1
|
Tong S, Scott JC, Eyoh E, Werthmann DW, Stone AE, Murrell AE, Sabino-Santos G, Trinh IV, Chandra S, Elliott DH, Smira AR, Velazquez JV, Schieffelin J, Ning B, Hu T, Kolls JK, Landry SJ, Zwezdaryk KJ, Robinson JE, Gunn BM, Rabito FA, Norton EB. Altered COVID-19 immunity in children with asthma by atopic status. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. GLOBAL 2024; 3:100236. [PMID: 38590754 PMCID: PMC11000189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacig.2024.100236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes a spectrum of clinical outcomes that may be complicated by severe asthma. Antiviral immunity is often compromised in patients with asthma; however, whether this is true for SARS-CoV-2 immunity and children is unknown. Objective We aimed to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 immunity in children with asthma on the basis of infection or vaccination history and compared to respiratory syncytial viral or allergen (eg, cockroach, dust mite)-specific immunity. Methods Fifty-three children from an urban asthma study were evaluated for medical history, lung function, and virus- or allergen-specific immunity using antibody or T-cell assays. Results Polyclonal antibody responses to spike were observed in most children from infection and/or vaccination history. Children with atopic asthma or high allergen-specific IgE, particularly to dust mites, exhibited reduced seroconversion, antibody magnitude, and SARS-CoV-2 virus neutralization after SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. TH1 responses to SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus correlated with antigen-respective IgG. Cockroach-specific T-cell activation as well as IL-17A and IL-21 cytokines negatively correlated with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and effector functions, distinct from total and dust mite IgE. Allergen-specific IgE and lack of vaccination were associated with recent health care utilization. Reduced lung function (forced expiratory volume in 1 second ≤ 80%) was independently associated with (SARS-CoV-2) peptide-induced cytokines, including IL-31, whereas poor asthma control was associated with cockroach-specific cytokine responses. Conclusion Mechanisms underpinning atopic and nonatopic asthma may complicate the development of memory to SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination and lead to a higher risk of repeated infection in these children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Tong
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La
| | - Jordan C. Scott
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La
| | - Enwono Eyoh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La
| | - Derek W. Werthmann
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, La
| | - Addison E. Stone
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La
| | - Amelie E. Murrell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La
| | - Gilberto Sabino-Santos
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La
| | - Ivy V. Trinh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La
| | - Sruti Chandra
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La
| | - Debra H. Elliott
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La
| | - Ashley R. Smira
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La
| | - Jalene V. Velazquez
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Wash
| | - John Schieffelin
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La
| | - Bo Ning
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La
| | - Tony Hu
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Diagnostics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La
| | - Samuel J. Landry
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La
| | - Kevin J. Zwezdaryk
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La
| | - James E. Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La
| | - Bronwyn M. Gunn
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Wash
| | - Felicia A. Rabito
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, La
| | - Elizabeth B. Norton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, La
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang C, Du Z, Li R, Luo Y, Zhu C, Ding N, Lei A. Interferons as negative regulators of ILC2s in allergic lung inflammation and respiratory viral infections. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:947-959. [PMID: 37414870 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), characterized by a lack of antigen receptors, have been regarded as an important component of type 2 pulmonary immunity. Analogous to Th2 cells, ILC2s are capable of releasing type 2 cytokines and amphiregulin, thus playing an essential role in a variety of diseases, such as allergic diseases and virus-induced respiratory diseases. Interferons (IFNs), an important family of cytokines with potent antiviral effects, can be triggered by microbial products, microbial exposure, and pathogen infections. Interestingly, the past few years have witnessed encouraging progress in revealing the important role of IFNs and IFN-producing cells in modulating ILC2 responses in allergic lung inflammation and respiratory viral infections. This review underscores recent progress in understanding the role of IFNs and IFN-producing cells in shaping ILC2 responses and discusses disease phenotypes, mechanisms, and therapeutic targets in the context of allergic lung inflammation and infections with viruses, including influenza virus, rhinovirus (RV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Du
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Ranhui Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Cuiming Zhu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Nan Ding
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Aihua Lei
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wenger M, Grosse-Kathoefer S, Kraiem A, Pelamatti E, Nunes N, Pointner L, Aglas L. When the allergy alarm bells toll: The role of Toll-like receptors in allergic diseases and treatment. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1204025. [PMID: 37426425 PMCID: PMC10325731 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1204025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors of the human immune system are specialized pathogen detectors able to link innate and adaptive immune responses. TLR ligands include among others bacteria-, mycoplasma- or virus-derived compounds such as lipids, lipo- and glycoproteins and nucleic acids. Not only are genetic variations in TLR-related genes associated with the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, including asthma and allergic rhinitis, their expression also differs between allergic and non-allergic individuals. Due to a complex interplay of genes, environmental factors, and allergen sources the interpretation of TLRs involved in immunoglobulin E-mediated diseases remains challenging. Therefore, it is imperative to dissect the role of TLRs in allergies. In this review, we discuss i) the expression of TLRs in organs and cell types involved in the allergic immune response, ii) their involvement in modulating allergy-associated or -protective immune responses, and iii) how differential activation of TLRs by environmental factors, such as microbial, viral or air pollutant exposure, results in allergy development. However, we focus on iv) allergen sources interacting with TLRs, and v) how targeting TLRs could be employed in novel therapeutic strategies. Understanding the contributions of TLRs to allergy development allow the identification of knowledge gaps, provide guidance for ongoing research efforts, and built the foundation for future exploitation of TLRs in vaccine design.
Collapse
|
4
|
Looi K, Larcombe AN, Perks KL, Berry LJ, Zosky GR, Rigby P, Knight DA, Kicic A, Stick SM. Previous Influenza Infection Exacerbates Allergen Specific Response and Impairs Airway Barrier Integrity in Pre-Sensitized Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168790. [PMID: 34445491 PMCID: PMC8395745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we assessed the effects of antigen exposure in mice pre-sensitized with allergen following viral infection on changes in lung function, cellular responses and tight junction expression. Female BALB/c mice were sensitized to ovalbumin and infected with influenza A before receiving a second ovalbumin sensitization and challenge with saline, ovalbumin (OVA) or house dust mite (HDM). Fifteen days post-infection, bronchoalveolar inflammation, serum antibodies, responsiveness to methacholine and barrier integrity were assessed. There was no effect of infection alone on bronchoalveolar lavage cellular inflammation 15 days post-infection; however, OVA or HDM challenge resulted in increased bronchoalveolar inflammation dominated by eosinophils/neutrophils or neutrophils, respectively. Previously infected mice had higher serum OVA-specific IgE compared with uninfected mice. Mice previously infected, sensitized and challenged with OVA were most responsive to methacholine with respect to airway resistance, while HDM challenge caused significant increases in both tissue damping and tissue elastance regardless of previous infection status. Previous influenza infection was associated with decreased claudin-1 expression in all groups and decreased occludin expression in OVA or HDM-challenged mice. This study demonstrates the importance of the respiratory epithelium in pre-sensitized individuals, where influenza-infection-induced barrier disruption resulted in increased systemic OVA sensitization and downstream effects on lung function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Looi
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands 6009, Australia; (K.L.); (K.L.P.); (L.J.B.); (A.K.); (S.M.S.)
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia
| | - Alexander N. Larcombe
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands 6009, Australia; (K.L.); (K.L.P.); (L.J.B.); (A.K.); (S.M.S.)
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Kara L. Perks
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands 6009, Australia; (K.L.); (K.L.P.); (L.J.B.); (A.K.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Luke J. Berry
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands 6009, Australia; (K.L.); (K.L.P.); (L.J.B.); (A.K.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Graeme R. Zosky
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia;
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Paul Rigby
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis (CMCA), University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia;
| | - Darryl A. Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia;
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle 2305, Australia
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands 6009, Australia; (K.L.); (K.L.P.); (L.J.B.); (A.K.); (S.M.S.)
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Stephen M. Stick
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands 6009, Australia; (K.L.); (K.L.P.); (L.J.B.); (A.K.); (S.M.S.)
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands 6009, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun R, Jang JH, Lauzon AM, Martin JG. Interferon-γ amplifies airway smooth muscle-mediated CD4+ T cell recruitment by promoting the secretion of C-X-C-motif chemokine receptor 3 ligands. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21228. [PMID: 33337555 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001480r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Asthmatic airways feature increased ASM mass that is largely attributable to hyperplasia, and which potentially contributes to excessive airway narrowing. T cells induce ASMC proliferation via contact-dependent mechanisms in vitro that may have importance for asthmatic ASM growth, as CD4+ T cells infiltrate ASM bundles in asthmatic human airways. In this study, we used an in vitro migration assay to investigate the pathways responsible for the trafficking of human CD4+ T cells to ASM. ASMCs induced chemotaxis of activated CD4+ T cells, which was inhibited by the CXCR3 antagonist AMG487 and neutralizing antibodies against its ligands CXCL10 and 11, but not CCR3 or CCR5 antagonists. CXCR3 expression was upregulated among all T cells following anti-CD3/CD28-activation. CD4+ T cells upregulated CXCL9, 10, and 11 expression in ASMCs in an IFN-γ/STAT1-dependent manner. Disruption of IFN-γ-signaling resulted in reduced T cell migration, along with the inhibition of CD4+ T cell-mediated STAT1 activation and CXCR3 ligand secretion by ASMCs. ASMCs derived from healthy and asthmatic donors demonstrated similar T cell-recruiting capacities. In vivo CXCL10 and 11 expression by asthmatic ASM was confirmed by immunostaining. We conclude that the CXCL10/11-CXCR3 axis causes CD4+ T cell recruitment to ASM that is amplified by T cell-derived IFN-γ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Joyce H Jang
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Lauzon
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - James G Martin
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The interplay between airway epithelium and the immune system - A primer for the respiratory clinician. Paediatr Respir Rev 2021; 38:2-8. [PMID: 33812796 PMCID: PMC8178232 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium is one of the primary interfaces between the body's immune system and the external environment. This review discusses the innate and adaptive immunomodulatory effects of the respiratory epithelium, highlighting the physiologic immune responses associated with health and the disease-causing sequelae when these physiologic responses go awry. Airway macrophages, dendritic cells, and innate lymphoid cells are discussed as orchestrators of physiological and pathological innate immune responses and T cells, B cells, mast cells, and granulocytes (eosinophils and neutrophils) as orchestrators of physiologic and pathologic adaptive immune responses. The interplay between the airway epithelium and the varied immune cells as well as the interplay between these immune cells is discussed, highlighting the importance of the dose of noxious stimuli and pathogens in immune programming and the timing of their interaction with the immune cells that determine the pattern of immune responses. Although each cell type has been researched individually, this review highlights the need for simultaneous temporal investigation of immune responses from these varied cells to noxious stimuli and pathogens.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang L, Netto KG, Zhou L, Liu X, Wang M, Zhang G, Foster PS, Li F, Yang M. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals the immune landscape of lung in steroid-resistant asthma exacerbation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2005590118. [PMID: 33397719 PMCID: PMC7812791 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005590118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exaggerated airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation are hallmarks of asthma, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure is linked to the severity of the disease and steroid resistance. To investigate the mechanisms underlying asthma exacerbation, we established a mouse model of LPS-induced steroid-resistant exacerbation on the background of house dust mite (HDM)-induced asthma to profile the immune cells in lung by using single-cell RNA deep sequencing. Twenty immune subsets were identified by their molecular and functional properties. Specific cell clusters of basophils, type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), and CD8+ memory T cells were the predominant sources of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 transcripts whose expressions were dexamethasone resistant. Production of IL-13 by these cells was validated by IL-13-reporter mice. Neutralization of IL-13 abolished HDM/LPS-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, and decreased mucus hypersecretion. Furthermore, using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis systems, we identified canonical pathways and upstream regulators that regulate the activation of basophils, ILC2, and CD8+ memory T cells. Our study provides mechanistic insights and an important reference resource for further understanding of the immune landscape during asthma exacerbation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Wang
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450052 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450052 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Keilah G Netto
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2300, Australia
| | - Lujia Zhou
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450052 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450052 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450052 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450052 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Medical Research Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, 450052 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, 450052 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Paul S Foster
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2300, Australia
| | - Fuguang Li
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450052 Zhengzhou, Henan, China;
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450052 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450052 Zhengzhou, Henan, China;
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450052 Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2300, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu Q, Jorde I, Kershaw O, Jeron A, Bruder D, Schreiber J, Stegemann-Koniszewski S. Resolved Influenza A Virus Infection Has Extended Effects on Lung Homeostasis and Attenuates Allergic Airway Inflammation in a Mouse Model. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121878. [PMID: 33260910 PMCID: PMC7761027 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic airway inflammation (AAI) involves T helper cell type 2 (Th2) and pro-inflammatory responses to aeroallergens and many predisposing factors remain elusive. Influenza A virus (IAV) is a major human pathogen that causes acute respiratory infections and induces specific immune responses essential for viral clearance and resolution of the infection. Beyond acute infection, IAV has been shown to persistently affect lung homeostasis and respiratory immunity. Here we asked how resolved IAV infection affects subsequently induced AAI. Mice infected with a sublethal dose of IAV were sensitized and challenged in an ovalbumin mediated mouse model for AAI after resolution of the acute viral infection. Histological changes, respiratory leukocytes, cytokines and airway hyperreactivity were analyzed in resolved IAV infection alone and in AAI with and without previous IAV infection. More than five weeks after infection, we detected persistent pneumonia with increased activated CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes as well as dendritic cells and MHCII expressing macrophages in the lung. Resolved IAV infection significantly affected subsequently induced AAI on different levels including morphological changes, respiratory leukocytes and lymphocytes as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokine responses, which was clearly diminished. We conclude that IAV has exceptional persisting effects on respiratory immunity with substantial consequences for subsequently induced AAI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Wu
- Experimental Pneumology, Department of Pneumology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (Q.W.); (I.J.); (J.S.)
| | - Ilka Jorde
- Experimental Pneumology, Department of Pneumology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (Q.W.); (I.J.); (J.S.)
| | - Olivia Kershaw
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Andreas Jeron
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.J.); (D.B.)
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dunja Bruder
- Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.J.); (D.B.)
- Immune Regulation Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jens Schreiber
- Experimental Pneumology, Department of Pneumology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (Q.W.); (I.J.); (J.S.)
| | - Sabine Stegemann-Koniszewski
- Experimental Pneumology, Department of Pneumology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (Q.W.); (I.J.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Morianos I, Semitekolou M. Dendritic Cells: Critical Regulators of Allergic Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217930. [PMID: 33114551 PMCID: PMC7663753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), chronic airway inflammation, and excessive T helper (Th) type 2 immune responses against harmless airborne allergens. Dendritic cells (DCs) represent the most potent antigen-presenting cells of the immune system that act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. Pertinent to allergic asthma, distinct DC subsets are known to play a central role in initiating and maintaining allergen driven Th2 immune responses in the airways. Nevertheless, seminal studies have demonstrated that DCs can also restrain excessive asthmatic responses and thus contribute to the resolution of allergic airway inflammation and the maintenance of pulmonary tolerance. Notably, the transfer of tolerogenic DCs in vivo suppresses Th2 allergic responses and protects or even reverses established allergic airway inflammation. Thus, the identification of novel DC subsets that possess immunoregulatory properties and can efficiently control aberrant asthmatic responses is critical for the re-establishment of tolerance and the amelioration of the asthmatic disease phenotype.
Collapse
|
10
|
Aegerter H, Kulikauskaite J, Crotta S, Patel H, Kelly G, Hessel EM, Mack M, Beinke S, Wack A. Influenza-induced monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages confer prolonged antibacterial protection. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:145-157. [PMID: 31932810 PMCID: PMC6983324 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0568-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence and clinical importance of influenza, its long-term effect on lung immunity is unclear. Here we describe that following viral clearance and clinical recovery, at 1 month after infection with influenza, mice are better protected from Streptococcus pneumoniae infection due to a population of monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages (AMs) that produce increased interleukin-6. Influenza-induced monocyte-derived AMs have a surface phenotype similar to resident AMs but display a unique functional, transcriptional and epigenetic profile that is distinct from resident AMs. In contrast, influenza-experienced resident AMs remain largely similar to naive AMs. Thus, influenza changes the composition of the AM population to provide prolonged antibacterial protection. Monocyte-derived AMs persist over time but lose their protective profile. Our results help to understand how transient respiratory infections, a common occurrence in human life, can constantly alter lung immunity by contributing monocyte-derived, recruited cells to the AM population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena Aegerter
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Stefania Crotta
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Harshil Patel
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Gavin Kelly
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Edith M Hessel
- Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Matthias Mack
- Innere Medizin II-Nephrologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Soren Beinke
- Refractory Respiratory Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit, Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Andreas Wack
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Garcia GL, Valenzuela A, Manzoni T, Vaughan AE, López CB. Distinct Chronic Post-Viral Lung Diseases upon Infection with Influenza or Parainfluenza Viruses Differentially Impact Superinfection Outcome. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 190:543-553. [PMID: 31866346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma remain prevalent human lung diseases. Variability in epithelial and inflammatory components that results in pathologic heterogeneity complicates the development of treatments for these diseases. Early childhood infection with parainfluenza virus or respiratory syncytial virus is strongly associated with the development of asthma and COPD later in life, and exacerbations of these diseases correlate with the presence of viral RNA in the lung. Well-characterized animal models of postviral chronic lung diseases are necessary to study the underlying mechanisms of viral-related COPD and asthma and to develop appropriate therapies. In this study, we cross-analyzed chronic lung disease caused by infection with Sendai virus (SeV) or influenza A virus in mice. Differences were observed in lesion composition and inflammatory profiles between SeV- and influenza A virus-induced long-term lung disease. In addition, a primary SeV infection led to worsened pathologic findings on secondary heterologous viral challenge, whereas the reversed infection scheme protected against disease in response to a secondary viral challenge >1 month after the primary infection. These data demonstrate the differential effect of primary viral infections in the susceptibility to disease exacerbation in response to a different secondary viral infection and highlight the usefulness of these viral models as tools to understand the underlying mechanisms that mediate distinct chronic postviral lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geyon L Garcia
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alex Valenzuela
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tomaz Manzoni
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew E Vaughan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carolina B López
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Restori KH, Srinivasa BT, Ward BJ, Fixman ED. Neonatal Immunity, Respiratory Virus Infections, and the Development of Asthma. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1249. [PMID: 29915592 PMCID: PMC5994399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants are exposed to a wide range of potential pathogens in the first months of life. Although maternal antibodies acquired transplacentally protect full-term neonates from many systemic pathogens, infections at mucosal surfaces still occur with great frequency, causing significant morbidity and mortality. At least part of this elevated risk is attributable to the neonatal immune system that tends to favor T regulatory and Th2 type responses when microbes are first encountered. Early-life infection with respiratory viruses is of particular interest because such exposures can disrupt normal lung development and increase the risk of chronic respiratory conditions, such as asthma. The immunologic mechanisms that underlie neonatal host-virus interactions that contribute to the subsequent development of asthma have not yet been fully defined. The goals of this review are (1) to outline the differences between the neonatal and adult immune systems and (2) to present murine and human data that support the hypothesis that early-life interactions between the immune system and respiratory viruses can create a lung environment conducive to the development of asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Restori
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bharat T Srinivasa
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brian J Ward
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth D Fixman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
An S, Jeon YJ, Jo A, Lim HJ, Han YE, Cho SW, Kim HY, Kim HJ. Initial Influenza Virus Replication Can Be Limited in Allergic Asthma Through Rapid Induction of Type III Interferons in Respiratory Epithelium. Front Immunol 2018; 9:986. [PMID: 29867963 PMCID: PMC5966536 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although asthmatics has been considered to be highly susceptible to respiratory viral infection and most studies have focused on exacerbation of asthma by influenza A virus (IAV) infection, few experimental evidences exist to directly demonstrate that asthmatic mice are actually resistant to IAV infection. Here, we show that asthmatic mice are not highly susceptible to IAV in the early stage of infection and type III interferon (IFN) maintains antiviral immune response in the lung of IAV-infected asthmatic mouse resulting in inhibition of initial viral spread. C57BL/6 mice with allergic asthma were infected with IAV (WS/33: H1N1) and survival rate, body weight, viral titer, histopathological findings of lung and cytokine profiles including IFNs and Th2 cytokines were measured. Notably, asthmatic mice were significantly resistant to IAV and showed lower viral load until 7 days after infection. Furthermore, IAV-infected asthmatic mice exhibited decreased Th2-related inflammation in lung tissue until 7 days. These increased antiviral resistant mechanism and reduced Th2 inflammation were attributable to rapid induction of type III IFNs and blockade of type III IFNs in asthmatic lung led to aggravated IAV infection and to enhance the production of Th2 cytokines. Asthmatic mice showed bi-phasic responses against IAV-caused lung infection such as rapid production of type III IFNs and subsequent induction of type II IFNs. Actually, IAV-infected asthmatic mice become vulnerable to IAV infection after 7 days with noticeable morbidity and severe weight loss. However, intranasal administration of type III IFNs protects completely asthmatic mice from IAV-mediated immunopathology and lung infection until 14 days after infection. Taken together, our study indicates that the rapid induction of type III IFN might be distinctive immunological findings in the respiratory tract of IAV-infected asthmatic mice at the early stage of infection and crucial for suppression of initial viral spread in vivo asthma accompanying with restriction of Th2 cytokine productions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujin An
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yung Jin Jeon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ara Jo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lim
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Eun Han
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Woo Cho
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Young Kim
- The Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jik Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Alissafi T, Kourepini E, Simoes DCM, Paschalidis N, Aggelakopoulou M, Sparwasser T, Boon L, Hammad H, Lambrecht BN, Panoutsakopoulou V. Osteopontin Promotes Protective Antigenic Tolerance against Experimental Allergic Airway Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1270-1282. [PMID: 29330321 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the context of inflammation, osteopontin (Opn) is known to promote effector responses, facilitating a proinflammatory environment; however, its role during antigenic tolerance induction is unknown. Using a mouse model of asthma, we investigated the role of Opn during antigenic tolerance induction and its effects on associated regulatory cellular populations prior to disease initiation. Our experiments demonstrate that Opn drives protective antigenic tolerance by inducing accumulation of IFN-β-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells, as well as regulatory T cells, in mediastinal lymph nodes. We also show that, in the absence of TLR triggers, recombinant Opn, and particularly its SLAYGLR motif, directly induces IFN-β expression in Ag-primed plasmacytoid dendritic cells, which renders them extra protective against induction of allergic airway disease upon transfer into recipient mice. Lastly, we show that blockade of type I IFNR prevents antigenic tolerance induction against experimental allergic asthma. Overall, we unveil a new role for Opn in setting up a tolerogenic milieu boosting antigenic tolerance induction, thus leading to prevention of allergic airway inflammation. Our results provide insight for the future design of immunotherapies against allergic asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Themis Alissafi
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.,VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evangelia Kourepini
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Davina C M Simoes
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Paschalidis
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Aggelakopoulou
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; and
| | - Louis Boon
- Bioceros BV, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hamida Hammad
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vily Panoutsakopoulou
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Santiago HDC, Nutman TB. Role in Allergic Diseases of Immunological Cross-Reactivity between Allergens and Homologues of Parasite Proteins. Crit Rev Immunol 2017; 36:1-11. [PMID: 27480900 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2016016545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Implied under the rubric of the hygiene hypothesis is that helminth infection can protect against allergic disease. It is well known that helminths induce processes associated with type 2 immune responses, but they also induce important regulatory responses that can modulate these type 2-associated responses-modulation that influences responses to bystander antigens including allergens. Indeed, most epidemiological studies demonstrate a beneficial effect of helminth infection on atopy, but there are also convincing data to demonstrate that helminth infection can precipitate or worsen allergic inflammation/disease. Reasons for these disparate findings are much debated, but there is a school of thought that suggests that helminth-triggered type 2-associated responses, including IgE to cross-reactive aeroallergens, can offset the regulatory effects imposed by the same organisms. The cross-reactivity among helminths and allergenic tropomyosins dominated the antigen/allergen cross-reactivity field, but recent data suggest that cross-reactivity is much more common than previously appreciated. It has been demonstrated that a high degree of molecular similarity exists between allergens and helminth proteins. Thus, an understanding of the mechanisms underlying the response induced by helminth infection and their impact on the induction of allergic disease in the host are critical for designing therapies using iatrogenic infections or parasite products to treat inflammatory diseases and for developing vaccines against helminth parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helton da Costa Santiago
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cingi C, Muluk NB. Hygiene Hypothesis: What Is the Current Thinking? CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40136-017-0158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
17
|
Hudson CA, Mondal TK, Cao L, Kasten-Jolly J, Huber VC, Lawrence DA. The dietary supplement ephedrine induces b-adrenergic mediated exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus in NZM391 mice. Lupus 2016; 14:293-307. [PMID: 15864916 DOI: 10.1191/0961203305lu2078oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The dietary supplement and adrenergic receptor agonist ephedrine has been a controversial topic as its safety has been questioned. b-adrenergic receptor (b-AR) activation causes immunomodulation, which may contribute to promotion of autoimmune pathology. This report investigated the ability of ephedrine to exacerbate processes associated with autoimmune disease in a lupus-prone mouse model. To mimic human supplementation, ephedrine was administered to NZM391 (lupus-prone) and BALB/c (nonlupus prone) mice orally twice a day for three months at a dose of 50 and 100 mg/day. Some ephedrine-treated NZM391 mice also were preadministered the b-AR antagonist propranolol to investigate b-AR involvement. Mice were bled monthly, and sera were assayed for a variety of lupus manifestations and immunological measurements. In NZM391 males and females, both doses of ephedrine significantly increased lupus manifestations, including IgG production and organ-directed autoantibody titers, and significantly lowered the ratio of IgG2a/IgG1 compared to controls. Ephedrine significantly decreased female lifespan and significantly increased circulating populations of plasma cells (CD38hi CD19lo cytoplasmic IgG+) and CD40+ B1a cells, while preventing an age-related decrease in the B1a cell population expressing a high level of CD5. While ephedrine induced gender-specific immunomodulation in BALB/c mice, increases in the lupus manifestations of anti-dsDNA titers and serum urea nitrogen were not detected. Preadministration of propranolol decreased lupus manifestations and serum levels of IgG and IgE in ephedrine-treated mice, but did not block the shift towards IgG1 production. These findings indicate that ephedrine via b-AR can exacerbate lupus symptoms in NZM391 mice and that blockade of the b-ARs on B cells, and not T cells, apparently was of greater importance as the inhibition of lupus symptoms corresponded to an inhibition of immunoglobulin levels, not a change of Th1/Th2 balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Hudson
- Laboratory of Clinical and Environmental Endocrinology and Immunology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shim DH, Park YA, Kim MJ, Hong JY, Baek JY, Kim KW, Byun YH, Seong BL, Ryu S, Song MK, Hong KJ, Na W, Song D, Park JH, Sohn MH, Lee JM. Pandemic influenza virus, pH1N1, induces asthmatic symptoms via activation of innate lymphoid cells. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2015; 26:780-8. [PMID: 26287507 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pandemic strain of the influenza A virus (pH1N1) in 2009 caused many complications in patients. In this study, we introduce asthmatic symptoms as a complication of pH1N1 infection in children, not having a relationship with asthma history. The aim of this study was to quantify asthmatic symptoms in pH1N1-infected children and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) induced in a murine model of pH1N1 infection. METHODS As a retrospective study, pH1N1-infected children who were hospitalized with moderate to severe acute asthmatic symptoms were enrolled and administered a methacholine challenge test (MCT) at 3 months post-discharge. Additionally, the induction of AHR by pH1N1 infection was measured by MCT in wild-type and Rag1(-/-) mice. The effect of the innate immune response on the development of AHR following pH1N1 infection was investigated. RESULTS More than 70% of the pH1N1-infected children without a pre-infection diagnosis of asthma had a negative response on the MCT. None of these children had recurrent wheezing or asthma during the 3 years following pH1N1 infection. The development of AHR in pH1N1-infected mice was associated with an elevation in IL-33 and innate lymphoid cells 2 (ILC2). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that pH1N1 infection directly induces transient asthmatic symptoms in patients regardless of their medical history. pH1N1 infection was shown to stimulate the rapid development of AHR and Th2-type cytokine secretion in mice via the activation of ILC2; it may be activated independently of adaptive immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D H Shim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Departments of Food and Animal Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y A Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pediatrics and Institute of Allergy, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - M J Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pediatrics and Institute of Allergy, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J Y Hong
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute of Allergy, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J Y Baek
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute of Allergy, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - K W Kim
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute of Allergy, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y-H Byun
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - B-L Seong
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S Ryu
- Departments of Food and Animal Biotechnology, School of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - M K Song
- Laboratory Science Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - K-J Hong
- ATgen Co. Ltd., Sungnam, 463-400, Republic of Korea
| | - W Na
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - D Song
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - J H Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - M H Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics and Institute of Allergy, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J M Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Micera A, Balzamino BO, Zazzo AD, Biamonte F, Sica G, Bonini S. Toll-Like Receptors and Tissue Remodeling: The Pro/Cons Recent Findings. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:531-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Di Zazzo
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Campus Bio-Medico; Rome Italy
| | - Filippo Biamonte
- Institute of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart; Rome Italy
| | - Gigliola Sica
- Institute of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart; Rome Italy
| | - Stefano Bonini
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Campus Bio-Medico; Rome Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Persistent and compartmentalised disruption of dendritic cell subpopulations in the lung following influenza A virus infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111520. [PMID: 25398128 PMCID: PMC4232261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological homeostasis in the respiratory tract is thought to require balanced interactions between networks of dendritic cell (DC) subsets in lung microenvironments in order to regulate tolerance or immunity to inhaled antigens and pathogens. Influenza A virus (IAV) poses a serious threat of long-term disruption to this balance through its potent pro-inflammatory activities. In this study, we have used a BALB/c mouse model of A/PR8/34 H1N1 Influenza Type A Virus infection to examine the effects of IAV on respiratory tissue DC subsets during the recovery phase following clearance of the virus. In adult mice, we found differences in the kinetics and activation states of DC residing in the airway mucosa (AMDC) compared to those in the parenchymal lung (PLDC) compartments. A significant depletion in the percentage of AMDC was observed at day 4 post-infection that was associated with a change in steady-state CD11b+ and CD11b- AMDC subset frequencies and significantly elevated CD40 and CD80 expression and that returned to baseline by day 14 post-infection. In contrast, percentages and total numbers of PLDC were significantly elevated at day 14 and remained so until day 21 post-infection. Accompanying this was a change in CD11b+and CD11b- PLDC subset frequencies and significant increase in CD40 and CD80 expression at these time points. Furthermore, mice infected with IAV at 4 weeks of age showed a significant increase in total numbers of PLDC, and increased CD40 expression on both AMDC and PLDC, when analysed as adults 35 days later. These data suggest that the rate of recovery of DC populations following IAV infection differs in the mucosal and parenchymal compartments of the lung and that DC populations can remain disrupted and activated for a prolonged period following viral clearance, into adulthood if infection occurred early in life.
Collapse
|
21
|
Wark PAB, Murphy V, Mattes J. The interaction between mother and fetus and the development of allergic asthma. Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 8:57-66. [PMID: 24409981 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2014.848795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of asthma and atopic disease in industrialized countries in the last 50 years has raised important questions about how and why the disease develops in susceptible populations. Most asthma begins in childhood in association with allergic sensitization and the development of a TH2 phenotype. It is recognized that asthma arises in the context of a complex interaction between genetic factors and the evolving immune system of the infant and the environment to which it is exposed, which now includes its in utero exposure. Early life exposures that lead to allergen sensitization and airway damage, especially in the form of viral respiratory tract infections, may lead to disease induction that commence the process that leads in some to asthma. Asthma models and early life observations suggest that repeated exposure to allergens and viral infection perpetuate a state of chronic airway inflammation leading to a maladaptive innate immune response that fails to resolve, characterized by chronic airway inflammation, airway remodeling and airway hyperresponsiveness. This article will concentrate on the development of asthma in the context of early life and maternal influences, including the effect of asthma on both the fetus and the mother.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A B Wark
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and The University of Newcastle, Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gerke AK, Yang M, Tang F, Foster ED, Cavanaugh JE, Polgreen PM. Association of hospitalizations for asthma with seasonal and pandemic influenza. Respirology 2014; 19:116-21. [PMID: 23931674 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Although influenza has been associated with asthma exacerbations, it is not clear the extent to which this association affects health care use in the United States. The first goal of this project was to determine whether, and to what extent, the incidence of asthma hospitalizations is associated with seasonal variation in influenza. Second, we used influenza trends (2000-2008) to help predict asthma admissions during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. METHODS We identified all hospitalizations between 1998 and 2008 in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project during which a primary diagnosis of asthma was recorded. Separately, we identified all hospitalizations during which a diagnosis of influenza was recorded. We performed time series regression analyses to investigate the association of monthly asthma admissions with influenza incidence. Finally, we applied these time series regression models using 1998-2008 data, to forecast monthly asthma admissions during the 2009 influenza pandemic. RESULTS Based on time series regression models, a strong, significant association exists between concurrent influenza activity and incidence of asthma hospitalizations (P-value < 0.0001). Use of influenza data to predict asthma admissions during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic improved the mean squared prediction error by 60.2%. CONCLUSIONS Influenza activity in the population is significantly associated with asthma hospitalizations in the United States, and this association can be exploited to more accurately forecast asthma admissions. Our results suggest that improvements in influenza surveillance, prevention and treatment may decrease hospitalizations of asthma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia K Gerke
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tabeling C, Scheer H, Schönrock SM, Runge F, Gutbier B, Lienau J, Hamelmann E, Opitz B, Suttorp N, Mayer K, Behrens GM, Tschernig T, Witzenrath M. Nucleotide oligomerization domain 1 ligation suppressed murine allergen-specific T-cell proliferation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:903-11. [PMID: 24279792 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0333oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors NOD1 and NOD2 are important contributors to the intracellular recognition of pathogens including Chlamydophila pneumoniae, but little is known about their influence on allergen-induced airway inflammation. In BALB/c mice, we observed that infection with C. pneumoniae before systemic sensitization with ovalbumin (OVA) and local OVA airway exposure diminished airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Thus, the impact of the NOD1 agonist FK156 and the NOD2 agonist muramyl dipeptide given 6 hours before each sensitization or airway challenge was evaluated regarding AHR, OVA-specific plasma immunoglobulins, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid differentials, and cytokines. Spleen dendritic cells of FK156-treated mice were isolated and cocultured with OVA-specific T cells isolated from DO11.10 mice, and T-cell proliferation was quantified after OVA restimulation. T-cell proliferation was investigated in vivo in lungs and lymph nodes of FK156-treated and OVA-exposed DO11.10 mice. FK156, but not muramyl dipeptide, reduced AHR and pulmonary eosinophilic infiltration if given before OVA sensitization or challenge, whereas T-helper (Th)2 cytokines were not diminished. Dendritic cells from FK156-treated mice evoked less OVA-specific T-cell proliferation as compared with solvent-treated controls. Similarly, antigen-specific T-cell activation in lung tissue was diminished after FK156 treatment. We conclude that NOD1 activation reduced AHR in allergen-induced lung inflammation, which was accompanied by a reduction of allergen-specific T-cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Tabeling
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Richert LE, Harmsen AL, Rynda-Apple A, Wiley JA, Servid AE, Douglas T, Harmsen AG. Inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT) synergizes with local lymph nodes during antiviral CD4+ T cell responses. Lymphat Res Biol 2014; 11:196-202. [PMID: 24364842 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2013.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure of the lungs to an antigen or pathogen elicits the formation of lymphoid satellite islands termed inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (iBALT). However, little is known about how the presence of iBALT, induced by a stimulus unrelated to the subsequent challenge agent, influences systemic immunity in distal locations, whether it be independently, antagonistically, or synergistically. Here, we determined the kinetics of the influenza-specific responses in the iBALT, tracheobronchial lymph node (TBLN), and spleen of mice with and without pre-formed iBALT. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice with VLP-induced iBALT or no pre-formed iBALT were challenged with influenza. We found that, as we have previously described, those mice whose lungs contained pre-formed iBALT were protected from morbidity, and furthermore, that these mice had increased dendritic cell, and alveolar macrophage accumulation in both the iBALT and TBLNs. This translated to similarly accelerated kinetics and intensified influenza-specific CD4(+), but not CD8(+) T cell responses in the iBALT, TBLN, and spleen. This expansion was then followed by a more rapid T cell contraction in all lymphoid tissues in the mice with pre-formed iBALT. CONCLUSIONS Thus, iBALT itself may not be responsible for the accelerated primary immune response we observe in mice with pre-formed iBALT, but may contribute to an overall accelerated local and systemic primary CD4(+), but not CD8(+) T cell response. Furthermore, less damaging immune responses observed in mice with pre-formed iBALT may be due to a quicker contraction of CD4(+) T cell responses in both local and systemic secondary lymphoid tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Richert
- 1 Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University , Bozeman, Montana
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Richert LE, Rynda-Apple A, Harmsen AL, Han S, Wiley JA, Douglas T, Larson K, Morton RV, Harmsen AG. CD11c⁺ cells primed with unrelated antigens facilitate an accelerated immune response to influenza virus in mice. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:397-408. [PMID: 24222381 PMCID: PMC3926668 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that an individual's unique history and sequence of exposures to pathogens and antigens may dictate downstream immune responses to disparate antigens. We show that the i.n. delivery of nonreplicative virus-like particles (VLPs), which bear structural but no antigenic similarities to respiratory pathogens, acts to prime the lungs of both C56BL/6 and BALB/c mice, facilitating heightened and accelerated primary immune responses to high-dose influenza challenge, thus providing a nonpathogenic model of innate imprinting. These responses correspond closely to those observed following natural infection with the opportunistic fungus, Pneumocystis murina, and are characterized by accelerated antigen processing by DCs and alveolar macrophages, an enhanced influx of cells to the local tracheobronchial lymph node, and early upregulation of T-cell co-stimulatory/adhesion molecules. CD11c⁺ cells, which have been directly exposed to VLPs or Pneumocystis are necessary in facilitating enhanced clearance of influenza virus, and the repopulation of the lung by Ly-6C⁺ precursors relies on CCR2 expression. Thus, immune imprinting 72 h after VLP-priming, or 2 weeks after Pneumocystis-priming is CCR2-mediated and results from the enhanced antigen processing, maturation, and trafficking abilities of DCs and alveolar macrophages, which cause accelerated influenza-specific primary immune responses and result in superior viral clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Richert
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Agnieszka Rynda-Apple
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Ann L. Harmsen
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Soo Han
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - James A. Wiley
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA
| | - Kyle Larson
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Rachelle V. Morton
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Allen G. Harmsen
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
White MR, Doss M, Boland P, Tecle T, Hartshorn KL. Innate immunity to influenza virus: implications for future therapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 4:497-514. [PMID: 19756245 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.4.4.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity is critical in the early containment of influenza virus infection. The innate response is surprisingly complex. A variety of soluble innate inhibitors in respiratory secretions provide an initial barrier to infection. Dendritic cells, phagocytes and natural killer cells mediate viral clearance and promote further innate and adaptive responses. Toll-like receptors 3 and 7 and cytoplasmic RNA sensors are critical for activating these responses. In general, the innate response restricts viral replication without injuring the lung; however, the 1918 pandemic and H5N1 strains cause more profound, possibly harmful, innate responses. In this review, we discuss the implications of burgeoning knowledge of innate immunity for therapy of influenza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R White
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, EBRC 414, 650 Albany Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mackenzie KJ, Anderton SM, Schwarze J. Viral respiratory tract infections and asthma in early life: cause and effect? Clin Exp Allergy 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. J. Mackenzie
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research; The University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - S. M. Anderton
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research; The University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
- Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research; The University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution; The University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| | - J. Schwarze
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research; The University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
- Child Life and Health; The University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Differences in respiratory syncytial virus and influenza infection in a house-dust-mite-induced asthma mouse model: consequences for steroid sensitivity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 125:565-74. [PMID: 23789621 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A significant number of clinical asthma exacerbations are triggered by viral infection. We aimed to characterize the effect of virus infection in an HDM (house dust mite) mouse model of asthma and assess the effect of oral corticosteroids. HDM alone significantly increased eosinophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages and a number of cytokines in BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage), all of which were sensitive to treatment with prednisolone (with the exception of neutrophils). Virus infection also induced cell infiltration and cytokines. RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) infection in HDM-treated animals further increased all cell types in BAL (except eosinophils, which declined), but induced no further increase in HDM-elicited cytokines. However, while HDM-elicited TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor-α), IFN-γ (interferon-γ), IL (interleukin)-2, IL-5 and IL-10 were sensitive to prednisolone treatment, concomitant infection with RSV blocked the sensitivity towards steroid. In contrast, influenza infection in HDM- challenged animals resulted in increased BAL lymphocytes, neutrophils, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-12, but all were attenuated by prednisolone treatment. HDM also increased eNO (exhaled NO), which was further increased by concomitant virus infection. This increase was only partially attenuated by prednisolone. RSV infection alone increased BAL mucin. However, BAL mucin was increased in HDM animals with virus infection. Chronic HDM challenge in mice elicits a broad inflammatory response that shares many characteristics with clinical asthma. Concomitant influenza or RSV infection elicits differing inflammatory profiles that differ in their sensitivity towards steroids. This model may be suitable for the assessment of novel pharmacological interventions for asthmatic exacerbation.
Collapse
|
29
|
Jian YR, Chang SY, Lin PY, Yang YH, Chuang YH. Inactivated influenza virus vaccine is efficient and reduces IL-4 and IL-6 in allergic asthma mice. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7:1210-7. [PMID: 24010941 PMCID: PMC4634242 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Allergic asthma is a globally respiratory inflammatory disease. Influenza virus is a respiratory pathogen that causes yearly epidemics and results in high rates of morbidity and mortality. Patients with allergic asthma had a more severe symptom and a higher mortality when they were infected with influenza virus. Hence, influenza vaccination is recommended for patients with asthma. Objectives We evaluated the efficacy and effects of influenza vaccination on allergic asthma in a mouse model. Methods Ovalbumin‐immunized mice were inoculated with inactivated influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) as vaccines and morbidity or mortality and allergic asthma features of these mice were analyzed. Results Mice inoculated with inactivated PR8 induced high levels of anti‐PR8 IgG2a and upregulation of Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 7. Vaccinated allergic mice were healthy when they were challenged with live influenza virus while none of non‐vaccinated allergic mice survived. Furthermore, inactivated influenza virus vaccine induced neither extra airway inflammation nor asthma features such as IgE, airway hyper‐reactivity, and eosinophilia in allergic mice. Particularly, decreased frequency of immune cell infiltrated airways and Th2 cytokines IL‐4 and IL‐6 production in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were noted in vaccinated allergic mice. These results suggested that inactivated influenza virus vaccine is efficient to protect allergic mice from further influenza infection, and it does not exacerbate but reduces IL‐4 and IL‐6 of allergic asthma. Conclusion Influenza vaccination is essential and efficient for allergic subjects to protect influenza virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You-Ru Jian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wada K, Kobayashi T, Matsuwaki Y, Moriyama H, Kita H. Alternaria inhibits double-stranded RNA-induced cytokine production through Toll-like receptor 3. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013; 161 Suppl 2:75-83. [PMID: 23711857 DOI: 10.1159/000350365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungi may be involved in asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from CRS patients produce interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13 and interferon (IFN)-γ in the presence of Alternaria. In addition, Alternaria produces potent Th2-like adjuvant effects in the airway. Therefore, we hypothesized that Alternaria may inhibit Th1-type defense mechanisms against virus infection. METHODS Dendritic cells (DCs) were generated from mouse bone marrow. The functional responses were assessed by expression of cell surface molecules by FACS (MHC class II, CD40, CD80, CD86 and OX40L). Production of IL-6, chemokine CXCL10 (IP-10), chemokine CXCL11 (I-TAC) and IFN-β was measured by ELISA. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) mRNA and protein expression was detected by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. RESULTS Alternaria and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) enhanced cell surface expression of MHC class II, CD40, CD80, CD86 and OX40L, and IL-6 production in a concentration-dependent manner. However, Alternaria significantly inhibited production of IP-10, I-TAC and IFN-β, induced by viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) mimic poly I:C. TLR3 mRNA expression and protein production by poly I:C were significantly inhibited by Alternaria. These reactions are likely caused by heat-stable factor(s) in Alternaria extract with >100 kDa molecular mass. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the fungus Alternaria may inhibit production of IFN-β and other cytokines by DCs by suppressing TLR3 expression. These results indicate that Alternaria may inhibit host innate immunity against virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kota Wada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Flórido M, Grima MA, Gillis CM, Xia Y, Turner SJ, Triccas JA, Stambas J, Britton WJ. Influenza A Virus Infection Impairs Mycobacteria-Specific T Cell Responses and Mycobacterial Clearance in the Lung during Pulmonary Coinfection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:302-11. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
32
|
Immune evasion, immunopathology and the regulation of the immune system. Pathogens 2013; 2:71-91. [PMID: 25436882 PMCID: PMC4235712 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens2010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Costs and benefits of the immune response have attracted considerable attention in the last years among evolutionary biologists. Given the cost of parasitism, natural selection should favor individuals with the most effective immune defenses. Nevertheless, there exists huge variation in the expression of immune effectors among individuals. To explain this apparent paradox, it has been suggested that an over-reactive immune system might be too costly, both in terms of metabolic resources and risks of immune-mediated diseases, setting a limit to the investment into immune defenses. Here, we argue that this view neglects one important aspect of the interaction: the role played by evolving pathogens. We suggest that taking into account the co-evolutionary interactions between the host immune system and the parasitic strategies to overcome the immune response might provide a better picture of the selective pressures that shape the evolution of immune functioning. Integrating parasitic strategies of host exploitation can also contribute to understand the seemingly contradictory results that infection can enhance, but also protect from, autoimmune diseases. In the last decades, the incidence of autoimmune disorders has dramatically increased in wealthy countries of the northern hemisphere with a concomitant decrease of most parasitic infections. Experimental work on model organisms has shown that this pattern may be due to the protective role of certain parasites (i.e., helminths) that rely on the immunosuppression of hosts for their persistence. Interestingly, although parasite-induced immunosuppression can protect against autoimmunity, it can obviously favor the spread of other infections. Therefore, we need to think about the evolution of the immune system using a multidimensional trade-off involving immunoprotection, immunopathology and the parasitic strategies to escape the immune response.
Collapse
|
33
|
Luo Y, Pang Z, Zhu Q, Cai X, Yin Y, Wang M, Zhu J, Chen J, Zeng K, Zhang C, Zhang J. Locally instilled tumor necrosis factor-α antisense oligonucleotide inhibits allergic inflammation via the induction of Tregs. J Gene Med 2012; 14:374-83. [PMID: 22576979 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α therapeutics has the potential to alleviate allergic inflammation. However, in previous studies, the systemic administration of anti-TNF-α agents was frequently accompanied by many adverse effects, such as infection, immunogenicity and malignancy. Efforts are made in the present study to evaluate whether or not local administration of TNF-α antisense oligonucleotide would inhibit allergic airway inflammation and influence systemic immune responses in an ovalbumin-induced asthmatic murine model. METHODS The treatment effects of TNF-α antisense oligonucleotide on mice, as well as the alternative proportion of regulatory T cells and T(H) 2 cells, were examined and compared with untreated mice. RESULTS Local administration of TNF-α antisense oligonucleotide resulted in significantly inhibited TNF-α expression, remarkably decreased inflammatory cell infiltration and dramatically reduced mucus hypersecretion. These treatment effects were associated with induced CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells, reduced T(H) 2 cells and generally decreased T(H) 2-type cytokines expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Systemic immunosuppression was not triggered by local antisense oligonucleotide administration because the proportion of CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells in the blood, thymus or spleen was not affected. Attenuated 4-1BBL expression was likely involved in the alternative proportion of T cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that local administration of TNF-α antisense oligonucleotide contributes to anti-inflammatory action via the enhancement of regulatory T cells-mediated immune tolerance, which is not accompanied by systemic immunosuppression associated with systemically-induced regulatory T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ramakrishna L, de Vries VC, Curotto de Lafaille MA. Cross-roads in the lung: immune cells and tissue interactions as determinants of allergic asthma. Immunol Res 2012; 53:213-28. [PMID: 22447350 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic disease of the lung characterized by underlying Th2- and IgE-mediated inflammation, structural alterations of the bronchial wall, and airway hyperresponsiveness. Initial allergic sensitization and later development of chronic disease are determined by close interactions between lung structural cells and the resident and migratory immune cells in the lung. Epithelial cells play a crucial role in allergic sensitization by directly influencing dendritic cells induction of tolerant or effector T cells and production of type 2 cytokines by innate immune cells. During chronic disease, the bronchial epithelium, stroma, and smooth muscle become structurally and functionally altered, contributing to the perpetuation of tissue remodeling. Thus, targeting tissue-driven pathology in addition to inflammation may increase the effectiveness of asthma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Ramakrishna
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, #4-06 Immunos, Singapore
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Shin JH, Kim SW, Park YS. Role of NOD1-mediated signals in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012; 147:1020-6. [PMID: 23032918 DOI: 10.1177/0194599812461999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1), an innate immune sensor, on allergic inflammation and induction of regulatory T cells in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis. We also aimed to explore whether there were differences in the effect of NOD1 ligand according to the timing of administration. Study Design An in vivo study using an animal model. SETTING Catholic Research Institutes of Medical Science. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Forty BALB/c mice were divided into 4 groups: control, OVA, pre-NOD1, and post-NOD1. Ovalbumin (OVA) was used for sensitization and challenge. The pre-NOD1 group received NOD1 ligand intranasally before sensitization, whereas the post-NOD1 group received it after sensitization. The effects of allergic inflammation and regulatory T cells were compared among the groups. RESULTS In the post-NOD1 group, serum OVA-specific IgE, eosinophil counts, interleukin (IL)-13 levels, and GATA-3 mRNA expression were significantly increased and Foxp3(+) mRNA expression and CD4(+) Foxp3(+) T cells were decreased compared with the OVA group. In the pre-NOD1 group, Foxp3 mRNA expression and CD4(+) Foxp3(+) T cells were significantly decreased compared with the OVA group. Although not significant, the pre-NOD1 group showed increases in serum OVA-specific IgE, eosinophil counts, IL-13 levels, and GATA-3 mRNA expression compared with the OVA group. CONCLUSION The innate immune response through NOD1 enhances allergen-specific Th2 response and suppresses induction of regulatory T cells in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis, and the effects are different depending on the timing of exposure to NOD1 ligand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyeon Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Li R, Cheng C, Chong SZ, Lim ARF, Goh YF, Locht C, Kemeny DM, Angeli V, Wong WSF, Alonso S. Attenuated Bordetella pertussis BPZE1 protects against allergic airway inflammation and contact dermatitis in mouse models. Allergy 2012; 67:1250-8. [PMID: 22909095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2012.02884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that prior nasal administration of highly attenuated Bordetella pertussis BPZE1 provides effective and sustained protection against lethal challenge with influenza A viruses. The protective effect was mediated by suppressing the production of major pro-inflammatory mediators. To further explore the anti-inflammatory properties of BPZE1, we investigated the effect of BPZE1 nasal pretreatment on two mouse models of allergic disease, allergic airway inflammation, and contact hypersensitivity (CHS). METHODS Allergic reactions were induced in mice nasally pretreated with live attenuated BPZE1 bacteria using the ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic airway inflammation and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced CHS models. RESULTS Prior BPZE1 nasal treatment suppressed OVA-induced lung inflammation and inflammatory cell recruitment and significantly reduced IgE levels and cytokine production. Similarly, BPZE1 nasal pretreatment markedly inhibited ear swelling, skin inflammation, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the DNCB-induced CHS model. For both models, we showed that BPZE1 pretreatment does not affect the sensitization phase. Upon challenge, BPZE1 pretreatment selectively reduced the level of cytokines whose production is increased and did not affect the basal level of other cytokines. Together, our observations suggest that BPZE1 pretreatment specifically targets those cytokine-producing effector cells that are recruited and involved in the inflammatory reaction. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates the broad anti-inflammatory properties of the attenuated B. pertussis BPZE1 vaccine candidate and supports its development as a promising agent to prevent and/or treat allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Li
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Frei R, Lauener RP, Crameri R, O'Mahony L. Microbiota and dietary interactions: an update to the hygiene hypothesis? Allergy 2012; 67:451-61. [PMID: 22257145 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The dramatic increase in the incidence and severity of allergy and asthma has been proposed to be linked with an altered exposure to, and colonization by, micro-organisms, particularly early in life. However, other lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity are also thought to be important, and it is likely that multiple environmental factors with currently unrecognized interactions contribute to the atopic state. This review will focus on the potential role of microbial metabolites in immunoregulatory functions and highlights the known molecular mechanisms, which may mediate the interactions between diet, microbiota, and protection from allergy and asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R. Crameri
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research; University of Zurich; Davos; Switzerland
| | - L. O'Mahony
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research; University of Zurich; Davos; Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Influenza A facilitates sensitization to house dust mite in infant mice leading to an asthma phenotype in adulthood. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:682-94. [PMID: 21881572 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2011.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The origins of allergic asthma, particularly in infancy, remain obscure. Respiratory viral infections and allergen sensitization in early life have been associated with asthma in young children. However, a causal link has not been established. We investigated whether an influenza A infection in early life alters immune responses to house dust mite (HDM) and promotes an asthmatic phenotype later in life. Neonatal (8-day-old) mice were infected with influenza virus and 7 days later, exposed to HDM for 3 weeks. Unlike adults, neonatal mice exposed to HDM exhibited negligible immune responsiveness to HDM, but not to influenza A. HDM responsiveness in adults was associated with distinct Ly6c+ CD11b+ inflammatory dendritic cell and CD8α+ plasmacytoid (pDC) populations that were absent in HDM-exposed infant mice, suggesting an important role in HDM-mediated inflammation. Remarkably, HDM hyporesponsiveness was overcome when exposure occurred concurrently with an acute influenza infection; young mice now displayed robust allergen-specific immunity, allergic inflammation, and lung remodeling. Remodeling persisted into early adulthood, even after prolonged discontinuation of allergen exposure and was associated with marked impairment of lung function. Our data demonstrate that allergen exposure coincident with acute viral infection in early life subverts constitutive allergen hyporesponsiveness and imprints an asthmatic phenotype in adulthood.
Collapse
|
39
|
Chen X, Leach D, Hunter DA, Sanfelippo D, Buell EJ, Zemple SJ, Grayson MH. Characterization of intestinal dendritic cells in murine norovirus infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 4:22-30. [PMID: 22162983 DOI: 10.2174/1874226201104010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that respiratory viral infections drive allergic disease through dendritic cells, whether gastrointestinal viruses induce allergies is not known. Norovirus infections are a major cause of gastroenteritis in humans. We used murine norovirus (MNV) to explore the effect of MNV infection on gastrointestinal conventional DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). MNV infection induced disparate effects on cDCs and pDCs in lymphoid tissues of the small intestine and draining mesenteric lymph nodes. FcεRI was transiently expressed on lamina propria cDCs, but not on pDCs. In addition, feeding ovalbumin during the viral infection led to a modest, brief induction of anti-ovalbumin IgE. Together, these data suggest that like with a respiratory viral infection, an intestinal viral infection may be sufficient to induce changes in DCs and the generation of food-specific IgE. Whether this represents a novel mechanism of food allergy remains to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxu Chen
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Matsumoto K, Asai Y, Fukuyama S, Kan-O K, Matsunaga Y, Noda N, Kitajima H, Tanaka K, Nakanishi Y, Inoue H. IL-6 induced by double-stranded RNA augments allergic inflammation via suppression of Foxp3+ T-cell/IL-10 axis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 46:740-7. [PMID: 21799119 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0479oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of innate immunity against viruses in the respiratory tracts affects the development of asthma. Most respiratory viruses generate double-stranded (ds)RNA during their replication. We recently showed that a low-dose administration of polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly IC), a mimetic of viral dsRNA, during allergen sensitization augments airway eosinophilia and hyperresponsiveness in mice via enhanced production of IL-13 from T cells. However, a phenotype of asthma under severer load of dsRNA remains unknown. d-galactosamine (d-GalN) is known as a strong sensitizer of poly IC. Mice were treated with poly IC plus d-GalN during allergen sensitization. A sublethal dose of poly IC/d-GalN augmented airway eosinophilia and CD4(+) T-cell accumulation in the lungs but not airway hyperresponsiveness. The augmented inflammation was associated with decreased IL-10 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and decreased Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells in the lungs. Serum IL-6 was prominently higher in the mice treated with poly IC/d-GalN than in that with poly IC alone or d-GalN alone. Poly IC/d-GalN did not affect IL-17-producing T cells in the lungs. Poly IC/d-GalN failed to augment airway eosinophilia after anti-IL-10 receptor monoclonal antibody treatment during allergen challenge. Finally, anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody treatment before poly IC/d-GalN completely prevented the decrease of IL-10 and Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells and the augmentation of airway inflammation. These results indicate that enhanced production of IL-6 by poly IC/d-GalN induces the augmentation of allergic inflammation via suppression of Foxp3(+) regulatory T-cell/IL-10 axis. IL-6 may be a target for preventing asthma augmentation related to severe virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Matsumoto
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Crother TR, Schröder NWJ, Karlin J, Chen S, Shimada K, Slepenkin A, Alsabeh R, Peterson E, Arditi M. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection induced allergic airway sensitization is controlled by regulatory T-cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20784. [PMID: 21695198 PMCID: PMC3112152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP) is associated with induction and exacerbation of asthma. CP infection can induce allergic airway sensitization in mice in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Allergen exposure 5 days after a low dose (mild-moderate), but not a high dose (severe) CP infection induces antigen sensitization in mice. Innate immune signals play a critical role in controlling CP infection induced allergic airway sensitization, however these mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Wild-type, TLR2-/-, and TLR4-/- mice were infected intranasally (i.n.) with a low dose of CP, followed by i.n. exposure to human serum albumin (HSA) and challenged with HSA 2 weeks later. Airway inflammation, immunoglobulins, eosinophils, and goblet cells were measured. Low dose CP infection induced allergic sensitization in TLR2-/- mice, but not in TLR4-/- mice, due to differential Treg responses in these genotypes. TLR2-/- mice had reduced numbers of Tregs in the lung during CP infection while TLR4-/- mice had increased numbers. High dose CP infection resulted in an increase in Tregs and pDCs in lungs, which prevented antigen sensitization in WT mice. Depletion of Tregs or pDCs resulted in allergic airway sensitization. We conclude that Tregs and pDCs are critical determinants regulating CP infection-induced allergic sensitization. Furthermore, TLR2 and TLR4 signaling during CP infection may play a regulatory role through the modulation of Tregs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R. Crother
- Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nicolas W. J. Schröder
- Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Justin Karlin
- Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shuang Chen
- Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kenichi Shimada
- Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anatoly Slepenkin
- Department of Pathology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Randa Alsabeh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ellena Peterson
- Department of Pathology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Snelgrove RJ, Godlee A, Hussell T. Airway immune homeostasis and implications for influenza-induced inflammation. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:328-34. [PMID: 21612981 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The lung is exposed to a myriad of innocuous antigens on a daily basis and must maintain a state of immune ignorance or tolerance to these harmless stimuli to retain pulmonary homeostasis and to prevent potentially fatal immunopathology. Here, we examine how, in the lower airways, resident cell populations contribute to the immune regulatory strategies that restrain inflammation. During influenza infection, these suppressive signals must be overcome to elicit a protective immune response that eliminates the virus. We also discuss how, after resolution of infection, the lung does not return to the original homeostatic state, and how the induced altered state can persist for long periods, which leaves the lung more susceptible to other infectious insults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Snelgrove
- Imperial College London, Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
van Rijt LS, Vos N, Willart M, Muskens F, Tak PP, van der Horst C, Hoogsteden HC, Lambrecht BN. Persistent activation of dendritic cells after resolution of allergic airway inflammation breaks tolerance to inhaled allergens in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184:303-11. [PMID: 21562124 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201101-0019oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Polysensitization of patients who are allergic is a common feature. The underlying immunologic mechanism is not clear. The maturation status of dendritic cells (DCs) is considered to be important for priming naive T cells in the draining lymph nodes. We hypothesized that chronic airway inflammation can induce an enhanced maturation of airway DCs and facilitate subsequent priming to neoallergens. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether chronic airway inflammation could induce an altered activation of airway DCs in mice and whether this influences the development of allergic sensitization. METHODS Balb/c mice were repeatedly challenged with DCs to induce a chronic airway inflammation. We evaluated (1) the induction of the main characteristic features of human asthma including persistent remodeling, (2) the maturation status of airway DCs 1 month after inflammation resolved, (3) whether this influences tolerance to inhaled neoallergen, and (4) what type of T helper response would be induced by DCs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Airway DCs displayed a mature phenotype after complete resolution of airway eosinophilia. Inhalation of a neoallergen without any adjuvant was able to induce airway inflammation in postinflammation lungs but not in control lungs. One month after inflammation, airway DCs were able to induce Th2 polarization in naive T cells consistent with the up-regulation of the Th2 skewing molecules Ym1/2 and OX-40L compared with DCs of control airways. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that sustained maturation of DCs after resolution of Th2-mediated inflammation can contribute to polysensitization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie S van Rijt
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Albrecht M, Chen HC, Preston-Hurlburt P, Ranney P, Hoymann HG, Maxeiner J, Staudt V, Taube C, Bottomly HK, Dittrich AM. T(H)17 cells mediate pulmonary collateral priming. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:168-177.e8. [PMID: 21459426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our laboratory has shown that inhalational sensitization to new antigens is facilitated through an ongoing T(H)2-polarized inflammation of the lung, a phenomenon we call "collateral priming." OBJECTIVE We were interested to analyze whether a T(H)1-polarized pulmonary inflammation also facilitates priming toward new antigens and which cytokine or cytokines are involved. METHODS T(H)1-polarized T cells were generated in vitro and transferred into congenic mice. Mice were challenged initially with cognate antigen and an unrelated antigen; consecutively, they received cognate antigen or the secondary antigen. Airway inflammation, antigen-specific IgG2a levels, and airway hyperresponsiveness were assessed to determine the inflammatory phenotype, with antibody blocking studies used to determine cytokine requirements for T(H)1 collateral priming. RESULTS Our experiments revealed that ongoing inflammation of the lung induced by the transfer of T(H)1-polarized cells also facilitates priming toward new antigens, which results in lymphocytic inflammation of the lung. Interestingly, blocking studies identified IL-17A as a major contributor to this pathology. Accordingly, we could demonstrate for the first time that T(H)17-polarized cells alone can facilitate priming toward new antigens, inducing lymphocytic airway inflammation and strong airway hyperresponsiveness. Flow cytometric analysis revealed priming of endogenous T cells for IL-17A secretion with a distinct memory/effector phenotype compared to T(H)1 cells, thus presenting an exciting model to further elucidate differentiation of T(H)17 cells. CONCLUSIONS We show that airway inflammation mediated by T(H)17 cells facilitates sensitization to new antigens and confers increased airway responsiveness in a murine model of polysensitization, suggesting a mechanism involving IL-17A behind the increased risk for allergic sensitization in polysensitized subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Albrecht
- Junior Research Group SFB 587, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Corneal allografts are routinely performed without HLA typing or systemic immunosuppressive drugs. However, certain conditions create high risks for immune rejection. This review discusses recent insights into the mechanisms that rob the corneal allograft of its immune privilege. RECENT FINDINGS Studies in mice have revealed that stimuli that induce new blood vessel growth in the cornea also elicit proliferation of lymph vessels. Lymph vessels facilitate migration of antigen-presenting cells to regional lymph nodes in which they induce alloimmune responses. The presence of blood vessels in the corneal graft bed creates a unique chemokine milieu that stimulates recruitment of sensitized lymphocytes into the corneal allograft. Other data indicate that although corneal allograft survival is closely associated with Foxp3 expression in CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs), reduced expression of Foxp3 in Tregs creates a high risk for graft rejection. Recent evidence indicates that allergic diseases have a profound impact on the immune response and produce a dramatic increase in corneal allograft rejection. SUMMARY Understanding the underlying mechanisms that create 'high-risk' hosts may provide important therapeutic targets for restoring immune privilege of corneal allografts and enhancing their survival.
Collapse
|
46
|
Shin TS, Lee BJ, Tae YM, Kim YS, Jeon SG, Gho YS, Choi DC, Kim YK. Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase on the development of virus-associated asthma exacerbation which is dependent on Th1 and Th17 cell responses. Exp Mol Med 2011; 42:721-30. [PMID: 20841959 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2010.42.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation induced by immune dysfunction to inhaled antigens. Although respiratory viral infections are the most common cause of asthma exacerbation, immunologic mechanisms underlying virus-associated asthma exacerbation are controversial. Clinical evidence indicates that nitric oxide (NO) levels in exhaled air are increased in exacerbated asthma patients compared to stable patients. Here, we evaluated the immunologic mechanisms and the role of NO synthases (NOSs) in the development of virus-associated asthma exacerbation. A murine model of virus-associated asthma exacerbation was established using intranasal challenge with ovalbumin (OVA) plus dsRNA for 4 weeks in mice sensitized with OVA plus dsRNA. Lung infiltration of inflammatory cells, especially neutrophils, was increased by repeated challenge with OVA plus dsRNA, as compared to OVA alone. The neutrophilic inflammation enhanced by dsRNA was partly abolished in the absence of IFN-gamma or IL-17 gene expression, whereas unaffected in the absence of IL-13. In terms of the roles of NOSs, dsRNA-enhanced neutrophilic inflammation was significantly decreased in inducible NOS (iNOS)-deficient mice compared to wild type controls; in addition, this phenotype was inhibited by treatment with a non-specific NOS inhibitor (L-NAME) or an specific inhibitor (1400 W), but not with a specific endothelial NOS inhibitor (AP-CAV peptide). Taken together, these findings suggest that iNOS pathway is important in the development of virus-associated exacerbation of neutrophilic inflammation, which is dependent on both Th1 and Th17 cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Seop Shin
- Department of Life Science, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yang X, Gao X. Role of dendritic cells: a step forward for the hygiene hypothesis. Cell Mol Immunol 2011; 8:12-8. [PMID: 21200379 PMCID: PMC4002986 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2010.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hygiene hypothesis was proposed more than two decades ago, but its mechanism remains unclear. This review focuses on recent advances in the field, especially on the role played by dendritic cells (DCs) and their modulating effects on various infections and allergic diseases, including allergic asthma. DCs isolated from mice long after the resolution of an infection were reported to have a significant modulating effect on allergen-specific Th2 responses in both in vitro and in vivo systems. These DCs showed DC1-like and/or tolerogenic DC capacity, which allowed for the inhibition of allergic responses by immune deviation (enhancing Th1 response) and immune regulation (through regulatory T-cell and Th2 hyporesponsiveness) mechanisms. These findings represented a significant advance in the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the hygiene hypothesis. Further investigation on the mechanisms by which DCs are 'educated' by infectious agents and the influence of the type, time, and extent of infections on this 'education' process will help us understand immune regulation in disease settings and in the rational design of preventive/therapeutic approaches to allergy/asthma and infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chang YJ, Kim HY, Albacker LA, Lee HH, Baumgarth N, Akira S, Savage PB, Endo S, Yamamura T, Maaskant J, Kitano N, Singh A, Bhatt A, Besra GS, van den Elzen P, Appelmelk B, Franck RW, Chen G, DeKruyff RH, Shimamura M, Illarionov P, Umetsu DT. Influenza infection in suckling mice expands an NKT cell subset that protects against airway hyperreactivity. J Clin Invest 2010; 121:57-69. [PMID: 21157038 DOI: 10.1172/jci44845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with influenza A virus represents a major public health threat worldwide, particularly in patients with asthma. However, immunity induced by influenza A virus may have beneficial effects, particularly in young children, that might protect against the later development of asthma, as suggested by the hygiene hypothesis. Herein, we show that infection of suckling mice with influenza A virus protected the mice as adults against allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity (AHR), a cardinal feature of asthma. The protective effect was associated with the preferential expansion of CD4-CD8-, but not CD4+, NKT cells and required T-bet and TLR7. Adoptive transfer of this cell population into allergen-sensitized adult mice suppressed the development of allergen-induced AHR, an effect associated with expansion of the allergen-specific forkhead box p3+ (Foxp3+) Treg cell population. Influenza-induced protection was mimicked by treating suckling mice with a glycolipid derived from Helicobacter pylori (a bacterium associated with protection against asthma) that activated NKT cells in a CD1d-restricted fashion. These findings suggest what we believe to be a novel pathway that can regulate AHR, and a new therapeutic strategy (treatment with glycolipid activators of this NKT cell population) for asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jen Chang
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria. Like aeroallergens, LPS is ubiquitous in our living environment. Epidemiology studies in young children have found that LPS exposure at home is inversely correlated with the development of atopic diseases, thus the 'hygiene hypothesis' for allergic diseases. However, positive association has also been found between indoor LPS exposure and the development of wheezing or asthma in children. In humans, experimental exposure to LPS in the airways can cause inflammatory responses and lung function changes directly or modulate responses to allergens indirectly, particularly in those with asthma. In animal studies, experimental exposure to LPS has generated some conflicting, sometimes opposite, results in host responses to allergen stimulation. In this article, we will review recent advances in our understanding of the immunomodulating effects of LPS on allergen-induced responses and analyse some of the possible reasons for the inconsistent findings.
Collapse
|
50
|
Cunnusamy K, Paunicka K, Reyes N, Yang W, Chen PW, Niederkorn JY. Two different regulatory T cell populations that promote corneal allograft survival. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:6566-74. [PMID: 20702818 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare and contrast the T regulatory cells (Tregs) induced by anterior chamber (AC) injection of antigen with those induced by orthotopic corneal allografts. METHODS Anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) Tregs were induced by injecting C57BL/6 spleen cells into the AC of BALB/c mice. Delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to C57BL/6 alloantigens were evaluated by a conventional ear swelling assay. Corneal allograft Tregs were induced by applying orthotopic C57BL/6 corneal allografts onto BALB/c hosts. The effects of anti-CD25, anti-CD8, anti-interferon-γ (IFN-γ), anti-IL-17A, or cyclophosphamide treatments on corneal allograft survival and ACAID were evaluated. RESULTS Administration of either anti-CD25 or anti-IFN-γ antibodies prevented the expression of ACAID and abolished the immune privilege of corneal allografts. By contrast, in vivo treatment with anti-CD8 antibody abrogated ACAID but had no effect on corneal allograft survival. Further discordance between ACAID and corneal allograft survival emerged in experiments in which the induction of allergic conjunctivitis or the administration of anti-IL-17A abolished the immune privilege of corneal allografts but had no effect on the induction or expression of ACAID. CONCLUSIONS Although orthotopic corneal allografts are strategically located for the induction of ACAID by the sloughing of corneal cells into the AC, the results reported here indicate that the Tregs induced by orthotopic corneal allografts are remarkably different from the Tregs that are induced by AC injection of alloantigen. Although both of these Treg populations promote corneal allograft survival, they display distinctly different phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khrishen Cunnusamy
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9057, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|