of Cancer Immunity, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Long Yuan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nengqi Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengpeng Li
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huilin Chen
- Unit of Human Parasite Molecular and Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhou
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue Hao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wen-Hao Yang
- Division of Cancer Immunity, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuzhong Cui
- Division of Cancer Immunity, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiuwen Yan
- Division of Cancer Immunity, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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25
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Temme S, Temme N, Koch N. Assembly, Intracellular Transport, and Release of MHC Class II Peptide Receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1988:297-314. [PMID: 31147949 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9450-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
MHC class II molecules play a pivotal role for the induction and maintenance of immune responses against pathogens, but are also implicated in pathological conditions like autoimmune diseases or rejection of transplanted organs. Human antigen-presenting cells express three human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II isotypes (DR, DP, and DQ), which are, with the exception of DRα, composed of highly polymorphic α and β subunits. The combination of α- and β-chains results in a multitude of MHC-II αβ-heterodimers of the same isotype, but also isotype-mixed MHC class II molecules have been identified. Invariant chain chaperones the assembly of MHC-II molecules within the endoplasmatic reticulum and also facilitates the intracellular transport to MHC class II loading compartments (MIICs). MHC-II molecules are loaded with antigenic peptides and shuttled to the cell surface for inspection by CD4 T-cells. Alternatively, class-II molecules enriched on intraluminal vesicles can be released via exosomes into the extracellular space. Since some of the αβ-combinations may yield mismatched nonfunctional heterodimers, it is not entirely clear which type of HLA class II peptide receptors are transported to MIICs and found on the cell surface of antigen-presenting cells. We present techniques to inspect assembly, intracellular transport, cell surface expression, and exosomal release of MHC class II heterodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Temme
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Nadine Temme
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Norbert Koch
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Nam Y, Jhee JH, Cho J, Lee JH, Shin H. Disease gene identification based on generic and disease-specific genome networks. Bioinformatics 2018; 35:1923-1930. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghyun Nam
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Ajou University, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jong Ho Jhee
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Ajou University, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Junhee Cho
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Ajou University, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- DR. Noah Biotech, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyunjung Shin
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Ajou University, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, South Korea
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27
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Alexander T, Farge D, Badoglio M, Lindsay JO, Muraro PA, Snowden JA. Hematopoietic stem cell therapy for autoimmune diseases - Clinical experience and mechanisms. J Autoimmun 2018; 92:35-46. [PMID: 29934135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With accumulating evidence and improved outcomes along with recognition that modern biological therapies are not universally effective, require chronic administration and have high acquisition costs, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has become an emerging direction for cell therapy in autoimmune diseases (ADs). The goal of this therapy is to induce medication-free remissions by resetting the immune system into a naïve and self-tolerant state through eradication of the autoreactive immunologic memory and profound re-configuration of the immune system induced by the transplant procedure. Safety of HSCT has generally improved by implementing internal quality management and external accreditation. Inter-disciplinary guidelines for patient selection, transplant technique and supportive care along with greater center experience should optimize safe and appropriate delivery of HSCT in specific ADs. In this review, we discuss the current role and future perspectives of HSCT in AD, focusing on recent published clinical and scientific studies and recommendations in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Alexander
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Germany.
| | - Dominique Farge
- Unité de Médecine Interne, Maladies Auto-immunes et Pathologie Vasculaire (UF 04), Hôpital St-Louis, AP-HP, 1 avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, Université Denis Diderot, France; Centre de Référence des Maladies auto-immunes systémiques Rares d'Ile-de-France (site constitutif), Filière FAI2R, France
| | - Manuela Badoglio
- EBMT Paris Study Office / CEREST-TC, Department of Haematology, Saint Antoine Hospital, INSERM UMR 938, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - James O Lindsay
- The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, E1 1BB UK; Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Paolo A Muraro
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - John A Snowden
- Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK
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28
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Hassan M, Raslan HM, Eldin HG, Mahmoud E, Elwajed HAEA. CD33 + HLA-DR - Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Are Increased in Frequency in the Peripheral Blood of Type1 Diabetes Patients with Predominance of CD14 + Subset. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018. [PMID: 29531593 PMCID: PMC5839437 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that results from the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas by autoreactive T cells. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells that can potently suppress T cell responses. AIM: To detect the presence of MDSCs in T1D and compare their percentage in T1D versus healthy individuals. METHOD: Thirty T1D patients were included in the study. Diabetic patients with nephropathy (n = 18) and diabetic patients without nephropathy (n = 12). A control group of healthy individuals (n = 30) were also included. CD33+ and HLA-DR– markers were used to identify MDSCs by flow cytometry. CD14 positive and negative MDSCs subsets were also identified. RESULTS: MDSCs was significantly increased in T1D than the control group and diabetic patient with nephropathy compared to diabetic patients without nephropathy. M-MDSCs (CD14+ CD33+ HLA–DR−) were the most abundant MDSCs subpopulation in all groups, however their percentage decrease in T1D than the control group. CONCLUSION: MDSCs are increased in the peripheral blood of T1D with a predominance of the CD14+ MDSCs subset. Future studies are needed to test the immune suppression function of MDSCs in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirhane Hassan
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Hala M Raslan
- Internal Medicine Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Hesham Gamal Eldin
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Eman Mahmoud
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
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29
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The molecular basis of immune regulation in autoimmunity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:43-67. [PMID: 29305419 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases can be triggered and modulated by various molecular and cellular characteristics. The mechanisms of autoimmunity and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases have been investigated for several decades. It is well accepted that autoimmunity is caused by dysregulated/dysfunctional immune susceptible genes and environmental factors. There are multiple physiological mechanisms that regulate and control self-reactivity, but which can also lead to tolerance breakdown when in defect. The majority of autoreactive T or B cells are eliminated during the development of central tolerance by negative selection. Regulatory cells such as Tregs (regulatory T) and MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells), and molecules such as CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen 4) and IL (interleukin) 10 (IL-10), help to eliminate autoreactive cells that escaped to the periphery in order to prevent development of autoimmunity. Knowledge of the molecular basis of immune regulation is needed to further our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of loss of tolerance in autoimmune diseases and pave the way for the development of more effective, specific, and safer therapeutic interventions.
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30
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Grujičić D, Radović-Jakovljević M, Mihaljević O, Živančević-Simonović S, Milošević-Đordjević O. Association of GSTT1 and GSTM1 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to autoimmune diseases: A preliminary study. KRAGUJEVAC JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.5937/kgjsci1840153g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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31
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Cardamone G, Paraboschi EM, Rimoldi V, Duga S, Soldà G, Asselta R. The Characterization of GSDMB Splicing and Backsplicing Profiles Identifies Novel Isoforms and a Circular RNA That Are Dysregulated in Multiple Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030576. [PMID: 28272342 PMCID: PMC5372592 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in alternative splicing (AS) are emerging as recurrent features in autoimmune diseases (AIDs). In particular, a growing body of evidence suggests the existence of a pathogenic association between a generalized defect in splicing regulatory genes and multiple sclerosis (MS). Moreover, several studies have documented an unbalance in alternatively-spliced isoforms in MS patients possibly contributing to the disease etiology. In this work, using a combination of PCR-based techniques (reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR, fluorescent-competitive, real-time, and digital RT-PCR assays), we investigated the alternatively-spliced gene encoding Gasdermin B, GSDMB, which was repeatedly associated with susceptibility to asthma and AIDs. The in-depth characterization of GSDMB AS and backsplicing profiles led us to the identification of an exonic circular RNA (ecircRNA) as well as of novel GSDMB in-frame and out-of-frame isoforms. The non-productive splicing variants were shown to be downregulated by the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) in human cell lines, suggesting that GSDMB levels are significantly modulated by NMD. Importantly, both AS isoforms and the identified ecircRNA were significantly dysregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of relapsing-remitting MS patients compared to controls, further supporting the notion that aberrant RNA metabolism is a characteristic feature of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cardamone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elvezia Maria Paraboschi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Valeria Rimoldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano Duga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giulia Soldà
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Asselta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
The three common themes that underlie the induction and perpetuation of autoimmunity are genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and immune regulation. Environmental factors have gained much attention for their role in triggering autoimmunity, with increasing evidence of their influence as demonstrated by epidemiological studies, laboratory research, and animal studies. Environmental factors known to trigger and perpetuate autoimmunity include infections, gut microbiota, as well as physical and environmental agents. To address these issues, we will review major potential mechanisms that underlie autoimmunity including molecular mimicry, epitope spreading, bystander activation, polyclonal activation of B and T cells, infections, and autoinflammatory activation of innate immunity. The association of the gut microbiota on autoimmunity will be particularly highlighted by their interaction with pharmaceutical agents that may lead to organ-specific autoimmunity. Nonetheless, and we will emphasize this point, the precise mechanism of environmental influence on disease pathogenesis remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarosa Floreani
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy.
| | - Patrick S C Leung
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Clark A, Mach N. Role of Vitamin D in the Hygiene Hypothesis: The Interplay between Vitamin D, Vitamin D Receptors, Gut Microbiota, and Immune Response. Front Immunol 2016; 7:627. [PMID: 28066436 PMCID: PMC5179549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The hygiene hypothesis postulates that higher levels of cleanliness and improper exposure to microorganisms early in childhood could disturb the intestinal microbiome resulting in abnormal immune responses. Recently, more attention has been put on how a lack of sun exposure and consequently vitamin D deficiency could lead to less immune tolerance and aberrant immune responses. Moreover, vitamin D receptor (VDR) function has been positioned to be a critical aspect of immune response and gut homeostasis. Therefore, this review focuses on the role that the interaction between vitamin D, VDR function, and gut microbiome might have on autoimmune diseases in the context of the hygiene hypothesis. Literature shows that there is a high correlation between vitamin D deficiency, VDR dysfunction, gut microbiota composition, and autoimmune diseases. The biologically active form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D3, serves as the primary ligand for VDRs, which have been shown to play a fundamental role in reducing autoimmune disease symptoms. Although the biological functions of VDR, the effects of its genetic variants, and the effects of epigenetic profiles in its promoter region are largely unknown in humans, studies in murine models are increasingly demonstrating that VDRs play a crucial role in attenuating autoimmune disease symptoms by regulating autophagy and the production of antimicrobial peptides, such cathelicidin and β-defensin, which are responsible for modifying the intestinal microbiota to a healthier composition. Remarkably, evidence shows that hormonal compounds and byproducts of the microbiota such as secondary bile acids might also activate VDR. Therefore, understanding the interaction between VDR and gut microbiota is of the utmost importance toward understanding the rise in autoimmune diseases in Western countries. We have gained insights on how the VDR functions affects inflammation, autophagy, and microbiota composition that could lead to the development of pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, while confirming the role vitamin D and VDRs have in the context of hygiene hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Clark
- Health Science Department, International Graduate Institute of the Open University of Catalonia (UOC) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Núria Mach
- Health Science Department, International Graduate Institute of the Open University of Catalonia (UOC), Barcelona, Spain; Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology Unit (GABI), INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Bellastella G, Maiorino MI, Bizzarro A, Giugliano D, Esposito K, Bellastella A, De Bellis A. Revisitation of autoimmune hypophysitis: knowledge and uncertainties on pathophysiological and clinical aspects. Pituitary 2016; 19:625-642. [PMID: 27503372 PMCID: PMC7088540 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-016-0736-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This publication reviews the accepted knowledges and the findings still discussed on several features of autoimmune hypophysitis, including the most recently described forms, such as IgG4 and cancer immunotherapy- related hypophysitis. METHODS The most characteristic findings and the pending controversies were derived from a literature review and previous personal experiences. A single paragraph focused on some atypical examples of the disease presenting under confounding pretences. RESULTS Headache, visual field alterations and impaired pituitary secretion are the most frequent clinical findings of the disease. Pituitary biopsy, still considered the gold diagnostic standard, does not always receive consent from the patients. The role of magnetic resonance imaging is limited, as this disease may generate images similar to those of other diseases. The role of antipituitary and antihypothalamus antibodies is still discussed owing to methodological difficulties and also because the findings on the true pituitary antigen(s) are still debated. However, the low sensitivity and specificity of immunofluorescence, one of the more widely employed methods to detect these antibodies, may be improved, considering a predetermined cut-off titre and a particular kind of immunostaining. CONCLUSION Autoimmune hypophysitis is a multifaceted disease, which may certainly be diagnosed by pituitary biopsy. However, the possible different clinical, laboratory and imaging features must be considered by the physician to avoid a misdiagnosis when examining a possibly affected patient. Therapeutic choice has to be made taking into account the clinical conditions and the degree of hypothalamic-pituitary involvement, but also considering that spontaneous remissions can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bellastella
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Geriatric Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Ida Maiorino
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Geriatric Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Bizzarro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Giugliano
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Geriatric Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Katherine Esposito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Bellastella
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second University of Naples, Piazza L. Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Annamaria De Bellis
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second University of Naples, Piazza L. Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
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HHX-5, a derivative of sesquiterpene from Chinese agarwood, suppresses innate and adaptive immunity via inhibiting STAT signaling pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 791:412-423. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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36
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Regulation of Activation Induced Deaminase (AID) by Estrogen. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 26585164 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3127-9_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of Activation Induced Deaminase (AID) by the hormone estrogen has important implications for understanding adaptive immune responses as well as the involvement of AID in autoimmune diseases and tumorigenesis. This chapter describes the general laboratory techniques for analyzing AID expression and activity induced by estrogen, focusing on the isolation and preparation of cells for hormone treatment and the subsequent analysis of AID responsiveness to estrogen at the RNA level and for determining the regulation of AID activity via estrogen by analyzing Ig switch circle transcripts and mutations in switch region loci.
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37
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Nakken B, Bodolay E, Szodoray P. Cytokine Milieu in Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease: a Comprehensive Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 49:152-62. [PMID: 25274451 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-014-8452-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD) is a unique clinical entity, a potential forerunner of well-established systemic autoimmune/rheumatic diseases. UCTD is characterized by the presence of various clinical symptoms, as well as a diverse repertoire of autoantibodies, resembling systemic autoimmune diseases. Since approximately one third of these patients consequently transform into a full-blown systemic autoimmune/rheumatic disease, it is of major importance to assess pathogenic factors leading to this progression. In view of the fact that the serological and clinical picture of UCTD and systemic autoimmune diseases are very similar, it is assumed that analogous pathogenic factors perpetuate both disease entities. In systemic autoimmune conditions, a quantitative and qualitative impairment of regulatory T cells has been shown previously, and in parallel, a relative dominance of pro-inflammatory Th17 cells has been introduced. Moreover, the imbalance between regulatory and Th17 cells plays a pivotal role in the initiation and propagation of UCTD. Additionally, we depict a cytokine imbalance, which give raise to a biased T cell homeostasis from the UCTD phase throughout the fully developed systemic autoimmune disease stage. The levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, IL-17, IL-23, and interferon (IFN)-γ were pathologically increased with a parallel reduction of IL-10. We believe that the assessment of Th17/Treg cell ratio, as well as the simultaneous quantitation of cytokines may give a useful diagnostic tool at the early UCTD stage to identify patients with a higher chance of consecutive disease progression toward serious systemic autoimmune diseases. Moreover, the early targeted immunomodulating therapy in these patients may decelerate, or even stop this progression, before the development of serious autoimmune conditions with organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Nakken
- Institute of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, Oslo, Norway, N-0027
| | - Edit Bodolay
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Medicine, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Centre, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Peter Szodoray
- Institute of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, Oslo, Norway, N-0027.
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38
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Abstract
The immune system is designed to execute rapid, specific, and protective responses against foreign pathogens. To protect against the potentially harmful effects of autoreactive escapees that might arise during the course of the immune response, multiple tolerance checkpoints exist in both the primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Regardless, autoantibodies targeting neural antigens exist in multiple neurologic diseases. The goal of this introductory chapter is to provide a foundation of the major principles and components of the immune system as a framework to understanding autoimmunity and autoimmune neurologic disorders. A broad overview of: (1) innate mechanisms of immunity and their contribution in demyelinating diseases; (2) B and T lymphocytes as effector arms of the adaptive immune response and their contribution to the pathophysiology of neurologic diseases; and (3) emerging therapeutic modalities for treatment of autoimmune disease is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay L Medina
- Department of Immunology and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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39
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Selected Aspects in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:351732. [PMID: 26300591 PMCID: PMC4537751 DOI: 10.1155/2015/351732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune processes can be found in physiological circumstances. However, they are quenched with properly functioning regulatory mechanisms and do not evolve into full-blown autoimmune diseases. Once developed, autoimmune diseases are characterized by signature clinical features, accompanied by sustained cellular and/or humoral immunological abnormalities. Genetic, environmental, and hormonal defects, as well as a quantitative and qualitative impairment of immunoregulatory functions, have been shown in parallel to the relative dominance of proinflammatory Th17 cells in many of these diseases. In this review we focus on the derailed balance between regulatory and Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Additionally, we depict a cytokine imbalance, which gives rise to a biased T-cell homeostasis. The assessment of Th17/Treg-cell ratio and the simultaneous quantitation of cytokines, may give a useful diagnostic tool in autoimmune diseases. We also depict the multifaceted role of dendritic cells, serving as antigen presenting cells, contributing to the development of the pathognomonic cytokine signature and promote cellular and humoral autoimmune responses. Finally we describe the function and role of extracellular vesicles in particular autoimmune diseases. Targeting these key players of disease progression in patients with autoimmune diseases by immunomodulating therapy may be beneficial in future therapeutic strategies.
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Adipokines influence the inflammatory balance in autoimmunity. Cytokine 2015; 75:272-9. [PMID: 26044595 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, our understanding of the role of adipose tissue has changed dramatically. Far from simply being a site of energy storage or a modulator of the endocrine system, adipose tissue has emerged as an important regulator of multiple important processes including inflammation. Adipokines are a diverse family of soluble mediators with a range of specific actions on the immune response. Autoimmune diseases are perpetuated by chronic inflammatory responses but the exact etiology of these diseases remains elusive. While researchers continue to investigate these causes, millions of people continue to suffer from chronic diseases. To this end, an increased interest has developed in the connection between adipose tissue-secreted proteins that influence inflammation and the onset and perpetuation of autoimmunity. This review will focus on recent advances in adipokine research with specific attention on a subset of adipokines that have been associated with autoimmune diseases.
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Slipping through the Cracks: Linking Low Immune Function and Intestinal Bacterial Imbalance to the Etiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Autoimmune Dis 2015; 2015:636207. [PMID: 25861466 PMCID: PMC4377354 DOI: 10.1155/2015/636207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are considered to be caused by the host immune system which attacks and destroys its own tissue by mistake. A widely accepted hypothesis to explain the pathogenic mechanism of ADs is “molecular mimicry,” which states that antibodies against an infectious agent cross-react with a self-antigen sharing an identical or similar antigenic epitope. However, this hypothesis was most likely established based on misleading antibody assay data largely influenced by intense false positive reactions involved in immunoassay systems. Thus reinvestigation of this hypothesis using an appropriate blocking agent capable of eliminating all types of nonspecific reactions and proper assay design is strongly encouraged. In this review, we discuss the possibility that low immune function may be the fundamental, common defect in ADs, which increases the susceptibility to potential disease causative pathogens located in the gastrointestinal tract (GI), such as bacteria and their components or dietary components. In addition to these exogenous agents, aberrations in the host's physical condition may disrupt the host defense system, which is tightly orchestrated by “immune function,” “mucosal barrier function,” and “intestinal bacterial balance.” These disturbances may initiate a downward spiral, which can lead to chronic health problems that will evolve to an autoimmune disorder.
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PI3K signalling in inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:882-97. [PMID: 25514767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PI3Ks regulate several key events in the inflammatory response to damage and infection. There are four Class I PI3K isoforms (PI3Kα,β,γ,δ), three Class II PI3K isoforms (PI3KC2α, C2β, C2γ) and a single Class III PI3K. The four Class I isoforms synthesise the phospholipid 'PIP3'. PIP3 is a 'second messenger' used by many different cell surface receptors to control cell movement, growth, survival and differentiation. These four isoforms have overlapping functions but each is adapted to receive efficient stimulation by particular receptor sub-types. PI3Kγ is highly expressed in leukocytes and plays a particularly important role in chemokine-mediated recruitment and activation of innate immune cells at sites of inflammation. PI3Kδ is also highly expressed in leukocytes and plays a key role in antigen receptor and cytokine-mediated B and T cell development, differentiation and function. Class III PI3K synthesises the phospholipid PI3P, which regulates endosome-lysosome trafficking and the induction of autophagy, pathways involved in pathogen killing, antigen processing and immune cell survival. Much less is known about the function of Class II PI3Ks, but emerging evidence indicates they can synthesise PI3P and PI34P2 and are involved in the regulation of endocytosis. The creation of genetically-modified mice with altered PI3K signalling, together with the development of isoform-selective, small-molecule PI3K inhibitors, has allowed the evaluation of the individual roles of Class I PI3K isoforms in several mouse models of chronic inflammation. Selective inhibition of PI3Kδ, γ or β has each been shown to reduce the severity of inflammation in one or more models of autoimmune disease, respiratory disease or allergic inflammation, with dual γ/δ or β/δ inhibition generally proving more effective. The inhibition of Class I PI3Ks may therefore offer a therapeutic opportunity to treat non-resolving inflammatory pathologies in humans. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Phosphoinositides.
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Agassandian M, Shurin GV, Ma Y, Shurin MR. C-reactive protein and lung diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:77-88. [PMID: 24853773 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP), a member of the pentraxin family of plasma proteins, is one of the most distinctive acute phase reactants. In response to inflammation, cell damage or tissue injury, plasma level of CRP rapidly and dramatically increases up to 1000-fold, a phenomenon that has been used for years to monitor infections and many destructive/inflammatory conditions. The magnitude of CRP increase usually correlates with the severity of injury or inflammation and reflects an important physiological role of this interesting but still under-investigated protein. It is now generally accepted that CRP is involved in host defense and inflammation. However, the exact function of this protein in health and disease remains unclear. Many studies have demonstrated that in different pathophysiological conditions CRP might be involved in the regulation of lung function and may participate in the pathogenesis of various pulmonary disorders. The fluctuation of CRP concentrations in both alveolar fluid and serum associated with different pulmonary diseases suggests its important role in lung biology. Discussion of the still controversial functions of CRP in lung physiology and diseases is the main focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Agassandian
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Galina V Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yang Ma
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Shurin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Kim HY, Kim HR, Lee SH. Advances in systems biology approaches for autoimmune diseases. Immune Netw 2014; 14:73-80. [PMID: 24851096 PMCID: PMC4022781 DOI: 10.4110/in.2014.14.2.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Because autoimmune diseases (AIDs) result from a complex combination of genetic and epigenetic factors, as well as an altered immune response to endogenous or exogenous antigens, systems biology approaches have been widely applied. The use of multi-omics approaches, including blood transcriptomics, genomics, epigenetics, proteomics, and metabolomics, not only allow for the discovery of a number of biomarkers but also will provide new directions for further translational AIDs applications. Systems biology approaches rely on high-throughput techniques with data analysis platforms that leverage the assessment of genes, proteins, metabolites, and network analysis of complex biologic or pathways implicated in specific AID conditions. To facilitate the discovery of validated and qualified biomarkers, better-coordinated multi-omics approaches and standardized translational research, in combination with the skills of biologists, clinicians, engineers, and bioinformaticians, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Youn Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul 143-729, Korea
| | - Hae-Rim Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 143-729, Korea
| | - Sang-Heon Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 143-729, Korea
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Prior Autoimmune Disease and Risk of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance and Multiple Myeloma: A Systematic Review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:332-42. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Asymmetric selection and the evolution of extraordinary defences. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2085. [PMID: 23820378 PMCID: PMC3710097 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary biologists typically predict future evolutionary responses to natural selection by analyzing evolution on an adaptive landscape. Much theory assumes symmetric fitness surfaces even though many stabilizing selection gradients deviate from symmetry. Here we revisit Lande's adaptive landscape and introduce novel analytical theory that includes asymmetric selection. Asymmetric selection and the resulting skewed trait distributions bias equilibrium mean phenotypes away from fitness peaks, usually toward the flatter shoulder of the individual fitness surface. We apply this theory to explain a longstanding paradox in biology and medicine: the evolution of excessive defences against enemies. These so-called extraordinary defences can evolve in response to asymmetrical selection when marginal risks of insufficient defence exceed marginal costs of excessive defence. Eco-evolutionary feedbacks between population abundances and asymmetric selection further exaggerate these defences. Recognizing the effect of asymmetrical selection on evolutionary trajectories will improve the accuracy of predictions and suggest novel explanations for apparent sub-optimality.
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Thell K, Hellinger R, Schabbauer G, Gruber CW. Immunosuppressive peptides and their therapeutic applications. Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:645-53. [PMID: 24333193 PMCID: PMC4042018 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
T cell signaling has a pivotal role in autoimmunity and immunosuppression. Immunosuppressive pharmaceuticals often exhibit severe side-effects in patients. Gene-encoded peptides have potential as immunosuppressive drug candidates. Cyclotides are stable peptides that offer enhanced oral administration properties.
The immune system is vital for detecting and evading endogenous and exogenous threats to the body. Failure to regulate this homeostasis leads to autoimmunity, which is often associated with malfunctioning T cell signaling. Several medications are available to suppress over-reactive T lymphocytes, but many of the currently marketed drugs produce severe and life-threatening side-effects. Ribosomally synthesized peptides are gaining recognition from the pharmaceutical industry for their enhanced selectivity and decreased toxicity compared with small molecules; in particular, circular peptides exhibit remarkable stability and increased oral administration properties. For example, plant cyclotides effectively inhibit T lymphocyte proliferation. They are composed of a head-to-tail cyclized backbone and a cystine-knot motif, which confers them with remarkable stability, thus making them attractive pharmaceutical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Thell
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstr. 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Hellinger
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstr. 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gernot Schabbauer
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstr. 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian W Gruber
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstr. 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Mead
- Department of Haematology, St Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
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Szodoray P, Nakken B, Barath S, Csipo I, Nagy G, El-Hage F, Osnes LT, Szegedi G, Bodolay E. Altered Th17 cells and Th17/regulatory T-cell ratios indicate the subsequent conversion from undifferentiated connective tissue disease to definitive systemic autoimmune disorders. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:1510-8. [PMID: 23974054 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A shift in the balance between Th17-cells and regulatory T-cells (Treg) is an important feature of systemic autoimmune diseases (SAID), and may also contribute to their development. Hereby, we assessed the distribution of peripheral Th17 and Treg-cells in patients with undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD), the forerunner of SAIDs and followed these parameters during the development towards definitive SAIDs. Fifty-one UCTD patients were investigated and followed-up for 3 years. Flow cytometry was used to identify and follow three cell-populations: Th17-cells (CD4+IL-17+ T-cells), natural regulatory T-cells (CD4(+)CD25(bright)FoxP3(+); nTregs) and IL-10 producing Type-1 regulatory T-cells (CD4+IL-10+ T-cells; Tr1). Altogether 37.3% of these patients progressed into SAIDs. Th17-cells were increased in UCTD vs. controls, which further increased in those, whom developed SAIDs eventually. The Th17/nTreg ratio gradually increased from controls through UCTD patients, reaching the highest values in SAID-progressed patients. Regarding the Th17/Tr1 ratios, a similar tendency was observed moreover Th17/Tr1 could distinguish between UCTD patients with, or without subsequent SAID progression in a very early UCTD stage. Various immunoserological markers showed association with Th17 and Th17/nTreg at baseline, indicating the consecutive development of a distinct SAID. The derailed Th17/Treg balance may contribute to disease progression therefore could function as a prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Szodoray
- Institute of Immunology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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