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Pitter MR, Kryczek I, Zhang H, Nagarsheth N, Xia H, Wu Z, Tian Y, Okla K, Liao P, Wang W, Zhou J, Li G, Lin H, Vatan L, Grove S, Wei S, Li Y, Zou W. PAD4 controls tumor immunity via restraining the MHC class II machinery in macrophages. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113942. [PMID: 38489266 PMCID: PMC11022165 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) shape tumor immunity and therapeutic efficacy. However, it is poorly understood whether and how post-translational modifications (PTMs) intrinsically affect the phenotype and function of TAMs. Here, we reveal that peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) exhibits the highest expression among common PTM enzymes in TAMs and negatively correlates with the clinical response to immune checkpoint blockade. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of PAD4 in macrophages prevents tumor progression in tumor-bearing mouse models, accompanied by an increase in macrophage major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression and T cell effector function. Mechanistically, PAD4 citrullinates STAT1 at arginine 121, thereby promoting the interaction between STAT1 and protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (PIAS1), and the loss of PAD4 abolishes this interaction, ablating the inhibitory role of PIAS1 in the expression of MHC class II machinery in macrophages and enhancing T cell activation. Thus, the PAD4-STAT1-PIAS1 axis is an immune restriction mechanism in macrophages and may serve as a cancer immunotherapy target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Pitter
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ilona Kryczek
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hongjuan Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nisha Nagarsheth
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Houjun Xia
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhenyu Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yuzi Tian
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karolina Okla
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peng Liao
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Weichao Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jiajia Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gaopeng Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Heng Lin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Linda Vatan
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sara Grove
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shuang Wei
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yongqing Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Graduate Programs in Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Marié IJ, Lahiri T, Önder Ö, Elenitoba-Johnson KS, Levy DE. Structural determinants of mitochondrial STAT3 targeting and function. MITOCHONDRIAL COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 2:1-13. [PMID: 38500969 PMCID: PMC10947224 DOI: 10.1016/j.mitoco.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 has been found within mitochondria in addition to its canonical role of shuttling between cytoplasm and nucleus during cytokine signaling. Mitochondrial STAT3 has been implicated in modulation of cellular metabolism, largely through effects on the respiratory electron transport chain. However, the structural requirements underlying mitochondrial targeting and function have remained unclear. Here, we show that mitochondrial STAT3 partitions between mitochondrial compartments defined by differential detergent solubility, suggesting that mitochondrial STAT3 is membrane associated. The majority of STAT3 was found in an SDS soluble fraction copurifying with respiratory chain proteins, including numerous components of the complex I NADH dehydrogenase, while a minor component was found with proteins of the mitochondrial translation machinery. Mitochondrial targeting of STAT3 required the amino-terminal domain, and an internal linker domain motif also directed mitochondrial translocation. However, neither the phosphorylation of serine 727 nor the presence of mitochondrial DNA was required for the mitochondrial localization of STAT3. Two cysteine residues in the STAT3 SH2 domain, which have been previously suggested to be targets for protein palmitoylation, were also not required for mitochondrial translocation, but were required for its function as an enhancer of complex I activity. These structural determinants of STAT3 mitochondrial targeting and function provide potential therapeutic targets for disrupting the activity of mitochondrial STAT3 in diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle J. Marié
- Department of Pathology and Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10128, USA
| | - Tanaya Lahiri
- Department of Pathology and Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10128, USA
| | - Özlem Önder
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kojo S.J. Elenitoba-Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David E. Levy
- Department of Pathology and Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10128, USA
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Landi E, Karabatas L, Rodríguez Gomez T, Salatino L, Scaglia P, Ramírez L, Keselman A, Braslavsky D, Sanguineti N, Pennisi P, Rey RA, Bergadá I, Jasper HG, Domené HM, Plazas PV, Domené S. An in vivo functional assay to characterize human STAT5B genetic variants during zebrafish development. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:2473-2484. [PMID: 37162340 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) binding to GH receptor activates janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b) pathway, which stimulates transcription of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) and insulin-like growth factor acid-labile subunit (IGFALS). Although STAT5B deficiency was established as an autosomal recessive disorder, heterozygous dominant-negative STAT5B variants have been reported in patients with less severe growth deficit and milder immune dysfunction. We developed an in vivo functional assay in zebrafish to characterize the pathogenicity of three human STAT5B variants (p.Ala630Pro, p.Gln474Arg and p.Lys632Asn). Overexpression of human wild-type (WT) STAT5B mRNA and its variants led to a significant reduction of body length together with developmental malformations in zebrafish embryos. Overexpression of p.Ala630Pro, p.Gln474Arg or p.Lys632Asn led to an increased number of embryos with pericardial edema, cyclopia and bent spine compared with WT STAT5B. Although co-injection of WT and p.Gln474Arg and WT and p.Lys632Asn STAT5B mRNA in zebrafish embryos partially or fully rescues the length and the developmental malformations in zebrafish embryos, co-injection of WT and p.Ala630Pro STAT5B mRNA leads to a greater number of embryos with developmental malformations and a reduction in body length of these embryos. These results suggest that these variants could interfere with endogenous stat5.1 signaling through different mechanisms. In situ hybridization of zebrafish embryos overexpressing p.Gln474Arg and p.Lys632Asn STAT5B mRNA shows a reduction in igf1 expression. In conclusion, our study reveals the pathogenicity of the STAT5B variants studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Landi
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Liliana Karabatas
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Tomás Rodríguez Gomez
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Lucía Salatino
- Instituto de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Scaglia
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Laura Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Ana Keselman
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Débora Braslavsky
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Nora Sanguineti
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Patricia Pennisi
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo A Rey
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Bergadá
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Héctor G Jasper
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Horacio M Domené
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
| | - Paola V Plazas
- Instituto de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sabina Domené
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez Buenos Aires C1425EFD, Argentina
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4
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Remling L, Gregus A, Wirths O, Meyer T, Staab J. A novel interface between the N-terminal and coiled-coil domain of STAT1 functions in an auto-inhibitory manner. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:170. [PMID: 37430250 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND STAT1 is an intracellular signaling molecule that is crucially involved in the regulation of the innate immune system by activation of defense mechanisms against microbial pathogens. Phosphorylation-dependent activation of the STAT1 transcription factor is associated with a conversion from an antiparallel to parallel dimer configuration, which after nuclear import binds to DNA. However, not much is known about the specific intermolecular interactions that stabilize unphosphorylated, antiparallel STAT1 complexes prior to activation. RESULTS In this study, we identified a previously unknown interdimeric interaction site, which is involved in the termination of STAT1 signaling. Introduction of the glutamic acid-to-alanine point mutation E169A in the coiled-coil domain (CCD) by site-directed mutagenesis led to increased tyrosine phosphorylation as well as accelerated and prolonged nuclear accumulation in transiently transfected cells. In addition, DNA-binding affinity and transcriptional activity were strongly enhanced in the substitution mutant compared to the wild-type (WT) protein. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the E169 residue in the CCD mediates the release of the dimer from the DNA in an auto-inhibitory manner. CONCLUSION Based on these findings, we propose a novel mechanism for the inactivation of the STAT1 signaling pathway, assigning the interface with the glutamic acid residue 169 in the CCD a crucial role in this process. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Remling
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anke Gregus
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Meyer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia Staab
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Laboratory of Molecular Psychocardiology, University of Göttingen, Waldweg 33, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
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5
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Begitt A, Krause S, Cavey JR, Vinkemeier DE, Vinkemeier U. A family-wide assessment of latent STAT transcription factor interactions reveals divergent dimer repertoires. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104703. [PMID: 37059181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The conversion of STAT proteins from latent to active transcription factors is central to cytokine signalling. Triggered by their signal-induced tyrosine phosphorylation, it is the assembly of a range of cytokine-specific STAT homo- and heterodimers that marks a key step in the transition of hitherto latent proteins to transcription activators. In contrast, the constitutive self-assembly of latent STATs and how it relates to the functioning of activated STATs, is understood less well. To provide a more complete picture, we developed a co-localization-based assay and tested all 28 possible combinations of the seven unphosphorylated STAT (U-STAT) proteins in living cells. We identified five U-STAT homodimers -STAT1, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5A and STAT5B- and two heterodimers -STAT1:STAT2 and STAT5A:STAT5B- and performed semi-quantitative assessments of the forces and characterizations of binding interfaces that support them. One STAT protein -STAT6- was found to be monomeric. This comprehensive analysis of latent STAT self-assembly lays bare considerable structural and functional diversity in the ways that link STAT dimerization before and after activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Begitt
- The University of Nottingham, School of Life Sciences, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sebastian Krause
- The University of Nottingham, School of Life Sciences, Nottingham, UK
| | - James R Cavey
- The University of Nottingham, School of Life Sciences, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Uwe Vinkemeier
- The University of Nottingham, School of Life Sciences, Nottingham, UK
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Khalil M, Wang D, Hashemi E, Terhune SS, Malarkannan S. Implications of a 'Third Signal' in NK Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081955. [PMID: 34440725 PMCID: PMC8393955 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune systems are evolutionarily divergent. Primary signaling in T and B cells depends on somatically rearranged clonotypic receptors. In contrast, NK cells use germline-encoded non-clonotypic receptors such as NCRs, NKG2D, and Ly49H. Proliferation and effector functions of T and B cells are dictated by unique peptide epitopes presented on MHC or soluble humoral antigens. However, in NK cells, the primary signals are mediated by self or viral proteins. Secondary signaling mediated by various cytokines is involved in metabolic reprogramming, proliferation, terminal maturation, or memory formation in both innate and adaptive lymphocytes. The family of common gamma (γc) cytokine receptors, including IL-2Rα/β/γ, IL-7Rα/γ, IL-15Rα/β/γ, and IL-21Rα/γ are the prime examples of these secondary signals. A distinct set of cytokine receptors mediate a ‘third’ set of signaling. These include IL-12Rβ1/β2, IL-18Rα/β, IL-23R, IL-27R (WSX-1/gp130), IL-35R (IL-12Rβ2/gp130), and IL-39R (IL-23Rα/gp130) that can prime, activate, and mediate effector functions in lymphocytes. The existence of the ‘third’ signal is known in both innate and adaptive lymphocytes. However, the necessity, context, and functional relevance of this ‘third signal’ in NK cells are elusive. Here, we define the current paradigm of the ‘third’ signal in NK cells and enumerate its clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Khalil
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (M.K.); (D.W.); (E.H.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Dandan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (M.K.); (D.W.); (E.H.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Elaheh Hashemi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (M.K.); (D.W.); (E.H.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Scott S. Terhune
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Correspondence: (S.S.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (M.K.); (D.W.); (E.H.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Correspondence: (S.S.T.); (S.M.)
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Liu H, Cui Y, Bai Y, Fang Y, Gao T, Wang G, Zhu L, Dong Q, Zhang S, Yao Y, Song C, Niu X, Jin Y, Li P, Cao C, Liu X. The tyrosine kinase c-Abl potentiates interferon-mediated antiviral immunity by STAT1 phosphorylation. iScience 2021; 24:102078. [PMID: 33644712 PMCID: PMC7887405 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-induced activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family is an important event in antiviral immunity. Here, we show that the nonreceptor kinases c-Abl and Arg directly interact with STAT1 and potentiate the phosphorylation of STAT1 on Y701. c-Abl/Arg could mediate STAT1 phosphorylation independent of Janus kinases in the absence of IFNγ and potentiate IFNγ-mediated STAT1 phosphorylation. Moreover, STAT1 dimerization, nuclear translocation, and downstream gene transcription are regulated by c-Abl/Arg. c-Abl/Arg (abl1/abl2) deficiency significantly suppresses antiviral responses in vesicular stomatitis virus-infected cells. Compared to vehicle, administration of the c-Abl/Arg selective inhibitor AMN107 resulted in significantly increased mortality in mice infected with human influenza virus. Our study demonstrates that c-Abl plays an essential role in the STAT1 activation signaling pathway and provides an important approach for antiviral immunity regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hainan Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China.,Staidson Bio-pharmaceutics (Beijing) Co. Ltd, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yi Fang
- The Fifth MedicaI Centre, Chinese PLA GeneraI HospitaI, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ting Gao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Guangfei Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qincai Dong
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yi Yao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Caiwei Song
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | | | - Yanwen Jin
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ping Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Cheng Cao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China
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8
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Orlova A, Wagner C, de Araujo ED, Bajusz D, Neubauer HA, Herling M, Gunning PT, Keserű GM, Moriggl R. Direct Targeting Options for STAT3 and STAT5 in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1930. [PMID: 31817042 PMCID: PMC6966570 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 and STAT5 are important transcription factors that are able to mediate or even drive cancer progression through hyperactivation or gain-of-function mutations. Mutated STAT3 is mainly associated with large granular lymphocytic T-cell leukemia, whereas mutated STAT5B is associated with T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and γδ T-cell-derived lymphomas. Hyperactive STAT3 and STAT5 are also implicated in various hematopoietic and solid malignancies, such as chronic and acute myeloid leukemia, melanoma or prostate cancer. Classical understanding of STAT functions is linked to their phosphorylated parallel dimer conformation, in which they induce gene transcription. However, the functions of STAT proteins are not limited to their phosphorylated dimerization form. In this review, we discuss the functions and the roles of unphosphorylated STAT3/5 in the context of chromatin remodeling, as well as the impact of STAT5 oligomerization on differential gene expression in hematopoietic neoplasms. The central involvement of STAT3/5 in cancer has made these molecules attractive targets for small-molecule drug development, but currently there are no direct STAT3/5 inhibitors of clinical grade available. We summarize the development of inhibitors against the SH2 domains of STAT3/5 and discuss their applicability as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Orlova
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.O.); (C.W.); (H.A.N.)
| | - Christina Wagner
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.O.); (C.W.); (H.A.N.)
| | - Elvin D. de Araujo
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; (E.D.d.A.); (P.T.G.)
- Centre for Medicinal Chemistry, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Dávid Bajusz
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (D.B.); (G.M.K.)
| | - Heidi A. Neubauer
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.O.); (C.W.); (H.A.N.)
| | - Marco Herling
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Response and Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne University, 50937 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Patrick T. Gunning
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada; (E.D.d.A.); (P.T.G.)
- Centre for Medicinal Chemistry, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - György M. Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (D.B.); (G.M.K.)
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (A.O.); (C.W.); (H.A.N.)
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9
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Abstract
Cytokines are secreted or otherwise released polypeptide factors that exert autocrine and/or paracrine actions, with most cytokines acting in the immune and/or hematopoietic system. They are typically pleiotropic, controlling development, cell growth, survival, and/or differentiation. Correspondingly, cytokines are clinically important, and augmenting or attenuating cytokine signals can have deleterious or therapeutic effects. Besides physiological fine-tuning of cytokine signals, altering the nature or potency of the signal can be important in pathophysiological responses and can also provide novel therapeutic approaches. Here, we give an overview of cytokines, their signaling and actions, and the physiological mechanisms and pharmacologic strategies to fine-tune their actions. In particular, the differential utilization of STAT proteins by a single cytokine or by different cytokines and STAT dimerization versus tetramerization are physiological mechanisms of fine-tuning, whereas anticytokine and anticytokine receptor antibodies and cytokines with altered activities, including cytokine superagonists, partial agonists, and antagonists, represent new ways of fine-tuning cytokine signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674, USA; ,
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674, USA; ,
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10
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Schimke LF, Hibbard J, Martinez-Barricarte R, Khan TA, de Souza Cavalcante R, Borges de Oliveira Junior E, Takahashi França T, Iqbal A, Yamamoto G, Arslanian C, Feriotti C, Costa TA, Bustamante J, Boisson-Dupuis S, Casanova JL, Marzagao Barbuto JA, Zatz M, Poncio Mendes R, Garcia Calich VL, Ochs HD, Torgerson TR, Cabral-Marques O, Condino-Neto A. Paracoccidioidomycosis Associated With a Heterozygous STAT4 Mutation and Impaired IFN-γ Immunity. J Infect Dis 2019; 216:1623-1634. [PMID: 29029192 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in genes affecting interferon-γ (IFN-γ) immunity have contributed to understand the role of IFN-γ in protection against intracellular pathogens. However, inborn errors in STAT4, which controls interleukin-12 (IL-12) responses, have not yet been reported. Our objective was to determine the genetic defect in a family with a history of paracoccidioidomycosis. Methods Genetic analysis was performed by whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing. STAT4 phosphorylation (pSTAT4) and translocation to the nucleus, IFN-γ release by patient lymphocytes, and microbicidal activity of patient monocytes/macrophages were assessed. The effect on STAT4 function was evaluated by site-directed mutagenesis using a lymphoblastoid B cell line (B-LCL) and U3A cells. Results A heterozygous missense mutation, c.1952 A>T (p.E651V) in STAT4 was identified in the index patient and her father. Patient's and father's lymphocytes showed reduced pSTAT4, nuclear translocation, and impaired IFN-γ production. Mutant B-LCL and U3A cells also displayed reduced pSTAT4. Patient's and father's peripheral blood mononuclear cells and macrophages demonstrated impaired fungicidal activity compared with those from healthy controls that improved in the presence of recombinant human IFN-γ, but not rhIL-12. Conclusion Our data suggest autosomal dominant STAT4 deficiency as a novel inborn error of IL-12-dependent IFN-γ immunity associated with susceptibility to paracoccidioidomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena F Schimke
- Department of Immunology, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - James Hibbard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Research Institute, New York
| | | | - Taj Ali Khan
- Department of Immunology, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Asif Iqbal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Yamamoto
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Jacinta Bustamante
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, the Rockefeller University, New York.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Paris, France.,Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, the Rockefeller University, New York.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, the Rockefeller University, New York.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Paris, France.,Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Rockefeller University, New York
| | | | - Mayana Zatz
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Hans D Ochs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Research Institute, New York
| | - Troy R Torgerson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Research Institute, New York
| | - Otávio Cabral-Marques
- Department of Immunology, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Antonio Condino-Neto
- Department of Immunology, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Tsai MH, Lee CK. STAT3 Cooperates With Phospholipid Scramblase 2 to Suppress Type I Interferon Response. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1886. [PMID: 30158934 PMCID: PMC6104169 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) is a pluripotent cytokine that modulates innate and adaptive immunity. We have previously shown that STAT3 suppresses IFN-I response in a manner dependent on its N-terminal domain (NTD), but independent of its DNA-binding and transactivation ability. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we have identified phospholipid scramblase 2 (PLSCR2) as a STAT3 NTD-binding partner and a suppressor of IFN-I response. Overexpression of PLSCR2 attenuates ISRE-driven reporter activity, which is further aggravated by co-expression of STAT3. Moreover, PLSCR2 deficiency enhances IFN-I-induced gene expression and antiviral activity without affecting the activation or nuclear translocation of STAT1 and STAT2 or the assembly of ISGF3 complex. Instead, PLSCR2 impedes promoter occupancy by ISGF3, an effect further intensified by the presence of STAT3. Moreover, palmitoylation of PLSCR2 is required for its binding to STAT3 and for this suppressive activity. In addition to STAT3, PLSCR2 also interacts with STAT2, which facilitates the suppressive effect on ISGF3-mediated transcriptional activity. Together, these results define the role of a novel STAT3–PLSCR2 axis in fine-tuning IFN-I response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsun Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Kuo Lee
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Oda K, Oda T, Matoba Y, Sato M, Irie T, Sakaguchi T. Structural analysis of the STAT1:STAT2 heterodimer revealed the mechanism of Sendai virus C protein-mediated blockade of type 1 interferon signaling. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19752-19766. [PMID: 28978648 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.786285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sendai virus (SeV), which causes respiratory diseases in rodents, possesses the C protein that blocks the signal transduction of interferon (IFN), thereby escaping from host innate immunity. We previously demonstrated by using protein crystallography that two molecules of Y3 (the C-terminal half of the C protein) can bind to the homodimer of the N-terminal domain of STAT1 (STAT1ND), elucidating the mechanism of inhibition of IFN-γ signal transduction. SeV C protein also blocks the signal transduction of IFN-α/β by inhibiting the phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2, although the mechanism for the inhibition is unclear. Therefore, we sought to elucidate the mechanism of inhibition of the IFN signal transduction via STAT1 and STAT2. Small angle X-ray scattering analysis indicated that STAT1ND associates with the N-terminal domain of STAT2 (STAT2ND) with the help of a Gly-rich linker. We generated a linker-less recombinant protein possessing a STAT1ND:STAT2ND heterodimeric structure via an artificial disulfide bond. Analytical size-exclusion chromatography and surface plasmon resonance revealed that one molecule of Y3 can associate with a linker-less recombinant protein. We propose that one molecule of C protein associates with the STAT1:STAT2 heterodimer, inducing a conformational change to an antiparallel form, which is easily dephosphorylated. This suggests that association of C protein with the STAT1ND:STAT2ND heterodimer is an important factor to block the IFN-α/β signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Oda
- the Structural Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Matoba
- Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551 and
| | - Mamoru Sato
- the Structural Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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13
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Abstract
STAT5 plays a critical role in the development and function of many cell types. Here, we review the role of STAT5 in the development of T lymphocytes in the thymus and its subsequent role in the differentiation of distinct CD4 + helper and regulatory T-cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Owen
- Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Michael A. Farrar
- Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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14
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Bharadwaj U, Kasembeli MM, Tweardy DJ. STAT3 Inhibitors in Cancer: A Comprehensive Update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42949-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Hillmer EJ, Zhang H, Li HS, Watowich SS. STAT3 signaling in immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 31:1-15. [PMID: 27185365 PMCID: PMC5050093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulator STAT3 has key roles in vertebrate development and mature tissue function including control of inflammation and immunity. Mutations in human STAT3 associate with diseases such as immunodeficiency, autoimmunity and cancer. Strikingly, however, either hyperactivation or inactivation of STAT3 results in human disease, indicating tightly regulated STAT3 function is central to health. Here, we attempt to summarize information on the numerous and distinct biological actions of STAT3, and highlight recent discoveries, with a specific focus on STAT3 function in the immune and hematopoietic systems. Our goal is to spur investigation on mechanisms by which aberrant STAT3 function drives human disease and novel approaches that might be used to modulate disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Hillmer
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Haiyan S Li
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephanie S Watowich
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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16
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Zhao K, Zhang Q, Li X, Zhao D, Liu Y, Shen Q, Yang M, Wang C, Li N, Cao X. Cytoplasmic STAT4 Promotes Antiviral Type I IFN Production by Blocking CHIP-Mediated Degradation of RIG-I. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:1209-17. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Hu T, Yeh JE, Pinello L, Jacob J, Chakravarthy S, Yuan GC, Chopra R, Frank DA. Impact of the N-Terminal Domain of STAT3 in STAT3-Dependent Transcriptional Activity. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:3284-300. [PMID: 26169829 PMCID: PMC4561728 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00060-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor STAT3 is constitutively active in many cancers, where it mediates important biological effects, including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and angiogenesis. The N-terminal domain (NTD) of STAT3 performs multiple functions, such as cooperative DNA binding, nuclear translocation, and protein-protein interactions. However, it is unclear which subsets of STAT3 target genes depend on the NTD for transcriptional regulation. To identify such genes, we compared gene expression in STAT3-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) stably expressing wild-type STAT3 or STAT3 from which NTD was deleted. NTD deletion reduced the cytokine-induced expression of specific STAT3 target genes by decreasing STAT3 binding to their regulatory regions. To better understand the potential mechanisms of this effect, we determined the crystal structure of the STAT3 NTD and identified a dimer interface responsible for cooperative DNA binding in vitro. We also observed an Ni(2+)-mediated oligomer with an as yet unknown biological function. Mutations on both dimer and Ni(2+)-mediated interfaces affected the cytokine induction of STAT3 target genes. These studies shed light on the role of the NTD in transcriptional regulation by STAT3 and provide a structural template with which to design STAT3 NTD inhibitors with potential therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancen Hu
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Postdoctoral Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer E Yeh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luca Pinello
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jaison Jacob
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Srinivas Chakravarthy
- Biophysical Collaborative Access Team/Illinois Institute of Technology, Sector 18ID (Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory), Lemont, Illinois, USA
| | - Guo-Cheng Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rajiv Chopra
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Frank
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Biophysical Collaborative Access Team/Illinois Institute of Technology, Sector 18ID (Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory), Lemont, Illinois, USA Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Sgrignani J, Olsson S, Ekonomiuk D, Genini D, Krause R, Catapano CV, Cavalli A. Molecular Determinants for Unphosphorylated STAT3 Dimerization Determined by Integrative Modeling. Biochemistry 2015; 54:5489-501. [DOI: 10.1021/bi501529x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Sgrignani
- Institute of Research in Biomedicine (IRB) and Universitá della Svizzera italiana (USI), Via Vincenzo
Vela 6, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Simon Olsson
- Institute of Research in Biomedicine (IRB) and Universitá della Svizzera italiana (USI), Via Vincenzo
Vela 6, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Laboratorium
für Physikalische Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dariusz Ekonomiuk
- Institute of Research in Biomedicine (IRB) and Universitá della Svizzera italiana (USI), Via Vincenzo
Vela 6, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Davide Genini
- IOR Institute of Oncology Research, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Krause
- Institute
of Computational Science, Faculty of Informatics, Universitá della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Carlo V. Catapano
- IOR Institute of Oncology Research, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Institute of Research in Biomedicine (IRB) and Universitá della Svizzera italiana (USI), Via Vincenzo
Vela 6, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lansfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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19
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Delgoffe GM, Vignali DAA. STAT heterodimers in immunity: A mixed message or a unique signal? JAKSTAT 2014; 2:e23060. [PMID: 24058793 PMCID: PMC3670269 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.23060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine signals are essential for generating a robust and specialized immune response. These signals are typically transmitted via canonical STAT homodimers. However, the number of STAT molecules utilized by cytokine signaling cascades within immune cells are limited, and so the mechanism used to deliver complex signals remains elusive. Heterodimerization of STAT proteins is one potential mechanism for signals to be modified downstream of the receptor and may play an important role in dictating the targets of specific cytokine signaling. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the prevalence of STAT heterodimers, how they are formed and what their physiologic role may be in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg M Delgoffe
- Department of Immunology; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Memphis, TN USA
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20
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Timofeeva OA, Tarasova NI. Alternative ways of modulating JAK-STAT pathway: Looking beyond phosphorylation. JAKSTAT 2014; 1:274-84. [PMID: 24058784 PMCID: PMC3670285 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.22313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Most attempts to develop inhibitors of STAT transcription factors target either activating phosphorylation of tyrosine residue or SH2 domains. However, all six domains of STATs are highly conserved between the species and play important roles in the function of this family of transcription factors. STATs are involved in numerous protein-protein interactions that are likely to regulate and fine tune transcriptional activity. Targeting these interactions can provide plentiful opportunities for the discovery of novel drug candidates and powerful chemical biology tools. Using N-terminal domains as an example we describe alternative rational approaches to the development of modulators of JAK-STAT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Timofeeva
- Departments of Oncology; Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center; Georgetown University Medical Center; Washington, DC USA ; Department of Radiation Medicine; Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center; Georgetown University Medical Center; Washington, DC USA
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21
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Domoszlai T, Martincuks A, Fahrenkamp D, Schmitz-Van de Leur H, Küster A, Müller-Newen G. Consequences of the disease-related L78R mutation for dimerization and activity of STAT3. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:1899-910. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.137422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) is a transcription factor centrally involved in diverse processes including hematopoiesis, immunity and cancer progression. In response to cytokine stimulation STAT3 is activated through phosphorylation of a single tyrosine residue. The phosphorylated STAT3 dimers are stabilized by intermolecular SH2 domain/phosphotyrosine interactions. These activated dimers accumulate in the nucleus and bind to specific DNA sequences resulting in target gene expression. We analysed and compared the structural organizations of the unphosphorylated latent and phosphorylated activated STAT3 dimers using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) in fixed and living cells. The latent dimers are stabilized by homotypic interactions between the N-terminal domains. A somatic mutation (L78R) found in inflammatory hepatocellular adenomas (IHCA) which is located in the N-terminal domain of STAT3 disturbs latent dimer formation. Applying intramolecular FRET we verify a functional role of the SH2 domain in latent dimer formation suggesting the parallel orientation of the protomers in the latent STAT3 dimer similar to activated STAT3 dimers but in contrast to the latent dimers of STAT1 and STAT5. Our findings reveal unique structural characteristics of STAT3 within the STAT family and contribute to the understanding of the L78R mutation found in IHCA.
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22
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Chinenov Y, Gupte R, Rogatsky I. Nuclear receptors in inflammation control: repression by GR and beyond. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 380:55-64. [PMID: 23623868 PMCID: PMC3787948 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a protective response of organisms to pathogens, irritation or injury. Primary inflammatory sensors activate an array of signaling pathways that ultimately converge upon a few transcription factors such as AP1, NFκB and STATs that in turn stimulate expression of inflammatory genes to ultimately eradicate infection and repair the damage. A disturbed balance between activation and inhibition of inflammatory pathways can set the stage for chronic inflammation which is increasingly recognized as a key pathogenic component of autoimmune, metabolic, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a large family of transcription factors many of which are known for their potent anti-inflammatory actions. Activated by small lipophilic ligands, NRs interact with a wide range of transcription factors, cofactors and chromatin-modifying enzymes, assembling numerous cell- and tissue-specific DNA-protein transcriptional regulatory complexes with diverse activities. Here we discuss established and emerging roles and mechanisms by which NRs and, in particular, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) repress genes encoding cytokines, chemokines and other pro-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurii Chinenov
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021
| | - Rebecca Gupte
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Inez Rogatsky
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
- Corresponding author: , Tel: 1 212-606-1462, Fax: 1 212-774-2560
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Sotillos S, Krahn M, Espinosa-Vázquez JM, Hombría JCG. Src kinases mediate the interaction of the apical determinant Bazooka/PAR3 with STAT92E and increase signalling efficiency in Drosophila ectodermal cells. Development 2013; 140:1507-16. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.092320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular communication depends on the correct organization of the signal transduction complexes. In many signalling pathways, the mechanisms controlling the overall cell polarity also localize components of these pathways to different domains of the plasma membrane. In the Drosophila ectoderm, the JAK/STAT pathway components are highly polarized with apical localization of the receptor, the associated kinase and the STAT92E protein itself. The apical localization of STAT92E is independent of the receptor complex and is due to its direct association with the apical determining protein Bazooka (Baz). Here, we find that Baz-STAT92E interaction depends on the presence of the Drosophila Src kinases. In the absence of Src, STAT92E cannot bind to Baz in cells or in whole embryos, and this correlates with an impairment of JAK/STAT signalling function. We believe that the requirement of Src proteins for STAT92E apical localization is mediated through Baz, as we can co-precipitate Src with Baz but not with STAT92E. This is the first time that a functional link between cell polarity, the JAK/STAT signalling pathway and the Src kinases has been established in a whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Sotillos
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/JA/UPO, Ctra de Utrera Km1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Michael Krahn
- Stem Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37 077 Goettingen, Germany
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24
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Wenta N, Vinkemeier U. Characterization of STAT self-association by analytical ultracentrifugation. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 967:203-224. [PMID: 23296732 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-242-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple experimental tools have demonstrated that cytokine-induced STAT activation entails the transition of dimer conformations rather than de novo dimerization. In this chapter, we describe the utilization of analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) as a powerful technique for the quantitative analysis of hydro- and thermodynamic properties of STAT proteins in solution. These studies provided a quantitative understanding of dimer stability and conformational transitions associated with the activation of STAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Wenta
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, UK
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25
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Abstract
The transcription factor Signal Tranducer and Activator of Transcription 5 (STAT5) plays an important role in many biological processes. To study STAT5 biology, several different constructs have been designed that render STAT5 constitutively active. These constructs have now been used to generate animal models that allow for targeted expression of constitutively active STAT5 including a model where STAT5 is expressed in developing B and T cells. Herein we briefly describe the design of constitutively active STAT5 constructs and recent advances in their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Heltemes-Harris
- Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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26
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Lin JX, Li P, Liu D, Jin HT, He J, Ata Ur Rasheed M, Rochman Y, Wang L, Cui K, Liu C, Kelsall BL, Ahmed R, Leonard WJ. Critical Role of STAT5 transcription factor tetramerization for cytokine responses and normal immune function. Immunity 2012; 36:586-99. [PMID: 22520852 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine-activated STAT proteins dimerize and bind to high-affinity motifs, and N-terminal domain-mediated oligomerization of dimers allows tetramer formation and binding to low-affinity tandem motifs, but the functions of dimers versus tetramers are unknown. We generated Stat5a-Stat5b double knockin (DKI) N-domain mutant mice in which STAT5 proteins form dimers but not tetramers, identified cytokine-regulated genes whose expression required STAT5 tetramers, and defined dimer versus tetramer consensus motifs. Whereas Stat5-deficient mice exhibited perinatal lethality, DKI mice were viable; thus, STAT5 dimers were sufficient for survival. Nevertheless, STAT5 DKI mice had fewer CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells, NK cells, and CD8(+) T cells, with impaired cytokine-induced and homeostatic proliferation of CD8(+) T cells. Moreover, DKI CD8(+) T cell proliferation after viral infection was diminished and DKI Treg cells did not efficiently control colitis. Thus, tetramerization of STAT5 is critical for cytokine responses and normal immune function, establishing a critical role for STAT5 tetramerization in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1674, USA
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27
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Abstract
Since its discovery two decades ago, the activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway by numerous cytokines and growth factors has resulted in it becoming one of the most well-studied intracellular signalling networks. The field has progressed from the identification of the individual components to high-resolution crystal structures of both JAK and STAT, and an understanding of the complexities of the molecular activation and deactivation cycle which results in a diverse, yet highly specific and regulated pattern of transcriptional responses. While there is still more to learn, we now appreciate how disruption and deregulation of this pathway can result in clinical disease and look forward to adoption of the next generation of JAK inhibitors in routine clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Kiu
- Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville 3052, Australia
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28
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STAT6 phosphorylation inhibitors block eotaxin-3 secretion in bronchial epithelial cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:750-8. [PMID: 22217933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The STAT6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 6) protein facilitates T-helper cell 2 (Th2) mediated responses that control IgE-mediated atopic diseases such as asthma. We have identified compounds that bind to STAT6 and inhibit STAT6 tyrosine phosphorylation induced by IL-4. In the bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B, compound (R)-84 inhibits the secretion of eotaxin-3, a chemokine eliciting eosinophil infiltration. (R)-84 appears to prevent STAT6 from assuming the active dimer configuration by directly binding the protein and inhibiting tyrosine phosphorylation.
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29
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Farrar MA, Harris LMH. Turning transcription on or off with STAT5: when more is less. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:1139-40. [PMID: 22089213 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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30
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Mohr A, Chatain N, Domoszlai T, Rinis N, Sommerauer M, Vogt M, Müller-Newen G. Dynamics and non-canonical aspects of JAK/STAT signalling. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 91:524-32. [PMID: 22018664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway directly links ligand-binding to a membrane-bound receptor with the activation of a transcription factor. This signalling module enables the cell to rapidly initiate a transcriptional response to external stimulation. The main components of this evolutionary conserved module are cytokines that specifically bind to cytokine receptors leading to the activation of receptor-associated Janus tyrosine kinases (JAKs). The receptor-bound JAKs activate STAT transcription factors through phosphorylation of a single tyrosine residue. Activated STAT dimers translocate into the nucleus to induce target gene expression. In this article we will review current opinions on the molecular mechanism and on intracellular dynamics of JAK/STAT signalling with a special focus on the cytokine receptor glycoprotein 130 (gp130) and STAT3. In particular we will concentrate on non-canonical aspects of Jak/STAT signalling including preassembled receptor complexes, preformed STAT dimers, STAT trafficking and non-canonical functions of STATs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mohr
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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31
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Klinke DJ, Finley SD. Timescale analysis of rule-based biochemical reaction networks. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 28:33-44. [PMID: 21954150 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The flow of information within a cell is governed by a series of protein-protein interactions that can be described as a reaction network. Mathematical models of biochemical reaction networks can be constructed by repetitively applying specific rules that define how reactants interact and what new species are formed on reaction. To aid in understanding the underlying biochemistry, timescale analysis is one method developed to prune the size of the reaction network. In this work, we extend the methods associated with timescale analysis to reaction rules instead of the species contained within the network. To illustrate this approach, we applied timescale analysis to a simple receptor-ligand binding model and a rule-based model of interleukin-12 (IL-12) signaling in naïve CD4+ T cells. The IL-12 signaling pathway includes multiple protein-protein interactions that collectively transmit information; however, the level of mechanistic detail sufficient to capture the observed dynamics has not been justified based on the available data. The analysis correctly predicted that reactions associated with Janus Kinase 2 and Tyrosine Kinase 2 binding to their corresponding receptor exist at a pseudo-equilibrium. By contrast, reactions associated with ligand binding and receptor turnover regulate cellular response to IL-12. An empirical Bayesian approach was used to estimate the uncertainty in the timescales. This approach complements existing rank- and flux-based methods that can be used to interrogate complex reaction networks. Ultimately, timescale analysis of rule-based models is a computational tool that can be used to reveal the biochemical steps that regulate signaling dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Klinke
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 25606, USA.
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32
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Qu HQ, Fisher-Hoch SP, McCormick JB. Molecular immunity to mycobacteria: knowledge from the mutation and phenotype spectrum analysis of Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases. Int J Infect Dis 2011; 15:e305-13. [PMID: 21330176 PMCID: PMC3078969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding molecular immunity against mycobacterial infection is critical for the development of effective strategies to control tuberculosis (TB), which is a major health issue in the developing world. Host immunogenetic studies represent an indispensable approach to understand the molecular mechanisms against mycobacterial infection. A superb paradigm is the identification of rare mutations causing Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases (MSMD). Mutations in the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) receptor genes are highly specific (although not exclusive) for mycobacterial infection. Only dominant negative mutations of STAT1 have specific susceptibility to mycobacterial infection. Mutations in the interleukin-12 (IL-12) signaling genes have phenotypes with non-specificity. Current studies highlight a complex molecular network in antimycobacterial immunity, centered on IFN-γ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qi Qu
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Brownsville Campus, 80 Fort Brown, SPH Bldg, Brownsville, Texas 78520, USA.
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Santos CI, Costa-Pereira AP. Signal transducers and activators of transcription-from cytokine signalling to cancer biology. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1816:38-49. [PMID: 21447371 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are, as the name indicates, both signal transducers and transcription factors. STATs are activated by cytokines and some growth factors and thus control important biological processes. These include cell growth, cell differentiation, apoptosis and immune responses. Dysregulation of STATs, either due to constitutive activation or function impairment, can have, therefore, deleterious biological consequences. This review places particular emphasis on their structural organization, biological activities and regulatory mechanisms most commonly utilized by cells to control STAT-mediated signalling. STATs also play important roles in cancer and immune deficiencies and are thus being exploited as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Isabel Santos
- Imperial College London, Faculty of Medecine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK
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34
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Huber JP, Farrar JD. Regulation of effector and memory T-cell functions by type I interferon. Immunology 2011; 132:466-74. [PMID: 21320124 PMCID: PMC3075500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-α/β) is comprised of a family of highly related molecules that exert potent antiviral activity by interfering with virus replication and spread. IFN-α/β secretion is tightly regulated through pathogen sensing pathways that are operative in most somatic cells. However, specialized antigen-presenting plasmacytoid dendritic cells are uniquely equipped with the capacity to secrete extremely high levels of IFN-α/β, suggesting a key role for this cytokine in priming adaptive T-cell responses. Recent studies in both mice and humans have demonstrated a role for IFN-α/β in directly influencing the fate of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells during the initial phases of antigen recognition. As such, IFN-α/β, among other innate cytokines, is considered an important 'third signal' that shapes the effector and memory T-cell pool. Moreover, IFN-α/β also serves as a counter-regulator of T helper type 2 and type 17 responses, which may be important in the treatment of atopy and autoimmunity, and in the development of novel vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Huber
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9093, USA
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35
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Droescher M, Begitt A, Marg A, Zacharias M, Vinkemeier U. Cytokine-induced paracrystals prolong the activity of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) and provide a model for the regulation of protein solubility by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:18731-46. [PMID: 21460228 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.235978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological effects of cytokines are mediated by STAT proteins, a family of dimeric transcription factors. In order to elicit transcriptional activity, the STATs require activation by phosphorylation of a single tyrosine residue. Our experiments revealed that fully tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT dimers polymerize via Tyr(P)-Src homology 2 domain interactions and assemble into paracrystalline arrays in the nucleus of cytokine-stimulated cells. Paracrystals are demonstrated to be dynamic reservoirs that protect STATs from dephosphorylation. Activated STAT3 forms such paracrystals in acute phase liver cells. Activated STAT1, in contrast, does not normally form paracrystals. By reversing the abilities of STAT1 and STAT3 to be sumoylated, we show that this is due to the unique ability of STAT1 among the STATs to conjugate to small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO). Sumoylation had one direct effect; it obstructed proximal tyrosine phosphorylation, which led to semiphosphorylated STAT dimers. These competed with their fully phosphorylated counterparts and interfered with their polymerization into paracrystals. Consequently, sumoylation, by preventing paracrystal formation, profoundly curtailed signal duration and reporter gene activation in response to cytokine stimulation of cells. The study thus identifies polymerization of activated STAT transcription factors as a positive regulatory mechanism in cytokine signaling. It provides a unifying explanation for the different subnuclear distributions of STAT transcription factors and reconciles the conflicting results as to the role of SUMO modification in STAT1 functioning. We present a generally applicable system in which protein solubility is maintained by a disproportionately small SUMO-modified fraction, whereby modification by SUMO partially prevents formation of polymerization interfaces, thus generating competitive polymerization inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Droescher
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Nottingham University Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
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36
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Heltemes-Harris LM, Willette MJL, Vang KB, Farrar MA. The role of STAT5 in the development, function, and transformation of B and T lymphocytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1217:18-31. [PMID: 21276004 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) is activated by a number of cytokine and growth hormone receptors and plays a key role in the development and function of many organ systems. In this review, we focus on recent discoveries about the role of STAT5 in the development and function of B and T lymphocytes. Of particular interest is the growing appreciation for the function of STAT5 as a transcriptional repressor. Finally, we discuss recent discoveries about the role of STAT5 in transformation of B and T lymphocytes.
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37
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Page BDG, Ball DP, Gunning PT. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 inhibitors: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 21:65-83. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.539205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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38
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Molecular basis for the recognition of phosphorylated STAT1 by importin alpha5. J Mol Biol 2010; 402:83-100. [PMID: 20643137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma stimulation triggers tyrosine phosphorylation of the transcription factor STAT1 at position 701, which is associated with switching from carrier-independent nucleocytoplasmic shuttling to carrier-mediated nuclear import. Unlike most substrates that carry a classical nuclear localization signal (NLS) and bind to importin alpha1, STAT1 possesses a nonclassical NLS recognized by the isoform importin alpha5. In the present study, we have analyzed the mechanisms by which importin alpha5 binds phosphorylated STAT1 (pSTAT1). We found that a homodimer of pSTAT1 is recognized by one equivalent of importin alpha5 with K(d)=191+/-20 nM. Whereas tyrosine phosphorylation at position 701 is essential to assemble a pSTAT1-importin alpha5 complex, the phosphate moiety is not a direct binding determinant for importin alpha5. In contrast to classical NLS substrates, pSTAT1 binding to importin alpha5 is not displaced by the N-terminal importin beta binding domain and requires the importin alpha5 C-terminal acidic tail (505-EEDD-508). A local unfolding of importin alpha5 Armadillo (ARM) repeat 10 accompanies high-affinity binding to pSTAT1. This unfolding is mediated by a single conserved tyrosine at position 476 of importin alpha5, which is inserted between ARM repeat 10 helices H1-H2-H3, thereby preventing intramolecular helical stacking essential to stabilize the folding conformation of ARM 10. Introducing a glycine at this position, as in importin alpha1, disrupts high-affinity binding to pSTAT1, suggesting that pSTAT1 recognition is dependent on the intrinsic flexibility of ARM 10. Using the quantitative stoichiometry and binding data presented in this article, together with mutational information available in the literature, we propose that importin alpha5 binds between two STAT1 monomers, with two major binding determinants in the SH2 and DNA binding domains. In vitro, this model is supported by the observation that a 38-mer DNA oligonucleotide containing two tandem cfosM67 promoters can displace importin alpha5 from pSTAT1, suggesting a possible role for DNA in releasing activated STAT1 in the cell nucleus.
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39
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Wang H, Yang Y, Sharma N, Tarasova NI, Timofeeva OA, Winkler-Pickett RT, Tanigawa S, Perantoni AO. STAT1 activation regulates proliferation and differentiation of renal progenitors. Cell Signal 2010; 22:1717-26. [PMID: 20624457 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that activation of STAT1 contributes to the pathogenesis of Wilms tumor. This neoplasm caricatures metanephric development and is believed to originate from embryonic renal mesenchymal progenitors that lose their ability to undergo mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). Therefore, we hypothesized that STAT1 is also activated and functional during metanephric development. Here we have demonstrated that both STAT1 and STAT3 are activated during normal development of the embryonic kidney. Furthermore, activation of STAT1 stimulated the proliferation of metanephric mesenchymal cells, but it prevented MET and tubulogenesis induced by leukemia inhibitory factor, which preferentially activates STAT3. Consistent with its negative regulation of metanephric mesenchymal differentiation, inhibition of STAT1 activation with protein kinase CK2 inhibitor TBB or RNAi-mediated knockdown of STAT1 promoted differentiation of metanephric progenitors and abolished the effect of cytokine-induced STAT1 activation in these cells. Additionally, a cell-permeable peptide that inhibits STAT1-mediated transactivation by targeting the STAT1 N-domain also blocked cytokine-induced STAT1-dependent proliferation in metanephric progenitors and promoted LIF-induced MET and tubulogenesis. Finally, the STAT1 peptide inhibitor caused the down regulation of survival/anti-apoptotic factors, Mcl-1 and Hsp-27, and induced apoptosis in renal tumor cells with constitutively active STAT1, indicating that STAT1 is required for these cells to survive. These findings show that both metanephric progenitors and renal tumor cells utilize a STAT1-dependent mechanism for growth or survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghe Wang
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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40
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Characterization of a dominant-active STAT that promotes tumorigenesis in Drosophila. Dev Biol 2010; 344:621-36. [PMID: 20501334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.05.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which STAT proteins promote tumorigenesis. Drosophila is an ideal system for investigating this issue, as there is a single STAT (Stat92E), and its hyperactivation causes overgrowths resembling human tumors. Here we report the first identification of a dominant-active Stat92E protein, Stat92E(DeltaNDeltaC), which lacks both N- and C-termini. Mis-expression of Stat92E(DeltaNDeltaC)in vivo causes melanotic tumors, while in vitro it transactivates a Stat92E-luciferase reporter in the absence of stimulation. These gain-of-function phenotypes require phosphorylation of Y(711) and dimer formation with full-length Stat92E. Furthermore, a single point mutation, an R(442P) substitution in the DNA-binding domain, abolishes Stat92E function. Recombinant Stat92E(R442P) translocates to the nucleus following activation but fails to function in all assays tested. Interestingly, R(442) is conserved in most STATs in higher organisms, suggesting conservation of function. Modeling of Stat92E indicates that R(442) may contact the minor groove of DNA via invariant TC bases in the consensus binding element bound by all STAT proteins. We conclude that the N- and C- termini function unexpectedly in negatively regulating Stat92E activity, possibly by decreasing dimer dephosphorylation or increasing stability of DNA interaction, and that Stat92E(R442) has a nuclear function by altering dimer:DNA binding.
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41
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Sotillos S, Espinosa-Vázquez JM, Foglia F, Hu N, Hombría JCG. An efficient approach to isolate STAT regulated enhancers uncovers STAT92E fundamental role in Drosophila tracheal development. Dev Biol 2010; 340:571-82. [PMID: 20171201 PMCID: PMC2877871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ventral veinless (vvl) and trachealess (trh) genes are determinants of the Drosophila trachea. Early in development both genes are independently activated in the tracheal primordia by signals that are ill defined. Mutants blocking JAK/STAT signaling at any level do not form a tracheal tree suggesting that STAT92E may be an upstream transcriptional activator of the early trachea determinants. To test this hypothesis we have searched for STAT92E responsive enhancers activating the expression of vvl and trh in the tracheal primordia. We show that STAT92E regulated enhancers can be rapidly and efficiently isolated by focusing the analysis on genomic regions with clusters of putative STAT binding sites where at least some of them are phylogenetically conserved. Detailed analysis of a vvl early tracheal enhancer shows that non-conserved sites collaborate with conserved sites for enhancer activation. We find that STAT92E regulated enhancers can be located as far 60 kb from the promoters. Our results indicate that vvl and trh are independently activated by STAT92E which is the most important transcription factor required for trachea specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Sotillos
- CABD, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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42
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Valledor AF, Comalada M, Santamaría-Babi LF, Lloberas J, Celada A. Macrophage Proinflammatory Activation and Deactivation. Adv Immunol 2010; 108:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-380995-7.00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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43
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Abstract
The transcription factor Signal Tranducer and Activator of Transcription 5 (STAT5) plays an important role in numerous biological processes including, but not limited to, (i) homeostasis of hematopoietic stem cells, (ii) development of essentially all blood cell lineages, (iii) growth hormone effects, (iv) differentiation of mammary epithelium, and (v) central nervous system control of metabolism. Two key tools for deciphering STAT5 biology have involved the use of mice in which the Stat5a and Stat5b genes can be conditionally deleted (Stat5(FL/FL) mice) and the development of systems in which STAT5a or STAT5b is rendered constitutively active. In this chapter, the distinct mechanisms that have been developed to render STAT5 constitutively active and their use in probing biological processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Farrar
- Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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44
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Hu X, Ivashkiv LB. Cross-regulation of signaling pathways by interferon-gamma: implications for immune responses and autoimmune diseases. Immunity 2009; 31:539-50. [PMID: 19833085 PMCID: PMC2774226 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is an important mediator of immunity and inflammation that utilizes the JAK-STAT signaling pathway to activate the STAT1 transcription factor. Many functions of IFN-gamma have been ascribed to direct STAT1-mediated induction of immune effector genes, but recently it has become clear that key IFN-gamma functions are mediated by cross-regulation of cellular responses to other cytokines and inflammatory factors. Here, we review mechanisms by which IFN-gamma and STAT1 regulate signaling by Toll-like receptors, inflammatory factors, tissue-destructive cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and cytokines that activate opposing STATs. These signaling mechanisms reveal insights about how IFN-gamma regulates macrophage activation, inflammation, tissue remodeling, and helper and regulatory T cell differentiation and how Th1 and Th17 cell responses are integrated in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Hu
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Lionel B. Ivashkiv
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10021, USA
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45
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Bernadó P, Pérez Y, Blobel J, Fernández-Recio J, Svergun DI, Pons M. Structural characterization of unphosphorylated STAT5a oligomerization equilibrium in solution by small-angle X-ray scattering. Protein Sci 2009; 18:716-26. [PMID: 19309697 DOI: 10.1002/pro.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins play a crucial role in the activation of gene transcription in response to extracellular stimuli. The regulation and activity of these proteins require a complex rearrangement of the domains. According to the established models, based on crystallographic data, STATs convert from a basal antiparallel inactive dimer into a parallel active one following phosphorylation. The simultaneous analysis of small-angle X-ray scattering data measured at different concentrations of unphosphorylated human STAT5a core domain unambiguously identifies the simultaneous presence of a monomer and a dimer. The dimer is the minor species but could be structurally characterized by SAXS in the presence of the monomer using appropriate computational tools and shown to correspond to the antiparallel assembly. The equilibrium is governed by a moderate dissociation constant of K(d) approximately 90 microM. Integration of these results with previous knowledge of the N-terminal domain structure and dissociation constants allows the modeling of the full-length protein. A complex network of intermolecular interactions of low or medium affinity is suggested. These contacts can be eventually formed or broken to trigger the dramatic modifications in the dimeric arrangement needed for STAT regulation and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Bernadó
- Laboratory of Biomolecular NMR, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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46
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Sehgal PB. Paradigm shifts in the cell biology of STAT signaling. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2008; 19:329-40. [PMID: 18691663 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent years several of the key tenets of the original cytokine-STAT-signaling paradigm had to be revised. First, the notion that nonphosphorylated "inactive" STATs are present in the cytoplasm as free monomers which dimerized only subsequent to Tyr-phosphorylation has been replaced by the understanding that nonphosphorylated STATs in the cytoplasm exist largely as dimers and high molecular mass "statosome" complexes. Second, the notion that phosphorylation, either of Tyr or Ser residues or both, in STAT species is required for transcriptional activation has been replaced by the realization that nonphosphorylated STATs can be transcriptionally active albeit with respect to sets of target genes distinct from phosphorylated STATs. Third, the notion that it is the activation by phosphorylation of STATs at the plasma membrane that then leads to their import into the nucleus has been replaced by the recognition that even nonphosphorylated STATs shuttle between the cytoplasm and nucleus at all times in a constitutive manner. Fourth, the notion that the trans-cytoplasmic transit of STATs from the plasma membrane to the nuclear import machinery takes place exclusively as a free cytosolic process has been replaced by the understanding that at least a portion of this trans-cytoplasmic transit is mediated via membrane-associated caveolar and endocytic trafficking (the "signaling endosome" hypothesis). Fifth, the targeting and sequestration of activated STAT3 to long-lived endosomes in the cytoplasm requires consideration of STAT3-mediated "signal transduction" from the plasma membrane to cytoplasmic membrane destinations potentially for function(s) in the cytoplasm. Indeed, in tissue sections many discrete histologic cell types display PY-STAT3 almost exclusively in the cytoplasm with little, if any, in the nucleus. New challenges include determining the structural bases for the recruitment of nonphosphorylated dimeric STAT species to the cytosolic face of membranes including at the cytoplasmic tails of respective receptor complexes, the conformational changes subsequent to phosphorylation and the structural bases for the targeting and functions of STAT proteins within the cytoplasm per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin B Sehgal
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States.
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Tyrosine phosphorylation regulates the partitioning of STAT1 between different dimer conformations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:9238-43. [PMID: 18591661 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0802130105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation/inactivation cycle of STAT transcription factors entails their transition between different dimer conformations. Unphosphorylated STATs can dimerize in an antiparallel conformation via extended interfaces of the globular N-domains, whereas STAT activation triggers a parallel dimer conformation with mutual phosphortyrosine:SH2 domain interactions, resulting in DNA-binding and nuclear retention. However, despite the crucial role of STAT tyrosine phosphorylation in cytokine signaling, it has not been determined how this modification affects the stability and the conformational flexibility of STAT dimers. Here, we use analytical ultracentrifugation and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) to study the association of STAT1 in solution before and after tyrosine phosphorylation. It is revealed that STAT1 formed high-affinity dimers (K(d) of approximately 50 nM) with estimated half-lives of 20-40 min irrespective of the phosphorylation status. Our results demonstrate that parallel and antiparallel conformations of STAT1 were present simultaneously, supported by mutually exclusive interfaces; and the transition between conformations occurred through affinity-driven dissociation/association reactions. Therefore, tyrosine phosphorylation was dispensable for DNA binding, but the phosphorylation enforced preformed SH2 domain-mediated dimers, thus enhancing the DNA-binding activity of STAT1 >200-fold. Moreover, upon STAT1 activation the N-domains adopted an open conformation and engaged in interdimer interactions, as demonstrated by their participation in tetramerization instead of dimerization. Yet, homotypic N-domain interactions are not conserved in the STAT family, because the N-domain dissociation constants of STAT1, STAT3, and STAT4 differed by more than three orders of magnitude. In conclusion, STAT1 constantly oscillated between different dimer conformations, whereby the abundance of the dimerization interfaces was determined by tyrosine phosphorylation.
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Ren Z, Mao X, Mertens C, Krishnaraj R, Qin J, Mandal PK, Romanowski MJ, McMurray JS, Chen X. Crystal structure of unphosphorylated STAT3 core fragment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 374:1-5. [PMID: 18433722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are latent cytoplasmic transcriptional factors that play an important role in cytokine and growth factor signaling. Here we report a 3.05 A-resolution crystal structure of an unphosphorylated STAT3 core fragment. The overall monomeric structure is very similar to that of the phosphorylated STAT3 core fragment. However, the dimer interface observed in the unphosphorylated STAT1 core fragment structure is absent in the STAT3 structure. Solution studies further demonstrate that the core fragment of STAT3 is primarily monomeric. Mutations corresponding to those in STAT1, which lead to disruption of the core fragment interface and prolonged tyrosine phosphorylation, show little or no effect on the tyrosine phosphorylation kinetics of STAT3. These results highlight the structural and biochemical differences between STAT3 and STAT1, and suggest different regulation mechanisms of these two proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Ren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1000, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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STAT5 requires the N-domain to maintain hematopoietic stem cell repopulating function and appropriate lymphoid-myeloid lineage output. Exp Hematol 2008; 35:1684-94. [PMID: 17976521 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) is a critical regulator of hematopoietic development and its impaired activation is associated with hematopoietic and immune cell defects. However, much of this information has been learned from knockout mice that still retain the potential for expression of STAT5 proteins that are N-terminally truncated due to alternative internal translation initiation codons. The goal of these studies was to use transplantation-based assays to analyze the degree of STAT5 deltaN activity in hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and throughout lymphomyeloid development. METHODS We have directly compared E14.5 fetal liver cells from mice with potential to express STAT5ab deltaN (STAT5ab(deltaN/deltaN)) with mice completely lacking STAT5a and STAT5b (STAT5abnull/null). We have also utilized retroviral complementation of STAT5abnull/null fetal liver HSC to enforce expression of full-length STAT5a or STAT5a lacking the first 136 amino acids (STAT5a deltaN). RESULTS We report that STAT5 is required for HSC, lymphocyte, and erythrocyte development. We demonstrate that restored expression of STAT5a in STAT5abnull/null HSC provides a strong selective advantage, correcting T- and B-lymphocyte and erythrocyte development. Interestingly, Gr-1(+) blood cells were inversely correlated with B lymphocytes and both were normalized by STAT5a expression. In contrast, transduction of STAT5a deltaN only provided partial B-lymphocyte development. CONCLUSIONS These studies define the role of STAT5 in maintaining normal lymphoid vs myeloid balance during hematopoiesis and highlight a major role for the N-domain in HSC function. The platform of retroviral complementation described here will be particularly useful for future studies to subdefine the N-domain regions that are critical for hematopoiesis.
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Timofeeva OA, Gaponenko V, Lockett SJ, Tarasov SG, Jiang S, Michejda CJ, Perantoni AO, Tarasova NI. Rationally designed inhibitors identify STAT3 N-domain as a promising anticancer drug target. ACS Chem Biol 2007; 2:799-809. [PMID: 18154267 DOI: 10.1021/cb700186x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is frequently detected in many cancer types. Activated STAT3 may participate in oncogenesis by stimulating cell proliferation and resisting apoptosis, as well as promoting tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and migration. Many STAT3-dependent cellular responses are mediated through interactions with other proteins, and the amino-terminal domain (N-domain) of STAT3 was proposed to be responsible for this. Our NMR studies revealed that synthetic analogs of the STAT4 second alpha-helix bind to the N-domain and perturb its structure. Structural data available for the STAT4 N-domain was used for the rational design of STAT3 helix 2 analogs with enhanced biological activity. Cell-permeable derivatives of the STAT3 second helix were found to directly and specifically bind to STAT3 but not STAT1 as determined by FRET analysis in cells expressing GFP-STAT3 and GFP-STAT1. Furthermore, they potently induced apoptotic death in breast cancer cells but not normal breast cells or STAT3-deficient fibroblasts. The inhibitors caused significant changes in the mitochondrial potential of cancer cells, leading to cell death. These compounds not only are promising drug candidates but also offer a convenient tool for studying the mechanisms of action of STAT transcription factors and have facilitated our understanding of the crucial role of the N-domain in STAT3 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Timofeeva
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NCI-Frederick, Maryland 21702
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois in Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - Stephen J. Lockett
- Image Analysis Laboratory, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Sergey G. Tarasov
- Biophysics Resource, Structural Biophysics Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Sheng Jiang
- Molecular Aspects of Drug Design Section, Structural Biophysics Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Christopher J. Michejda
- Molecular Aspects of Drug Design Section, Structural Biophysics Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Alan O. Perantoni
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NCI-Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Nadya I. Tarasova
- Molecular Aspects of Drug Design Section, Structural Biophysics Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Maryland 21702
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